Types of car manual transmission. What gearboxes are: the main types of transmissions on a car

A little over a century ago, engines internal combustion and Diesel were “sentenced” by electric and steam engines. They had a huge advantage - on a fuel tank with liquid gasoline or diesel fuel could have traveled much longer than battery. Yes, and filling the tank was easier and faster. Oil prices at that time were very cheap, production volumes were constantly growing, and liquid fuel engines took over the world.

But internal combustion engines and diesels were less advanced and required the use of additional systems: cooling, power, lubrication, ignition, exhaust gas removal, air intake, and so on. In addition, such engines could only transmit torque in a very narrow range of revolutions, which led to the need for a transmission.

Exist different kinds gearboxes, each of which will be discussed in more detail below

Manual transmission

The first of the introduced transmissions was a simple and familiar to us manual gearbox (manual transmission). Manual transmission is a gearbox with stepped gears and the governing body. Manual transmissions are very simple, cheap to manufacture, reliable and durable. When using them, it becomes possible to use the engine to the fullest, manually control the gear shift.

However, when driving a manual transmission car, you need to pay extra attention: operate the clutch pedal, gear shift knob, monitor the speed and engine speed. Which requires the formation of certain reflexes and skills and distracts the driver from the road. In urban traffic jams, the use of manual transmission greatly reduces the comfort of using the car. Therefore, at the beginning of the twentieth century, car manufacturers thought about how to remove this burden from the motorist and make the car more comfortable. This is how automatic transmissions (automatic transmissions) appeared.

Hydraulic automatic transmission

The hydraulic automatic transmission appeared the very first and, having undergone numerous upgrades, is still the most popular type of automatic transmission. The transmission of torque from the engine to the wheels of the car is carried out through fluid flows rotated by two wheels, that is, the transmission and the engine are not connected. The first hydraulic machines did not have any electronics, the control was based on hydraulics and mechanics. But in the early eighties, more and more electronics began to be introduced into their design, control was given to the computer. Since that time, they have become more and more complicated and modified, becoming more comfortable, economical, increased efficiency and dynamic characteristics car. But, unfortunately, they became less and less reliable.

The introduction of computers into the design of automatic transmissions had a positive effect on their work. Opportunity to implement additional modes operation of the gearbox: sporty, economical and for driving in difficult road conditions(snow, mud, ice).

Tiptronic and steptronic appeared as separate developments, but their essence is the same. They add a manual gearshift mode to the automatic transmission, activated by shifting the selector. This mode is not completely "manual", the computer still closely monitors the performance of the sensors and will not shift gear at an unnecessary moment.

Advantages of a hydraulic automatic transmission

Cons of hydraulic automatic transmission

• expensive to manufacture;
• the probability of breakdown is higher than that of a manual transmission;
• expensive and complex repairs;
• the dynamics of the car, its efficiency and consumption depend on the success and novelty of the transmission. Old automatic transmissions significantly reduced the dynamics of the car and increased consumption;
• it is impossible to start "from the pusher" due to the need for oil pressure in the system and a working oil pump.

Robotic and preselective checkpoints (Box-robot or just a robot)

In the late nineties - early 2000s, the world became obsessed with ecology and fuel economy. Some car manufacturers have considered that hydraulic automatic transmissions have become obsolete and have no development prospects. Independently from each other, several manufacturers began developing Robotic Boxes Gear shifting (RKPP).

Structurally, they were a conventional mechanical gearbox, but the operation of the clutch and gear changes were now controlled by a computer moving servos. Manual transmissions were cheaper to manufacture than automatic transmissions, shifted faster than anyone on a manual or automatic transmission, and provided the best fuel economy of any existing transmission type.

But not everything is so rosy. Hydraulic automatic transmission has been developed and improved for almost a century. In the designs of the manual transmission, perfection is still far away. Manual transmission cannot work normally on high speed and with an aggressive driving style, jerks and kicks begin, characteristic of a dying hydraulic transmission. A design that seemed very reliable, in fact, dies very quickly from an inexperienced or infantile driver and maintenance.

These problems were partly solved with the development of dual clutch manual transmissions. One clutch controls even gears, the second odd, they work almost simultaneously, starting one gear, even before the previous one stopped. They were called preselective. Such boxes work comfortably, switch unrealistically quickly. Their switching speed is hundredths of a second. But they are more expensive than hydraulic automatic transmissions and have a shorter resource.

Pros of the robot box

• cheap to manufacture;
• the fastest switching;
• fuel economy.

Cons of a robot box

• the car behaves comfortably only with a quiet ride;
• a preselective gearbox is very expensive, more expensive than all other types of automatic transmissions;
• unstable to slip;
• rollback at the beginning of the movement;
• delays when shifting gears;
• forgives fewer mistakes than automatic transmission and the resource is generally less;
• the need for adaptation and adjustment.

CVT gearboxes (Stepless gearbox or CVT)

The first CVTs appeared in the mid-nineties as an alternative to hydraulic automatic transmissions. Unlike other types, these transmissions are stepless. Instead of sets of gears having a certain gear ratio, they use a different principle. The mechanism consists of two cone-shaped wheels and a belt (or chain) stretched between them. Depending on the engine operating mode, the servo drive moves the belt between the wheels, gradually increasing or decreasing gear ratio. The ingenious solution simplified the design of the transmission to an incredible level. Now the car in any mode was driving optimally. Whether it's fast or slow. Fuel economy was higher than hydraulic automatic transmissions. But everything was not so smooth.

During the operation of the CVT, the engine always remained in the same speed range, making a uniform monotonous sound, from which unaccustomed drivers got tired very quickly. True, in modern CVTs there are already special modes that make the operation of the transmission more familiar to the ear.

The simple design required complex and delicate computer control, which does not always work well. The very principle of operation of the variator does not allow the car to move. Therefore, a torque converter had to be introduced into its design, as in hydraulic automatic transmissions.

The variator uses very expensive transmission oil, which must be changed every 30 thousand kilometers. A chain or belt is a very loaded element and rarely lives more than 120 thousand kilometers; replacement is quite expensive.

Advantages of the variator

• the engine always works optimally;
• maximum comfort, no jerks, shocks, delays, the car accelerates well;
• more economical than a hydraulic automatic transmission;
• simple design.

Cons of the variator

• expensive to manufacture;
• expensive repairs and maintenance;
• service twice as often as hydraulic automatic transmissions;
• the resource of the main mechanism of the variator is only 120 thousand kilometers. Necessity overhaul at normal automatic transmission comes after 250 thousand;
• does not tolerate powerful and large engines. They further reduce the durability of the belt or chain;
• does not like overheating and slippage;
• acoustic monotony (practically does not occur);
• complex is responsible for management computer system which may not always work well.

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An automatic gearbox, also called an automatic, acts as a kind of car box that reduces the burden on the driver when driving. This happens because the gear selection is made mechanically depending on the driving conditions, without the help of the driver. Standard modes on the machine:

• parking (P);
• neutral (N);
• rear (R);
• drive, or ride (D).

Changing modes occurs by moving the handle to the desired position.

Varieties of automatic transmission

structures various transmissions are similar, but there are certain assembly differences. They can be divided into several types, differing in the way they are controlled and verified in operation. Some are controlled by a hydraulic device, while others are controlled by an electronic distributor.

The traditional option - hydraulic

The most simple box, which eliminates direct communication between the wheels and the engine. Torque is sent by the working fluid through the operation of 2 turbines. Subsequently, the mechanism was improved with the help of an electronic device, which made it possible to add the “sport”, “economical driving” and “winter” modes, as well as the “manual mode”, which allows you to perform independent switching gears by the driver (Tiptronic).

The main disadvantage of this is that, in comparison with mechanics, fuel consumption is higher, and the car accelerates in a little longer time.

CVT box

It does not have a specific gear ratio. A normally functioning CVT modulates the torque gently, so that the sound of the engine does not change and remains smooth. Such a process eliminates the ability to track by ear the moment of switching from one gear to another.

Robotic transmission

Otherwise called " DSG robot”, is most similar to a manual transmission, but the control is similar to an automatic one. Despite this, it weighs much less than a standard automatic transmission, costs less, and, most importantly, is much more economical than mechanics in terms of fuel consumption.

Like the rest, these types of boxes have their drawbacks. One of them is increased sensitivity to fast aggressive driving. Unlike other machines, when you press the gas pedal hard, the gears switch somehow incorrectly and there are sharp shocks. Such operation leads to damage to parts, and as a result, the complete failure of the entire mechanism.

Automatic transmission elements and their principle of operation

The box works in conjunction with a torque converter, which is not part of the box, but only transmits the torque value to the central shaft and dampens shock when changing gears. It actually replaces the clutch.

Gear block in , changed in automatic box to the planetary gear. Unlike mechanics, where parallel shafts and gears are used, clinging to each other, in the machine there is only one shaft and gear changes are made by unlocking some and blocking other parts.

Blocking occurs due to the friction clutches (front and rear) and the brake band. The clutches block the moving parts, and the tape keeps the blocked elements on the fixed gearbox housing. Thus, one transmission is switched on, while others are held “on pause” until required.

And the last, main part is the control device. It is, in a way, a brain that captures data and sends a command to action to all participants in the mechanism.

How to determine the type of automatic transmission?

To find out which type of machine is installed in the car, there are 3 main ways.

1. The easiest way is to refer to the car's service manual. The instructions should indicate: AT - automatic transmission with hydraulic drive, CVT - variable speed type - robotic automatic.

While driving, it is easiest to understand what type of automatic transmission is installed on the car. To do this, you need to disperse the car and prepare to react to how acceleration is progressing.

1. In the case of a hydraulic machine, the car, picking up speed, drives smoothly, but, nevertheless, it feels like the gears are shifting. CVT, as already described earlier, will work measuredly and without changing the tone of the motor. And the "DSG robot" in the process of increasing the course of movement will appear in sharp jerks and pushes.
2. You can use the help of the Internet. Indeed, today there is nothing easier than entering a car model on the Web in order to determine the type of automatic transmission.

Drivers of vehicles equipped with a manual transmission, from time to time, in order to turn on desired gear, you have to operate the machine with only one hand. In contrast, happy owners of vehicles with an automatic transmission for steering wheel, throughout the movement, can be held with both hands. And now we will consider the fundamental types of automatic transmissions.

Summary :

Varieties of automatic transmission | Types of automatic boxes

Classic hydraulic "Automatic" (automatic transmission) | hydraulic machine

A prime example classic automatic transmission is precisely hydraulic type automatic transmission, he is hydroautomatic. The lack of a direct connection between the engine and the wheels is the feature of this type automatic transmission The question arises - how is the torque transmitted? The answer is simple - two turbines and a working fluid. As a result of the further "evolution" of this type of "machine", the role of management in them was taken over by specialized electronic devices, which made it possible to add special "winter" and "sport" modes to such automatic transmissions, a program for economical driving and the ability to shift gears "manually" appeared.
Unlike a manual gearbox, a hydraulic “automatic” requires a little more fuel and takes more time to accelerate. But this is the price you have to pay for comfort. And it was "hydraulics", challenging the "mechanics", won a landslide victory in many countries, except for the "old woman of Europe".

How an automatic transmission works

Drivers in Europe for a long time all varieties of automatic transmission categorically not accepted. A lot had to be done by the engineers before finally adapting the automatic transmission for Europe. But all this eventually served to increase efficiency, the emergence of such modes as "winter" and "sports". In addition, the box learned to adapt individually to the driver's driving style, it became possible to manually shift gears to automatic transmission - which was important for European drivers.

Each of the manufacturers preferred to call such transmissions in their own way, but the very first of the names appeared - auto stick. One of the most common today is considered to be the invention of the company AUDI - Tiptronic. BMW, for example, such a transmission was called - Steptronic, Volvo was considered an appropriate name for the automatic transmission Geartronic.

Nevertheless, despite the fact that the driver turns on the gears himself, he is not considered completely manual. It's more semi-automatic because the transmission computer continues to control the operation of the car regardless of the selected mode.

Robotic gearbox | automatic transmission robot

MTA (Manual Transmission Automatically Shifted) - or the so-called popularly, structurally, perhaps, in many respects similar to the "mechanics", but from the point of view of control - this is nothing more than an automatic transmission. And although fuel consumption here is more moderate than everything on the same manual transmission, there are some nuances. "Robot" is very effective only at a very moderate pace. The more aggressive the driving style becomes, the more painful the gearshifts feel. Sometimes when switching, it may even seem as if someone is shoving you into rear bumper. That is the difference between a robot (Dsg) and an automaton is the principle of the first. However, the low cost and low weight of the automatic transmission fully compensate for this disadvantage.

About DSG Box Video

Why does "Robot" need two clutches?

Volkswagen Golf R32 DSG with 2 clutches

The existing shortcomings seriously complicated the operation, this was especially acute in the comfort of movement. Therefore, the designers, in the course of a long “search”, eventually came to a solution that solved the problems - they equipped the “robot” with two clutches. In 2003, Volkswagen launched mass production robotic transmission with two clutches, for the first time installing it on the Golf R32 cars. The name was given to him DSG(Direct Shift Gearbox). Here, even gears were controlled by one clutch disc, and odd gears by the second. This significantly softened the work of the box, but another serious drawback appeared here - the price of this automatic transmission is quite high. Although the mass recognition of such a transmission by motorists can solve this problem.

Variator | CVT gearbox

CVT transmission (Continuously Variable Transmission) - it changes the torque smoothly, this is its feature. This type of automatic transmission does not have steps; its gears do not have a fixed gear ratio. And if we compare it with "hydraulics" - then we can track the work of the latter according to the readings of the tachometer, but variable speed drive very measuredly picks up the moments of gear shifting while the speed balance remains unchanged.

Variator | CVT

Useful video about what a CVT is

Features | Differences between a variator and an automatic transmission.

Those drivers who are used to “listening” to their car will not be able to love such a box, because, like a trolleybus, it does not change the tone of the engine. But to abandon the variator for this reason, perhaps, is not worth it. Engineers found a way out of this situation by adding a mode where "virtual gears" can be selected manually. The shift mode is simulated, allowing the driver to feel like driving a conventional automatic transmission.

How to determine which gearbox is installed in the car, CVT or hydraulic automatic:

1. If possible, study the technical documentation of the car. In most cases, the machine is designated as AT (Automatic Transmission), the variator is CVT;
2. Look for information on the Internet. Usually in technical specifications on popular sites you will definitely find the answer;
3. Test Drive. If a variator is installed on the car, then you will not feel any, even inconspicuous jerks, jerks, acceleration is similar to the acceleration of a "trolleybus". On a classic machine, gear shifts are felt, although on a serviceable one they are almost imperceptible, it is impossible not to "feel" them.

What is more reliable and better: CVT, robot or automatic?

When buying a car, both new and used, every car enthusiast will certainly think about which one is better to choose. Indeed, the choice of gearbox is a very important point. After all, each of us wants to drive comfortably and maneuverably, and at the same time have minimal fuel consumption. Therefore, it is worth considering the issue of choosing a gearbox in detail and in advance, taking time for it. Studying this issue will significantly save your nerves and money in the future.

In this article we will talk about what a gearbox is, what its purpose is, what types of gearboxes are, the advantages and disadvantages of each type, and we will give an answer to the question of how to do right choice? Let's talk about it professionally but accessible to you, regardless of level technical training, could understand the essence of the issue and decide which transmission is right for you personally.

We all live in conditions of constant lack of time. That is why we did great job on collecting and analyzing the necessary information on this issue, and prepared this material for you.

Watch the video about MCP and AKP

WHAT IS A GEARBOX? ITS PURPOSE

Manual Transmission

The torque converter gearbox is by far the most common transmission in the world. The torque converter is not part of the gearbox, it acts as a clutch. At high revs at speed, it is blocked by the clutch, which allows. The torque converter perfectly dampens vibrations, increasing the life of the engine and transmission.

Torque in torque converter gearboxes is transmitted using transmission oil circulating in a closed circle under high pressure. The valve body is responsible for shifting gears, which in modern models controlled by electronics. This allows the transmission to operate in different modes: economy, standard or sport.

The mechanical part of the torque converter automatic transmission is maintainable and quite reliable. The most vulnerable spot is the valve body (shocks when switching indicate malfunctioning valves). Transformer oil is of great importance, although today there are already automatic boxes that do not require its replacement.

Driving characteristics are highly dependent on the control electronics (brains). Shifting smoothness, dynamics and fuel economy largely depend on the number of transmission gears (from a four-speed to an eight-speed automatic transmission).

Torque converter automatic transmissions are equipped with Insignia, Meriva, Mazda 3, 5, 6, Peugeot and Citroen C4, C5, 308, 3008.

1. Ease of control and comfort: it drives itself, it switches itself, there is no need to select the desired gear;
2. Automatic transmission is able to change gear to full power engine;
3. When starting off on a flat plane, there is no rollback;
4. Engine and chassis thanks to the torque converter, they are protected from breakdowns and overloads due to unprofessional gear shifting, which increases their resource;
5. A car with automatic transmission is equipped with a system passive safety, preventing independent movement of the car on uneven ground.

1. Increased fuel consumption compared to mechanics and lower efficiency due to losses in the transformer. Although in some driving modes, modern automatic transmissions achieve higher efficiency due to intelligent control;
2. higher price;
3. Higher repair and maintenance costs;
4. Worse dynamics, jerks at start (not on all models);
5. Delays in gear shifting;
6. Starts only with the help of a starter;
7. When starting on a slope, the vehicle rolls backwards.

There is a simple robotic mechanics and advanced.

Simple robotic mechanics (MTA) is mechanics in structure and automatic in control. Those. manual transmission, in which the gears are switched by a robot (electronics). Therefore, there is no clutch pedal. When shifting gears, there is a break in the flow of torque, as a result, dips are noticeable during acceleration.

The box weighs less than the classic machine, and costs less. As a rule, it is installed on inexpensive models. It is possible to change gears manual mode. The simplest cheap robot with one clutch (Alfa Romeo, Toyota, Opel, Suzuki) spends 1-2 seconds switching.

An improved type of transmission that came from sports is a preselective gearbox. This is a robotic mechanics with two clutches and with direct engagement. One clutch handles even gears, the other handles odd gears. Acceleration is smooth and fast, switching takes place in a split second. This type of transmission combines the dynamics and economy of the MT with the convenience of a classic automatic.

Each manufacturer has its own name for an advanced robot, the most common of which is Volkswagen's DSG. Some models with preselective box: Volkswagen Golf DSG, Audi A4TDI S-Tronic, SeatIbiza 1.6 DSG, etc.

1. High efficiency: robots are more economical than mechanics or on the same level with it;
2. The robot is cheaper than the automatic transmission;
3. Has a small weight;
4. Some car models are equipped with paddle shifters that allow you to shift gears very quickly. And therefore, the car has excellent dynamics.

1. The moments of switching are very noticeable, the smoothness of work leaves much to be desired;
2. Gear shift delay;
3. Shocks and jerks when switching;
4. A small rollback at the beginning of the movement;
5. At each stop from a few seconds, the robot requires switching off to neutral;
6. Doesn't like slips.

In general, first-generation robotic transmissions have more disadvantages than advantages. As for the preselective boxes, they also have their drawbacks: a complex design, the high cost of the unit and its repair.

CVT automatic transmission

Rising fuel prices, concern for the environment and the need for greater comfort led to the emergence of a CVT automatic transmission. Variator (CVT) - continuously variable transmission, in which there are no transmissions as such. The variator consists of two pairs of cone-shaped pulleys (leading and driven), between which the belt rotates along variable radius. The change in gear ratios is constant, regardless of the acceleration or deceleration of the car. This ensures absolute smooth operation of the gearbox, complete comfort and the absence of any bumps and shocks. True, in some models there is an imitation of gears (tiptronic), which switches the operating modes of the variator.

CVTs are equipped with appropriate microelectronics (control system). The control computer analyzes all driving conditions, selects a more suitable gear ratio and coordinates the actions of the transmission and engine.

Examples of cars with a CVT: Renault Scenic 2.0, Mitsubishi Lancer 1.8, Audi A4 2.0 Multitronic.

1. The engine runs optimally all the time;
2. The maximum level of comfort and smoothness of movement;
3. Profitability (average fuel consumption: more than manual transmission, less than automatic);
4. Dynamic acceleration;
5. Simple construction;
6. Fast operation (no time wasted shifting gears. When accelerating, the peak torque is reached immediately, thereby ensuring maximum vehicle acceleration).

1. High price;
2. Expensive repairs and maintenance;
3. Strongly dislikes slippage;
4. Incompatibility with powerful engine due to the fragility of the belts;
5. For reversing and starting, additional mechanisms are needed;
6. The variator is afraid of overheating, therefore, a special very expensive oil with the need to replace every 50-60,000 km. After 100,000, as a rule, a belt replacement is required;
7. In the first models of a car with a variator, there is a monotonous hum of the engine, which is difficult to endure psychologically;
8. Less dynamic compared to manual transmission.

WHICH GEARBOX TO CHOOSE?

Obviously, there is no perfect gearbox. If you are an active driver, like maneuvers and speed, a mechanic or a robot will suit you. If you want comfort in the city, but often get out of the city, not only on the highway, you suitable SUV with traditional hydromechanical automatic transmission. A simple robot will suit a calm driver who chooses efficiency and smooth roads. The variator is good for lovers of comfort and ultimate smoothness.

So, the choice of gearbox depends entirely on your personal priorities. Decide what is more important for you: dynamics, price, efficiency or comfort? And make your right choice.

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Internal combustion engines, both gasoline and diesel, have a fairly narrow operating range. A manual transmission is required to provide optimal mode work power unit.

Changes in the gear ratio are carried out manually, usually by moving the lever from one position to another. To ensure switching, the power flow is interrupted by means of a mechanical clutch.

Excursion into history

On the first cars there was no gearbox familiar to us with gears, the force on the drive wheels was transmitted by a belt. This device was used Karl Benz- to increase the speed, the driver had to throw the ring from one pair of pulleys to another. Gears in the transmission were first used by Wilhelm Maybach, in cars of his design there were mechanical boxes.

The transmission of torque from it to the drive wheels was carried out using steel chain. Coaxial box at the beginning of the 20th century appeared on the cars of Louis Renault, who is also the inventor of the cardan shaft.

At first, the automotive industry was dominated by a spaced arrangement of units, in which the gearbox was located separately from the power unit. The transmission of torque in them took place through a special shaft, as was the case on the BMW 501 model.

The mechanical boxes of the first releases were very complex, their management required considerable effort and good skills. In 1928, the American engineer Charles Kettering from General Motors offered a device for synchronization. First lucky box, equipped with such a mechanism, was installed on a Corvette car. On the European continent, ZF has become a leader in the development of transmissions.

The firmly entrenched name of the manual transmission has the following decoding of the abbreviation - a manual gearbox. Earlier in the name, the first letter P was understood as the word for change, but over time it was replaced by a more appropriate one. Abbreviated name of the mechanical box in technical descriptions often appears with a number indicating the number of steps.

A modern manual transmission has a fairly advanced device that, in addition to shifting gears on the move, performs a number of functions:

• ensuring the movement of the car in reverse;
• separation of the transmission and the running engine of the car during short stops;
• the presence of the neutral position of the box allows you to start the engine.

Cars equipped with this kind of transmissions, other things being equal more economical than cars with automatic transmission.

The principle of operation of the manual transmission

Starting the car, driving slowly bad road causes a lot of resistance. A car with a manual transmission in this mode requires the maximum amount of torque.

At the same time, the gearbox performs the functions of a reduction gear, and even with high speed vehicle moving at a relatively low speed. After acceleration stops, the driver switches the mode, and the crankshaft speed returns to the optimal range.

Uniform movement along the plane requires less effort, which is provided by increased gears.

The principle of operation of a mechanical gearbox is to create connections between the drive (input) shaft and the driven (output) through combinations of gears with different numbers of teeth. This allows you to adjust the transmission to changing driving conditions of the vehicle.

For dummies, as non-specialists are commonly called, the principle of operation of a manual transmission can be explained in just a few words. The device provides normal work engine by changing the number of revolutions, increasing or decreasing the force on the drive wheels. This allows you to keep best mode operation of the power unit when starting off, accelerating and decelerating.

This principle of operation of the manual transmission is preserved in all cars: with full, and with rear, and with front-wheel drive. The transmission device in each of the cases has its own characteristics, but at the same time the main structural elements and their purpose are preserved. The change in gear ratio occurs due to the introduction of a certain combination of gears with a different number of teeth.

These ratios for each engine are selected individually in the course of design work and full-scale tests. This takes into account many factors and, first of all, the parameters of the engine. The physical principle of the manual transmission remains unchanged, the driver controls the mode change manually by moving the lever from one position to another.

Video - manual transmission, principle of operation:

A visual representation of the principle of operation of the manual transmission can be obtained after watching the video clip. A schematic animated image is the best way to demonstrate the interaction of parts with each other. Such materials provide an understanding of the ongoing processes, especially when switching operating modes.

Device

The design of the manual transmission has changed little since the main elements of it were made and patented. The mechanical gearbox consists of the following parts and assemblies:

• crankcase;
• input, output and intermediate shafts;
• synchronizers;
• driving and driven gears;
• gear shift mechanism.

The parts assembled in a single housing interact with each other, ensuring the transmission of torque. The device of a mechanical gearbox depends on the design features and the number of shafts - according to given feature they are divided into two- and three-shaft. The latter layout is called coaxial and in the technical literature it is commonly called classical.

Shafts and gear blocks

In this design, the drive and driven shafts are placed in the crankcase of the box one after the other. in shank input shaft a bearing is installed on which the end of the secondary rests. The absence of a rigid connection allows them to rotate independently of each other at different frequencies and in different directions. Below them is an intermediate shaft, the transmission of force occurs through gear blocks installed on these parts.

In order to reduce the noise of the gearbox, the gears in it are made helical. In the manufacture of these parts, a strict system of tolerances is used, and great attention is given to the quality of processing of mating surfaces.

On the drive shaft of a classic mechanical box, several gears of different diameters and, accordingly, with a different number of teeth, are rigidly fixed. In some cases, the knot is made integral, which provides it with maximum strength.

Gears on output shaft can be installed in two ways:

• movable on slots;
• fixed on the hubs.

The connection with the drive shaft in the first version occurs due to the longitudinal movement of the driven gear along the splines until it engages in the drive gear. Such a scheme is simple and reliable and has become quite widespread.

In another design, the longitudinal movement of the parts is excluded and the connection takes place using a sliding clutch.

Video - how torque is transmitted in a manual transmission:

The angular speeds of the drive shaft and the driven shaft are equalized using a special device called a synchronizer. in gearboxes sports cars or machines special purpose Cam clutches can be used instead of these units.

Control mechanisms

Throughout the history of the development of motor transport, many original designs have been developed. Most widespread received the layout used in modern units.

The manual transmission is controlled by a special design consisting of the following elements:

• lever;
• drives;
• sliders;
• forks;
• castle;
• gear shift clutches.

Changes in the operating modes of the unit are made by the driver by moving the lever from one position to another. Sliders are activated through the drives. Protection against simultaneous activation is a special locking mechanism - a lock. In three-way boxes, it makes it impossible for two sliders to move while the third one moves.

This assembly actuates the shift fork, which causes the clutch to shift. This part is a thick-walled ring with slots on the inner surface. They are in constant engagement with the gear rim of the driven shaft, along which the clutch moves along it. There are similar slots on the side surface of the driven gear.

When shifting gears, the lever is first transferred to neutral, from which the desired mode is selected. During this time, the synchronizer aligns angular velocities, and the gear is blocked by the clutch. Torque from the input shaft is transmitted to the secondary and then through main gearbox on the drive wheels.

The synchronizer provides shockless switching, while its operation time does not exceed a few hundredths of a second.

Video - clutch device and manual transmission, a visual story from Toyota:

The softness of the operation of a manual transmission largely depends on general condition parts and, in particular, this unit.

The synchronizer is a bronze ring with a ring gear on inside. When the clutch moves, it first presses the part against the conical surface on the sidewall of the driven gear, the resulting friction force is sufficient to equalize the speed of the shafts. After synchronization, the gear wheel is locked by the shift clutch.

How to shift gears on a manual transmission

The operation of vehicles with a manual gearbox and their management has whole line features that the driver needs to know. A natural question arises: how to use a manual transmission? Learning to do this begins at, starting from showing the instructor to developing an automatic skill in gear shifting.

How to shift gears on a manual transmission is usually indicated on a diagram printed on the outer surface of the lever handle. In general, the process looks like this:

• the driver squeezes the clutch with his left foot;
• hand moves the lever from one position to another;
• gently release the clutch pedal and gently press the accelerator.

Gear shifting in a manual gearbox is carried out in accordance with the scheme, which is indicated in the technical documentation for the car. Experienced drivers It is recommended to adhere to the following rules, which will increase the resource of the unit:

• the use of direct gear (usually fourth) will significantly reduce fuel consumption;
• shifting gears on a manual gearbox should be carried out strictly in accordance with the instructions developed by the manufacturer;
• engage reverse gear only after a complete stop of the car;
• the clutch pedal is depressed quickly and all the way to the floor, but it should be released smoothly without jerking;
• on icy or wet road coasting is unacceptable;
• when cornering, it is not recommended to shift gears;
• effective on a free road is the reception of engine braking by successively downshifting to a minimum;
• periodic check of the oil level in the box and timely replacement in progress Maintenance will increase its resource.

Video - tips on how to shift gears on a manual transmission:

Learning how to drive a car requires constant practice. The actions of the instructor are shown in great detail, observing them will allow the novice driver to form the correct muscle reactions.

Oil for manual transmission

Maintenance of transmission units is carried out in accordance with the service book. In most manual transmission boxes, replacement operating fluid carried out every 50-60 thousand kilometers. During this period, wear products accumulate in it and lubricating properties are lost.

During maintenance, pour for a manual transmission, specified in the instruction manual. This is especially true for cars. foreign production use of the wrong oil can cause wear and even damage to the unit.

To answer the question of what kind of oil in a manual transmission, you should familiarize yourself with the entries in the service book, where a mark is made on the brand of technical fluid.