Progress has not stood still for a long time: the former low-speed, but noisy diesel engines began to work quieter, and their power, and, accordingly, their dynamics increased. Moreover, a noticeable breakthrough in this direction happened when turbocharging began to be installed on diesel power plants. Today, many cars equipped with diesel engines have a turbine in their design. However, not all owners of cars with such units know how to properly operate a turbo. diesel engine so that it lasts as long as possible. We have prepared eight simple tips that will help current or potential owners of machines with similar units to avoid miscalculations in the operation of the turbine.
Council number 1. Keep the oil level under control.
All engines in general, and the turbocharged diesel engine we are considering in particular, are not recommended for oil starvation. After all, oil in such a unit plays a special role, lubricating the plain and rolling bearings of the turbocharger. When the engine oil level drops, the bearings do not receive the right amount of lubrication, which leads to their rapid wear and failure.
Therefore, we recommend that you check the oil level in the crankcase as often as possible and, if a deficiency of lubrication is detected, you need to immediately top up the amount. In addition, it is necessary to find out the reason why the oil level in the system drops (this may be contamination or leaks). oil system, failure oil pump etc.) and eliminate it immediately.
Council number 2. Use only high quality engine oil.
Once you have purchased a car with a turbodiesel engine, do not skimp on refueling it with high-quality and manufacturer-recommended engine oil. Here, as in the well-known saying: save on fish, get a bad yushka. Above, we have already indicated what role engine oil plays for a turbine, so pouring any kind of oil into the engine means dooming the turbocharger of the power plant of your car to a slow death in advance. It is important to remember that the oils recommended for turbocharged units are different in composition from conventional oils due to the fact that when working in a turbine they are exposed to much higher temperatures and loads than in an atmospheric engine. Another important aspect: it is highly not recommended to mix different ratios, for example, add 5w-30 oil to the engine if 10w-40 has already been filled there.
Council number 3. Monitor the quality of diesel fuel.
A diesel engine turbine is sensitive not only to the quality of the engine oil, but also to the quality of the fuel you feed your car with. When using low quality fuel, clogging of the engine fuel system is likely, which, in turn, affects the loss of engine power, which is why, in order to fill this gap in speed, it is forced to work at the power limit. And this can lead to a reduction in its service life.
Council number 4. Avoid overgassing when starting a turbocharged engine.
This advice should be followed, first of all, by those owners of cars who do not have a Start & Stop engine start / stop system installed. The fact is that when starting the engine, the oil channels are not yet filled with engine oil, when you press the accelerator pedal, you give a load to the turbine, which rotates with little or no oil, as a result of which its components (bronze-graphite sliding and rolling bearings) wear out quickly, which eventually leads to failure of the turbocharger.
Therefore, we strongly recommend that you apply gas smoothly, and for some time (within 5 minutes maximum) after starting, let the engine run for idling, and then start moving at low speeds, gradually increasing the load. Let's make a reservation that this is important for engines that are not equipped with the Start & Stop system.
Council number 5. Keep the speed at medium speed while driving.
The engine turbine is a unit that constantly operates at high loads, so it is impossible to drive a car with such a unit for a long time at low revs. In general, it is recommended several times a week to let the motor turbine run at maximum high revs: in this way, you activate the cleaning process of the turbocharger boost system, which in the future will help to extend the life of the unit. It is important to avoid "twisting" the turbine, that is, a long drive at high speeds. At the same time, the turbocharger rotor experiences increased loads, which leads to an imbalance in its operation and, as a result, failure of its components.
Therefore, when driving a car with this type of engine, it is best to stick to medium speeds.
Council number 6. Do not turn off the engine immediately after stopping the vehicle.
This advice is especially important for motorists whose turbodiesel engines are not equipped with a Start & Stop system. The fact is that when the engine stops immediately, the turbine impellers still continue to rotate, but the oil that lubricates them is no longer enough, which leads to overheating of the turbocharger components (rotor and bearings). And this, in turn, leads to increased wear specified parts of the turbine.
Therefore, after stopping, let the engine idle for a short (no more than 5 minutes) time. During this time, the turbine will cool down and can be deactivated.
Council number 7. Avoid prolonged idling of the engine.
For a turbocharged engine, idling for 20-30 minutes is like death. The fact is that with this mode of engine operation, coking (in other words, clogging) of the turbine, namely the oil outlet tube, the drive for changing the geometry of the turbine, can occur. Also at long work at idle, engine oil may leak into the engine cylinders, which can lead to failure of cylinder components piston group.
If you still keep the engine idling for a long time, then we advise you to keep the crankshaft speed at 1200-1600 rpm.
Tip #8. Spend on time Maintenance car.
Stick to the manufacturer's recommended timing and filters, both oil and air. Remember that maintenance times are usually shorter for a turbocharged engine than for a naturally aspirated engine, since the turbine operates at higher loads than a conventional diesel unit, and therefore needs to be serviced more often. fresh oil and filters.
Following these simple tips will save car owners from costly turbine repairs.
Features of the operation of diesel engines in winter are due to the presence of frost, in which the fuel behaves capriciously, which is why some parts malfunction. The reason is that diesel fuel at low temperatures has a very detrimental effect on the engine itself and fuel equipment, because it thickens. This article describes what features a diesel engine has and how to operate it in winter time.
Features of the operation of diesel engines - the main whims
The main advantage in a diesel engine is its fuel efficiency. It is carried out through high pressure inside the combustion chamber, which is not gasoline engine, in which ignition occurs due to the supply of a spark using a spark plug. Also, the difference between these engines is that air is supplied to the gasoline engine separately from the fuel, and the fuel-air mixture enters the diesel engine. Another advantage is the durability of the diesel. The high torque that the engine generates makes it possible for the car to work in difficult conditions, which is why diesel is used in trucks and SUVs.
The main disadvantage of all diesel cars is that they need proper operation of the diesel engine, because it is very capricious and the fuel requirements are very high, especially in winter. Diesel fuel contains a substance such as paraffin, and at positive temperatures this does not affect the functioning of the machine, but when it starts to get colder, the fuel becomes cloudy, and the filters become clogged with paraffin threads. As a result, we cannot start the car.
The weak point is fuel equipment, and its minus is the price of spare parts and repairs. Because of low-quality fuel, mainly suffer from high pressure fuel pump (high pressure fuel pump) and nozzles.
Rules for the operation of diesel engines - without which a car cannot cope in winter?
For those who have recently joined the ranks of diesel car owners, it is important to immediately decide how to properly operate a diesel engine. First of all, you need to pay attention to the condition and quality. It is worth filling in only the oils recommended by the manufacturer, and do it as often as possible, for example, every 8-9 thousand kilometers. Turbines, which are now installed in many diesel engines, are especially sensitive to oil. It is also worth after the trip to let the turbine cool down, for this it is necessary that the engine idles for about two minutes. And it is better to set a timer that will turn off the engine at a certain time.
The rules for the operation of diesel engines also include careful maintenance of fuel equipment, since the cost of high-pressure fuel pumps is high. To avoid damage to these components and assemblies in the car, you should change the fuel filter more often, as well as drain the water from the sediment filter. It is worth monitoring the quality of fuel and trying to refuel at proven gas stations. Do not use diesel for aggressive driving, this motor does not like when there is a gear change at high speeds. Switch to next gear should be done at medium or slightly lower speeds.
The operation of a diesel engine in winter is difficult at a temperature of minus 25 degrees Celsius. During this period, it is imperative to use winter or arctic diesel fuel.. IN winter fuel the interval of use is allowed from 0 degrees to minus 25 ° C, and in the second - up to minus 35 ° C. Our recommendations for diesel engine operation in winter are aimed at improving the response of the car to your requirements.
In order for the car to be in service all year round, it should be placed in a warm garage. In this case, the start of the motor will be high level because the paraffin contained in the fuel will not crystallize. During this coldest period, you should more carefully monitor the fuel equipment, avoid contamination of the main filters. It is also worth changing engine oil in a timely manner according to the coming season (by winter summer oil drain and fill the engine with winter). Listening or not is your choice, but with good care, the motor will last you longer.
Diesel power units are a fundamentally different design than their gasoline analogues. The key difference lies in the technology of preparation and ignition of fuel. The formation of the mixture is carried out in the combustion chamber, and the cycle of work consists in injecting a metered portion under huge pressure, after which it ignites upon contact with heated air. This technology allows you to get rid of the gasoline pump, spark plugs, high-voltage wires and other elements necessary for gasoline engines.
Advantages
Diesel powertrains have a number of common advantages.
- Profitability. The efficiency of such motors is 40% and can reach 50% in the presence of a pressurization system.
- Power. When operating diesel engines with a turbine, there is no classic pronounced turbo lag, and all the torque becomes available almost from the lowest revs.
- Reliability. The mileage of diesel power units is up to 700,000 km.
- Environmental friendliness. The use of EGR technology and a significantly lower amount of CO in the exhaust gases can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment.
Refueling
One of the features of the operation of diesel engines of any type is meticulous attention to fuel quality. Experts advise you to check even fuel from branded gas stations on your own.
The main enemy of a diesel plant is the presence of water in the mixture, which can provoke corrosion in the fuel equipment. To avoid this, it is recommended not to fill the fuel immediately into the tank, but to collect it in canisters and let it settle so that possible sediment and impurities have time to sink to the bottom.
An easy way to test the mixture for the presence of water is to add potassium permanganate crystals to a test portion in a clear container. In the presence of water, colored stains immediately form around them.
Another important criterion is the absolute transparency of the mixture. Any haze, especially in winter, may indicate the initial stage of paraffin crystallization, which easily clogs fuel filters.
Service
The specifics of the operation of diesel engines implies the scrupulous fulfillment of all the requirements of the manufacturer, any violation of which may ultimately lead to the need for expensive repairs. Among the recommendations common to all power plants of this type, relate:
- Timely replacement and quality control of oil. Experts advise to this procedure even more than the service interval prescribed in the manual. This recommendation is related to the unstable sulfur content of Russian diesel fuel. As a conditional interval, you can focus on a run of 7000 km? 7500 km.
- Timely replacement of the timing belt. In this case, it is recommended to follow the same principle as when changing the oil. For many motors, the permissible belt mileage reaches 100,000 km, but it must be borne in mind that we are talking about practically sterile conditions that are fundamentally unattainable on domestic roads. Breakage of worn out ahead of schedule belt always means the destruction of the head of the block, the repair or replacement of which costs a significant amount.
- Checking the cleanliness of the fuel system. It is recommended to replace the filter at least every 10,000 km, and regularly drain the sediment accumulating in the sump from the filter itself. Fuel tank it is advisable to wash it twice a year by removing it from the car. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in injector failure and fuel pump.
Ride Features
Warm up and stop the engine. The question of driving "in the cold" is debatable. The operation of diesel engines allows this possibility, but it should be borne in mind that thermal gaps at this moment are increased, and the cooled oil, on the contrary, partially loses its lubricating properties, which in combination leads to increased wear of parts. The best solution would be to drive at speeds up to 40 km / h with 3 or 2 gears on. Jam not turbocharged engine you can immediately, and the motor, equipped with a pressurization system, must be allowed to work without load so that the bearings have time to cool and not be covered with a varnish film.
Optimal turnover. Power units of this type are low-speed. The habit of "turning" the motor above 3,500 rpm - 4,000 rpm leads to accelerated wear of the cylinder-piston group and the crank mechanism. The optimal range for such engines is, depending on the model, between 1600 rpm and 3200 rpm.
Air filter specification. Diesel units they are not equipped with inlet throttling, which, combined with the small volume of the combustion chamber and high retracting properties, provokes water hammer when even a minimal amount of water enters the filter.
Refusal to start "with thrust". Correctly working power unit normally starts at an ambient temperature of up to? 20 ° C. If starting is difficult, it is strictly forbidden to try to “pull” the car, as this may damage the timing drive. In addition, the mismatch between the temperature tolerance of the fuel and the temperature overboard leads to paraffin crystallization and the loss of the required fluidity by the fuel. In this case, an attempt to start the engine in tow will lead to dry friction and damage to the parts of the power unit.
Operation in winter
The operation of diesel engines in the cold is complicated by the need to use the appropriate fuel when the temperature drops to 20 ° C or more (“winter” and “arctic”, respectively). In this case, the condition of the injectors and injection pump requires special attention. At this time, experts advise leaving the car overnight in a warm garage to avoid crystallization of paraffins in combustible mixture. In the case of a diesel engine equipped with a turbine, the presence of a turbo timer is very useful, which will allow you to withstand the intervals necessary for warming up and cooling down.
Trying to save money on parts or maintenance on a diesel engine can result in costly engine repairs. Due to significant loads, stringent requirements are imposed on the quality of components of this type of power plants.
Using cheap candles, chains and other accessories can turn into a waste of money, as the parts will fail in the shortest possible time.
A similar principle is relevant for the service itself, in which repair work is carried out. Engaging unskilled mechanics can result in a loss of time, money, and even new engine damage.
Repair of diesel engines requires strict observance of the work schedule and the availability of professional knowledge and equipment from the performers.
The diesel center "Diesel-PRO" is a representative of the largest brands of automotive components, and also offers services for the adjustment and repair of fuel equipment of domestic and foreign production. You can choose the right diesel engine, as well as get acquainted with the characteristics and photos of the goods in the catalog on the company's website.
At first, diesel engines were installed exclusively on trucks, ships and military equipment - that is, where reliability and efficiency are needed, and size, weight and comfort can be sacrificed.
The improvement of technologies in engine building has led to the emergence of engines that can also be installed on a passenger car. The first such production car appeared a long time ago - in 1935. It was a taxi Mercedes-Benz 260 (W 170). The rapid growth in the popularity of diesel engines fell on the gasoline crisis of the 70s - since that time, diesel has firmly won its place under the hood of cars and SUVs - from the most massive to the executive class.
Diesel features such as economy, high torque throughout the rev range, and especially at low speeds, as well as affordable fuel, make it the preferred option for a heavy-duty SUV.
In the late 1990s, it began new growth popularity of diesel engines, associated with the improvement of their design, the introduction of electronics in fuel supply and engine control systems. Modern diesels the latest generations have come close to gasoline engines in terms of noise and specific characteristics (weight, power per unit volume), while maintaining advantages in efficiency and reliability.
According to the forecasts of scientists and technologists, in the 21st century the good old "gasoline lighter" will begin to go down in history, gradually giving the palm to diesel. What features of the diesel engine allow him to wage such a successful fight for a place under the hood?
By design, a diesel engine differs little from a conventional gasoline engine - the same cylinders, pistons, connecting rods. True, the valve parts are significantly reinforced in order to perceive higher loads - after all, the compression ratio is much higher (19-24 units versus 9-11 for gasoline). This explains the greater weight and dimensions of the diesel engine in comparison with the gasoline.
The main difference lies in the way of formation fuel-air mixture, its ignition and combustion. At gasoline engine the mixture is formed in intake system, and in the cylinder is ignited by a spark plug spark. In a diesel engine, fuel and air are supplied separately. First, clean air enters the cylinders. At the end of compression, when it is heated to a temperature of 700-800 ° C, fuel is injected into the combustion chamber by high-pressure nozzles (10-30 MPa), which almost instantly self-ignites.
Self-ignition is accompanied by a sharp increase in pressure in the cylinder - hence the increased noise and rigidity of the diesel engine. This organization of the working process allows the use of cheaper fuel and work on very lean mixtures, which determines high efficiency.
The environmental characteristics of such an engine are also better - when running on lean mixtures, emissions of harmful substances, especially carbon monoxide, are noticeably less than those of gasoline engines.
There are several types of diesel engines, the difference between which lies in the design of the combustion chamber. In diesel engines with an undivided combustion chamber - they are called diesel engines with direct injection - fuel is injected into the space above the piston, and the combustion chamber is made in the piston.
direct injection
1 nozzle;
2-glow plug;
3-combustion chamber.
Prechamber injection
1 nozzle;
2-glow plug;
3-prechamber;
4-combustion chamber.
swirl chamber injection
1 nozzle;
2-glow plug;
3-combustion chamber.
In the past, direct injection was used mainly on low-speed, large-displacement engines. This was due to the difficulties in organizing the combustion process, as well as increased noise and vibration. But after the introduction of electronically controlled high-pressure fuel pumps (high pressure fuel pumps), two-stage fuel injection and optimization of the combustion process, it was possible to achieve stable operation of a diesel engine with an undivided combustion chamber at speeds up to 4500 rpm, improve its efficiency, reduce noise and vibration.
The most common in passenger cars so far is another type of diesel engine - with a divided combustion chamber.
In them, fuel is injected not into the cylinder, but into an additional chamber. Typically, a Ricardo Comet swirl chamber is used, made in the cylinder head and connected to the cylinder by a special channel so that when compressed, the air entering the swirl chamber is swirled intensively, which significantly improves the process of self-ignition and mixture formation.
Self-ignition in this case begins in the vortex chamber and then continues in the main combustion chamber. With a split combustion chamber, the rate of pressure increase in the cylinder is reduced, which helps to reduce noise and increase maximum speed. Swirl chamber engines make up the vast majority of those installed in cars and jeeps (about 90%).
Less common are pre-chamber diesels, which have a special plug-in pre-chamber connected to the cylinder by several small channels. Their shape and cross-section are selected so that a large pressure drop arises between the cylinder and the prechamber, causing the flow of gases with high speed. This design allows you to provide a large resource, low level noise and toxicity, as well as a flat torque characteristic. Of the widely used cars, the pre-chamber engine is used only on the Mercedes G 300D, 350 TD (W 463) and Ssang Yong Musso 2.9 D, where it is also installed diesel mercedes OM602.
The most important system of a diesel engine, which determines the reliability and efficiency of its operation, is the fuel supply system.
Its main function is to supply a strictly defined amount of fuel at a given moment and with a given pressure. The high fuel pressure and precision requirements make the diesel fuel system complex and expensive. Its main elements are: a high pressure fuel pump (TNVD), nozzles and a fuel filter.
Diesel fuel supply scheme
1 fuel tank; 2-fuel line; 3-filter fine cleaning fuel;
4-high pressure fuel pump; 5-LVD; 6 nozzle; 7-line fuel drain; 8-glow plug.
The injection pump is designed to supply fuel to the injectors according to a strictly defined program, depending on the engine operating mode and the driver's control actions.
At its core, a modern all-mode injection pump combines the functions of a complex system automatic control engine and the main actuator, working out the commands of the driver.
By pressing the gas pedal, the driver does not directly increase the fuel supply, but only changes the program of the regulators, which themselves change the supply according to strictly defined dependencies on the speed, boost pressure, position of the regulator lever, etc. On modern SUVs two types of high pressure fuel pumps are commonly used: in-line multi-plunger and distributive type.
Bosch in-line pumps or those made under its license (Nippon Denso, Diesel Kiki) are rarely used today, although they are the most reliable in their design. They can be found on Mercedes cars G 300D, 350 (W 463), Ssang Yong Musso, Nissan Patrol with SD-33 engine.
The most common high pressure fuel pumps are distribution type VE manufactured by Bosch or Nippon Denso, Diesel Kiki, Zexel under license from Bosch. In these high pressure fuel pumps, the injection system has one distributor plunger, which performs translational motion to pump fuel and rotational to distribute fuel to the nozzles. VE type pumps are widely used in light diesel engines. They are compact, they are distinguished by high uniformity of fuel supply across the cylinders and excellent operation at high speeds due to the speed of the regulators, at the same time, these pumps place very high demands on the purity and quality of diesel fuel: after all, all their parts are lubricated with fuel, and the gaps in precision elements are very small .
On American cars with diesel engines GMC 6.2, 6.5 l such as Chevrolet Blazer, Suburban, Tahoe, Stanadyne distribution pumps are used. In them, the injection system consists of four opposite piston performing translational movements towards each other. The fuel flow is coordinated by the distributor head connecting or disconnecting the injection line to the injectors.
Since the early 1990s, it has been introduced electronic system diesel engine control, which allows optimizing the supply of fuel in all modes and thereby increasing efficiency, reducing the amount of harmful emissions and engine noise. Electronics makes it possible to replace complex mechanical regulators on all listed types of pumps with simpler and more accurate ones. The discharge part of the injection pump usually remains unchanged. Currently, electronic control is installed on many Mercedes SUVs G 350, range rover 2.5 TDI with BMW engine, Toyota Surf with engines 2L and 1 KZ, Nissan Terrano 2.7 TD, Nissan Patrol 2.8 and 4.2, Chevrolet Blazer 6.5 and others.
Another important element of the fuel system is the injector. It, together with the high-pressure fuel pump, ensures the supply of a strictly metered amount of fuel to the combustion chamber.
Adjusting the nozzle opening pressure determines operating pressure in the fuel system, and the type of atomizer determines the shape of the fuel plume, which is important for the process of self-ignition and combustion. Usually nozzles of two types are used: with a pin or multi-hole spray. Injectors with a pin atomizer are used in diesel engines with a split combustion chamber, and with a multi-hole nozzle - in diesel engines with direct injection. The injector on the engine operates under very difficult conditions: the atomizer needle reciprocates at a frequency less than half the engine speed, and at the same time the atomizer directly contacts the combustion chamber. Therefore, the nozzle atomizer is made of heat-resistant materials with extreme precision and is a precision element.
The fuel filter, despite its simplicity, is essential element diesel engine fuel system.
Its parameters, such as filtration fineness, throughput, must strictly correspond to a certain type of engine. One of its functions is to separate and remove water, which is usually the bottom drain plug. A manual priming pump is often mounted on top of the filter housing to remove air from the fuel system. Sometimes an electric heating system is installed fuel filter, which makes it easier to start the engine somewhat, preventing the filter from becoming clogged with paraffins formed during the crystallization of diesel fuel in winter conditions.
Cold start of the diesel engine is provided by the preheating system. To do this, electric heating elements - glow plugs - are inserted into the combustion chambers.
When the ignition is switched on, the candles heat up to 800-900°C in a few seconds, thereby providing heating of the air in the combustion chamber and facilitating self-ignition of the fuel. A control lamp in the cab signals the operation of the system to the driver. Extinction control lamp indicates readiness for launch. The power supply from the candle is removed automatically, but not immediately, but 15-25 seconds after starting, to ensure stable operation of a cold engine. Modern systems preheating provide easy start-up of a serviceable diesel engine up to a temperature of 25-30 ° C, of course, subject to the season of oil and diesel fuel.
An effective means of increasing the power and flexibility of a diesel engine is turbocharging. It allows you to supply additional air to the cylinders and, accordingly, increase the fuel supply during the working cycle, resulting in an increase in engine power.
Pressure exhaust gases diesel engine is 1.5-2 times higher than that of a gasoline engine, which allows the turbocharger to provide effective boost from the lowest revs, avoiding the typical failure of gasoline turbo engines - “turbo lag”. The absence of a throttle valve in a diesel engine makes it possible to ensure efficient filling of the cylinders at all speeds without the use of a complex turbocharger control scheme. On many cars, an intercooler of charge air is installed - an intercooler that allows you to increase the mass filling of the cylinders and increase power by 15-20%. Such devices are used on Opel'e Monterey 3.1 TD, Isuzu Trooper 2.8, Mitsubishi Pajero 2.5TD, 2.8TD and others. Turbocharging, among other things, serves as a means for an SUV to increase the “altitude” of the engine - in high mountainous areas where atmospheric diesel lacks air, boost optimizes combustion and reduces harshness and power loss. At the same time, the turbodiesel has some disadvantages, mainly related to the reliability of the turbocharger. So the turbocharger resource is significantly less than the engine resource and usually does not exceed 150 thousand km. The turbocharger makes strict demands on the quality of engine oil. A faulty unit can completely disable the engine itself. In addition, the own resource of a turbodiesel is somewhat lower than the same atmospheric diesel due to a greater degree of forcing.
Turbocharger
1-safety valve; 2-wheel compressor; 3-wheel turbine;
4-shaft turbocharger.
In order for a car with a diesel engine to fully show its best qualities, and not to discourage its owner forever from interest in a diesel engine, it is necessary to have a good idea of the features of its operation and repair, to know the causes of the most common malfunctions and ways to eliminate them.
1. Timely change the oil and use oil of the appropriate quality and viscosity.
In all diesel engines, without exception, it is recommended to change the oil and filter at least every 7,500 km, even if the instructions provide for large service intervals. This recommendation is due high content sulfur in Russian diesel fuel, which leads to its rapid oxidation and aging.
Oil for modern motors should be used with a quality class not lower than CD according to API or B2 according to ACEA. The viscosity index recommended for a particular motor is usually indicated in the instructions. The most universal are multigrade oils with viscosity indexes 5W40 and 10W40 synthetic and semi-synthetic.
All modern oils are approved for use in both gasoline and diesel engines (for example, SH / CE), and it is absolutely not necessary to buy oil with the word "diesel" in the name. Synthetic or semi-synthetic oils have more stable characteristics over the entire service life and thus reduce engine wear. However, the frequently encountered opinion about the need to use in modern turbodiesels only synthetic oils, mineral can also be used without restrictions if their quality class meets the requirements of the instructions.
As for the question of which manufacturer's oil to choose, the difference here is insignificant, unless, of course, you run into a fake. You just need to choose the type of oil once and not practice frequent changing it to another: when interacting different oils poorly soluble deposits may form, because there is always a small non-draining residue in the motor. Rapid blackening of engine oil (sometimes after 1,000 km after replacement) should not cause concern, this is a common occurrence and is caused by the work of detergents and dispersants.
2. Timely replace the timing belt.
The timing belt and injection pump should be changed at least every 60 thousand km. Part instructions Japanese motors the replacement frequency of 100 thousand km is indicated, but it should be remembered that this is the limit value - for such a long time the belt can only last in absolute purity, without oil getting on it. A broken belt leads to serious consequences: the valves always meet the pistons, break the rocker arms and camshafts, often completely disabling the block head. The cost of repairs in this case can be several thousand dollars. When replacing the timing belt, change and tension roller, since its destruction leads to the same consequences.
A break in the injection pump belt does not lead to any serious consequences (the valves are bent and the engine will no longer be able to work, a bulkhead will be required)
3. Keep the fuel system clean.
To do this, periodically drain the sediment from the fuel filter by unscrewing the drain plug located at the bottom of the filter. The fuel filter itself must be changed every 8-10 thousand km. It is undesirable to do this less often, since clogged filter creates increased hydraulic resistance and disrupts normal work fuel equipment. It is recommended to flush the fuel tank twice a year, in spring and autumn, completely removing it from the vehicle. Everyone can verify the relevance of such a procedure on their own by seeing how much dirt and water will pour out of the tank.
Failure to follow these simple rules often leads to the need for a major repair of the fuel pump and injectors, and in an unfortunate set of circumstances, to damage to the engine itself.
Also, to control the air in the system, it is worth installing a transparent hose on the supply line.
4. Do not attempt to start the engine from a tow.
In many cases, such an attempt leads to serious damage to a perfectly serviceable motor. So, for example, if there is summer diesel fuel in the tank, and 10 ° C outside, an attempt to start is pointless: at -5 ° C, paraffins already crystallize and the fuel loses its fluidity. Fuel equipment parts are known to be lubricated with fuel, and its absence leads to dry friction and damage to them. The only correct solution in this case is to look for a warm garage and warm up the fuel system.
Often when starting from a tow, damage to the timing drive occurs, especially on those engines where it is driven by a toothed belt. A serviceable diesel engine should start freely without additional means of heating up to -20°C. If this does not happen, it is easier to find and fix the problem than to bring the engine to a major overhaul.
a broken plunger is one of the consequences of an attempt to launch from a tug 
5. Warm up the engine and avoid prolonged driving at high speeds.
Warming up the diesel engine is necessary, although the opposite opinion can often be found, including in some instructions. A cold diesel engine really allows you to move immediately without jerks and dips, but the thermal clearances in unheated parts are increased, and the lubricating properties of cold and thick oil, on the contrary, are not high enough, which leads to a significant increase in wear of parts in this mode. Therefore, a small warm-up for 3-5 minutes before the start of movement is absolutely necessary for a diesel engine.
Long-term operation at high speeds, more than 3,500 - 4,000 rpm, when the loads on crank mechanism And cylinder-piston group especially high, leads to a sharp increase in their wear and a decrease in engine life. Optimal diesel engine speed range 1600 - 3200 rpm.
6. Do not force deep puddles at high speed.
The good off-road driving characteristics of a diesel jeep often provoke its driver to famously cut through puddles and fords, raising splashes and waves like a boat. If you knew how many motors got into overhaul due to water hammer!
As you know, diesel has no intake throttling and its suction properties are high, and the volume of the combustion chamber is very small. Even a small amount of water that has entered the manifold and then into the over-piston space causes a phenomenon called water hammer - since the liquid is incompressible and there is nowhere for it to go on the compression stroke, the connecting rod is damaged (bent). Air filter while being water resistant. Therefore, it is recommended to force deep puddles, as they say, “step”.
Bent connecting rod due to water hammer. 
7. Use only high-quality spare parts and do not repair the engine in unfamiliar places.
Attempts to save on spare parts or the cost of repairing a diesel engine most often end up not at all with the result that we would like to get. Due to the high thermal and dynamic loads, the quality requirements for spare parts and components are very high, and the spare parts market is flooded with second-rate goods, and often outright marriage.
So, for example, a glow plug bought for $5, which is 2-3 times cheaper than its normal price, works in best case two weeks, and $10 atomizers have to be rejected right at the booth. There have been cases of stretching new chain for a week of work, and this is on a Mercedes’e 300D, where factory chains freely “care” for 200 thousand km.
The same recommendation applies to repairs: you can find a service or a master whose price for the same work is 2-3 times lower than in a specialized technical center, but very often such repairs lead to loss of time, money and even damage to the motor. Diesel repair requires a good knowledge of the design features of the engine being repaired and strict adherence to the repair instructions.
The main malfunctions of diesel engines and how to eliminate them - as a result of good service you
1. Difficulty starting the engine.
Most often, it is difficult to start a cold engine in winter. If the fuel and oil are appropriate for the season, and the starter provides sufficient starting speed and at the same time the warm engine starts and runs without comment, then the cause bad start is either low compression or a faulty preheating system. The lower compression limit for most engines is 20-26 bar. If the compression is at the lower limit specified for a particular motor, or its spread over the cylinders exceeds 3-5 bar, then such a motor requires repair. In 90% of cases, repair by replacing the rings is ineffective and requires boring the block with the installation of repair pistons.
The wear of the piston group can be unambiguously judged without measuring compression, when from open lid oil filler or disconnected crankcase ventilation hose, crankcase gases escape intensively. Incidentally, this is the most simple check, which you can independently carry out when buying a car. If this phenomenon is detected, then the purchase should be abandoned or the price should be immediately reduced by the cost of the overhaul.
You can check the preheating system with a conventional tester. To do this, connect a voltmeter to a common bus, which supplies voltage to the candles, and turn on the ignition. If the glow voltage of 12V (on parts of Japanese cars 6V or 24V) comes to the candles and is removed 20-30 seconds after the control lamp in the cab goes out, then the candle control relay is working properly. If there is no voltage at all, check the fuse. Next, disconnect the common bus and check their resistance with an ohmmeter. In serviceable 12-volt candles, the resistance in a cold state is usually 0.6-0.8 ohms. If it is equal to zero - in the candle short circuit, if infinity is a break. This spark plug should be replaced.
Faulty injection pump or injectors on cold start influence to a much lesser extent, however, together with reduced compression, insufficient injection advance and a poorly sprayed fuel injector can make starting impossible.
Sometimes a bad start of a serviceable engine after long-term parking caused by air in the fuel system. During the parking time, the fuel “leaves” the injection pump, and without pumping the system, the engine will not start. Difficulty starting a hot engine with an easy cold start is always caused by malfunction of the injection pump associated with the wear of the plunger pair (hydraulic head). When the fuel heats up, its viscosity decreases and hydraulic losses in the gaps increase. The plunger in this case is not able to develop enough pressure to open the injectors at starting speeds and fuel does not enter the combustion chamber. In this case, you can not do without replacing the plunger.
2. Increased engine smoke.
Increased smoke, in addition to being unpleasant in itself, is also a sign of a malfunction and therefore always requires a timely search for the cause and its elimination. White-gray smoke with a pungent smell of unburned diesel fuel is caused by the fact that the fuel does not burn in the cylinder, but evaporates on the hot parts of the exhaust tract. This is usually caused by malfunctions of the fuel supply equipment, late angle injection advance or failure of one of the cylinders. Operation of the engine in this case is unacceptable, as this can lead to further, more serious damage to the engine.
If, during a cold start, the engine emits a large amount of bluish smoke and is unstable, and as it warms up, this disappears, then this indicates reduced compression in one of the cylinders or a malfunction of one or two glow plugs. Because of this, when starting, one of the cylinders does not work and the fuel in it evaporates without burning, and then, as the engine warms up, stable self-ignition begins, the cylinder starts up and the smoke disappears. With this phenomenon, you can operate the machine for some time without fear of damage, but you should still remember that uneven work cold engine significantly accelerates wear.
Black smoke during sudden gas supply and when driving under load is usually caused by injector malfunctions or early injection advance angle. An early injection angle usually causes a significant ignition delay followed by a sharp increase in cylinder pressure due to the autoignition of most of the fuel charge at once, which provokes harsh engine operation and the formation of a large amount of soot.
Sometimes black smoke is caused by a malfunctioning turbocharger not developing enough boost pressure or leaking air. intake tract a significant amount of oil due to wear of the labyrinth seals of the turbine shaft. Operating a car with excessive smoke does not damage the engine or its parts, however long ride with faulty nozzle atomizers or an early injection angle leads to burnout of the prechambers, burning of the pistons and destruction of the bridges, which requires further serious repairs. At the same time, a slight emission of black smoke when the gas pedal is pressed sharply for no more than 1 second is considered acceptable and does not require intervention in the fuel system.
3. Unstable operation of the engine, drop in power and traction.
If the engine is in good condition, starts easily and does not consume oil, then these phenomena are usually explained by malfunctions in the high-pressure fuel pump or other elements of the fuel system.
So unstable idling and traction dips, accompanied by the appearance of bluish smoke, are associated with a malfunction of the booster pump inside the high-pressure fuel pump. This usually requires repair of the fuel pump with complete disassembly, which is impossible to do without an appropriate stand. Sometimes more than simple reason- air suction. To exclude it, it is necessary to disconnect the suction hose from the fuel filter and “feed” the engine from a separate container with clean diesel fuel. If the motor is running normally, you should look for a place for air leakage, if not, repair the injection pump.
In Japanese SUVs, a common place for air leakage is the manual pump membrane on the filter housing. Sometimes these motops cause unstable operation due to a clogged or jammed metal return line, called the "return". It should also be remembered that the washers under the “return” are disposable and their repeated use, in addition to leakage, can lead to a violation of the drain from the nozzles to the “return”.
4. Increased engine noise.
For many diesel drivers who have previously driven only gasoline, the sound of their well-functioning engine sounds excessive or threatening to them. The owner should be aware that noises that stand out from the general uniform knock of a running engine, in tone or not coinciding with the frequency of the engine, or appearing and disappearing in a certain rpm range, should cause concern. The appearance of extraneous sounds, accompanied by a loss of engine power and the appearance white smoke. These are ominous symptoms. In any case, if there are any concerns, it is better to play it safe and, after stopping the operation of the engine, proceed to determine the cause of the knock. Timely detection of a malfunction most often allows you to avoid serious repairs.
And in conclusion, we draw your attention to the table of the main malfunctions of diesel engines, which can help owners of diesel cars in preliminary determining the causes of their occurrence.
Do you know, dear visitor, that often the owners of machines with turbine engines misuse them? petrol turbo engine- this is not a joke, and knowing all the nuances is quite significant and serves to increase resource intensity.
For example, it is advised to carefully and with particular zeal to treat the intake and lubrication system, since in some cases it is these systems that have a great influence on the long-term functioning of the engine. Competent operation turbo engine and all its units implies that it is necessary to constantly monitor the quality of the lubricant used and its level, knowingly start and stop the engine, and comply with other requirements.
Oil level
There are a lot of recommendations for servicing turbo engines. The first concerns the level of lubrication. It is necessary to constantly monitor it, since oil "starvation" threatens the turbo engine with serious consequences. Oil in turbine engine plays a huge role, it ensures the efficient operation of bearings and other critical units.
Anyone understands that with a drop in the level of lubricant and its shortage, the bearings of the required amount do not have it, which means that rapid wear, which leads to breakage. The presence of the desired turbo engine oil level should be especially carefully monitored, and if a deviation from the norm is found out, this must be corrected. The causes of gluttony should be established and eliminated without delay, since a breakdown of the oil pump or other essential element is possible.
Don't throttle when starting
Another recommendation is not to exaggerate with pressing the accelerator at the moment of launch. Diligently "throwing" is unacceptable, because a short moment is enough for a turbo engine to reach operating pressure. In the idle mode, even less than a minute, the turbine can become unusable.
But this point does not apply to owners of cars with turbo engines equipped with a standard Start & Stop engine start / stop system, which has shown itself only from the best side.
Requirements for the oils used
An important fact: if atmospheric motor oil should be filled in recommended by the manufacturer, then in the case of a turbine this moment is even more important. Saving on oil is unacceptable and, one might say, criminal. It is known that the operation of the motor with low-quality and contaminated oil leads to its failure and expensive repairs. The oil requirements specified by the manufacturer must be strictly observed.
And you also need to know that the oils designated by the developers for turbo engines are not identical in their parameters and characteristics to lubricants used in atmospheric engines. A logical question arises, what is the reason for this? All of this has to do with influence. elevated temperatures and loads during operation of the turbine unit. In a typical atmospheric engine there are no such critical effects on the lubricant.
You should also be aware that mixing oils of different viscosities and types, as well as from different manufacturers, not allowed. Even the brand of the lubricant manufacturer is recommended not to change, but to constantly use the same one. This leads to significant wear resistance and durability, reliability of the turbine motor. Use only best oils and lubricants in the turbo engine!
If the turbo engine has been in service
Often there are owners of turbo-engine cars who have been in a car service. In such a motor, it is strongly recommended to check the level, contamination and quality of the oil. You should also check the crankshaft with the engine stopped. It is necessary to make sure that there is normal oil pressure in the system and its circulation. And only after that you can start the car and make sure that it functions properly at idle in the parking position for 10-15 minutes.
Turbodiesel
In the case when you are the owner of a car with a turbodiesel engine, you should be extremely critical of the quality of the fuel. When using fuel of dubious quality, there is the possibility of contamination of the fuel system, and, consequently, the loss of the former power of the engine. When using low-quality fuel, the turbine unit will be put into the speed replenishment mode and will reduce its wear resistance.
What recommendations are important for this? Of course, refueling should be done only at proven stations. If there is any doubt about the quality of the fuel, it is advised to filter it. In principle, the car loves a reverent attitude towards itself. A car with a turbo engine, this principle affects in the first place. At proper care, "feeding" only high-quality fuels and lubricants, the car will please you more than once, its power and durability will increase significantly.
Starting and stopping the turbo engine
It is necessary to remember how to start a turbo engine at a negative temperature. Before starting, many experts advise turning the turbo engine three to five times. And after the "pre-launch" procedure, finally start and "drive" the engine at idle, without moving.
This operation is done to start the circulation of oil and fill the system, in order to avoid the formation of overloads. There are certain nuances related to stopping the turbo engine. Allow the engine to cool slightly before stopping. By the way, this also applies to atmospheric engines.
It has long been known that operation at high speeds leads to the operation of systems inside the motor at elevated temperatures. An instant stop should not be allowed, because this leads to a sharp temperature jump, which negatively affects the longevity of the turbo engine. The durability and reliability of the turbine unit is significantly reduced.
The turbo engine has more power, but this also leads to high loads. From this follows a reduced service life of such a motor. With good care and proper operation of the turbine unit, it will jump over the 150,000 km mark without hassle.
Professional driving style
Proper driving style is an important factor for a turbo engine. It must be remembered that the turbine is a construct that operates and is operated under high loads. And this means that it is not permissible to use it for a long time in the mode of reduced engine speed. Experts advise even letting the turbo engine work at least once every one and a half to two weeks in the maximum allowable speed mode.
In this way, the process of cleaning the compressor inflation system is initialized, and it also significantly extends the maintenance time without breakdowns. It is also important not to allow prolonged driving at high speeds, because this style of driving can "twist" the turbo unit. Operating and driving a mid-range turbo engine is a good tactic.
Prolonged operation of the engine idling is not allowed. In connection with what? Probably, it will be a discovery for you that if the turbo engine works in the idle move more than 30 minutes, will it break down? This is explained by the fact that in this mode of operation of the turbo engine there is a high probability of clogging and contamination of the turbine unit. The oil drain pipe becomes clogged or oil may enter the engine cylinders, which leads to breakdown of various components of the cylinders and the piston.
Cons of turbo engines
Whatever laudatory words you hear about engines with turbines, they have their drawbacks. The shortcomings of turbo engines are not just insignificant little things and imperfections left after they were released from the assembly line, but objective components. For example, one of them is high fuel consumption.
But, although this shortcoming is significant, it still has positive aspects. For example, the more this motor "eats" fuel, the more powerful it will be. For example, a turbo engine of 1400 cubes can develop parameters with indicators (astonishing!) 1.7 times more than an aspirated engine of the same volume.
The special specificity of the turbo engine requires careful monitoring of the quality of the oil. The disadvantage here is the need to service the oil both in the motor itself and in the turbine. And the essence of this minus is not even in oil consumption, which is not so significant, but in continuous monitoring of the quality of the lubricant and the minimum periods between oil changes.
Another disadvantage will be increased sensitivity to the quality of fuel being refueled. Both gasoline and diesel fuel (and it is even more) are applicable only of the highest quality. If, out of ignorance, "feed" the atmospheric engine with gasoline with an octane rating worse than 95, then there will be no tragedy. It is not advised to practice this often, but the engine will endure and forgive.
But with a turbo engine, not everything is so good. Such thoughtless actions will instantly create a problem that will result in significant and high costs for system recovery. It is the considerable restoration that causes the next drawback of turbo engines. In Russia, the cost of restoration reaches 75,000 rubles, and this is undoubtedly a significant amount.
But, in spite of everything, the operation of a turbo engine is an order of magnitude better than that of a conventional one, because the efficiency and power indicators are much higher. The owners of cars with such an engine can only be congratulated. Keep an eye on your car's engine and it will thank you high efficiency and stable operation in any conditions.
