Automobile vehicles (ATS) are divided into passenger, cargo and special.
Passenger transport includes cars and buses. For cargo - flatbed trucks, vans, dump trucks, tractors, trailers and semi-trailers, including specialized vehicles designed to transport a specific type special cargo. Special vehicles include rolling stock equipped and designed to perform special, mainly non-transport work, not related to the transportation of general goods (including firefighters, utilities, workshops, cranes, tankers, tow trucks, etc.).
At present, a new international classification and designations have been introduced for vehicles, adopted in the international rules developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (Consolidated Resolution on the Design of Vehicles. UNECE Rules, etc.).
Classification vehicles adopted by UNECE
| PBX category | Type and general purpose of automatic telephone exchange | Maximum weight, t | Class and operational purpose of automatic telephone exchange |
| M 1 | Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and having no more than 8 seats (except for the driver's seat) | Not regulated | Passenger cars, including off-road |
| M 2 | Up to 5.0 | Buses: urban (cl. I), interurban (cl. II), tourist (cl. III) | |
| M 3 | Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and having more than 8 seats (except for the driver's seat) | Over 5.0 | Buses: urban, including articulated (cl. I), interurban (cl. II), tourist (cl. III) |
| M 2 and M 3 | Separately, small-seat ATS are allocated, designed to carry passengers, with a capacity of not more than 22 seated or standing passengers (except for the driver's seat) | Not regulated | Small-seat buses, including off-road buses, for standing and seated passengers (Class A) and for seated passengers (Class B) |
| N 1 | Up to 3.5 | Freight, specialized and special vehicles, including off-road | |
| N 2 | ATS designed for the carriage of goods | Over 3.5 to 12.0 | |
| N 3 | ATS designed for the carriage of goods | Over 12.0 | Trucks, tractors, specialized and special vehicles, including all-terrain vehicles |
| About 1 | Up to 0.75 | trailers | |
| About 2 | Vehicles towed for transportation | Over 0.75 to 3.5 | Trailers and semi-trailers |
| About 3 | Vehicles towed for transportation | Over 3.5 to 10.0 | Trailers and semi-trailers |
| About 4 | Vehicles towed for transportation | Over 10.0 | Trailers and semi-trailers |
Together with the new international classification, our country also uses the industry standard OH 025 270-66, which regulates the classification and designation system of automatic telephone exchanges. The rolling stock was assigned designations in accordance with the factory registers, including both the letter designations of the manufacturer and the serial number of the rolling stock model. Factory designations of rolling stock are still practiced for a number of models, including specialized and special purpose.
In accordance with the standard OH 025 270-66 was adopted next system ATS designations.
The 1st digit indicates the PBX class:
For cars by engine displacement (in liters or cubic dm): 11 - extra small (volume up to 1.1 l);
21 - small (from 1.1 to 1.8 l);
31 - medium (from 1.8 to 3.5 liters);
41 - large (over 3.5 liters);
51 - the highest (working volume is not regulated).
For buses by overall length (in meters):
22 - extra small (length up to 5.5);
32 - small (6.0 - 7.5);
42 - medium (8.5 - 10.0);
52 - large (11.0 - 12.0); 62 - extra large; (articulated) (16.5 - 24.0).
For trucks by total weight:
| Full weight, t. | Operational purpose of the car | |||||
| Airborne | Tractors | dump trucks | cisterns | Vans | Special | |
| up to 1.2 | ||||||
| 1.2 to 2.0 | ||||||
| 2.0 to 8.0 | ||||||
| 8.0 to 14.0 | ||||||
| 14.0 to 20.0 | ||||||
| 20.0 to 40.0 | ||||||
| over 40.0 |
Note. Designations of classes from 18th to 78th, ending in the number "8", are reserved and are not included in the indexing.
The 2nd digit indicates the type of PBX:
1 - passenger car;
2 - bus;
3 - cargo onboard vehicle or pickup truck;
4 - truck tractor;
5 - dump truck;
6 - tank;
7 - van;
8 - reserve figure;
9 - special car vehicle.
The 3rd and 4th digits of the indices indicate the serial number of the model.
5th digit - modification of the car.
6th digit - type of execution:
1 - for cold climates;
6 - export version for temperate climate;
7 - export version for tropical climate.
Some vehicles have the prefix 01, 02, 03, etc. in their designation - this indicates that base model has modifications.
Appendix No. 4
(TS)
Vehicle marking (TC) is divided into main and additional. The main marking of the vehicle and their constituent parts is mandatory and carried out by their manufacturers. In the case of the manufacture of a vehicle by several enterprises in series, it is permissible to apply the main marking of the vehicle only by the manufacturer of the final product. Additional vehicle marking is recommended and is carried out by both vehicle manufacturers and specialized enterprises. The main marking is carried out on the following products:
- trucks, including specialized and special ones on their chassis, tractors with an onboard platform, as well as multi-purpose vehicles and special wheeled chassis; cars, including specialized and special on their basis, cargo-passenger;
- buses, including specialized and special buses based on them;
- trolleybuses;
- trailers and semi-trailers;
- forklifts;
- engines internal combustion;
- motor vehicles;
- truck chassis;
- cabs of trucks;
- car bodies;
- blocks of internal combustion engines.
Content and place of the main marking
In addition to the fact that the vehicle, chassis and engines must have trademark in accordance with GOST 26828, and products subject to mandatory certification must have a conformity mark in accordance with GOST R 50460, a special marking of the vehicle and its components is carried out.
Vehicle marking
A. Directly on the product (non-removable part), in places least susceptible to destruction in a traffic accident, the vehicle identification number - VIN must be applied. One of the selected locations must be right side(in the direction of the vehicle).
VIN is applied:
- on the body of a car - in two places, in the front and rear parts;
- on the back of the bus - in two different places;
- on the body of a trolley bus - in one place;
- on the cab of a truck and a forklift - in one place;
- on the frame of a trailer, semi-trailer and motor vehicle - in one place;
- on off-road vehicles, trolleybuses and forklifts, VIN may be indicated on a separate plate.
B. The vehicle, as a rule, should have a plate, located at the front if possible, containing the following data:
- index (model, modification, version) of the engine (with a working volume of 125 cm3 or more);
- permissible gross weight;
- permissible total mass of the road train (for tractors);
- permissible mass per axle/axles of bogies, starting from the front axle;
- permissible weight per fifth wheel coupling.
Vehicle identification number (VIN) - a combination of digital and alphabetic symbols assigned for identification purposes is a mandatory element of marking and is individual for each vehicle for 30 years.
The VIN has the following structure: WMI VDS VIS
First part of VIN (first three characters)- international identification code manufacturer (WMI), allows you to identify the manufacturer of the vehicle and consists of three letters or letters and numbers.
In accordance with ISO 3780, the letters and numbers used in the first two characters of WMI are assigned to the country and controlled by an international agency - the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), operating under the guidance of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The distribution of the first two characters characterizing the zone and country of origin, according to SAE, is given in Appendix 1.
The first character (geographical area code) is a letter or number that represents a particular geographic area.
For example:
from 1 to 5 - North America;
from S to Z - Europe;
A to H - Africa;
from J to R - Asia;
6.7 - Countries of Oceania;
8,9,0 - South America.
The second character (country code) is a letter or number that identifies a country in a specific geographic area. More than one character may be used to indicate a country, if necessary. Only the combination of the first and second characters guarantees the unambiguous identification of the country. For example:
10 to 19 - USA;
1A to 1Z - USA;
2A to 2W - Canada;
from ZA to ZW - Mexico;
from W0 to W9 - Germany, Federal Republic;
from WA to WZ - Germany, Federal Republic.
The third character is a letter or number that is assigned to the manufacturer by the National Authority. In Russia, such an organization is the Central Research Automobile and automotive institute(NAMI), located at the address: Russia, 125438, Moscow, st. Avtomotornaya, house 2, which assigns WMI as a whole. Only the combination of the first, second and third characters provides an unambiguous identification of the vehicle manufacturer - the International Manufacturer Identity (WMI). The number 9 as the third character is used by National Organizations when it is necessary to characterize a manufacturer that produces less than 500 cars per year.
Second part of the VIN- the descriptive part of the identification number (VDS) consists of six characters (if the vehicle index consists of less than six characters, then zeros are put in the empty places of the last characters of the VDS (on the right)), indicating, as a rule, the model and modification of the vehicle, according to the design documentation (KD).
Third part of VIN- indicative part of the identification number (VIS) - consists of eight characters (numbers and letters), of which the last four characters must be digits. The first character VIS indicates the code of the year of manufacture of the vehicle (see Appendix 3), the subsequent characters indicate the serial number of the vehicle assigned by the manufacturer.
Several WMIs can be assigned to a manufacturer, but the same number cannot be assigned to another vehicle manufacturer for at least 30 years from the moment it was first used by the previous (first) manufacturer.
Marking of vehicle components
Internal combustion engines, as well as the chassis and cabins of trucks, car bodies and engine blocks must be marked with an identification number of the component (CH).
The identification number of the MF consists of two structural parts, the number of characters and the rules for the formation of which are similar to VDS and VIS VIN.
The identification number of the SC on the chassis frame and the cab of the truck should be applied, if possible, in the front part, on the right side, in one place, allowing it to be seen from outside the vehicle.
Engines are marked on the engine block in one place.
Engine blocks are marked in one place, while the first part of the SC identification number, similar to VDS, may not be indicated.
Content and location additional marking
Additional marking of the vehicle provides for the application of the VDS and VIS identification number of the vehicle, visible and invisible to the eye (visible and invisible marking).
Visible marking is applied to the outer surface, as a rule, of the following components of the vehicle:
- windshield glass - on the right side, along the upper edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- rear window glass - on the left side, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- side window glass (movable) - in the rear part, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- headlights and rear lights- on the glass (or rim), along the lower edge, near the sidewalls of the body (cab).
Invisible marking is applied, as a rule, on:
- roof upholstery - in the central part, at a distance of about 20 mm from the windshield glass seal;
- upholstery of the back of the driver's seat - on the left (in the direction of the vehicle) side surface, in the middle part, along the back frame;
- the surface of the turn signal switch housing along the axis of the steering column.
Technical requirements for marking
The method of performing the main and additional visible markings must ensure the clarity of the image and its safety throughout the entire period of operation of the vehicle in the conditions and modes established in the design documentation.
IN identification numbers TC and MF should use Latin letters (except I, O and Q) and Arabic numerals.
The font of letters the enterprise selects from the types of fonts established in normative documents, taking into account the accepted technological process.
The font of the numbers should exclude the possibility of deliberate replacement of one number with another.
The identification numbers of the vehicle and the midrange, as well as signs of additional marking, must be displayed in one or two lines.
When displaying an identification number in two lines, none of its components is allowed to be divided by a hyphen. At the beginning and end of the line (lines) there must be a sign (symbol, plate bounding box, etc.), which is chosen by the enterprise and must differ from the numbers and letters of the marking. The selected sign is described in the technical documentation.
There should be no spaces between characters and lines of the identification number. It is allowed to separate the constituent parts of the identification number by the selected character. Note. When citing an identification number in text documents, the selected character may not be affixed.
When performing the main marking, the height of letters and numbers must be at least:
a) in the identification numbers of the vehicle and SC:
7 mm - when applied directly to the vehicle and their components, while 5 mm is allowed - for engines and their blocks;
4 mm - when applied directly to motor vehicles;
4 mm - when applied to plates;
b) in the rest of the marking data - 2.5 mm.
The identification number of the main marking should be applied to surfaces that have traces of machining provided for technological process. The plates must comply with the requirements of GOST 12969, GOST 12970, GOST 12971 and be attached to the product using, as a rule, a permanent connection.
Additional invisible marking is carried out using a special technology and becomes visible in the light of ultraviolet rays. When marking is performed, the structure of the material on which it is applied should not be violated.
It is not allowed to destroy and (or) change the marking during the repair of the vehicle and its components. Methods for applying marking are not specified by the standards and can be either manual or mechanized.
With the manual method of marking with a hammer blow on the brand, an indented image of a number, letter, asterisk or other sign is obtained on a panel or site. In this case, the order of applying signs is chosen by the worker. As a result of manual stuffing, signs are shifted horizontally and vertically, there is a deviation of the vertical axes, a template can be used to eliminate this. In this case, the depth of the marking digits is not the same.
Mechanized marking is carried out in two ways: impact and knurling. Both methods have their own characteristics. So, in a microscopic examination of the marking made by rolling, traces of the entrance of the working part of the stamp from one side and its exit from the other side of the sign are visible. With the impact method, the working part of the brand moves strictly vertically.
Quite often, with the mechanized method of marking, especially on aluminum blocks, there is a "underfill", as a result of which the marking marks are too small or barely noticeable. In such cases, manual finishing or repeated mechanized finishing is performed. With manual finishing, accompanying signs appear. With repeated mechanized application, double outlines with the same character shift can be seen.
With the combined method of marking, part of the signs is applied mechanized, and the rest are achieved manually. This option is characterized by features of both methods.
Additional marking is applied, as a rule, by sandblasting or milling car parts made of glass, or by applying special markings containing phosphors to the interior elements of the car. In the first case, the marking is observed visually without the help of special devices, in the second case, the use of an ultraviolet lamp is required to detect it.
1.2 Conventions
G H - rated carrying capacity of the vehicle, N (provided specifications);
Go - empty car weight ( own weight equipped);
Go1 - own weight on the front axle, N;
Go2 - own weight on the rear axle, N;
Ga is the total weight of the vehicle (laden), N;
Ga1 - total weight on the front axle, N;
Ga2 - total weight on the rear axle, N;
Z - vehicle base, m;
A - distance of the front wheel axle to the center of gravity of the car, m;
C - distance from axis rear wheels to the center of gravity of the car, m;
n1 - number of wheels on the front axle, pcs;
n2 - number of axles on the rear axle, pcs;
B - tire profile width, m;
D- landing diameter rims, m;
P1 - air pressure in the tires of the front wheels, MN / m 2;
V1 - vehicle speed, m/s;
P2 - air pressure in the tires of the rear wheels, MN / m 2;
R - turning radius of the road, m;
G - free fall acceleration, m / s 2 (g \u003d 9.8 m / s 2);
K y 1 - coefficient of resistance to slip of the wheels of the front tire, n/rad.;
K y 2 - wheel slip resistance coefficient rear tire, n/rad.;
PцG 0 - centrifugal force acting on an empty car, n;
PцG a - centrifugal force acting on a loaded car when it moves around a bend in the road, N ;.
Pö1G 0 - part centrifugal force attributable to the front axle of a loaded vehicle, N;
Pц2G 0 - part of the centrifugal force attributable to the rear axle of a loaded vehicle, N;
Pц1G a - part of the centrifugal force attributable to the front axle of an empty car, N;.
Pц2G a - part of the centrifugal force attributable to the rear axle of an empty car, N;
δ n G 0 - slip angle of the front axle of an empty vehicle, rad;
δ C G 0 - slip angle of the rear axle of an empty car, rad;
δ n G a - angle of withdrawal of the front axle of a laden vehicle, rad;
δ C G a - angle of withdrawal of the rear axle of a laden vehicle, rad;
Critical speed of an empty vehicle, m/s;
Critical speed of the loaded vehicle, m/s;
The car model is selected according to the penultimate digit of the record book:
| Gn | 8,3 | N2 | 2 |
| Go | 17,2 | P1 | 0,25 |
| Go1 | 9,3 | P2 | 0,25 |
| Go2 | 7,9 | b | 0,200 |
| Z | 2,7 | d | 0,381 |
| A | 1,4 | n1 | 2 |
| C | 1,3 | ||
33.33 Pk, kN 0.606 0.431 0.460 0.491 0.526 Pb, kN 0.771 0.292 0.369 0.456 0.552 P, kN 1.377 0.723 0.829 0.947 1.078 road conditions. He must always be ready in case of need for ...
The improvement of justice at the present time is to remove the task of solving crimes from the court and exclude artificial opposition. 2. general characteristics criminal violation of the rules of the road and the operation of vehicles 2.1 Object of the crime. The objective side of the crime The nature of the criminal acts provided for in Art. 264 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation indicate that ...
It is acceptable for a device of this kind. 5.3 Conclusion As a result of the analysis of energy saving parameters, it was found that when implementing the vehicle user authentication system, it is impossible to do without analyzing the system's energy consumption and finding ways to reduce this parameter. The originally designed system would cause discomfort to the user due to unnecessarily small...
Federation dated July 31, 1998 N 880 "On the procedure for holding a state technical inspection vehicles registered with the State Road Safety Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Russian Federation"*(2). 2. These Rules determine the organization and procedure for the state technical inspection of motor vehicles and trailers to them ...
Several classifications of automatic telephone exchanges are known, which were developed in the interests of various departments according to the corresponding classification criteria.
By appointment, ATS are divided into cargo, passenger and special. Freight vehicles include vehicles intended for transportation various kinds cargo. Passenger vehicles include vehicles designed to transport people, these are buses and cars. Special cars include cars designed not for transporting goods or passengers, but for mounting special equipment in order to carry out the relevant work.
By engine type Automatic telephone exchanges are divided into gasoline, diesel, gas, gas generating, electric and others.
By passabilityATS are divided into off-road vehicles (non-wheel drive), off-road vehicles (all-wheel drive), swamp vehicles, snowmobiles, floating and others, and semi-trailers and trailers are divided into those with active drive and without active drive.
According to the wheel formula Vehicles are classified by the total number of wheels and by the number driving wheels. wheel formula. For wheeled vehicles, the designation is usually two digits separated by a multiplication sign. The first digit is the total number of wheels, the second is the number of driving wheels (dual wheels are counted as one wheel). The exceptions are front-wheel drive vehicles and road trains with single-axle tractors, where the first digit is the number of driving wheels, and the next is the total number of wheels.
For trucks, the third digit can be entered into the main wheel formula through a dot: “1” means that all wheels are single-wheel; "2" - what is the leader rear axle(axles, bogies) have dual tires.
Thus, the wheel formulas are 4x2.2, 4x2.1, 4x4.2 and 4x4.1; 6x4.2, 6x6.2, 6x6.1 and 6x2.1; 8x4.2, 8x4.1, 8x8.2 and 8x8.1 mean two-, three- and four-axle trucks respectively.
Articulated freight trains with one-two-axle tractors have a wheel arrangement of 2x4.1 and 2x6.1
By the nature of the execution, ATS are divided into single cars, tractor cars for towing trailers and truck tractors for towing semi-trailers.
According to the number of axles, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into one-, two-, three-, four- and multi-axle.
According to the climatic version, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into the usual version (temperate climate), northern (cold climate) and hot (tropical - humid and desert - dusty climate).
In addition, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into army, agricultural, forestry, construction and others. According to their design features, automatic telephone exchanges are further subdivided into hooded, hoodless, short-hooded, long-wheelbase, short-wheelbase, with various transmissions, according to the location of the engine, with a front, middle and rear longitudinal and transverse engine.
Most of the listed classification features are practically of little relevance to the road transport industry. Therefore, a special transport classification has been developed, based on the principle of using automatic telephone exchanges.
(Fig. 3.6).
According to this classification, all types of cars and road trains are divided into three groups, determined by their mass, more precisely, largest axial load on the supporting surface. This characterizes the possibility of their application on certain types of roads.
All cars are divided into three groups:
Group A includes MAZ, KrAZ vehicles, as well as some models of KamAZ vehicles, heavy vehicles foreign production, multi-seat buses of Likinsky and Lvov factories, Ikarus buses and others.
Group B includes UAZ, GAZ, ZIL, UralAZ, KAZ vehicles, as well as some models of KamAZ vehicles, medium-sized buses of the Likinsky, Lvovsky, Pavlovsky and Kurgan plants, all small-sized buses and cars.
The off-road group includes mining trucks BelAZ and others.
All cars are divided into transport, used for the transport of goods and passengers, and special - not transport. The latter include fire trucks, truck cranes, aerial platforms, sweepers, snow plows and others.
Transport vehicles and road trains are divided into freight and passenger, and the latter into buses and cars. Each of the three varieties is subdivided according to its main design schemes, dimensions and type of transportation.
Trucks by constructive scheme subdivided into single and road trains, the latter may consist of a flatbed vehicle with a trailer or truck tractor with a semi-trailer.
To organize in-line traffic on roads, all trucks and buses, regardless of their gross weight, must have the same traction and speed qualities, the same acceleration and braking dynamics. For this, it is necessary that the engine power is proportional to the total masses of transport units. Otherwise, it decreases throughput roads and may cause traffic congestion. Therefore, on tractor vehicles used with a trailer or semi-trailer, it is necessary to use a more powerful engine than on single vehicles.
Trucks by dimension (by carrying capacity) are divided into five classes:
- extra small up to 0.5 t;
- small from 0.5 to 2.0 tons;
- medium from 2.0 to 5.0 tons;
- large from 5.0 to 15.0 tons;
- extra large over 15.0 t.
Trucks and road trains are divided into two groups according to the type of transportation, which determines the type of body:
- universal - multi-purpose with an onboard platform body;
- specialized, structurally adapted for the transportation of one or more specific types of cargo,
Cars and road trains can be of two types according to the distance of transportation - for local transportation, over a distance of 50 km, as well as for long-distance, long-distance transportation. Buses according to the design scheme are divided into three types:
- single;
- articulated;
- bus trains, that is, a bus with a trailer.
Single buses are used most often.
Articulated buses are used to improve the maneuverability of large capacity buses.
Bus trains are used to a limited extent. It is possible to use trailers for baggage transportation, as well as the use of trailers for airport services.
Double-decker buses are not included in the classification, since they have not received distribution in the Russian Federation. Their main disadvantages: poor stability, difficulty landing and disembarking.
Buses according to the overall length according to GOST 18716-73 are divided into five classes:
- especially small ones up to 3.0 m long;
- small ones from 6.0 to 7.5 m long;
- medium lengths from 8.0 to 9.5 m;
- large lengths from 10.0 to 12.0 m;
For buses, along with the overall length, it is also necessary to take into account the capacity (Table 3.1).
By type of transportation, buses are divided into the following types: urban, suburban, intercity, local, general purpose, tourist, excursion and school.
Table 3.1. Bus classification
Passenger cars according to the body structure are divided into sedans, coupes, station wagons, fastbacks. limousines and others
Cars differ in terms of engine displacement, vehicle weight and number of seats. When the working volume of the engine is the limit between groups and classes, the dry mass of the vehicle is taken as the determining factor. According to the type of transportation, cars are divided into personal, service, taxi and rental cars.
IN domestic automotive industry the classification and designation system of automatic telephone exchanges are used, determined by the industry standard OH 025 270-66 of the USSR Ministry of Automobile Industry.
In accordance with the OH 025 270-66 standard, the following ATS designation system has been adopted: each new model of a car, trailer and semi-trailer is assigned an index consisting of a series of letters and numbers.
The full digital index is preceded by a hyphenated letter designation (brand) of the manufacturer (an abbreviation or code name, for example: GAZ, ZIL, KrAZ, Ural, Moskvich). The first digit indicates the ATC class: by engine displacement - for a passenger car; by overall length - for the bus; by gross weight for a truck. The second digit indicates the type of automatic telephone exchange: a passenger car is indicated by the number 1 bus - 2, a truck or pickup truck - 3, a truck tractor - 4, a dump truck - 5, a tank - 6, a van - 7, the number 8 - reserve, special ATS-9.
The third and fourth digits of the indices indicate the serial number of the model, and the fifth indicates that this is not a basic model, but a modification. The sixth digit indicates the type of execution: for a cold climate - 1, export version for a temperate climate - 6, export version for a tropical climate - 7.
Some automatic telephone exchanges have in their designation through a dash the prefix 01, 02, 03, 04, etc., which indicates that the model or modification is transitional or has some additional equipment.
The first two digits of the indices assigned in accordance with the industry standard to cars, buses, trucks (specialized) vehicles and trailers (semi-trailers) are given in Tables 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, respectively.
For trailers, the first digit is 8 for trailers and 9 for semi-trailers.
For trailers and semi-trailers, the second digit indicates the type of trailer in accordance with the type of tractor vehicle, i.e. 1 is a car trailer, 2 is a passenger trailer for a bus, etc. (Table 3.5.).
Table 3.5. Indexes of trailers and semi-trailers (first two digits according to OH 025270-66)
|
Trailer types |
trailers |
Semitrailers |
|
Cars |
||
|
Bus |
||
|
Cargo (onboard) |
||
|
Tipper |
||
|
cisterns |
||
|
Vans |
||
|
Special |
The third and fourth digits of the indices for trailers and semi-trailers determine their total weight, and the fifth digit is the modification (Table 3.6). Table 3.6. Indices of trailers and semi-trailers (third and fourth digits according to OH 025 270-66)
|
Group No. |
Indices |
Gross weight, t |
|
|
Trailers and semi-trailers |
Dissolution trailers |
||
|
01-24 |
|||
|
25-49 |
4-10 |
6-10 |
|
|
50-69 |
10-16 |
10-16 |
|
|
70-84 |
16-24 |
16-24 |
|
|
85-99 |
|||
So, for example, a passenger car with an engine capacity of 1.5 liters, manufactured by the Volga Automobile Plant, is designated VAZ-2112; bus with an overall length of 7.00 m, produced by Pavlovsky bus factory- PAZ-3205; a cargo truck-tractor with a gross weight of 15.3 tons, manufactured by the Kama Automobile Plant, is designated KamAZ-5320; a flatbed cargo trailer with a gross weight of 12.0 tons, manufactured by the Stavropol Plant of Automotive Principles, is designated SZAP-8355.
Basic Models automotive engines, their components and parts are indicated by the same normal with a ten-digit digital index. The first digit of the index determines the class of the engine associated with its working volume (Table 3.7).
Table 3.7. Classification of engines by working volume (according to OH 025 270-66)
|
working volume, |
Class |
|
Up to 0.75 |
|
|
Over 0.75 to 1.2 |
|
|
over 1.2 to 2 |
|
|
Over 2 to 4 |
|
|
Over 4 to 7 |
|
|
Over 7 to 10 |
|
|
Over 10 to 15 |
|
|
Over 15 |
The above classification is applied in accordance with GOST 25478-91 in the Russian Federation. In addition, it provides a uniform approach when using technical documentation for domestic and foreign vehicles in terms of road safety.
As an explanation to Table. 3.8, it should be noted that the total mass of the truck-tractor consists of its mass in running order, the mass of the driver and other attendants in the cab of the vehicle, and part of the total mass of the semi-trailer, which is transmitted to the truck tractor. The gross weight of a semi-trailer consists of its curb weight and payload.
comparison table the correspondence of the categories of ATS according to the classification of the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE ITC) and according to the classification of the convention on road traffic is given in Table. 3.9.
Subsequent digits of the index indicate the numbers of the base model of the engine, its units, assemblies and parts.
Before the introduction of OH 025 270-66 indexation of the main models domestic cars, trailers and semi-trailers was produced as follows: at first, the brand was put - the letter designation of the manufacturer (GAZ, ZIL, Moskvich, etc., after it, through a hyphen, a two- or three-digit numerical designation. For example, GLZ-52, Ural-375, semi-trailer OdAZ-885. at the same time, each manufacturer used digital indices within certain limits. So, for example, the Gorky Automobile Plant used numbers from 10 to 100, ZIL - from 100 to 200, etc. For the modernized automotive technology and modifications were added letters or a two-digit number through a hyphen. For example, MAZ-200V, LAZ-699R, Moskvich-412IE, ZIL-130-76.GAZ-24-10.
In addition to the indexation of trailers provided for by the OH 025 270-66 standard, the following symbol for car trailers has become widespread, which includes:
P - semi-trailer (in combination with AMS - automobile semi-trailer);
P - dissolution (in combination with APR - car trailer dissolution;
H - nnz frame; B - onboard; C-tipper; P - platform; F - van; C - tank; K - container ship; T - heavy truck; M-modular and others. through a dash one, two or three digits indicating the load
trailer or semi-trailer capacity in tons;
» further then through a dash the symbol along the normal OH 025 270-66. Examples symbol some trailers and semi-trailers:
State registration of motor vehicles is carried out in accordance with the classification established by the Convention on Road Traffic, which was adopted at the United Nations Conference on traffic in Vienna on November 8, 1968 and ratified by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on April 29, 1974, in accordance with this classification, ATS are divided into the following categories:
B - cars, permitted maximum weight which does not exceed 3500 kg and the number of seats in which, in addition to the Driver's seat, does not exceed eight;
C - cars, with the exception of those belonging to category "D", the maximum authorized mass of which exceeds 3500 kg;
D - cars designed for the carriage of passengers and having more than 8 seats, in addition to the driver's seat;
Trailer - a vehicle intended for movement in combination with a mechanical vehicle (including semi-trailers).
In domestic practice related to the classification of vehicles, the designations adopted in the international safety requirements (UNECE Rules) developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe are gradually beginning to be used. Information source Site: http://www.grtrans.ru/
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In accordance with the modern system of digital indexing of cars, each car model (trailer train) is assigned an index consisting of four digits. Modifications of models correspond to the fifth digit indicating the serial number of the modification. Export version domestic models cars has a sixth digit. The numerical index is preceded by letters indicating the manufacturer. The numbers included in the full designation of cars indicate: class, type, model number, modification sign, export version sign.
The first digit gives information about the dimensions of the car or class of rolling stock. If this is a passenger car, then the numbers indicate the variant of the engine displacement: 1 - up to 1l; 2 - from 1.2 to 1.8 l; 3 - from 1.8 to 3.2 l; 4 - more than 3.5 liters.
If this is a truck chassis, then the first digit indicates the total mass of the vehicle: 1 - up to 1.2 tons; 2 - from 1.2 to 2 tons; 3 - from 2 to 8 tons; 4 - from 8 to 14 tons; 5 - from 14 to 20 tons; 6 - from 20 to 40 tons; 7 - over 40t.
Gross vehicle curb weight is its curb weight with fuel, payload, accessories, driver and passengers in the cab.
If this is a bus, then the following variants of the first digit and the overall length of the bus corresponding to it are possible: 2 - up to 5 m; 3 - from 6 to 7.5 m; 4 - from 8 to 9.5m; 5 - from 10.5 to 12m; 6 - more than 16 m. The number 8 in the first place in the brand of the car means that we are dealing with a trailer, 9 - with a semi-trailer.
The second digit characterizes the type of rolling stock or the type of car: 1 - passenger cars; 2 - buses; 3 - trucks (onboard) vehicles; 4 - truck tractors; 5 - dump trucks; 6 - tanks, 7 - vans; 8 - reserve; 9 - special cars.
1.3. Basic terms of technical characteristics of the car
wheel formula. For all vehicles, the designation of the main wheel formula consists of two digits separated by a multiplication sign. The first number indicates the total number of wheels, and the second number indicates the number of drive wheels to which torque is transmitted from the engine. In this case, dual-wheel wheels are considered as one wheel. The exceptions are front-wheel drive vehicles and road trains with single-axle tractors, where the first digit is the number of driving wheels, and the second is the total number of wheels.
Thus, for passenger cars, utility vehicles and light trucks, created on the basis of passenger car units, the formulas 4x2 (for example, a GAZ-3110 car), 4x4, 2x4, (VAZ-2109 car) are used.
Estimated weight (per person) of passengers, attendants and luggage - for cars - 80 kg (70 kg + 10 kg of luggage). For buses: urban - 68 kg; suburban - 71 kg (68+3); rural (local) - 81 kg (68 + 13); international - 91 kg. (68+23). Bus attendants (driver, guide, conductor, etc.) and driver, passengers in the cab of a truck - 75 kg. The weight of the luggage carrier with cargo installed on the roof of a passenger car is included in the total weight with a corresponding reduction in the number of passengers.
The load capacity is defined as the mass of the transported cargo without the mass of the driver and passengers in the cabin.
Passenger capacity (number of seats) - the driver's seat is included in the number of seats in cars and trucks. In buses, the number of seats for seated passengers does not include the seats of service personnel - driver, guide, etc. The capacity of buses is calculated as the sum of the number of seats for seated passengers and the number of seats for standing passengers at the rate of 0.2 sq. m. m of free floor area per standing passenger (5 people per 1 sq. m - nominal capacity) and 0.125 sq. m (8 people per 1 sq. m - maximum capacity). Rated capacity buses - capacity typical for operating conditions during inter-peak times. Maximum capacity - the capacity of buses during rush hours.
The curb weight of a car, trailer, semi-trailer is defined as the mass of a fully filled (fuel, oil, coolant, etc.) and equipped ( spare wheel, tools, etc.), but without cargo or passengers, the driver, other attendants and their luggage.
Gross vehicle weight consists of curb weight, cargo weight (according to carrying capacity) or passengers, driver, other attendants. At the same time, the total mass of buses (urban and suburban) should actually be determined for the nominal and maximum capacities. Gross mass of road trains: for a trailer train - the sum of the gross masses of the tractor and trailer; for a truck - the sum of the curb weight of the tractor, the weight of the personnel in the cab and the total weight of the semi-trailer.
Permissible (design) gross weight is the sum of the axial masses allowed by the design of the vehicle.
Ground clearances, angles of entry and exit are given for motor vehicles (ATS) of the total mass. In the figures, the lowest points are under the front and rear axles PBXs are marked with the icon
Control fuel consumption - this parameter is used to check technical condition ATS is not the norm fuel consumption(about regulation of fuel consumption, lubricants and others will be discussed later). The control fuel consumption is determined for the vehicle of the total mass on a horizontal section of the road with a hard surface in steady motion at a specified speed. The "urban cycle" mode (simulation of urban traffic) is given according to a special methodology in accordance with GOST 20306-90 "Fuel efficiency of automatic telephone exchanges. Nomenclature of indicators and test methods.
Maximum speed, acceleration time, gradeability, coastdown distance and braking distances- these parameters are given for a vehicle with a gross weight, and for truck tractors - when they operate as part of a road train with a gross weight. The exception is maximum speed and the acceleration time of cars for which these parameters are given for a car with a driver and one passenger.
The overall and loading height, the height of the fifth wheel coupling, the floor level, the height of the steps of the buses are given for equipped vehicles.
The coordinates of the center of gravity of the vehicle are given for the equipped state.
The center of gravity is indicated in the figures by the icon
The run-out of the car is the distance that the car of the full mass will travel, accelerated to the specified speed, when it is next turned on. neutral gear, to a complete stop on a dry asphalt flat road.
The stopping distance is given for tests of the "zero" type, that is, the test is carried out with cold brakes with a full load of the car.
The turning radius is given along the track axis of the outer (relative to the turning center) front wheel.
The free steering angle (play) is given when the wheels are in a straight line position. For power steering, readings should be taken with the engine running at the design recommended minimum RPM. idle move engine.
Tire pressure - for cars, light trucks and buses made on the basis of car units and trailers for them, a deviation from the indicated values \u200b\u200by 0.1 kgf / cm2 is allowed, for trucks, buses and trailers for them - by 0, 2 kgf/cm2.
Terms specifications engines are considered separately.
Cylinder displacement(engine displacement) - this value is determined as the sum of the working volumes of all cylinders, i.e. this is the product of the working volume of one cylinder and the number of cylinders i, i.e. Measured in liters or cubic meters. dm. It is the digital designation of displacement that is applied to the body elements of a number of cars.
Cylinder displacement- this is the amount of space released by the piston when moving it from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC).
Combustion chamber volume is the volume of space above the piston when it is at TDC.
Full cylinder volume is the volume of space above the piston when it is at BDC. Obviously, the total volume of the cylinder is equal to the sum of the working volume of the cylinder and the volume of the combustion chamber, i.e. 
.
Compression ratio E is the ratio of the total volume of the cylinder to the volume of the combustion chamber, i.e. . 
The compression ratio shows how many times the total volume of the engine cylinder decreases when the piston moves from BDC to TDC. The compression ratio is a dimensionless quantity. In gasoline engines E = 6.5..11, in diesel engines E = 14..23. With an increase in the compression ratio, the power and efficiency of the engine increase (this is why diesel engines are more economical).
The piston stroke S and the diameter D of the cylinder determine the dimensions of the engine. If the S/D ratio is less than or equal to one, then the engine is called short-stroke, otherwise it is called long-stroke. The vast majority of automotive engines are short-stroke.
Indicated engine power is the power developed by the gases in the cylinders. Indicator power more effective engine power by the amount of friction losses and the drive of auxiliary mechanisms.
Effective engine power- the power developed on the crankshaft. It is measured in horsepower (hp) or kilowatts (kW). Conversion factor: 1hp = 1.36 kW.
The effective power of the engine is calculated by the formulas:
;
,
where is the engine torque, Nm (kg/cm),
n - speed crankshaft, min-1(r/min)
Net power- any power calculated for the serial configuration of the engine.
Gross power- any power calculated to complete the engine without some serial attachments where power is spent (air cleaner, muffler, cooling fan, etc.)
Rated effective motor power- effective power guaranteed by the manufacturer at a slightly reduced crankshaft speed. It is less than the maximum effective power of the engine. Reduced by artificially limiting the crankshaft speed for reasons of ensuring a given engine resource (hp/kg).
Liter engine power- the ratio of effective power to displacement. It characterizes the efficiency of using the working volume of the engine.
Engine weight power- the ratio of the effective power of the engine to its weight (hp / kg).
Specific effective fuel consumption- the ratio of hourly fuel to the effective engine power (g/kWh).
External speed characteristic of the engine- dependence of the engine output indicators on the crankshaft rotational speed at the full opening of the fuel supply body.
