Year of manufacture (model year)

Year of manufacture (model year)

Year code (model year)

Year of manufacture (model year)

Year code (model year)

Year of manufacture (model year)

Year code (model year)

1971

1981

1991

2001

1972

1982

1992

2002

1973

1983

1993

2003

1974

1984

1994

2004

1975

1985

1995

2005

1976

1986

1996

2006

1977

Passport data of the car include identification numbers of the vehicle (TC) or chassis and identification numbers of the all-metal body or cab, engine.

The vehicle identification number (VIN) is marked on cars with an all-metal body on the outer front panel under the hood on the right side in the direction of the car (see Fig. 1.1, view along the arrow "A").

Rice. 1.1. A - the place of application of the VIN of cars; B - the place of application of the identification number of the body or cabin

Vehicle identification number (VIN) on vehicles with a platform is applied on the right side member of the frame in front of the front rear spring bracket (Fig. 1.2)

Rice. 1.2. Place of application of VIN of cars with a platform or chassis identification number:

1 - place of application of the identification number; 2 - front bracket of the rear spring; 3 – frame side member right

An example of applying the VIN of a car: X96221710 B0442069, where:

X96 - international identification code of the manufacturer;

B - model year code (B - 2011, C - 2012);

0442069 - serial number of the car.

A model year is a period equal to the average calendar year during which cars with the same design features are produced.

The identification number of the body or cab is applied under the hood on the outer front panel on the left side in the direction of travel (see Fig. 1.1, view along the arrow "B").

An example of applying the body number (cabin): 221710В0214476, where:

B - model year code;

0214476 - serial number of the body (cabin).

The chassis identification number is applied only on vehicles (chassis) intended for delivery to other enterprises for the manufacture of special products. The identification number of the chassis of flatbed vehicles is applied on the right side member of the frame in front of the front rear spring bracket. The identification number of the chassis of cars with an all-metal body is applied under the hood on the outer front panel on the right side.

An example of applying the chassis number: 231000B0102526, where:

B - model year code;

0102526 - serial number of the chassis.

The engine identification number is stamped on the cylinder block on the left side.

An example of applying an engine identification number: 4216CP B0801271, where:

4216СР - engine index;

B - code of the year of issue;

0801271 - serial number of the engine.

The engine configuration variant is indicated by an alphanumeric code (the last two characters of the engine index).

Passport data of the car is also indicated on the nameplate (Fig. 1.3) located on the rear pillar of the right side of the cab.

Rice. 1.3. An example of a rating plate where:

a – vehicle type approval number;

b – identification number of the vehicle (vehicle);

c is the maximum permissible gross vehicle weight;

d is the maximum permissible gross vehicle weight with a trailer;

g is the engine index.

A special plate is installed next to the nameplate on the car, which contains information about international certificates (approvals) that apply to the entire family (modifications) of cars in this category.

The list of international certificates applicable to your vehicle is given in the service book.

Passport data of the chassis supplied to other enterprises for the manufacture of special products include identification numbers of the chassis, cab (body) and engine. The chassis is not affixed with the nameplate "GAS" and the vehicle identification number is not applied.

Marking of vehicles (TC) is divided into main and additional. The main marking of vehicles and their components is mandatory and is carried out by their manufacturers. In the case of the manufacture of a vehicle by several enterprises in series, it is permissible to apply the main marking of the vehicle only by the manufacturer of the final product.

The main marking is carried out on the following products:

Trucks, including specialized and special ones on their chassis, tractors with an onboard platform, as well as multi-purpose vehicles and special wheeled chassis;
- cars, including specialized and special on their basis, cargo-passenger;
- buses, including specialized and special buses based on them;
- trolleybuses;
- trailers and semi-trailers;
- forklifts;
- internal combustion engines;
- motor vehicles;
- truck chassis;
- cabs of trucks;
- car bodies;
- blocks of internal combustion engines.

Content and place of the main marking

In addition to the fact that the vehicle, chassis and engines must have a trademark in accordance with GOST 26828, and products subject to mandatory certification must have a mark of conformity in accordance with GOST R 50460, a special marking of the vehicle and its components is carried out.

Vehicle marking

A. Directly on the product (non-removable part), in places least susceptible to destruction in a traffic accident, the vehicle identification number - VIN must be applied. One of the selected places should be on the right side (in the direction of the vehicle). VIN is applied:
- on the car body - in two places, in the front and rear parts;
- on the back of the bus - in two different places;
- on the body of a trolley bus - in one place;
- on the cab of a truck and a forklift - in one place;
- on the frame of a trailer, semi-trailer and motor vehicle - in one place;
- on off-road vehicles, trolleybuses and forklifts, VIN may be indicated on a separate plate.

B. The vehicle, as a rule, should have a plate, located at the front if possible, containing the following data:
- VIN;
- index (model, modification, version) of the engine (with a working volume of 125 cm3 or more);
- permissible gross weight;
- permissible total mass of the road train (for tractors);
- the permissible mass per axle/axles of the bogies, starting from the front axle;
- permissible mass per fifth wheel coupling.

Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) - a combination of digital and alphabetic symbols assigned for identification purposes, is a mandatory element of marking and is individual for each vehicle for 30 years.

The VIN has the following structure: WMI VDS VIS

The first part of the VIN (the first three characters) is the international manufacturer identification code (WMI), which allows you to identify the manufacturer of the vehicle and consists of three letters or letters and numbers.

In accordance with ISO 3780, the letters and numbers used in the first two characters of WMI are assigned to the country and controlled by an international agency - the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), operating under the guidance of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The distribution of the first two characters characterizing the zone and country of origin, according to SAE, is given in Appendix 1.

The first character (geographical area code) is a letter or number that represents a particular geographic area.
For example:
1 to 5 - North America;
from S to Z - Europe;
A to H - Africa;
from J to R - Asia;
6.7 - Countries of Oceania;
8,9,0 - South America.

The second character (country code) is a letter or number that identifies a country in a specific geographic area. More than one character may be used to indicate a country, if necessary. Only the combination of the first and second characters guarantees the unambiguous identification of the country.
For example:
10 to 19 - USA;
1A to 1Z - USA;
2A to 2W - Canada;
from ZA to ZW - Mexico;
from W0 to W9 - Germany, Federal Republic;
from WA to WZ - Germany, Federal Republic.

The third character is a letter or number that is assigned to the manufacturer by the National Authority. In Russia, such an organization is the Central Research Automobile and Automotive Institute (NAMI), located at the address: Russia, 125438, Moscow, st. Avtomotornaya, house 2, which assigns WMI as a whole. Only the combination of the first, second and third characters provides an unambiguous identification of the vehicle manufacturer - the International Manufacturer Identity (WMI). The number 9 as the third character is used by National Organizations when it is necessary to characterize a manufacturer that produces less than 500 cars per year. International Manufacturer Codes (WMI) are listed in Appendix 2.

The second part of the VIN - the descriptive part of the identification number (VDS) consists of six characters (if the vehicle index consists of less than six characters, then zeros are put in the blank spaces of the last characters of the VDS (on the right), indicating, as a rule, the model and modification of the vehicle, according to design documentation (CD).

The third part of the VIN - the indicative part of the identification number (VIS) - consists of eight characters (numbers and letters), of which the last four characters must be digits. The first character VIS indicates the code of the year of manufacture of the vehicle (see Appendix 3), the subsequent characters indicate the serial number of the vehicle assigned by the manufacturer.

Several WMIs can be assigned to a manufacturer, but the same number cannot be assigned to another vehicle manufacturer for at least 30 years from the moment it was first used by the previous (first) manufacturer.

Marking of vehicle components

Internal combustion engines, as well as the chassis and cabins of trucks, car bodies and engine blocks must be marked with an identification number of the component (CH).

The identification number of the MF consists of two structural parts, the number of characters and the rules for the formation of which are similar to VDS and VIS VIN.

The identification number of the SC on the chassis frame and the cab of the truck should be applied, if possible, in the front part, on the right side, in one place, allowing it to be seen from outside the vehicle.

Engines are marked on the engine block in one place.

Engine blocks are marked in one place, while the first part of the SC identification number, similar to VDS, may not be indicated.

Content and place of additional marking

Additional marking of the vehicle provides for the application of the VDS and VIS identification number of the vehicle, visible and invisible to the eye (visible and invisible marking).

Visible marking is applied to the outer surface, as a rule, of the following components of the vehicle:
- windshield glass - on the right side, along the upper edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- rear window glass - on the left side, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- windows of sidewalls (movable) - in the rear part, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- headlights and rear lights - on the glass (or rim), along the lower edge, near the sidewalls of the body (cabin).

Invisible marking is applied, as a rule, on:
- roof upholstery - in the central part, at a distance of about 20 mm from the windshield glass seal;
- upholstery of the backrest of the driver's seat - on the left (in the direction of the vehicle) side surface, in the middle part, along the backrest frame;
- the surface of the turn signal switch housing along the axis of the steering column.

Technical requirements for marking

The method of performing the main and additional visible markings must ensure the clarity of the image and its safety throughout the entire period of operation of the vehicle in the conditions and modes established in the design documentation.

The identification numbers of the vehicle and the midrange should use the letters of the Latin alphabet (except for I, O and Q) and Arabic numerals.

The font of letters the enterprise chooses from the types of fonts established in regulatory documents, taking into account the accepted technological process.

The font of the numbers should exclude the possibility of deliberate replacement of one number with another.

The identification numbers of the vehicle and the midrange, as well as signs of additional marking, must be displayed in one or two lines.

When displaying an identification number in two lines, none of its components is allowed to be divided by a hyphen. At the beginning and end of the line (lines) there must be a sign (symbol, plate bounding box, etc.), which is chosen by the enterprise and must differ from the numbers and letters of the marking. The selected sign is described in the technical documentation.

There should be no spaces between characters and lines of the identification number. It is allowed to separate the constituent parts of the identification number by the selected character. Note. When citing an identification number in text documents, the selected character may not be affixed.

When performing the main marking, the height of letters and numbers must be at least:

a) in the identification numbers of the vehicle and SC:
7 mm - when applied directly to the vehicle and their components, while 5 mm is allowed - for engines and their blocks;
4 mm - when applied directly to motor vehicles;
4 mm - when applied to plates;

b) in the rest of the marking data - 2.5 mm.

The identification number of the main marking should be applied to surfaces that have traces of mechanical processing provided for by the technological process. The plates must comply with the requirements of GOST 12969, GOST 12970, GOST 12971 and be attached to the product using, as a rule, a permanent connection.

Additional invisible marking is carried out using a special technology and becomes visible in the light of ultraviolet rays. When marking is performed, the structure of the material on which it is applied should not be violated.

It is not allowed to destroy and (or) change the marking during the repair of the vehicle and its components. Methods for applying marking are not specified by the standards and can be either manual or mechanized.

With the manual method of marking, by hitting the stamp with a hammer, an indented image of a number, letter, asterisk or other sign is obtained on a panel or platform. In this case, the order of applying signs is chosen by the worker. As a result of manual stuffing, signs are shifted horizontally and vertically, there is a deviation of the vertical axes, a template can be used to eliminate this. In this case, the depth of the marking digits is not the same.

Mechanized marking is carried out in two ways: impact and knurling. Both methods have their own characteristics. So, in a microscopic examination of the marking made by rolling, traces of the entrance of the working part of the stamp from one side and its exit from the other side of the sign are visible. With the impact method, the working part of the brand moves strictly vertically.

Quite often, with a mechanized method of marking, especially on aluminum blocks, there is a "shortage", as a result of which the marking marks are too small or barely noticeable. In such cases, manual finishing or re-mechanized is performed. With manual finishing, accompanying signs appear. With repeated mechanized application, double outlines with the same character shift can be seen.

With the combined method of marking, part of the signs is applied mechanized, and the rest are achieved manually. This option is characterized by features of both methods.

Additional marking is applied, as a rule, by sandblasting or milling car parts made of glass, or by applying special markings containing phosphors to the interior elements of the car. In the first case, the marking is observed visually without the help of special devices, in the second case, the use of an ultraviolet lamp is required to detect it.

Examples of marking of vehicles of domestic and foreign production

This section provides examples of the location of the marking of units of VAZ, GAZ and Peugeot cars. Cars produced in the early 80s and earlier may have markings that differ from those shown below, which was due to the lack of uniform requirements for it. In this case, it is necessary to refer to the special reference literature. The location of the marking places for some foreign-made cars is given in Appendix 3. Volzhsky Automobile Plant.

Let's give an example of marking models VAZ - 2108, VAZ - 2109, VAZ - 21099.
1. The factory data plate is fixed under the hood on the front wall of the air box.
2. The VIN with model and body number is stamped in the engine compartment on the right front suspension spring mount.
3. The engine model and number are stamped on the rear end of the cylinder block above the clutch housing.

XTA - international identification code of the manufacturer (for VAZ - XTA);
210900 - descriptive part: product index. The model or conditional code assigned by the manufacturer is indicated. In this case: 2108 - for VAZ 2108, 21090 - for VAZ 2109, 21099 - for VAZ 21099;
V - code of the year of manufacture of the car (V - 1997);
0051837 - production number of the product.

Structure and content of the engine marking

Engine marking is applied to special milling pads of engine blocks. The block is cast from special gray cast iron. The marking process is mechanized.

On the engines of the VAZ-2108, VAZ-21081, VAZ-21083 models, the marking is applied on the upper part of the rear wall of the block from the flywheel side to the left in the direction of the car in a single line in PO-5 font. It contains the model designation and the seven-digit serial number of the engine enclosed between two asterisks and being through for these models. The sprockets fit into a circle with a diameter of 3.0 mm.

Cylinder blocks supplied as spare parts are not marked.

In the event of an erroneous application of the marking sign, the overwriting is done manually using stamps and a mandrel. The sign is hammered with a special pin and a new one is stuffed. In case of erroneous application of the entire number (or several characters), it is cut off with an emery wheel of a grinding machine to the depth of the relief image and then a new number is stuffed. If only a part of the sign (signs) is displayed in relief, then its not displayed part is stuffed manually. Characters of the technological number that are not displayed are not stuffed. Body marking is applied with the help of a marker by impact method. From October 1 of each year, the letter designation of the next calendar year is entered into the identification number.

The body for spare parts is always produced with its own number, and the marked body parts for spare parts are produced without a number. If the marking sign goes beyond the marking field ("floats" in height) or is applied erroneously, then it is minted and a new sign is manually stuffed. In the same way, a mistake on a painted body is corrected: after stuffing the sign and stripping it, it is painted over. Vehicles intended for export may be fitted with additional plates with approval marks. The plates are fastened to the body with single-sided rivets, less often with self-tapping screws. Gorky Automobile Plant.

Let's give an example of marking for the GAZ-3102, GAZ-31029 models and their modifications.
1. The factory data plate is affixed under the hood to the mudguard on the right front fender.
2. The code of the year of manufacture and the body number (indicative part of the VIN) are stamped in the gutter of the hood drain on the right.
3. Model, number and year of manufacture of the engine are stamped on the tide on the bottom of the cylinder block on the left.

Structure and content of the identification number

XTH - international identification code of the manufacturer (XTH- for GAS);
310200 - descriptive part: product index. The model or conditional code assigned by the manufacturer is indicated. In this case: 31020 - for GAZ 3102, 31022 - for GAZ 31022, 31029 - for GAZ 31029;
W - code of the year of manufacture of the car (W - 1998);
0000342 - production number of the product.
Factory PEUGEOT (Peugeot).

Peugeot models - 205, 305 since 1983 and models 309, 405, 505 and 605 have the body number in the gutter on the right side of the front body panel flare or on the right front fender mudguard under the hood.

Peugeot has been using a 17-position chassis number (VIN) for its models since July 1981. For example:
VF3 504 V51 S 3409458
VF3 - international identification code of the manufacturer (VF3 - for PEUGEOT);
504 - vehicle type;
V51 - vehicle variant;
S - code of the year of manufacture of the car (S - 1995);
3409458 - production number of the product.

Methods and signs of changing marking data

This section discusses ways to change markings outside of manufacturers, which should be distinguished from corrections of erroneously applied characters, all markings in general at the manufacturer.

It also lists signs that may indicate a change in labeling. When they are found, it is necessary to determine what caused them.

Some signs are formed both during manual stuffing or error correction at the manufacturer, and during falsification of marking data. The other part is only for fake. The issue of forgery can be resolved by conducting an appropriate study in the forensic unit.

Methods and signs of changing body markings

The main ways to change the marking of the body can be divided into two groups A and B.

For the group of methods A, accompanied by the destruction of the primary marking, it is typical to remove a section, part or all of the marking panel and replace them with others. To identify the vehicle in this case, a comprehensive analysis is required.

When using methods for changing the marking of group B, the primary marking or its traces are preserved and, in principle, its detection is possible. Group B includes the following common ways to change marking data, which are achieved by:
- finishing missing elements in the signs of the primary marking, having a similar style with the signs of the required (secondary) marking over the signs of the primary, (for example: 1 - 4, 6 - 8, 3 - 8);
- hammering (minting) of individual signs of primary marking and applying others in their place. Extra elements of signs are filled with plastic masses or melted and painted, (for example: 4 -1, 8 - 3, 8 - 6);
- deepening the marking area, applying a layer of metal or plastic mass to the primary marking and embossing the required (secondary) marking on the resulting relief surface, followed by painting the body area;
- deepening the section with marking and fixing in this place (by welding or gluing) the section of the panel with a different marking.

Signs indicating a change in body markings include:
- fuzzy outline of signs, their vertical displacement, different intervals and depth, differences in the configuration of signs from samples, extraneous strokes in signs;
- traces of surface treatment under the enamel layer, an increase in the thickness of the coating, as well as the presence of remnants of putty or other materials in the marking area;
- the difference between the paintwork (LCP) of the marking panel and adjacent areas, the presence of traces of sawdust (particles) of enamel on nearby parts;
- discrepancy between the marking and its display on the reverse side of the panel and traces of clogging signs on it, a local increase in the thickness of the panel;
- welds on the marking panel, connection of panels with welds, traces of drilling of welding points and imitation of spot welding (filling holes with melts of tin or brass), etc.

Methods and signs of changing the marking of engines

To destroy the marking of the engine of cars of any brand, the following main methods are used:
- sawing with a file manually;
- removal of a metal layer with a mechanical tool, for example, a grinder;
- clogging the old marking with a core or chisel, followed by stuffing the required signs;
- sticking a thin metal plate with the desired marking on the marking pad;
- thermal impact on the marking part of the cylinder block using a blowtorch, gas burner.

Signs of changing engine markings include:
- traces of mechanical processing of the site;
- traces of primary marking;
- difference between the texture of the surface of the site from adjacent areas or from the factory sample, imitation of the texture of the surface of the marking area;
- absence of a layer of enamel or special composition on the marking area (for blocks made of aluminum and magnesium alloys).

Marking research tools

Methods for falsifying marking data determine methods for searching and analyzing "foreign defects" in the metal structure under a layer of paint and varnish coating (LCP), such as the presence of a weld, putty elements of signs, imitation of spot welding, etc.

In some cases, the identification of the fact of a change in marking does not cause serious difficulties and can be carried out during the inspection process. However, there are cases when a successful solution of the problem without violating the integrity of parts is possible only when using non-destructive testing devices or special methods. A prerequisite for identifying signs of a change in the markings of units and assemblies of the vehicle by traffic police officers is to maintain the integrity of the paintwork. Consider some non-destructive testing devices.

Eddy current flaw detectors

One of the first eddy current devices designed specifically for solving traffic police problems is the Contrast-M device (Voronezh). The device is designed for prompt detection of signs of marking data on the body parts of vehicles. The device allows you to detect changes in the thickness of the paintwork, soldering, sticking or welding of metal fragments with changed marking data. The principle of operation of the device is based on the excitation of eddy currents in the metal and the registration of deviations of the secondary electromagnetic field created by these currents due to changes in the marking data.

According to the test results, the small-sized vortex flaw detector MVD-2 (3) (Kazan) has also proven itself well. Its functionality can be improved by using a sensor that has a small, almost point-like working surface (surface of contact with the controlled sample). Therefore, with the help of MIA-2(3), it is possible, for example, to determine the presence of filling of individual elements of signs when correcting signs with a similar configuration.

The VI-96N eddy current indicator has been developed at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI). Devices MVD-2(3) and VI-96N have practically the same technical capabilities, but unlike the device "Contrast-M" they allow to detect:
- imitation of welding points (with rivets made of steel and non-ferrous metals, punching, mechanical working out, applying putty);
- places for attaching parts by welding, riveting (made of steel and non-ferrous metals), hidden by the subsequent application of paintwork;
- reducing the thickness of the marked part;
- "minting" of individual elements of signs;
- the presence of inclusions in individual elements of signs: metallic (as a rule, non-ferrous metals), non-metallic (epoxy putty, polymer compounds, etc.).

The VI-96N device is more convenient in operation (it has automatic adjustment to the controlled surface, sensitivity threshold adjustment). VI-96N is recommended by the GUGAI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to traffic police officers for the operational check of the location of the markings of motor vehicle bodies and to employees of expert divisions as a technical means of preliminary verification by non-destructive testing.

Eddy current flaw detectors make it possible to detect marking changes associated with welding a section of a panel with a different marking, replacing a part of a panel, superimposing a panel fragment with a secondary marking on the primary marking.

The method of work is determined by the method of changing the marking of the body. As a rule, first of all, the panel sections adjacent to the marking place are examined. The operation of the sound and (or) light alarm of the device indicates the presence of a continuous metal defect in the form of a weld or a crack (in the case of a panel fragment with a new marking applied to the old marking), the presence of dissimilar metals on the panel under study (for example, steel - brass, in in case of overlaying a layer of tin or brass over the primary marking), etc.

If it was not possible to detect defects in the area adjacent to the marking area, the presence (absence) of a welded seam along the entire length of the air intake box shelf is checked. Such a seam may appear as a result of replacing part of the panel.

When working with eddy current flaw detectors, it must be remembered that the alarm may be triggered by cracks that have arisen in the process of straightening (repair, straightening) of the panel under study. As a rule, these cracks are located in a chaotic order, and therefore their differentiation does not cause any particular difficulties.

Experience in the operation of these technical means shows that they are most suitable for the needs of practical workers (portability, the ability to work in the field, versatility, etc.).

Magnetic particle flaw detectors

The use of this method assumes the presence of a permanent magnet of a certain configuration and a suspension of iron powder with water (powder consumption 20-30 g per 1 liter of water). Portable samples of equipment of the MDE-20Ts type, developed at TSNIITMash, include a rectifier, a connecting cable and an electromagnet. Overall dimensions of the device 150x150x100 mm, weight up to 5 kg.

To detect a possible change in the marking of the body, it is enough to apply a small amount of the suspension to the area under study, where a magnetic field is created. If the panel has welds or other similar defects formed when the marking has been changed, the magnetic particles will clearly outline the contours of this damage.

Magnetic particle flaw detectors make it possible to detect marking changes associated with welding a section of a panel, replacing a part of a panel, superimposing a panel fragment with a new marking on an existing marking. The undoubted advantages of the method are simplicity and clarity.

X-ray flaw detectors

The stationary X-ray complex "Rentgen-30-2" (MNPO "Spektr") allows you to detect changes in the marking associated with the welding of a panel section with a new marking, the replacement of a part of the panel, the overlay of a panel fragment with a new marking on the existing marking, can be operated in stationary conditions or mounted on the chassis of van trucks, has a significant weight and overall dimensions.

Portable X-ray flaw detectors of the MIRA-2D type (or similar imported ones) allow solving similar problems, but have significantly smaller overall dimensions and weight.

To study the panel with portable X-ray flaw detectors, the device is placed above the area under study (usually starting from the marking area), and an x-ray film is placed below, under the panel. After transillumination, the film is processed in a standard way, and the obtained images are analyzed. The advantage of such devices is that in some cases they can be used to identify the primary marking of the body (if it was not destroyed in the process of changing it). Devices of this group are used in forensic units.

Magnetic thickness gauges

Magnetic thickness gauge MT-41NU designed by MNPO "Spektr" is designed to measure the thickness of non-magnetic coatings (putty, tin, brass, etc.) deposited on ferromagnetic bases; has overall dimensions of 127x200x280 mm and a weight of 3.5 kg.

Using this device, it is possible to detect marking changes associated with the application of a layer of putty, tin, brass or other dia- and paramagnetic coatings (for example, epoxy resin) over the primary marking.

Establishing the fact of changing the marking of the body in this case is carried out by measuring the thickness of the non-magnetic coating applied to the steel panel at the location of the marking and at several points remote from it. Implementation of the proposed method is possible due to the fact that the thickness of the substance layer deposited on top of the marking area, as a result of the manipulations, becomes significantly greater than its thickness in distant places. The practice of researching vehicle marking data has developed in such a way that the objects of research are only marking areas with symbols printed on them, and nameplates. Such an unreasonable narrowing of the circle of objects of research reduces the possibility of resolving the issue of falsifying marking data, obtaining orienting information for checking the TS according to the records, etc. It is necessary to approach the study of TS marking data more broadly. Only an integrated approach ensures the reliability and completeness of the results of the study.

Such an integrated approach involves a thorough analysis of a certain set of features that characterize this car.

As already noted, this is:
- examination of registration documents;
- establishing the year of manufacture of the car, its model and, if possible, modifications, as well as the correspondence of body parts and main components of the car model to the year of its manufacture;
- inspection and, if necessary, examination of the paintwork and traces of repainting or repair touch-up;
- determining the location of the marking depending on the model and year of manufacture of the vehicle;
- study of connections of marked parts (panels) with adjacent ones, fastenings of nameplates;
- research of additional and hidden marking;
- study of the integrity of the parts to be marked;
- study of the features of marking areas (shape), surface texture;
- study of the marking itself (content, method of application, configuration, relative position, etc.);
- identification of primary marking in the presence of signs of its change.

The result of the study should be a decision on the authenticity of the marking, the content of the primary marking and (if necessary) drawing up a request for checking the vehicle according to the records of stolen and stolen vehicles.

The main conclusions are as follows:
- marking data is authentic (not changed);
- the marking data has been changed at the factory, the primary marking is indicated;
- the marking data has not been changed at the factory, the primary marking is indicated (in whole or in part);
- the marking data has not been changed at the factory, the primary marking has been destroyed (cannot be detected), orientation information is being compiled.

(TS)

Vehicle marking (TC) is divided into main and additional. The main marking of vehicles and their components is mandatory and is carried out by their manufacturers. In the case of the manufacture of a vehicle by several enterprises in series, it is permissible to apply the main marking of the vehicle only by the manufacturer of the final product. Additional vehicle marking is recommended and is carried out by both vehicle manufacturers and specialized enterprises. The main marking is carried out on the following products:

• trucks, including specialized and special ones on their chassis, tractors with an onboard platform, as well as multi-purpose vehicles and special wheeled chassis; cars, including specialized and special on their basis, cargo-passenger;
• buses, including specialized and special buses based on them;
• trolleybuses;
• trailers and semi-trailers;
• forklifts;
• internal combustion engines;
• motor vehicles;
• truck chassis;
• cabs of trucks;
• car bodies;
• blocks of internal combustion engines.

Content and place of the main marking

In addition to the fact that the vehicle, chassis and engines must have a trademark in accordance with GOST 26828, and products subject to mandatory certification must have a mark of conformity in accordance with GOST R 50460, a special marking of the vehicle and its components is carried out.

Vehicle marking

A. Directly on the product (non-removable part), in places least susceptible to destruction in a traffic accident, the vehicle identification number - VIN must be applied. One of the selected places should be on the right side (in the direction of the vehicle).
VIN is applied:

• on the body of a car - in two places, in the front and rear parts;
• on the back of the bus - in two different places;
• on the body of a trolley bus - in one place;
• on the cab of a truck and a forklift - in one place;
• on the frame of a trailer, semi-trailer and motor vehicle - in one place;
• on off-road vehicles, trolleybuses and forklifts, VIN may be indicated on a separate plate.

B. The vehicle, as a rule, should have a plate, located at the front if possible, containing the following data:

• index (model, modification, version) of the engine (with a working volume of 125 cm3 or more);
• permissible gross weight;
• permissible total mass of the road train (for tractors);
• permissible mass per axle/axles of bogies, starting from the front axle;
• permissible weight per fifth wheel coupling.

Vehicle identification number (VIN) - a combination of digital and alphabetic symbols assigned for identification purposes is a mandatory element of marking and is individual for each vehicle for 30 years.

The VIN has the following structure: WMI VDS VIS

First part of VIN (first three characters)- international manufacturer identification code (WMI), allows you to identify the manufacturer of the vehicle and consists of three letters or letters and numbers.

In accordance with ISO 3780, the letters and numbers used in the first two characters of WMI are assigned to the country and controlled by an international agency - the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), operating under the guidance of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The distribution of the first two characters characterizing the zone and country of origin, according to SAE, is given in Appendix 1.

The first character (geographical area code) is a letter or number that represents a particular geographic area.
For example:
1 to 5 - North America;
from S to Z - Europe;
A to H - Africa;
from J to R - Asia;
6.7 - Countries of Oceania;
8,9,0 - South America.

The second character (country code) is a letter or number that identifies a country in a specific geographic area. More than one character may be used to indicate a country, if necessary. Only the combination of the first and second characters guarantees the unambiguous identification of the country. For example:
10 to 19 - USA;
1A to 1Z - USA;
2A to 2W - Canada;
from ZA to ZW - Mexico;
from W0 to W9 - Germany, Federal Republic;
from WA to WZ - Germany, Federal Republic.

The third character is a letter or number that is assigned to the manufacturer by the National Authority. In Russia, such an organization is the Central Research Automobile and Automotive Institute (NAMI), located at the address: Russia, 125438, Moscow, st. Avtomotornaya, house 2, which assigns WMI as a whole. Only the combination of the first, second and third characters provides an unambiguous identification of the vehicle manufacturer - the International Manufacturer Identity (WMI). The number 9 as the third character is used by National Organizations when it is necessary to characterize a manufacturer that produces less than 500 cars per year.

Second part of the VIN- the descriptive part of the identification number (VDS) consists of six characters (if the vehicle index consists of less than six characters, then zeros are put in the empty places of the last characters of the VDS (on the right)), indicating, as a rule, the model and modification of the vehicle, according to the design documentation (KD).

Third part of VIN- indicative part of the identification number (VIS) - consists of eight characters (numbers and letters), of which the last four characters must be digits. The first character VIS indicates the code of the year of manufacture of the vehicle (see Appendix 3), the subsequent characters indicate the serial number of the vehicle assigned by the manufacturer.

Several WMIs can be assigned to a manufacturer, but the same number cannot be assigned to another vehicle manufacturer for at least 30 years from the moment it was first used by the previous (first) manufacturer.

Marking of vehicle components

Internal combustion engines, as well as the chassis and cabins of trucks, car bodies and engine blocks must be marked with an identification number of the component (CH).

The identification number of the MF consists of two structural parts, the number of characters and the rules for the formation of which are similar to VDS and VIS VIN.

The identification number of the SC on the chassis frame and the cab of the truck should be applied, if possible, in the front part, on the right side, in one place, allowing it to be seen from outside the vehicle.

Engines are marked on the engine block in one place.

Engine blocks are marked in one place, while the first part of the SC identification number, similar to VDS, may not be indicated.

Content and place of additional marking

Additional marking of the vehicle provides for the application of the VDS and VIS identification number of the vehicle, visible and invisible to the eye (visible and invisible marking).

Visible marking is applied to the outer surface, as a rule, of the following components of the vehicle:

• windshield glass - on the right side, along the upper edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
• rear window glass - on the left side, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
• side window glass (movable) - in the rear part, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
• headlights and rear lights - on the glass (or rim), along the lower edge, near the sidewalls of the body (cabin).

Invisible marking is applied, as a rule, on:

• roof upholstery - in the central part, at a distance of about 20 mm from the windshield glass seal;
• upholstery of the back of the driver's seat - on the left (in the direction of the vehicle) side surface, in the middle part, along the back frame;
• the surface of the turn signal switch housing along the axis of the steering column.​

Technical requirements for marking

The method of performing the main and additional visible markings must ensure the clarity of the image and its safety throughout the entire period of operation of the vehicle in the conditions and modes established in the design documentation.

The identification numbers of the vehicle and the midrange should use the letters of the Latin alphabet (except for I, O and Q) and Arabic numerals.

The font of letters the enterprise chooses from the types of fonts established in regulatory documents, taking into account the accepted technological process.

The font of the numbers should exclude the possibility of deliberate replacement of one number with another.

The identification numbers of the vehicle and the midrange, as well as signs of additional marking, must be displayed in one or two lines.

When displaying an identification number in two lines, none of its components is allowed to be divided by a hyphen. At the beginning and end of the line (lines) there must be a sign (symbol, plate bounding box, etc.), which is chosen by the enterprise and must differ from the numbers and letters of the marking. The selected sign is described in the technical documentation.

There should be no spaces between characters and lines of the identification number. It is allowed to separate the constituent parts of the identification number by the selected character. Note. When citing an identification number in text documents, the selected character may not be affixed.

When performing the main marking, the height of letters and numbers must be at least:

a) in the identification numbers of the vehicle and SC:
7 mm - when applied directly to the vehicle and their components, while 5 mm is allowed - for engines and their blocks;
4 mm - when applied directly to motor vehicles;
4 mm - when applied to plates;

b) in the rest of the marking data - 2.5 mm.

The identification number of the main marking should be applied to surfaces that have traces of mechanical processing provided for by the technological process. The plates must comply with the requirements of GOST 12969, GOST 12970, GOST 12971 and be attached to the product using, as a rule, a permanent connection.

Additional invisible marking is carried out using a special technology and becomes visible in the light of ultraviolet rays. When marking is performed, the structure of the material on which it is applied should not be violated.

It is not allowed to destroy and (or) change the marking during the repair of the vehicle and its components. Methods for applying marking are not specified by the standards and can be either manual or mechanized.

With the manual method of marking with a hammer blow on the brand, an indented image of a number, letter, asterisk or other sign is obtained on a panel or site. In this case, the order of applying signs is chosen by the worker. As a result of manual stuffing, signs are shifted horizontally and vertically, there is a deviation of the vertical axes, a template can be used to eliminate this. In this case, the depth of the marking digits is not the same.

Mechanized marking is carried out in two ways: impact and knurling. Both methods have their own characteristics. So, in a microscopic examination of the marking made by rolling, traces of the entrance of the working part of the stamp from one side and its exit from the other side of the sign are visible. With the impact method, the working part of the brand moves strictly vertically.

Quite often, with the mechanized method of marking, especially on aluminum blocks, there is a "underfill", as a result of which the marking marks are too small or barely noticeable. In such cases, manual finishing or repeated mechanized finishing is performed. With manual finishing, accompanying signs appear. With repeated mechanized application, double outlines with the same character shift can be seen.

With the combined method of marking, part of the signs is applied mechanized, and the rest are achieved manually. This option is characterized by features of both methods.

Additional marking is applied, as a rule, by sandblasting or milling car parts made of glass, or by applying special markings containing phosphors to the interior elements of the car. In the first case, the marking is observed visually without the help of special devices, in the second case, the use of an ultraviolet lamp is required to detect it.

On cars of the VAZ brand, the identification number (VIN) is applied by impact and is located in the engine compartment:

• VAZ-2101, VAZ-21011, VAZ-21013, VAZ-2102, VAZ-2103, VAZ-2104, VAZ-2105, VAZ-2106, VAZ-2107 and their modifications - on the lower shelf of the air intake box on the right in the direction of travel
• VAZ-2108, VAZ-2109, VAZ-2110 - on the upper surface of the right pillar of the mudguard of the body (on the right support of the front suspension spring)
• VAZ-2121 - on the upper amplifier of the bulkhead on the right. In addition, there are options for the following location - on the upper amplifier of the radiator lining panel, on the front panel next to the nameplate

For the first five years since the start of production of VAZ cars (1970-1975), the vehicle identification number was applied to the vertical wall of the air intake box on the right in the direction of travel.

The identification number (VIN) on VAZ vehicles manufactured before 1982 consisted of 11, 12, 14 and 15 characters. The last seven digits indicated the serial number of the product, and the first seven (eight) alphanumeric characters or four (five) numeric characters, respectively, either the manufacturer and the car model, or the car model. Separating signs are made in the form of five-pointed asterisks.

★VAZ 2101 0000001 ★
I II III

★2101 ★0000001 ★
II III
I - manufacturer
II - car model
III - serial number of the product

Since 1982, the vehicle identification number has been composed of seventeen characters 10 mm high and enclosed between two asterisks.

Photo. Type of identification number applied to VAZ-2101-VAZ-2107 vehicles and their modifications since 1982

The distance between the conditional centers of dividing characters is 106-107 mm, the height of the characters is 10 mm, the width of the characters is 4 mm, the distance between the characters is 2 mm.

★XTA 2106 00 C 0000001 ★
I II III IV V

I - world manufacturer number
II - car model
III - signs that do not carry information (without meaning)
IV - year of manufacture of the car
V - serial number of the product

The body for spare parts is always issued with its own number (seventeen characters), and the marked body parts for spare parts are produced without a number.

VAZ engine number

The marking on the engine is applied to a special area of ​​the cylinder block. The marking process is mechanized.

On engines manufactured before December 1974 (VAZ-2101, VAZ-2102, VAZ-2103), the marking area was located on the front upper end of the cylinder block.

Since the second half of 1975, the marking pad on the engines has been located on the tide of the block, on the left in the direction of travel, above the oil filter. On engines manufactured from December 1974 to July 1975, markings are found on both sites. Since July 1975, only the technological number of the engine, consisting of three digital characters, has been applied at the same location of the engine number.

Photo. General view of the number applied to the engines of VAZ-2101-VAZ-2107 cars.

The application of markings on the engines of all models, except for the VAZ-2108, is carried out by an automatic numbering machine of the German company Otto Borries, as well as a VAZ KVTs numbering machine. On the engines of VAZ-2108 cars, markings are applied with a Nagel enumerator.

Rice. Engine numbers, made on a metal plate with a numerator: a) - Otto Borries; b) - VAZ KVC; c) - firm "Nagel.

However, in practice, only a special non-guested font was used, supplied to the factory along with the equipment by Otto Borries. The sizes of this font and imprints of hallmarks are shown in the figures.

Rice. Custom non-hosted font options

Rice. Imprints of signs made on a metal plate

On the engines of VAZ-2108 and VAZ-2109 cars and their modifications, the number is located on the upper part of the rear wall of the block on the flywheel side, to the left in the direction of travel (near the distributor breaker).

The surface of the site before marking is subjected to machining on a milling machine. On engine blocks of VAZ-2101, VAZ-2102, VAZ-2103, VAZ-21011, VAZ-2104, VAZ-2105, VAZ-2106, VAZ-2107, VAZ-2121 vehicles and their modifications, not only the platform for markings, but also the surface for the oil filter and fuel pump.

The location of the number on the site relative to its conditional center or boundaries is not regulated.

The serial number on engines, starting with the VAZ-2108, must be between two asterisks (separating characters). The distance between the extreme digits and asterisks on each side, as well as the distance between individual marking characters, should not exceed half the width of the digit.

From 1984 to 1985, on the engines of VAZ-2108 cars, the signs in the number were placed in two lines, then from 1986 - in one line.

Photo. General view of the number applied to the engines of VAZ-2108 cars and their modifications

Rice. Parameters and arrangement of characters in the number designation: a - in two lines; b - in one line

The year of manufacture of the engine is indicated by the letters of the Latin alphabet. In the designation of the number (in particular, on VAZ-2108 engines and its modifications), the letter indicating the year of manufacture is located immediately after the model index, and the number looks like this: “2108f * 0000001 *. The letter F indicates that the engine was released in 1985.

List of letters of the Latin alphabet used to designate the year of manufacture of the engine.

In 1985-1986 all engines of VAZ-2108 cars and its modifications contained a letter in the number indicating the year of manufacture. Since 1987, it began to be applied in the number not to all engines, but mainly to those that entered the domestic market, since car importing countries asked not to enter the letter of the Latin alphabet indicating the year of manufacture in the number designation on the engine. Abroad, the presence of a letter in the number immediately after the model was perceived as a modification of the main model. In this regard, since 1987, the plant has practically ceased to designate the year of manufacture on VAZ-2108 engines, since there was no clear distinction between products that are to be sold on the domestic market and those that will be sold abroad.

According to available information, until 1987, the engine number was indicated by seven characters. After the release of 10 million cars, the problem of switching to eight-digit numbering arose. However, this is not easy to do due to the need to completely replace the marking equipment.

Therefore, it was decided from the beginning of 1987 to start the numbering of engines again (as in 1970) from "zero". In order not to confuse the year of manufacture of the engines of the old family of VAZ cars, you should pay attention to the information on the date of casting of the cylinder block. It is located on the right side of the engine block, is laid during the casting of the block and has the following form:

D
VAZ
01 07 85 N 2106

D (A, B, C, F, H) - used equipment;
VAZ - manufacturing plant;
01 07 85 - date of manufacture of the engine block;
(K, N) - brigade code;
2106 - designation of the model of the cylinder block.

The block casting date almost always corresponds to the engine release date, since the difference between the block casting and the production of the finished engine does not exceed 15-20 days.

The strength of stuffing numbers with stamps of the numerator is regulated by the engine marking technology. In this case, the magnitude of the force of indentation of the brand is 560 N, the depth of indentation (penetration) of the brand into the metal is no more than 0.3 mm.

In the Otto Borries numerator, the stamps are ring disc. All seven disks, assembled with each other, make up a "package" in which the disks are assembled and arranged in such a way that their working surfaces form a sphere of a certain radius. When marking the engine, the sphere, as it were, rolls over the surface of the site on the block, leaving stamp imprints in accordance with the order of the stamps in the package, the combination of which forms the engine number. The area is run in the same way when applying the index of the engine model. Before stuffing the next number in the numerator, the stamp is changed by turning it around the axis and bringing the next number to the level of the contact surfaces between the stamp and the platform. The change of brands and the supply of the numerator to the desired level are carried out automatically.

In the numerator of the company "Nagen" there are finger-type marks. They are fixed and held by a rotary head (chuck). To stuff the number and bring the head to the surface of the engine block, it alternately rotates in one direction or another around its axis, bringing the desired stamp to the site. At the moment of complete and correct alignment of the contact surfaces, the stamp moves forward towards the surface of the block, while the desired stamp reaches the level of direct contact with the engine block. The extension of the brand ends with direct contact and the formation of an imprint on the platform of the block. In the future, the swivel head moves slightly from left to right relative to the block and at the same time the stamp is changed by turning the head and bringing a new one according to the programmed program. Everything repeats again. In this way, all the marks of the marking on the engine block are stuffed, after which the rotary head completely moves away from the machined block.

Markings on engine blocks are applied immediately before they are assembled.

On individual blocks - spare parts intended for sale through a distribution network or workshops - numbers are not stuffed. They only have a technological number located on the front end of the engine block and consisting of three characters, which serves for the correct selection of pistons.

In case of erroneous application of individual characters in the marking of the engine (malfunctions in the operation of the numerators associated with untimely replacement of the brand), they are eliminated. The section of metal on which the sign to be destroyed is located is subjected to punching. Then the desired sign is manually stuffed, while using a similar stamp. At the factory, one, the last two (when moving in the tens number), the last three (when moving hundreds) digits, etc. can be corrected. new number. If only a part of the sign (s) is displayed in relief, then the undisplayed part is finished off. The plant maintains a card file, which records the numbers of engines with corrected errors.

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