Like it or not, but we are gradually turning from motorists into banal users. And the reason is not only that modern technology became almost unattended. Many drivers are completely indifferent to how something works: it rides - and okay. But there are still a lot of those who yearn for garage-smoking disputes on technical topics. We offer them to stretch their brains.
1. Which of the following vehicles will be the first to go the distance in a mass start race?
A - caterpillar tractor DT‑75;
B - Boeing-747;
B - bicycle;
G - Lada Granta.
Correct answer: A. At the time of the simultaneous start, all the advantages are with the DT‑75 tractor. In low gear pulling force tracks reaches approximately 44,300 N, and thanks to their excellent traction, it is confidently realized. The acceleration of a tractor weighing 6 tons is close to 0.75g. In Grants, the front tires are unloaded at the start, their grip drops - it is not always possible to develop even an acceleration of 0.5g. The Boeing 747 is even worse: a plane with a takeoff weight of 400 tons and a total thrust of four engines of 1,130,000 kN takes off with an acceleration of only about 0.29g. And the cyclist is even slower!
2. Sport car accelerates to 100 km / h in 3.0 s. What technical tricks can reduce this time to 1.0 s?
A - increase in engine power and torque;
B - coefficient reduction aerodynamic drag Cx;
B - installation of an effective wing;
D - the problem has no solution: it is theoretically impossible.
Correct answer: V. Vehicle acceleration is limited by tire grip. With a friction coefficient of about 1.0 (dry asphalt), even all-wheel drive car does not allow you to get acceleration above 1.0g. Whether the motor is at least a million forces, and Cx is equal to zero. The minimum estimated acceleration time to hundreds will be 2.83 s.
There is only one thing left - to increase the traction force. Warm racing tires have a dry grip coefficient of 1.4-1.6, but we are talking about standard wheels. small wings racing formulas, pressing the wheels to the road, will not help either: at speeds up to 100 km / h they are ineffective. But if you fit an inverted wing from a light aircraft with a takeoff speed of less than 100 km / h to the car to increase downforce and thereby improve traction, this will solve the problem - at least in theory.
3. Which 10W-40 oil has a lower viscosity at 100 °C - synthetic or mineral?
A - for synthetic;
B - the viscosity is the same;
B - at the mineral;
G - both options are possible.
Correct answer: G. Both oils have the same range of viscosity changes at 100 ° C, but its specific values \u200b\u200bmay differ. For specified oil this spread is from 12.6 to 16.3 mm²/s. Therefore, both options are theoretically possible.
4. Instead standard battery with an energy intensity of 50 Ah, another one was installed - at 75 Ah. What are Negative consequences such a replacement?
A - the average charge time will increase;
B - there will be no negative;
G - the battery will always be undercharged.
Correct answer: B. If you install a more capacious gas tank on the car, then why on earth should it be, for example, half empty, and the gas pump overloaded? So here too: there will be no negative. When charging constant voltage Excessive currents simply have nowhere to come from. The average charge time will also not change: it is determined by the degree of discharge of the battery, and not by the label on the case. And if the battery lost 1 Ah at start-up, then the generator must return exactly the same charge back. And the recharging time of the capacity, of course, does not depend.
5. Which of the following four-stroke engines is self-balanced?
A - three-cylinder;
B - four-cylinder;
B - in-line "six";
G - V-shaped "six".
Correct answer: V. An engine is a set of parts moving with accelerations. For each part, its mass multiplied by its acceleration determines the force of inertia. And where there is strength and leverage, moments arise. The specific distribution of forces and moments depends on the design of the motor, but both of them act on the engine mounts, generating vibrations. If it is possible to achieve mutual annihilation of the influence of these factors, then such a motor is called completely self-balanced.
Unfortunately, few engine designs are inherently self-balanced, such as the six-cylinder in-line engine and the 12-cylinder V-twin. The inline "four" was summed up by second-order inertia forces. The three-cylinder engine is even worse: the moments are to blame centrifugal forces and inertia forces of two orders. And the V-shaped “six” is not balanced in terms of moments.
6. In rear wheel the dissolution trailer, towed on a flat dry road, accidentally got stuck a pebble. In which direction will he fly if he is released?
A - always forward, in the direction of the car;
B - back, against the course of the car;
B - in any direction with equal probability;
G - forward, if at the moment of separation it does not touch the asphalt.
Correct answer: G. A stone rotating with a wheel moves along a cycloid. (This curve will be demonstrated in motion by bicycle wheels with luminous caps.) The free movement of the body begins tangentially to the trajectory along which it moved before taking off. This tangent always has a component in the direction of motion and never - against. This means that the stone, flying out of the wheel, will fly in the direction of motion. At the same time, its speed can exceed the speed of the car twice! By the way, it is for this reason that such pebbles often fly into the cab of the tractor.
The exception is the point of contact with the road, in which the linear speed is zero. If the stone is released at this very moment, it will remain in place.
Why do stones sometimes break the windows of cars coming from behind? Firstly, if instead of asphalt there is soil or slippery road, That driving wheel can stall and throw a stone in an arbitrary direction, including backwards. Secondly, rear car can catch up with a stone flying in front of her. It is clear that the probability of catching such a “gift” from the same dissolution is much higher than from a passenger car, where a pebble can get lost in the wheel arch.
7. What does the color of the coolant tell the consumer at the time of purchase And?
A - about the type of antifreeze: traditional, carboxylate, hybrid, lobrid;
B - about nothing;
B - about interchangeability;
D - about the freezing point.
Correct answer: B. Modern coolants are colorless. Coloring in one tone or another is the choice of a particular manufacturer, and not the result of any chemical reactions. Therefore, antifreezes of the same color may differ in composition, and multi-colored ones, on the contrary, may turn out to be the same.
8. Which of the listed parameters of gasoline is not standardized technical regulations?
A is the exact octane number;
B - fractional composition;
G - none of the listed parameters.
Correct answer: G. For octane number of any gasoline, the Technical Regulations standardize only the lower limit - not lower than 80 for the research method and 76 for the motor one. Its exact meaning is not specified. Resins and fractional composition are also not mentioned.
The dream of those who like to start spectacularly: they pressed the gas - the car “took off”. The acceleration speed of a car from 0 to 100 km / h - dynamics, throttle response - depends on many factors and, for example, it is easier to measure than the maximum speed of the car.
For example, the maximum speed Bugatti Veyron 418 km / h, to disperse the Bugatti to this speed, a long straight track is required. To measure the acceleration speed to 100 km / h, the Volkswagen test track of 8 kilometers is quite enough. Bugatti Veyron with 1001 hp engine accelerates to 100 km / h in just 2.5 seconds. Driver nearby standing car during this time he will not even have time to understand where the car, which had just stood nearby on a traffic light, disappeared.
7 factors that affect car dynamics, some of which will help your car become a little "Bugatti".
Vehicle dynamics and engine power
Vehicle dynamics and engine power are interrelated. But the speed of gaining momentum directly depends on the engine torque, the value of which is indicated for a certain speed of revolution, for example, 200 nm at 2200 rpm. The torque in Newtonometers is specified by the manufacturer.
Weight, vehicle weight
With equal light engines the car is more dynamic, it has less inertia. At racing sports cars reduce weight, seeking for this any opportunity.
It seems to be enough to choose a motor with good torque, lighten the car as much as possible and “do everyone” at the start? Not everything is so clear.
Road grip
Acceleration time depends on the grip of the car's wheels with pavement and grip is affected by weight. The larger and more evenly distributed across all four wheels, the better. In this respect four-wheel drive vehicles in the win - they are structurally based on a uniform distribution of mass, in this they win over front-wheel drive cars.
From the course of school physics it is known that the coefficient of friction does not depend on weight, therefore, the tire material affects the adhesion to the roadway. Both of these factors affect the acceleration dynamics.
Aerodynamics
Poor streamlining of the car body reduces the dynamics of the car. Obviously, if cars had identical engines and the wheels, the angular "Oka" with a high-standing windshield and high resistance to oncoming air flow, would accelerate to 100 km. longer than Daewoo Matiz, - the car is not the most streamlined, but has the best aerodynamics.
Wheel diameter
By increasing the diameter by one size, you can significantly increase the time to accelerate rotation and acceleration time. Smaller diameter wheels require less energy to spin.
Fuel quality
The question does not require explanations, only reminders. The better the fuel burns, the faster the car, the more dynamic, the better it accelerates and starts.
Transmission
They put the number of gear stages and dynamics in dependence, guided by the fact that a greater number of steps means more weight. IN total mass car, the increase in the weight of the box is insignificant, something else is important: the gearbox, as a rule, does not provide the same good dynamics in all gears, the car can "stupid" in one gear and show excellent dynamics on others.
Acceleration to 100 km / h among sports cars
In the world of sports cars, where concepts worth hundreds of thousands of dollars are developed, cars are compared by acceleration dynamics. dispute between goes by car tenths of a second. So the American Ariel Atom V8 ($225,000) accelerates to 100 km. in 2.3 seconds, Porsche 918 Spyder ($840,000) in 2.4 seconds. McLaren P1 ($1.15 million) showed acceleration to 100 km / h in 2.6 seconds.
Records in the acceleration of cars from 0 to 100 km / h now do not appear as often as before. Development automotive technology today it is getting closer and closer to the limit and the physical capabilities of the mechanisms. It seems that you can’t go faster within reason. The results are so compacted that the fight is now not for seconds, but for their tenths, giving rise to manufacturers reasons for pride: here, we have become another 0.1 second faster!
But the race for overclocking, sorry for the tautology, still does not stop. Engineers sweat, testers try - and while the machines stubbornly become more powerful, lighter - and faster. And quite recently, the water in this pool was stirred up ... by ordinary students!
Green Team E0711-5
student rocket
The next troublemakers and encroachers on world overclocking records in July this year were the student team Green Team from the University of Stuttgart. The race, claiming a new world record, was attended by a car, previously built to participate in the Formula Student project (international competitions in which teams from different universities compete, including several Russian ones).
In terms of power-to-weight ratio (1.6 kg / kW), the student's product did Bugatti hypercars Veyron Supersport(2.08 kg/kW) and Porsche 918 Spyder (2.5 kg/kW).
Called the E0711-5, it features a carbon fiber monocoque and chassis components made from aluminum and titanium. Each of the four wheels is equipped with a 25 kW electric motor in a block with a 2-speed planetary gear, and is powered by a battery with a capacity of 6.6 kW / h. The total torque of 4 electric motors is 1200 Nm, the car itself weighs only about 160 kg.
The all-wheel drive electric car took place on the runway of the Jade Weser Airport airfield in northeastern Germany. The car was piloted by a light (this is important!) University student Priska Schmidt. And after several attempts, she was able to give an acceleration result of 1.779 seconds from zero to “hundreds”, while an overload of 1.8 G acted on the fragile Priska during acceleration from a standstill. This achievement claims a world record and entry into the Guinness Book of Records, and project participants say that the result will be officially registered in the next few weeks.
Sports "KAMAZ" with a hood
Kama runner
The concept of acceleration dynamics from 0 to 100 km / h is somehow traditionally not applied to trucks. And for all-wheel drive trucks off-road- and even more so. What kind of dynamics can there be? Up to 100 km / h by sunset, if downhill and with sails?! However, in the world of trucks there are also very frisky specimens, and not necessarily. Moreover, such trucks are also made in Russia. Meet the new weapon of the Russian sports team "KAMAZ-Master" - racing truck with a hood that will go to the Dakar rally-raid in 2016!
The new racing "KamAZ" has an original hood, but the cabin is from truck Mercedes-Benz Zetros.
This 4WD monster while there is neither the usual index, nor at least a nickname - the car was introduced quite recently, at the end of June this year. And in the entire history of our illustrious sports team, this is its first "combat" truck with a bonnet layout. This decision has been long overdue. Moving the cabin with the crew 1.5 m back (before the riders sat above the front axle) improves the weight distribution. In addition, the bonnet truck nods less when jumping and lands more comfortably. By the way, increased comfort for the crew - another major plus of the bonnet layout, in which the riders shake and bang less off-road. The correspondent of AvtoVestey, by the way, earlier over bumps in the traditional cabover racing KamAZ. And now I am very happy for those KAMAZ athletes who are lucky enough to race on a "nosy" truck.
The new Chelny racing truck is built on the same proven KamAZ-4326 racing chassis. But the engine is different. On cabover trucks, Tutaevsky's huge turbodiesel V8s are used. engine plant or German company Liebherr. And on the bonnet model, the team put a lighter and more compact diesel "six" of the American company Caterpillar. The motor itself was temporarily (while Liebherr and KamAZ are preparing a joint in-line diesel engine) rented from the Czech Bugyrra racing team, which competes in the Dakar and the European truck racing championship. The Czechs thoroughly modified the engine and removed 980 hp from its 12.5 liters. and 4,000 Nm of torque. The truck itself without fuel, although it weighs 8900 kg, easily accelerates to 165 km / h (although this is not the limit). But the most important thing is that this hulk spends less than 10 seconds to accelerate to 100 km / h! After that, do you still believe that 4WD trucks- entirely sad slow-moving?
luxury bullet
It may seem surprising, but among stock cars than the production exceeds at least a dozen cars a year, the Bugatti Veyron seems to have remained the leader in the declared acceleration time to 100 km / h! Introducing this hypercar in 2005, the creators pursued 4 main tasks: to create an engine more powerful than 1000 horsepower, to overcome the speed barrier of 400 km / h, to be able to get out of 3 seconds when accelerating to 100 km / h and - the most difficult thing - to create comfortable and luxurious car.
From 2005 to 2015, Bugatti built 450 Veyrons (300 coupes and 150 roadsters).
Bugatti did it all! The first Veyron 16.4 was equipped with a 16-cylinder (!) petrol W motor with four turbochargers! From a working volume of 8 liters, 1001 hp were removed. and 1250 Nm of torque. But this was not enough for Bugatti customers! Therefore, in 2010, an even more ferocious version of the Super Sport appeared. The W16 engine received a different intake and turbochargers, plus larger intercoolers. After that, the output of the supermotor increased to 1200 hp, and the torque rose to 1500 Nm. Moreover, the car itself was lightened by 50 kg. After that, the maximum speed (electronically limited) increased from 407 to 415 km / h. Moreover, the Super Sport modification in the summer of 2010 set a record top speed for production cars, gaining 431 km / h.
However, one of the most impressive parameters of the Veyron coupe was not only its for a long time record "maximum speed", but also the acceleration time to 100 km / h, which took only 2.5 seconds! This is all the more impressive, because the hypercar turned out to be very weighty: even super versions Sport curb weight was 1.8 tons. Secret - in all-wheel drive transmission, which helped to turn the ferocious power of the motor into efficient acceleration. They say the Veyron's heir will be even cooler...
Royal acceleration
Formula 1 cars have always been considered the pinnacle high technology And high speeds in the world of motorsport. But as soon as it comes down to specifics… It would seem a simple question: how much does a Formula 1 car need to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h? In fact, finding the exact figure is just not easy. After all, there are no passport data for formula cars, and the specific results of the team's dynamics are usually not advertised.
The acceleration dynamics of Formula 1 cars is influenced by a lot of factors: engine power and settings, gear ratios specific gearbox, tire and track temperature, pilot skill…
But to set at least some starting point, let's go back to the past. More precisely, in the 80s, when the era of turbo engines flourished in Formula 1 races. Oh, it was the time of real monsters! One of the brightest traces then left bmw engine M13/12-1 used by Brabham Arrows and Benetton. It's funny to say, but one of the craziest engines in the history of the "Royal Races" was a 4-cylinder and had a displacement of a measly 1.5 liters. But due to turbocharging, the small engine on the 1986 Benneton B186 car produced about 1500 horsepower in qualifying! A car with such an engine weighed about 540 kg and fired 2 seconds before the first "hundred", and gained 300 km / h in 9 seconds.
The era of 1,000hp turbos in F1 ended with the 1980s, but formula cars didn't get much slower, thanks to developments in engine technology, control electronics, tires and chassis. And now the average acceleration range from 0 to 100 km / h takes them about 2.1 seconds, and in some cases and settings can be reduced to 1.7-1.9 seconds. But there are cars in the world for which even these moments are an eternity ...
Top Fuel dragsters
speed demons
Think everything you read above is fast? To be honest, all this is child's play compared to what the famous American racing dragsters can do. And not just any, but the fastest in professional drag racing Top class fuel. Yes, they have an absurdly funny look: a long "nose", thin wheels in front, giant "pancakes" in the back, exhaust pipes sticking up like horns ... But don't let their appearance deceive you. In fact, this is pure evil embodied in metal, which looks like fun only while standing still with the engine turned off. Further, to contain emotions, only dry facts.
The Top Fuel dragster is powered by an 8.2-litre 16-valve V8 engine equipped with mechanical supercharger with belt drive. Such a motor is powered by a mixture of nitromethane and methanol in a ratio of 9: 1. And it develops an estimated capacity of 8500-10,000 horsepower, and up to 900 "horses" are spent on the compressor drive alone!
Exploding at the start or crashing at the finish line while driving a Top Fuel class dragster is not the most unpleasant thing. So, over the years, pilots are also waiting for the main disease of the draggers - retinal detachment due to crazy overloads during acceleration and braking!
To prevent such monstrous forces from tearing the motor apart, its heavy-duty block is entirely machined from a piece of forged aluminum and is devoid of cooling system channels - the motor is cooled by the incoming fuel-air mixture. And she rushes into the "boilers" with a frantic stream: the compressor pumps air at a speed of up to 9 cubic meters per minute, and the fuel consumption in the "pray, we take off" mode reaches 6 liters per second! By the middle of the race, the candles in the cylinder (and there are two of them per “boiler”) completely burn out and further ignition occurs due to the combustion chamber, which is hot like a blast furnace. There is no gearbox - the moment is transmitted to the rear super-soft "rollers" through an automatic five-disc dry clutch with friction clutches from caterpillar tractors. At maximum speed, two winglets give about five tons downforce, a few hundred more kilograms gives the strongest flow exhaust gases, which especially effects at night, giving the machines a resemblance to a fire-breathing dragon.
Ask what is all this for? Since 2008, Top Fuel dragsters have been racing at a distance shortened from the classic 402 to 300 meters. But even in this short segment, they gain the first "hundred" in 0.8-1 second. No, not kilometers, but miles / hour! Here is a telemetry printout from the Kalitta team from one of the races in 2010. We read: 0.5 sec, 3 m traveled, speed 118 km/h, 1.0 second, 15.5 m traveled, speed 183 km/h. And finally - 3.83 seconds, 304 meters covered, speed 517 km / h! In the limit mode, the motor produces a sound of 150 decibels, and overloads at the start reach 5 G. As they say, printed comments are unnecessary ...
MOSCOW, June 6 - RIA Novosti, Sergey Belousov. A car doesn't have to be expensive to be fast. RIA Novosti analyzed the prices and characteristics of cars worth up to a million rubles and ranked the best of them according to one of the most gambling parameters: acceleration time from zero to one hundred kilometers per hour.
0-100 km/h: 10.6 seconds
Initial Nissan configuration Sentras are just a little short of a million, but they are the fastest. The fact is that the only motor Japanese sedan volume of 1.6 liters with a capacity of 117 hp. completed manual transmission and variator. In the case of the “mechanics”, the car is lighter and much more agile: 10.6 seconds versus 11.3 seconds stepless gearbox gears. Good example when you get more for less money.
0-100 km/h: 10.5 seconds
Accelerate one tenth of a second faster Renault sedan Logan and Sandero hatchback with a 1.6-liter engine producing 102 hp. and mechanical five-speed gearbox gears. This combination is offered only for cars manufactured in 2016 at a price of 560 thousand rubles, which dealers still have. On the machines of 2017, this tandem of engine and transmission was excluded. In a more expensive version with a 113-horsepower 1.6-liter engine and MCP-5, both models are a little slower: 10.7 seconds from zero to hundreds, so those who want to buy fast Logans and Sanderos need to hurry.
0-100 km/h: 10.3 seconds
The next speed barrier is overcome by three cars at once: bestsellers of the Russian market among foreign cars Hyundai Solaris And Kia Rio, as well as a crossover Renault Duster. The first two are equipped with the same 1.6-liter engine with 123 hp, but they reach these figures only with a six-speed “mechanics”, while with a six-speed “automatic” they turn out to be almost a second slower. The price of fast versions of "Koreans" starts from 720 thousand rubles.
To accelerate to 100 km / h in 10.3 seconds, Renault Duster needs a 2.0-liter engine with 143 hp, a six-speed manual transmission and four-wheel drive. The cheapest crossover with such parameters will cost 892 thousand rubles.
0-100 km/h: 10.1 seconds
Kia Cerato and Hyundai Elantra, like Rio and Solaris, are built on the same platform, and only the initial configurations of these sedans with a 1.6-liter engine and MCP-6 cost less than a million rubles. Cerato motor develops 130 hp, while the Elantra has 128 hp, but this does not prevent cars from having a general acceleration rate of up to 100 km / h. If we compare prices, then the starting Hyundai cost turns out to be 55 thousand less - 910 thousand rubles.
0-100 km/h: 9.8 seconds
Chinese falls below the psychological mark in 10 seconds Crossover Zotye T600. Hidden under its hood is a 1.5-liter turbocharged engine 150 hp and a five-speed transmission that sends power to the front wheels. In China, the crossover engine with the code designation 15S4G produces even more - 162 hp, but for the sake of tax benefit in Russia it was deformed. It's a pity, because in original form the car would be even more dynamic.
0-100 km/h: 9.5 seconds
Faster, but more compact and cheaper than the above models is ours. Lada Granta in the Sport version. She owes her success to a 114-horsepower engine and a five-speed "mechanics". By the way, before the motor was a little more powerful, but the transition to environmental class Euro-5 took four from the car horsepower. However, this did not affect the acceleration dynamics. The cost of the sedan is 610 thousand rubles, and the same nimble hatchback Lada is estimated at only seven thousand rubles cheaper. Kalina Sport with the same engine.
0-100 km/h: 9.2 seconds
most fast model in the AvtoVAZ lineup is considered to be a hatchback Lada Kalina NFR.
Do it slowly: the slowest cars in RussiaNew car buyers don't always pay attention to acceleration times vehicle up to 100 km per hour. RIA Novosti has compiled a rating of the slowest accelerating cars on Russian market- some of them dial "hundred" longer than 20 seconds. The list includes models from among the most popular new cars on the Russian market.Its 1.6-liter engine has been boosted to 136 hp, the five-speed transmission has been strengthened, the brakes have been replaced with components Renault Megane, the suspensions are made more rigid, steering retuned and the wheels changed to 17-inch alloys with low profile tires. Russian car for roads common use costs 850 thousand rubles.
0-100 km/h: 9.0 seconds
The fastest cars in our chart are two cars at once: Volkswagen Polo And Skoda Rapid. They are united not only by the acceleration time from zero to 100 km / h, but also by the 1.4-liter TSI engine, which develops 125 hp thanks to supercharging. Most quick modifications Czech liftbacks are equipped exclusively with a seven-speed "robot" with two DSG clutches and cost from 915 thousand rubles.
A little more affordable, from 794 thousand, will be the Volkswagen Polo. In addition, the buyer in this case is free to choose between DSG and six-speed mechanical box gears (acceleration time does not change). In addition, with this engine, the sedan is available in the GT package with a spoiler, beautiful rims and other decorations.
0-100 km/h: 8.1 seconds
But the gap in price is not so significant: the cost of a liftback with the engine we need and a six-speed manual gearbox in the very available equipment is at least one million 13 thousand rubles. But we are sure that any dealer will willingly dump these 13 thousand if you ask him well about it. Then you will get fast car with a 1.4 TSI engine (like the VW Polo and Skoda Rapid) with increased to 150 hp. power.
