About how complicated modern car, we think relatively rarely - primarily due to the magic phrase "replacement assembly". Therefore, in the process of dismantling an obsolete generator or installing a new turbine, the car owner is not always aware that each of these components or assemblies in itself represents complex design from several dozen, or even several hundred individual parts. And an attempt alone to count the number of parts that are used to assemble a single car is initially doomed to failure - and the process of counting metal, plastic and other elements seems no less, and even more tedious than the process of disassembling a car into the smallest and simplest components.
This is how the LS9 engine manufactured by General Motors looks like in a semi-disassembled state.
You can often find information that a modern car consists of a couple of thousand elements - depending on the type of car and its complexity, the number of parts can vary between 1,700 and 2,200. However, with this calculation method, a part means, for example, a piston assembly - although in fact, each piston rings represents separate detail. Thus, in reality, these details are much more. The car body on the conveyor looks like a single part, but initially it is assembled from several dozen (from 50 to 100 elements), for the connection of which robots or live workers perform welding at about 5,000 points. And the engine, which itself is a combination of a dozen complex units, consists of more than 5,000 parts.
Accurate calculations were relatively recently made by experts Toyota- they claim that the car Japanese brand is a combination of approximately 30,000 parts. These calculations also show how complex are the key components of the car that make it move.
Recently, the "dismemberment" of racing cars has been in vogue - and sometimes we are talking about real installations, for the creation of which specialists in contemporary art are involved. For example, one Dutch artist was allowed to disassemble into 3,200 parts Mercedes car The MGP W01 is one of the cars driven by Michael Schumacher.
Some time ago, Toyota had its own Formula 1 team - and built by this team racing cars, as you might guess, did without many elements that have become almost mandatory for civil vehicles. Formula 1 cars don't need any multimedia system with a head unit and a lot of speakers, no air conditioning with its own pump, no seat adjustment mechanisms ... Nevertheless, about 25,000 elements are used in the production of a car. One can only wonder how engineers and designers have the ability not only to combine this multitude into a single organism, but also to make it work for many years.
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The characteristics of the car are formed by the technical regulations, which are followed by the stewards of the International Motor Sport Federation.
A Formula 1 car is a carbon-fiber monoblock with 4 wheels located outside the body, of which the rear 2 are driven, and the front wheels are driven. The pilot is placed in a narrow cockpit (cockpit) in front of the car and controls it using the steering wheel and brake and gas pedals.
Although Formula 1 cars often exceed 300 km/h, according to absolute speed Formula 1 cannot be considered the fastest auto racing series in any way, since almost all engine parameters in it are significantly reduced (volume is limited, turbocharging is prohibited, etc.). However, by average speed on a circle of highway-ring racing (except for the so-called "ovals") Formula 1 has no equal. This is possible due to the very efficient brake system and aerodynamics. Brake Boosters and anti-lock brakes are prohibited.
Motor power 750-770 hp Air pre-cooling systems are prohibited. In addition, it is forbidden to supply anything other than air and fuel to the engine.
Starting with the 2009 season, Formula 1 cars are introducing Kinetic Energy Recovery (KERS) - a special device that allows you to accumulate the kinetic energy of the car in the places of braking, transferring it during acceleration. In this case, the specific principle of recovery is not prescribed in any way.
Tires are of great importance in Formula 1.
Unlike road cars, Formula 1 tires are not designed for durability (1 set is designed for no more than 200 kilometers), the main features are strength, light weight and grip. The key components of tires are rubber, nylon and polyester. In order to change the stiffness of rubber, the ratios of the parts added to it are regulated: carbon, sulfur and oil.
Front and rear tire size in evolution racing formulas constantly changed, now the front and rear tires different, the size of the front tires is limited in width from 305 to 355 mm, rear from 365 to 380 mm. At the same time, the total diameter cannot exceed 660 mm for tires for dry weather and 670 mm for wet weather. Measurements are made at a tire pressure of 1.4 bar. In accordance with clause 12.7.1 technical regulation Formula 1 tires can only be filled with air or nitrogen.
Acceleration from standstill to 100 km/h: 1.7 sec.
Acceleration from zero to 200 km/h: 3.8 sec.
Acceleration from standstill to 300 km/h: 8.6 sec.
Maximum speed: about 340 km/h.
Braking from 100 km / h: 1.4 seconds and 17 meters of distance.
Braking from 200 km / h: 2.9 seconds and 55 meters of distance.
Braking from 300 km/h: 4 sec.
Pilot overload during braking: about 5G.
Downforce equal to the weight of the car is achieved at a speed of about 180 km / h.
Maximum downforce (maximum setting) at 300 km/h: approximately 3,000 kilograms.
Fuel consumption in competition mode: about 75 l/100 km.
The cost of each kilometer traveled: about $ 500.
Basic feature A Formula 1 car certainly counts as having downforce. It is she who allows cornering at speeds unattainable by any other sports car. There is one remarkable point here: almost all turns the pilots just need to go at a very high speed so that the downforce can keep the car on the track, but if you throw it off, you can fly off the track because the downforce will become small.
To participate in the amateur racing series "Legends of Soviet Motorsport", the portal site purchased a VAZ-2106. In this publication, we will talk about how we chose the car, prepared it for the competition and how much money it actually cost.
Auto racing is considered one of the most expensive species sports. Nevertheless, the organizers of the racing series convinced us that for 100,000 rubles it is quite possible to “build” a car suitable for competitions. Let's try to verify this on our own experience.
Not any car can become the basis for the future sports car. There are subjective reasons (who will race on a rusty bucket of nuts?!), but there are objective reasons (we include the technical requirements of the race organizers among them). We will not completely retell the five pages of the technical regulations, but we will indicate the most important, in our opinion, its requirements:
1) The car must be produced by Volzhsky car factory and have rear wheel drive.
2) The engine must have a volume of 1.6 liters and a carburetor.
3) The car should not have any fundamental structural changes to standard components and assemblies *.
4) The use of racing tires and wheels larger than R14 is not allowed.
* Point 3 is the most "slippery". Technical requirements to the car consist of five pages of text, however, some design changes are still allowed. For example, you can change springs and shock absorbers if they do not have external stiffness adjustment. You can expand the wheel track with spacers or put a spacer to increase body rigidity.
We opted for the sedan because the 2's and 4's are heavier and therefore slower on the track. important to us and technical condition"basis for modeling" a racing car. First of all, the condition of the body, since it will be necessary to weld a safety cage into the car, and even with a possible contact fight, I didn’t want the car to crumble into rusty dust ...
Choose and buy
Of the amount mentioned above, about half should go to the preparation of the machine. This means that we have 50,000 rubles to buy the future car. This is the upper limit of the budget, so we tried to meet with a small margin. After spending half a day on the Internet, we selected several worthy, at first glance, options.
We did not strive for victory, but were going to test the performance and endurance of the car in extreme conditions. And not in vain.
Firstly, cutting one coil of springs was not enough - the “six” rolled too much in turns, losing precious seconds. You will have to cut the springs even more.
Secondly, a structural flaw was revealed - a metal edge sticking out along the inner contour of the front fender liner cut the tire. It must be bent, and the front wheels swapped with the rear.
Thirdly, after an unsuccessful departure from the track in one of the turns, a new rim and ... the rear axle has shifted. Later we found out that steel discs, not to mention light-alloy ones, they cannot withstand such loads: one departure - minus the disk. The best choice for racing - forged wheels, which most seriously resist shock and damage. Well, as we were advised in ProstoR Motor Sport, we will digest the bridge mounts.
Rubber "Barguzin" with the 175th profile will have to be replaced with a wider one, preferably of a different model: the grip properties of such tires leave much to be desired. The car starts to “squeal” tires too early, slipping off the path. The only plus domestic rubber- little wear. Eminent foreign tires hold the road, of course, better, but they also wear out much faster due to their softness. And buy new tires every two to three months is not included in our plans. We will look for a compromise.
Opening the hood, we saw that oil was leaking from under the gasket. valve cover and the coolant level dropped to a critical level. The fluid was added, and the gasket will need to be changed.
Expenses:
1) New steel rim - 600 rubles;
2) Tire fitting, "transfer" of wheels and bending of internalfender liner - 1,200 rubles;
3) Repair and reinforcement of fasteners rear axle- 3,500 rubles;
4) Replacing the valve cover gasket - 700 rubles.
Total: 6,000 rubles.
At present, all costs are 129 560 rubles. Ahead is still the purchase of forged wheels, as well as pasting the body ... in the style of racing cars of the Soviet past.
Thinking about saving
We did not fit into the initially predicted amount ..
. Zhiguli worth up to 50,000 rubles will have to be repaired. Moreover, there is no certainty that even for 70-80 thousand rubles the state of the “classics” will be radically better. But a closer inspection and inspection of the machine can save some money.
A racing chair can be bought cheaper. Good "ladles" without homologation cost about 6,000 rubles.
Forged wheels should be bought immediately. A set of four used pieces (for VAZ) costs 4-6 thousand rubles. New wheels domestic production cost from 8 thousand rubles.
The construction of a racing car from the "VAZ classics" is not so much costly as troublesome. In addition to money, the car will require a lot of free time. But as the first race showed, it's worth it!.
A racing car is fast and one of the most high-tech cars on the planet. These cars are most widely used in Formula 1 competitions. Any modern car consists of at least 80 thousand various parts. To participate in races, they are brought in separate boxes, after which professional craftsmen assemble them.
general description
The body of the car is a carbon fiber monocoque. critical role they play in it aerodynamic elements, the main task of which is to create a clamping force comparable to the mass of the machine. The car is a very expensive car, because the monocoque alone costs about 115 thousand dollars. And this is far from its most costly detail. Of great importance for such cars are the tires used, which, in addition to rubber, also include nylon and polyester.
Specifications
Machines can be equipped different engines. Any motor consists of about five thousand parts. At the same time, its resource is limited to 3 thousand kilometers. Formula 1 cars typically use 2.4-liter naturally aspirated power units, whose power reaches 755 Horse power. The maximum is about 340 km / h. However, this is not the limit. The fact is that the rules of the competition provide for the use of limiters. Otherwise, teams with small budgets will not be able to compete with more eminent and rich rivals at the proper level. As for the transmission, it uses a seven-speed robotic box gears.
Control
A car is a car whose wheels are outside the body. At the same time, the rear ones have larger radius and are driven. The car is controlled by a professional pilot using a high-tech steering wheel, on which there are many buttons for various purposes. The speed of movement is controlled by the gas and brake pedals. Despite current restrictions, which were discussed earlier, this car has no equal in road racing. This is achieved thanks to the ideal aerodynamic parameters and a first-class braking system.
Electronics
The racing car is equipped with the most advanced and modern system electronics. It is forbidden to use any modules that in any way can help the rider to control. During the competition, data on the state of the car is transmitted to the tracking points. Together with that, Feedback strictly prohibited, which increases the role of the pilot in the race.
Safety
Because the car is speed car, one of the main tasks of designers in its development is to ensure the safety of the pilot. No vehicle is allowed to be driven until it has passed crash tests. After several tragic incidents at the competitions of the high level Was installed whole line requirements regarding safety in side collisions and in the event of a rollover of the machine. The car is designed so that in the event of a fire or an accident, the rider is able to leave it in five seconds. To do this, it is enough for him to unfasten the seat belts and pull out the steering wheel. The pilots involved in the "Formula 1" even regularly pass the corresponding test. If it fails, they are simply not allowed to compete.
The picture is clickable
The Formula 1 racing car got its name from the special recipe of the fuel it uses. This car has a much more powerful engine than a regular car. The increase in power is achieved by increasing the volume of the engine, that is, the total volume of the combustion chambers in its cylinders.
Medium power motor for passenger car has a volume of not more than 61 cubic inches. A Formula One can have three times the engine size and produce 500 horsepower (hp), four times or even five times the power of a conventional passenger car.
In order to make full use of the enormous power of the engine, the hulls racing cars have a special aerodynamic shape designed to provide minimal air resistance. The tires of their wheels are made extra wide - for better grip with the road and therefore safer driving. A special suspension provides stability and prevents the car from skidding even when it makes sharp turns at high speed.
Racing car "Formula 1"
A racing driver only needs one look at dashboard in the cockpit to know what fuel supply is in the car, water temperature, oil pressure and other parameters.
heavy duty disc brakes carbon fiber (below) must withstand the enormous heat load when running at racing speeds.
Body for fast driving
The low, wide racing car bodies are molded from lightweight yet durable carbon fiber. The shape of their body is such that it helps the car to use the air flow that is generated during high speeds. The sloping front edge (below, left) and rear spoiler fairings force the air to push down on the car and keep it off the ground.
Racing car tires
Tires must match road conditions. Race car tires are wider than normal tires and can be almost slick for dry tracks. Or have a special protector in case of rain.
racing car engine
To ensure that the engine is both powerful and economical, race cars installed on it (picture below) computer system fuel injection and electronic controls for engine speed, water and oil temperature and other important parameters.
Ten cylinders power this special engine designed for racing cars.
A Formula 1 racing car (pictured above) runs much faster than a car and generates much more heat. To remove excess heat, the car's radiator is cooled air flow(picture below) when racing car roars down the track at close to 180 miles per hour.
Special racing car suspension
The suspension of racing cars must provide reliable grip wheels with the roadway when cornering at high speed.
