High level development of the theory of blade engines, metallurgy and production technology now provides a real opportunity to create reliable gas turbine engines that can successfully replace piston engines in a car internal combustion.
What is a gas turbine engine?
Rice. 1. Schematic diagram of a gas turbine engine
On fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of such an engine. Rotary compressor 9, located on the same shaft 8 with gas turbine 7, sucks in air from the atmosphere, compresses it and pumps it into combustion chamber 3. Fuel pump 1, also driven by the turbine shaft, pumps fuel into nozzle 2 installed in the combustion chamber . The gaseous products of combustion enter through the guide apparatus 4 on the working blades 5 of the wheel of the gas turbine 7 and make it rotate in one specific direction. The gases exhausted in the turbine are released into the atmosphere through pipe 6. The shaft 8 of the gas turbine rotates in bearings 10.
Compared to reciprocating internal combustion engines, a gas turbine engine has very significant advantages. True, he, too, is not yet free from shortcomings, but they are gradually eliminated as the design develops.
When characterizing a gas turbine, it should first be noted that it, like steam turbine, can develop high speeds. This makes it possible to obtain significant power from much smaller (compared to piston) and almost 10 times lighter engines.
The rotational movement of the shaft is essentially the only type of movement in a gas turbine, while in an internal combustion engine, in addition to the rotational movement crankshaft, there is a reciprocating movement of the piston, and also complex movement connecting rod. Gas turbine engines do not require special devices for cooling. The absence of rubbing parts with a minimum number of bearings ensures long-term performance and high reliability gas turbine engine.
Finally, it is important that kerosene or diesel-type fuels are used to power the gas turbine engine, i.e. cheaper than gasoline.
The main reason that hinders the development of automotive gas turbine engines is the need to artificially limit the temperature of the gases entering the turbine blades. This reduces the rate useful action engine and leads to increased specific consumption fuel (per 1 hp).
The gas temperature has to be limited for gas turbine engines of passenger and trucks within 600-700°C, and in aviation turbines up to 800-900°C because high heat-resistant metals are still very expensive.
Currently, there are already some ways to increase the efficiency of gas turbine engines by cooling the blades, using the heat of the exhaust gases to heat the air entering the combustion chambers, and producing gases in highly efficient free-piston generators operating on a diesel-compressor cycle with a high degree compression, etc. The solution to the problem of creating a highly economical automobile gas turbine engine largely depends on the success of work in this area.
Most of the existing automobile gas turbine engines are built according to the so-called two-shaft scheme with heat exchangers. On fig. 2 shows such a scheme.
Fig.2. Schematic diagram of a two-shaft gas turbine engine with a heat exchanger
Here, a special turbine 8 is used to drive the compressor 1, and a traction turbine 7 is used to drive the wheels of the car. The turbine shafts are not interconnected. The gases from the combustion chamber 2 first enter the compressor drive turbine blades, and then to the traction turbine blades. The air pumped by the compressor, before entering the combustion chambers, is heated in heat exchangers 3 due to the heat given off by the exhaust gases.
The use of a two-shaft scheme creates an advantageous traction characteristic of gas turbine engines, which makes it possible to reduce the number of steps in a conventional car gearbox and improve its dynamic qualities.
Due to the fact that the drive turbine shaft is not mechanically connected to the compressor turbine shaft, its speed can vary depending on the load without significantly affecting the speed of the compressor shaft. As a result, the torque characteristic of a gas turbine engine has the form shown in Fig. 3, where, for comparison, the characteristic of a piston automobile engine is also plotted (dotted line).
Rice. 3. Torque characteristics of two-shaft gas turbine engine and reciprocating
It can be seen from the diagram that piston engine as the speed decreases under the influence of an increasing load, the torque initially increases slightly and then decreases. At the same time, in a twin-shaft gas turbine engine, the torque automatically increases as the load increases. As a result, the need to shift the gearbox is eliminated or occurs much later than with a piston engine. On the other hand, accelerations during acceleration of a twin-shaft gas turbine engine will be much larger.
The characteristic of a single-shaft gas turbine engine differs from that shown in fig. 3 and, as a rule, is inferior, in terms of the requirements of vehicle dynamics, to the characteristics of a piston engine (with equal power).
The gas turbine engine, the scheme of which is shown in Fig. 4. In this engine, gas for the turbine is generated in the so-called free-piston generator, which is a two-stroke diesel engine and a piston compressor combined in a common unit.
Rice. 4. Schematic diagram of a gas turbine engine with a free-piston gas generator
The energy from the diesel pistons is transferred directly to the compressor pistons. Since the movement piston groups is carried out exclusively under the influence of gas pressure and the mode of movement depends only on the flow of thermodynamic processes in the diesel and compressor cylinders, such a unit is called a free-piston unit. In its middle part there is a cylinder 4 open on both sides, which has a direct-flow slot purge, in which a two-stroke working process with compression ignition takes place. Two pistons move oppositely in the cylinder, one of which 9 opens during the working stroke, and during the return stroke closes the exhaust windows cut in the cylinder walls. The other piston 3 also opens and closes the purge windows. The pistons are connected light rack or a lever timing mechanism not shown in the diagram. As they approach, the air trapped between them is compressed; by the time you reach dead center the temperature of the compressed air becomes sufficient to ignite the fuel, which is injected through the nozzle 5. As a result of fuel combustion, gases are formed that have high temperature and pressure; they cause the pistons to move apart, while the piston 9 opens the exhaust windows through which the gases rush into the gas collector 7. Then the purge windows open through which the cylinder 4 enters compressed air located in the receiver 6. Air displaces from the cylinder traffic fumes, mixes with them and also enters the gas collector. During the time that the purge windows remain open, compressed air has time to clean the cylinder from exhaust gases and fill it, thus preparing the engine for the next power stroke.
Compressor pistons 2 are connected to pistons 3 and 9 and move in their cylinders. With a divergent stroke of the pistons, air is sucked from the atmosphere into the compressor cylinders, while self-acting intake valves 10 are open and 11 graduations are closed. With the opposite stroke of the pistons, the inlet valves are closed, and the outlet valves are open, and through them air is pumped into the receiver 6, which surrounds diesel cylinder. The pistons move towards each other due to the air energy accumulated in the buffer cavities 1 during the previous stroke. The gases from the collector 7 enter the traction turbine 8, the shaft of which is connected to the transmission. The following comparison of efficiency factors shows that the described gas turbine engine is already as efficient as internal combustion engines:
Thus, the efficiency the best examples of turbines are not inferior to efficiency. diesels. It is no coincidence that therefore the number of experimental gas turbine vehicles various types increases every year. All new firms in various countries announce their work in this area.
Significant success in the creation of gas turbine engines has been achieved, perhaps, by the American firm General Motors Company, which is conducting experimental work with the XP-21 gas turbine engine, which was tested on the Firebird racing car and a multi-seat intercity bus. The scheme of this two-chamber engine, which does not have a heat exchanger, is shown in fig. 5.
Fig.5. Scheme of the gas turbine engine XP-21
Its effective power is 370 hp. Its fuel is kerosene. The compressor shaft rotation speed reaches 26,000 rpm, and the traction turbine shaft rotation speed is from 0 to 13,000 rpm. The temperature of the gases entering the turbine blades is 815°C, the air pressure at the compressor outlet is 3.5 at. Total weight power plant designed for racing car, is 351 kg, and the gas-producing part weighs 154 kg, and the traction part with a gearbox and transmission to the drive wheels - 197 kg.
The car "Fire Bird" with this engine develops speeds above 320 km / h. Its total weight is 1270 kg. Fuel consumption at maximum speed is 189.3 l / h, or 59 liters per 100 km. The engine is located at the rear of the car; the drive is carried out on the rear wheels. The gases exhausted in the engine are released into the atmosphere through a jet nozzle, as a result of which an additional pulling force.
Another gas turbine engine - "Boeing 502-1" (Fig. 6) was installed on a heavy truck. The engine develops 175 hp. With.
Fig.6. Gas turbine engine "Boeing-502-1"
It weighs 90.7 kg and occupies a small engine compartment. The compactness of the gas turbine engine can be judged from the photograph (Fig. 7), which shows two trucks, the chassis of which are the same, but one (left) has a gas turbine engine, and the other (right) has a piston gasoline engine.
Rice. 7. heavy trucks with different engines
Chrysler (USA) is also conducting experimental work with gas turbine engines. A car of this company ("Plymouth") with a 120 hp gas turbine engine installed on it. with., equipped with a heat exchanger, consumes 15.9 liters of fuel per 100 kilometers.
For several years, he has been testing his gas turbine sports car with a capacity of 250 hp. (Fig. 8) Italian company Fiat.
Fig.8. gas turbine vehicle Fiat
The two-stage centrifugal supercharger of the gas turbine engine of this car rotates at a speed of 30,000 rpm. The pressure ratio in the supercharger is 4.5:1. Three combustion chambers supply gas to the turbine at a temperature of 800°C. The traction turbine rotates at speeds up to 22,000 rpm. The traction turbine shaft is passed inside the compressor shaft and connected to a gearbox located in front of the engine. The engine is placed at the rear of the car body and drives the rear wheels. The total weight of the car is 1000 kg. The engine with gearbox, gear system and differential weighs 258.6 kg. The car develops speed up to 240 km/h.
The English company Rover was one of the first to start dealing with gas turbine engines (1948). Now she has prepared two new experimental vehicles with gas turbine engines. One of them is "Jet-1" with a 200 hp engine. intended for sports purposes. The other (Fig. 9) is a passenger one, with a 120 hp engine. with., having a heat exchanger; the compressor shaft of this engine rotates at a speed of 50,000 rpm, and the traction turbine shaft - up to 30,000 rpm. The car consumes 16.9 liters of fuel per 100 kilometers.
Fig.9. Gas turbine vehicle Rover
Diverse work in the field of gas turbine vehicles is also being carried out in France. Thus, the company Societe Turbomeca produced a gas turbine car engine with a single-stage radial compressor and an annular combustion chamber, and the fuel is supplied along the compressor shaft (Fig. 11).
Rice. 11. Section of the small turbine "Turbomek": 1 - air inlet; 2 - compressor; 3 - combustion chamber; 4 - compressor drive turbine; 5 - traction turbine; 6 - gearbox; 7 - engine management
The unit is designed without a heat exchanger and develops power up to 300 hp, consuming 440 g/hp. at one o'clock. She weighs 100 kg, i.e. about 0.36 kg/l. With. The number of revolutions of the compressor is 35,000 per minute, the turbines - 27,000 rpm. The temperature of the gas entering the turbine reaches 820°C.
For a 10-ton truck designed for operation in difficult conditions, the French company Lafly created a gas turbine unit with a capacity of 180-200 hp. with single-stage radial compressor, without heat exchanger. The working gas for the turbine is produced in two combustion chambers. The weight of the unit is 205 kg, which corresponds to 1.1 kg/hp. Fuel consumption must not exceed 400 g/hp. at one o'clock. The compressor shaft speed reaches 42,000 rpm, and the turbines - 30,000 rpm. The gas inlet temperature is 800°C.
Recently, the work of the French company Hotchkiss, which has created a gas turbine engine with three combustion chambers, with a capacity of 100 hp, has also attracted great attention. With. A car with this engine (Fig. 12) develops a speed of up to 200 km / h, consuming from 40 to 57 liters of fuel per 100 kilometers. The engine compressor develops 45,000 rpm, and the turbine shaft - 25,000 rpm.
Rice. Fig. 12. The location of the units in the gas turbine vehicle of the Hotchkiss company: 1 - entrance; 2 - centrifugal supercharger; 3 - starter; 4 - combustion chamber; 5 - fuel pump; 6 - gas turbine; 7 - exhaust pipe; 8 - reduction gearbox; 9 - articulated clutch; 10 - drive shaft; 11 - friction clutch; 12 - Kotal electromagnetic gearbox; 13 - electromagnetic brakes; 14 - rear axle with differential
In conclusion, mention should be made of a new Spanish project developed by the Central Automotive Institute in Madrid (Fig. 10). The Spanish installation, equipped with two heat exchangers, weighs 120 kg and develops a power of 170 liters. with., which corresponds to 0.7 kg / hp. The gas temperature in the turbine is 800°C. The two-stage radial supercharger with a pressure ratio of 4.35 develops 29,000 rpm, the turbine - 24,700 rpm. This gas turbine engine is designed to be installed in a bus; designed rear location engine, with air supply through the roof.
Rice. 10. Spanish gas turbine engine designed for a bus: 1 - two-stage supercharger; 2 - two independent turbines; 3 - heat exchanger; 4 - auxiliary units; 5 - planetary gear
Two hybrid innovative cars were presented at once Chinese manufacturers. Concept cars surprised everyone not at all with their design, but with a new charging system that allows you to demonstrate simply incredible driving performance.
Beijing startup Techrules showed two hybrid concept cars at once AT96 for track driving and GT96 for road driving. The highlights of the show, however, were not the cars themselves, but the new TREV turbine charging system, about which the Chinese engineers spoke in great detail.
The Turbine-Recharging Electric Vehicle system, as it turned out, is not just another bravado of engineers. In technological terms, everything is very, very serious here. The power of the system is 1044 hp, and the torque reaches 8,640 Nm. The maximum speed of vehicles is electronically limited to 350 km / h, and up to “hundreds” new system allows you to get there in an impressive 2.5 seconds. The icing on the cake is an impressive power reserve of 2,000 kilometers and an incredible low consumption fuel - 0.18 l per 100 km.
The new gas turbine engine uses an 80 liter fuel tank. It may contain gasoline diesel fuel or aviation kerosene. You can also install gas cylinders, both natural and synthetic. During operation, the microturbine sucks in air, which is compressed and enters the heat exchanger, where it is heated by the exhaust gases. After that, it enters the combustion chamber. Received from ignition fuel-air mixture energy enters the generator, which is already mounted together with a turbine operating on one shaft. The rotation speed at the same time reaches 96 thousand revolutions per minute.
Full charge battery life is 40 minutes. It feeds six traction electric motors. The design of both cars uses a carbon fiber monocoque. In this regard, it was decided to use two engines for each of rear wheels, instead of one more powerful one, as this greatly simplifies installation. The TREV system itself is installed on the rear subframe. Unit weight without battery pack with fluid system cooling does not exceed 100 kg. On electric traction alone, the Techrules can travel up to 150 km.
Gas turbine engines are an incredible thing, and their applications are not limited to aircraft. We have selected for you the ten most interesting land Vehicle powered by huge turbines.
Jet Corvette. Customizers love to take Corvette motors and put them on other cars to make them faster. Vince Granatelli approached the matter from a different angle. He, on the contrary, rid his Corvette of a V8 in favor of ... a Pratt & Whitney ST6B gas turbine engine. 880-horsepower turbo makes it the fastest road-legal Corvette common use. Acceleration to 100 km / h is carried out in just 3.2 seconds.
Thrust SSC. Incredible (but not yet completed) Bloodhound SSC is sure to take its record (1600 km/h planned), but the original Thrust SSC is still serious technical achievement. Thanks to 110,000 liters. With. powered by two Rolls-Royce turbojet engines, Thrust set the land speed record at 1,228 km/h in 1997 and became the first car to break the sound barrier.
Turbine motorcycle MTT. As if the bikes weren't scary enough... MTT fitted their bike with a Rolls-Royce turbo that puts out 286 horsepower. With. on rear wheel. One of these belongs to the American TV presenter Jay Leno, who describes him like this: "He's funny, but he can scare you to death."
Batmobile. The main transport from the movies "Batman" and "Batman Returns". Built on Chassis Chevrolet Impala. Today, there are companies that make replicas of this Batmobile with real gas turbine engines.
shockwave. This truck tractor The Peterbilt is powered by three Pratt & Whitney J34-48 jet engines and once reached 605 km/h. He drives a quarter mile in 6.63 seconds, accompanying his race with an amazing fiery spectacle!
bigwind. This ultimate fire extinguisher would be the perfect complement to the previous truck. What about fighting fire with fire? Big Wind does just that. It consists of two engines from the MIG-21 mounted on the Soviet T-34 tank. These things put out oil fires in Kuwait during the Gulf War. First, six hoses extinguish the fire, and then jet engines pump out a powerful jet of steam that literally blows the flames off the oil.
Lotus 56. This car had a helicopter gas turbine engine and was deprived of a gearbox, clutch and cooling system. In 1971 he made his debut in Formula 1. The most serious problem was the significant delay in the response of the turbine to pressing the gas - at first the delay was six seconds. This forced the pilot to open the throttle even in braking before the turn. Later, the delay was reduced to three seconds, but this increased fuel consumption and launch weight. At Silverstone the car was 11 laps behind and at Monza Emerson Fittipaldi managed to finish eighth, one lap back. Control weighing showed that the Lotus 56 is 101 kg heavier than the winner's car. Naturally, it had to be abandoned.
Chrysler gas turbine car. These experimental cars are called that because the model did not have its own name. They were developed from 1953 to 1979. During this time, Chrysler experienced 7 generations and built 77 prototypes. In the early 60s, they successfully passed tests on public roads, but the financial crisis at Chrysler and the introduction of new toxicity and fuel consumption standards prevented the launch of the model in mass production. Nine cars survived in museums and home collections, while the rest were destroyed.
GAZ M20 Snowmobile "Sever". In 1959, in the helicopter design bureau of N. I. Kamov, the snowmobile car "Sever" was developed. It was a Pobeda put on skis with an AI-14 aircraft engine with a power of 260 hp. With. It was used as a high-speed transport for the northern regions of the country during the winter periods. The average speed was 35 km/h. The routes passed through virgin snow and hummocky ice in frosts up to 50 degrees. Aerosleighs worked along the Amur, served the villages along the banks of the Lena, Ob and Pechora rivers.
Tractor. Americans love all sorts of fun, and tractor racing is one of them. The main competition is the transportation of a heavy platform by a tractor over a distance of 80-100 meters. And here, of course, powerful gas turbine engines come to the aid of the tractor.
On November 13, Russia celebrates the Day of the Radiation, Chemical and Biological Defense Troops. This year, the Russian troops of the RKhBZ turned 100 years old.
The Ministry of Defense of Russia, in honor of the centenary, released a video showing modern military equipment of this division.
Reviewers of the American edition of "Drive" (The Drive), who watched the video, were delighted with what they saw. They dedicated a whole car chemical troops TMS-65U ( heat engine special). Military analyst and journalist Joseph Trevithick calls it one of the most unusual systems because of turbojet engine, which is installed on the Ural chassis.
Video: youtube.com/Russian Ministry of Defense
The TMS-65U is equipped with the VK-1 engine, which was previously used on the MiG-15 and MiG-17 fighters, the Tu-14 torpedo bomber, and the Il-28.
Joseph Trevithick writes that this technique can be used to clean vehicles covered in chemicals, as well as to create massive smokescreens that help hide friendly troops on the battlefield from enemy eyes. He also notes that the TMS-65U allows special processing much faster than using a hand tool.
“TMS-65U is a kind of impromptu mobile battlefield washer that quickly cleans equipment,” wrote a columnist for Drive.
The journalist believes that the thermal special machine- this is definitely efficient system. However, do not forget that the VK-1 engine was built back in the Soviet Union, so it consumes a lot of fuel.
In his article, Trevithick refers to the TMS-65U as " crazy car”, which can not only carry out special treatment with a gas or gas-drop method, but also put up huge smoke screens.
“The crew of the TMS-65U can fill the tank, which usually contains a decontamination solution, with a smoke-producing liquid such as fuel oil. Hot exhaust gases turn this liquid into a thick White smoke, which can hide friendly forces from the naked eye of the enemy and some sensors, ”the journalist notes.
Trevithick draws attention to the fact that if there are no special additives in the smoke-forming mixture, then it is impossible to hide troops from enemy infrared optics.
“The most interesting thing about this car is the continued use of the VK-1. This jet engine is antique,” Trevithick enthuses.
According to The Drive columnist, today there are no signs that Moscow is in soon intends to replace the "crazy" TMS-65U. These machines undoubtedly play important role in the military defense doctrine of the Russian army.
Photo source: wikipedia.org/Vitaly V. Kuzmin, wikipedia.org/Kogo
The most famous of all jet cars
jet cars
We recently wrote about . We considered their principle of operation and internal organization. We touched a little on the areas of their application. Today we want to hold the second parade of inventions, dedicating it to crazy views jet transport. Wherever the inventors added these engines. So the parade is open!
Reactive plane.
Everything is clear here. The first jet aircraft was the Heinkel He 178, created in 1937.
A lot of time has passed since then, everything has changed a lot and now most of the aircraft are jet, with various modifications these engines. The most obvious are fighter jets, which only use jet engines. This is due to the fact that a propeller-driven fighter will be shot down very quickly, due to its slow speed compared to competitors.
All airliners are turbojet, almost all propeller-driven passenger aircraft are actually turboprops. In general, turbo engines have taken root in aviation and feel good, fortunately fuel tanks large. But what happens in other areas of technology? There are rumors and tales about turbojet cars, trains, backpacks, finally? They are, read on.
Jet train.
Bombardier JetTrain own personal
The idea to put jet engines on the train in order to give it proper acceleration has been in the minds of inventors since the 60s. Then, during the Cold War and the arms race, prototypes of trains were created, on the roofs of which twin jet engines were installed, of a ramjet type. We talked about this in the previous ““.
And it would seem that these are echoes of an arms race, but no. And modern designers rave about jet trains. Here is an example of the latest prototype JetTrain Bombardier jet locomotive. In our opinion, the topic jet trains has not yet been disclosed. Of course, no one puts a turbine on the roof, but it is present in the engine of this train.
These engines are capable for a long time support stable work, and also cannot idle, because even without load, this type of engine consumes 65% of normal fuel consumption under load. Where? To maintain a "chain reaction" - feeding its own turbine, at minimum speed. That is why such engines did not get life in cars, but are widely used in aircraft, where they not only move the aircraft, but also generate electricity.
If you can overcome everything technical shortcomings, then turbines can settle in trains long distance, fortunately, the power of the locomotive from Bombardier is enough - 5000 hp.
Reactive machine.
The fastest car in the world
Suspension of a 6000 strong turbine to your Ford Focus excites many minds. It is not clear the practical application of this modification, but it looks extremely cool. In general, if you look from the outside, by entering a jet car query into Google, you might think that any schoolchild is doing this abroad. It is not known what led to such a general turbocharging of cars, but the consequences are well and vividly shown in the film “Darwin Award”
If you turn your eyes to the competition, then here is a car with conventional engine never again be able to set records. Jet cars have been setting land speed records for many years. At the time of writing, there is information about the latest speed record set by Andy Green on the Thrust II SSC, designed by Richard Noble. Andy drove along the bottom of the famous lake in Nevada with maximum speed 1229.78 km / h. This is above the speed of sound, and is an absolute record. However average speed cars in two races amounted to 1226.522 km / h.
Such a mobility to a car weighing ten tons, with a Kevlar body, was given by two Rolls-Royse (Spey 205) jet engines, with a total power of 110,000 hp. The control of this miracle of technology was aircraft.
Jet truck.
There is also this.
There is a video about a jet truck. Where and when it was and whether there is still something similar is unknown.
Jet bike.
Another exciting activity that excites the minds of foreign inventors is a jet bike. In principle, a ramjet engine can be mounted on this long-suffering vehicle.
For example
Looks extremely impressive. Jet bikes are sold and apparently mass-produced, here is a photo of a unit called Fire Trick BOB.
Worth 1 million yen. Everything is serious: a high-speed turbine, jet fuel, the cost of one minute of work (considering all Consumables- 500 yen), thrust 5.5 Horse power. Note - a full-fledged jet engine is used here, with a turbine, supercharging and other delights.
Here is another photo found on the Internet. But here, unlike the Fire Trick, ramjet motor which is much easier to construct and maintain.
jetpack
This type of jet transport is not widely used due to the great difficulties in the manufacture, use and management of this device. Initially, the Jetpack was planned to be used for military purposes, for example, to fly across the border (so as not to touch the ground and the fence, not to leave marks).
Developments were carried out in the USA in the 50-60s. The chief engineer in these studies was Wendell Moore, who at first personally and at his own expense developed jetpacks.
The first free flight on a jetpack was made on April 20, 1961, in the desert near the town of Niagara Falls.
The record flight duration was 21 seconds, and 120 meters, at an altitude of 10 meters. At the same time, 19 liters of hydrogen peroxide were consumed, which was in short supply.
In general, after the knapsack was made, the military comrades realized that they were playing too much. Although it was clear from the beginning that even if a platoon of soldiers (7 people) flies over the border on Jetpacks on a quiet night, the nearest 8-10 square kilometers will know about it, the sound strength reaches 130 dB) No one will carry such equipment (50 kg) further will not, and in other applications, knapsacks are practically useless.
jet moped
Theoretically, it should develop up to one hundred kilometers per hour. Two JFS 100 jet engines are attached to it.
The practicality of the application is the same as that of a turbo bike, but it's cool!
Katyusha rocket launcher
Legendary jet system salvo fire. It is one of the most reckless projects of the Soviet military industry. Fires RS-132 projectiles.
Each projectile has solid propellant jet engine on smokeless powder, includes combat, fuel and actually reactive parts.
The use of the Katyusha was accompanied by an unheard of fireworks and the complete destruction of everything that came under fire at a distance of up to 8.5 km from the installation. For the first time, BM-13s were used to destroy fuel depots so that they would not get to suitable fascist troops.
The use of a rocket launcher for its intended purpose at first often caused panic among the enemy.
