The name itself - special transport, implies the uniqueness of this type of vehicle. Almost any car used for special purposes differs from its “civilian” counterparts in internal content (special engine, interior, additional equipment), and some of the special vehicles also stand out for their unusual appearance.

We can give a formal definition of special transport:

Special vehicles are specially equipped vehicles designed to solve specific problems.

A classic example of special transport is a car that is used in the activities of the "power" structures of the state: law enforcement agencies, intelligence and counterintelligence services, rescue services and other paramilitary formations.

Types of special transport:

police transport

The first example of a special transport was a police railcar, designed in 1899 by engineer Frank Loomis. The customer of this unusual transport was the police department of the city of Akron (USA, Arizona). As a basis, a "civilian" trolley equipped with an electric unit was used. The power reserve of this device was 30 kilometers, and the maximum speed reached 25 km / h. As special equipment, stretchers were used, designed to transport injured (or especially violent) passengers from the scene to the police trolley.

Since then, almost all police (or militia) vehicles have inherited the main design principles of the first sample of special vehicles - the "civilian" basis of a special car, the presence of special inventory or equipment "on board" the car, the presence of color marking on the body that allows you to identify this vehicle vehicle like a police car (truck, snowmobile, motorcycle, bus and so on).

A modern police car, as a rule, is created on a reinforced platform of a civilian car. A special, "police" version is produced only by Ford and GM or similar giants of the auto industry. Of course, a civilian car requires fine-tuning the chassis, strengthening the engine and installing additional devices - long-distance communications, medical equipment, weapon mounts. Part of the cabin is reserved for a kind of bullpen on wheels. A considerable plus for a police car is a voluminous trunk that can accommodate additional equipment - means for blocking violators, special equipment for fixing violations.

A variety of vehicle classes can be used as a donor car - from a sports car to a heavy SUV or minibus. The latter option is preferred by the special forces of the police, since it is very easy to hide a hidden observation point inside a roomy minibus or simply use the voluminous interior to transport a group of special forces equipped with massive weapons or equipment to the scene of the incident.

The transport of structures responsible for counterintelligence activities (or intelligence) differs from police cars in external stealth in civilian traffic. Such machines are not distinguished by special markings or special signals, since they are intended for operations hidden from public attention. But this transport also belongs to the category of special vehicles, therefore, under the "ordinary" body, indistinguishable from the civilian counterpart, a special filling is hidden.

It is the special services that prefer exclusively the internal refinement of the car. Most often, a forced engine, means of communication and tracking are installed on a serial machine. Sometimes they carry out booking of glasses and hulls. Of all the samples of special vehicles, it is the cars of special services that have the most ordinary appearance. Very often, ordinary drivers do not even know which car is moving in the neighborhood, assuming that the cars of counterintelligence and spies look like this:

Rescue transport. Ambulance. Fire trucks.

Completely different tasks are solved with the help of vehicles of rescue and accident elimination services. Unlike cars of counterintelligence officers and spies, cars of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the fire service, the ambulance and other similar structures shine in the general traffic flow like a Christmas tree. Screaming colors, an abundance of special signals, both visual and sound, demonstrate that these cars belong to a separate caste of vehicles used in special cases that do not tolerate delay and delay. But the special transport of the rescue services is distinguished not only by the colorful color of the paintwork - under the flashy colors of the durable body, very complex mechanisms and devices are hidden that can solve any problem.

It is these models of special vehicles that can be called truly unique. For example, "Ambulance" is an outwardly simple car that can be distinguished in the general traffic only by the special color of the body and the "chandeliers" of the special signal. But this simplicity is deceptive. Behind the standard body of the minibus is a special set of equipment that allows you to start treatment or a set of resuscitation measures already on the road.

Ordinary citizens do not even know that there are more than a dozen variations of ambulance vehicles, which differ in the types of assistance provided. There is a psychiatric, obstetric, neurological, pediatric, cardiological "Ambulance".

Vehicles of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and fire protection are equipped with no less special equipment. However, unlike the "Ambulance", in the transport of the Ministry of Emergency Situations all the "chips" of the design are visible from afar. For example, a fire ladder truck - this option of special transport cannot be confused with another car. After all, not a single military, civilian or police car has the main distinguishing principle - a huge sliding ladder.

The first samples of such equipment appeared in 1951. Modern ladders are able to "reach" up to a height of 60 meters. The basis for ladders, as a rule, are the chassis and frames of trucks.

A classic fire truck, equipped with a tank, a pumping station, a hydraulic barrel on a carriage and other devices designed to fight fire, has a no less original look.

This "monster", based on the chassis of a heavy, eight-wheeled tractor MAZ-543, is capable of transporting more than 10 tons of water and about a ton of special powder suspension.

Special trucks. Cars of collectors.

A separate category of special vehicles are armored trucks, buses or cars designed to transport extremely harmful and dangerous substances. The transport of collectors can be attributed to the same category.

Dangerous goods are transported in a specially prepared body, which excludes the contact of a harmful substance (or a container with a harmful substance) and the environment. Therefore, the most interesting part of special trucks or tractors is such a body (or trailer). There are covered cargo compartments, tanks, thermal containers and more.

The main task of these containers is to protect the environment from their contents.

Cars of collectors are intended for a diametrically opposite purpose - to protect the contents from the environment. To do this, they use prepared chassis from minibuses and a special - "armored" body.

Special armored vehicle AS-1925 "ONEGA". There is even air conditioning inside.

By and large, the car of collectors is a hybrid of a mobile safe and police transport. Inside the armored corps, separated from the driver's part, a group of armed people is always on duty. Therefore, in addition to the place "under the safe" in the car of collectors, places "for passengers" should also be provided, which increases the volume of the body. In terms of technical support, the car of collectors is not inferior to other police cars. In such a specialized vehicle, communications equipment, a satellite beacon, and special equipment activated in emergency situations are necessarily present. It is this feature of the "structure" of the cash-in-transit vehicle that makes us talk about it as an ideal special vehicle.

is the distribution of various cars into groups, classes and categories. Depending on the type of construction, the parameters of the power unit, the purpose or features that certain vehicles have, the classification provides for several such categories.

Classification by purpose

Vehicles differ in their purpose. Passenger and trucks, as well as special purpose vehicles can be distinguished.

If everything is very clear with passenger and cargo cars, then special vehicles are not designed to transport people and goods. Such vehicles transport the equipment that is attached to them. So, such means include fire trucks, aerial platforms, truck cranes, mobile shops and other cars that are equipped with one or another equipment.

If a passenger car can accommodate up to 8 people without a driver, then it is classified as a passenger car. If the capacity of the vehicle is more than 8 people, then this type of vehicle is a bus.

The transporter can be used for general purpose or for the transport of special cargo. General purpose cars have in their design a body with sides without a tipping device. Also they can be completed with an awning and arches for installation.

Special-purpose trucks have in their design various technical capabilities for the transportation of certain goods. For example, the panel carrier is optimized for easy transport of panels and building boards. The dump truck is used mainly for bulk cargo. The fuel truck is designed for light oil products.

Trailers, semi-trailers, drop trailers

Any vehicle can be used with additional equipment. These can be trailers, semi-trailers or dissolutions.

A trailer is one of the types of vehicles used without a driver. Its movement is carried out by means of a car with the help of towing.

A semi-trailer is a towed vehicle without the participation of a driver. Part of its mass is given to the towing vehicle.

The trailer dissolution is intended for transportation of long loads. The design provides for a drawbar, the length of which may change during operation.

The towing vehicle is called a tractor. Such a car is equipped with a special device that allows you to couple the car and any of the trailers. In another way, this design is called a saddle, and the tractor is called a truck tractor. However, the truck tractor is in a separate category of vehicles.

Indexing and types

Previously, in the USSR, each vehicle model had its own index. It denoted the factory where the car was produced.

In 1966, the so-called industry standard OH 025270-66 "Classification and designation system for automobile rolling stock, as well as its units and components" was adopted. This document not only allowed to classify the types of vehicles. Based on this provision, trailers and other equipment also began to be classified.

Under this system, all vehicles, the classification of which was described in this document, had four, five or six digits in their index. According to them, it was possible to determine the categories of vehicles.

Deciphering digital indices

By the second digit it was possible to find out the type of vehicle. 1 - passenger vehicle, 2 - bus, 3 - general purpose truck, 4 - truck tractor, 5 - dump truck, 6 - tanker, 7 - van, 9 - special purpose vehicle.

As for the first digit, it denoted the vehicle class. For example, passenger vehicles, the classification of which was carried out by engine size. Trucks are divided into weight classes. Buses differed in length.

Classification of passenger vehicles

According to the industry standard, passenger wheeled vehicles were classified as follows.

• 1 - an especially small class, the engine size was up to 1.2 liters;
• 2 - small class, volume from 1.3 to 1.8 l;
• 3 - middle-class cars, engine size from 1.9 to 3.5 liters;
• 4 - large class with a volume above 3.5 liters;
• 5 - the highest class of passenger vehicles.

Today, the industry standard is no longer required, and many factories do not adhere to it. However, domestic auto manufacturers still use this indexation.

Sometimes you can find vehicles whose classification does not fit the first digit in the model. This means that the index was assigned to the model at the development stage, and then something changed in the design, but the number remained.

Foreign-made cars and their classification system

Indexes of foreign cars that were imported into the territory of our country were not included in the list of vehicles according to the accepted normal. Therefore, in 1992, the Motor Vehicle Certification System was introduced, and since October 1, 1998, its modified version has been in force.

For all types of vehicles that came into circulation in our country, it was necessary to draw up a special document called “Vehicle Type Approval”. It followed from the document that each vehicle should have its own separate brand.

To simplify the procedure for passing certification in the Russian Federation, the so-called International Classification System is used. In accordance with it, any road vehicle can be attributed to one of the groups - L, M, N, O. There are no other designations.

Categories of vehicles according to the international system

Group L includes any vehicle with less than four wheels, as well as ATVs:

• The L1 is a moped or vehicle with two wheels that can reach a top speed of 50 km/h. If the design of the vehicle has an internal combustion engine, then its volume should not exceed 50 cm³. If an electric motor is used as a power unit, then the power ratings must be less than 4 kW;
• L2 - a three-wheeled moped, as well as any vehicle with three wheels, the speed of which does not exceed 50 km / h, and the engine capacity is 50 cm³;
• L3 - a motorcycle with a volume of more than 50 cm³. Its maximum speed is higher than 50 km/h;
• L4 - a motorcycle equipped with a sidecar for carrying a passenger;
• L5 - tricycles, the speed of which exceeds 50 km / h;
• The L6 is a lightweight quad. The curb weight of the vehicle must not exceed 350 kg; The maximum speed is not more than 50 km/h;
• L7 is a full-fledged ATV with a mass of up to 400 kg.

• M1 is a vehicle for the carriage of passengers with no more than 8 seats;
• M2 - vehicles with more than eight passenger seats;
• M3 - vehicles with more than 8 seats and weighing up to 5 tons;
• M4 - a vehicle with more than eight seats and a weight of more than 5 tons.

• N1 - trucks weighing up to 3.5 tons;
• N2 - vehicles with a mass of 3.5 to 12 tons;
• N3 - vehicles with a mass of more than 12 tons.

Vehicle classification according to the European Convention

In 1968, the Convention on Road Traffic was adopted in Austria. The classification provided in this document is used to designate different categories of transport.

Types of vehicles under the Convention

It includes several categories:

• A - these are motorcycles and other two-wheeled motorized vehicles;
• B - cars with a mass of up to 3500 kg and no more than eight seats;
• C - all vehicles, except for those that belong to category D. The mass must be more than 3500 kg;
• D - passenger transport with more than 8 seats;
• E - freight transport, tractors.

Category E allows drivers to drive road trains that consist of a tractor. Also here you can include any vehicles of classification B, C, D. These vehicles can work as part of a road train. This category is assigned to drivers along with other categories, and it is put on the vehicle certificate when registering a car.

Unofficial European classification

In addition to the official classification, there is also an unofficial one, which is used quite widely. It is quite popular among vehicle owners. Here you can distinguish categories depending on the design of vehicles: A, B, C, D, E, F. Basically, this classification is used in reviews by automotive journalists for comparison and evaluation.

Class A contains small-capacity vehicles of low cost. F are the most expensive, very powerful and prestigious car brands. In between are classes of other kinds of machines. There are no clear boundaries here. This is a wide variety of cars.

With the development of the auto industry, new cars are constantly being produced, which subsequently occupy their niches. With new developments, the classification is constantly expanding. It often happens that different models can occupy the boundaries of several classes, thereby forming a new class.

A striking example of such a phenomenon is a parquet SUV. It is designed for paved roads.

VIN codes

In fact, this is a unique vehicle number. In such a code, all information about the origin, manufacturer and technical characteristics of a particular model is encrypted. Numbers can be found on many one-piece units and assemblies of machines. They are mainly found on the body, chassis elements or special nameplates.

Those who developed and implemented these numbers introduced the most simple and reliable method, which greatly facilitates the process of classifying cars. This number allows you to at least slightly protect cars from theft.

The code itself is not a jumble of letters and numbers. Each sign carries certain information. The cipher suite is not very large, each code has 17 characters. Basically, these are letters of the Latin alphabet and numbers. This cipher provides a position for a special check number, which is calculated from the code itself.

The process of calculating the control number is a fairly powerful means of protecting against broken numbers. Destroying numbers is not difficult. But to make such a number so that it falls under the control number is already a separate and rather difficult task.

In conclusion, I would like to add that all self-respecting automakers use common rules for calculating the check digit. However, manufacturers from Russia, Japan and Korea do not adhere to such protection methods. By the way, using this code it is easy to find original spare parts for a particular model.

So, we found out what types of vehicles are, and examined their detailed classification.

V.I. RED

SPECIAL OR SPECIALIZED?

Adjective special was first recorded in the New Interpreter of N. Yanovsky in 1806. Like many other adjectives of an abstract nature, it was borrowed from the Latin language. In all explanatory dictionaries of our time (starting with Ushakov's Dictionary), this word has two meanings. Here is the interpretation contained in BAS and MAS (in brackets, as before, we indicate the nouns used with this word in these two dictionaries):

1. Designed exclusively for smth.; having a special purpose, special C. machine tools, suit, train, task, order and etc.).

2. Relating to some. a separate branch of science, technology, art; designed for industry professionals (S. articles, education, educational institution, terms).

The above interpretation seems to us, on the whole, somewhat cumbersome, and the allocation of the second meaning is insufficiently justified and artificial, since the boundary between these meanings is very arbitrary. In our opinion, in this case we can rather talk about highlighting the shade of the main lexical meaning. Based on this, we propose to formulate the meaning of the adjective special as follows: “Special, intended for some. specific purpose; relating to a separate area, branch of something, inherent in a particular specialty ". Such an interpretation, in our opinion, is more accurate and compact and fully corresponds to the modern use of this word.
The adjective in question is combined with a very wide range of nouns, both concrete and abstract: bus, brigade, wagon, hotel, group, diet, magazine, task, order, law, tools, research, business trip, commission, correspondent, suit, course(currency exchange), treatment, event, mechanism, observation, service, clothing, operation, organization, subdivision, train, clinic, room, assistant, assignment, rules, representative, device, invitation, program, project, pass, section, permission, flight, plane, machine tool, parking, training, farm, company, foundation, school, expedition; education, educational institution, literature, course of lectures, seminar, symposium, methodology, terminology etc. Here are some examples:
Special Commission until she revealed all the military secrets of Baghdad (Today. 1994. June 16); For the full functioning of the agency, it is necessary special law(Results. 1999. No. 10); The participants of the performance were given special passes (G. Vishnevskaya. Galina); Parking the car on special parking, we entered a huge hall ( T. Polyakova. I am your troubles); were sent special expeditions to search for people in little-known places of the Karakum (Arguments and Facts. 1994. No. 27); Muklevich had special maritime and technical education(Today. 1994. June 7); Sinitsyn's office was crammed with shelving specialized literature and folders with documents ( M. Serova. To spite everyone).
As can be seen from the comparison of the above examples, any clear, “impassable” boundary between the main meaning of the adjective special and its shade does not exist, since the latter, as it were, overlaps with the former, dissolves in it. In essence, here it would make sense to speak only about the clarification in a number of cases of the indicated generalizing meaning and about the actualization of some of its hidden nuances.

It is interesting to note such a phenomenon. Many phrases with adjectives special, as well as combinations with the word tourist(see our article in the newspaper "Russian Language" No. 31/2000), due to semantic contraction, they turn into compound words, the so-called univerbs. However, if the formation of univerbs with the word tourist(For example, travel agency, travel agency) is an active process, characteristic of our days, then the emergence and functioning of numerous univerbs with a morpheme specialist. (special ration, special buffet, special staff, special clinic, special prison, special storage and many others. etc.) is a bright sign of the Soviet era. Most of these Sovietisms have moved from an active vocabulary to a passive one and become historicisms. The only exceptions are words in which the morpheme specialist. has the following meaning: "special, designed to perform special tasks or especially difficult tasks." This meaning is also relevant today. These include, for example, such complex words: special forces, special forces, special forces(special purpose detachment in the system of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB), special forces, special flight, special services. All these words are widely used in modern mass media. In addition, in modern colloquial speech, such very familiar abbreviations are often found: special course, special seminar(in universities), special training(training of students at the military departments of universities), overalls, special school(a school with in-depth study of a foreign language or other school disciplines, as well as a school for children with mental or physical disabilities).
Unlike an adjective special his paronym specialized(participle used as an adjective) appeared in Russian relatively late - it was first registered in the Ushakov Dictionary in 1940. BAS gives the following interpretation of this word: “Intended for work or use in some kind of one narrow area, industry; having a special, special purpose. The range of nouns associated with this word is much narrower than with the word special: agency, atelier, team, bakery, exhibition, magazine, edition, clinic, shop, workshop, enterprise, sanatorium, transport, academic council, farm, firm etc. For example:

Specialized bakeries they work, as a rule, from the sale (Mosk. Komsomolets. 1997. December 2); Need to carry out specialized exhibitions Siberian cats with a large number of participants (Drug. 1999. No. 1); "Expert" was originally a magazine rather economic, specialized edition(World for a week. 1999. No. 11); In 1993, there were already five trading companies specialized stores(Results. 1999. No. 44); photos of our pet (cat Lelik) were printed in specialized journals(Worker. 1998. October).
Despite some inevitable similarity in the interpretation of the paronyms under consideration, there is nevertheless a significant difference between them both in terms of their meaning and compatibility. Adjective special unlike his paronym specialized has a very wide compatibility with nouns (see above) and is used to highlight a person, object (in the grammatical sense of the word) or action from a number of their own kind. This refers to their intended purpose or belonging to a certain (but fairly wide) area of ​​human activity.
As for the paronym specialized, then it, having significant limitations in lexical compatibility, acts, as a rule, as a definition for nouns denoting the sphere of human labor activity (for example, shop, atelier, magazine and others), and in this case, this activity is necessarily characterized by a very narrow focus, i.e. specialization. That is why nouns that are easily combined with the word special(For example, suit, device, article, mechanism, pass, reporter, permission), cannot be used with an adjective specialized.
At the same time, another regularity should be noted: nouns combined with the word specialized, can usually be used with the word special, thus forming paronymic phrases. Let's compare several such phrases, the semantic difference between which is quite noticeable. So, for example, when we use the phrases special shop, special sanatorium, special studio, we mean that these institutions are of a closed nature and are intended for a select, privileged circle of people. On the other hand, phrases special shop And specialized studio mean that they sell or sew only a certain type of product - men's outerwear, women's dress, fur products, shoes, hats, etc. And the combination specialized sanatorium used when it comes to the treatment of diseases of a particular group - cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urological.

In a similar way, one can distinguish between phrases (and, of course, the concepts behind them) special magazine(meaning: "periodical") and specialized magazine. Special magazine usually addressed to a wider audience than specialized magazine. Each reader chooses for himself one or another special magazine based on their interests and hobbies, and not narrow professional needs. Yes, published special magazines for children ("Murzilka"), for women ("Women's World", "Worker"), for men ("Men's Club", "Andrey"), for family reading ("Brownie", "Voyage and Recreation"), for lovers of the Russian language (“Russian speech”), for lovers of dogs and cats (“Drug”), etc. But there is also specialized magazines: "Issues of Linguistics", "Dentistry", "Metal Science", etc., intended for a relatively narrow circle of specialists.
Due to the semantic proximity of the adjectives under consideration, there are cases of erroneous use of the word specialized instead of special. Consider three examples from periodicals: “Children suffering from these rare diseases need specialized nutrition either for many years, or all my life ”(Izvestia. 1994. June 28); "In the West there are specialized institutes for the deaf, but they don’t have the same practice as we do” (Mir for the Week, 1999, No. 10); "Tried to get a job with the help of specialized publications publishing information about vacancies” (Itogi. 1999. No. 10).
In these sentences, it would probably be more correct to write: “need special nutrition" (by analogy: "need special diet”), “there are special institutes" (by analogy: "there are special schools”) and “using special editions, since the publications in question are not scientific and publish information not for specialists in any one narrow field, but for representatives of different specialties who are looking for work. However, the line separating such cases is very thin and not always obvious at first sight. We hope that the principles of delimitation of these paronyms proposed by us will help to avoid such errors.

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Following the development of mass production of universal trucks, it became necessary to produce specialized vehicles on their basis, that is, vehicles specially adapted for transporting certain types of goods: dump trucks for bulk goods, tanks for liquids, isothermal vans for perishable goods, etc. Equally, the national economy of the country showed demand for the so-called special cars-machines, the chassis of which was not used to transport any goods, but to transport various special equipment: fire fighting, construction, and utility services.

Dump trucks made up the most numerous group among the specialized ones. During the years of the second five-year plan, the scope of construction reached a scale at which it was impossible to do without the mechanization of work. Soil removal, delivery of crushed stone, concrete and other bulk materials - the scope of dump trucks. Heavy-duty machines are the most cost-effective. Therefore, the role of a pioneer in the production of dump trucks went to the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant.

The design of our first dump truck YaS-1 with a Hill-type lift on the chassis of the YaG-4 truck began in August 1934. Its wooden body with a volume of 5 ml was tilted back at an angle of 50 "by two hydraulic cylinders. Oil was supplied to them under pressure by a gear pump driven by the cardan shaft from the gearbox.The pump is made in a block with hydraulic cylinders - all hydraulic drives operating under a pressure of 20 kgf / cm 2, in the form of drillings in a common crankcase.Thus, the possibility of fluid leakage through the connecting fittings of external hydraulic lines was excluded. The body lift took 20 s, descent - 18.

Of course, additional dumping equipment made the car heavier. The curb weight of the YAS-1 was 5640 kg - 890 kg more than the YAG-4. Therefore, the load capacity of the dump truck did not exceed 4 tons.

Serial production of YaS-1 began in January 1935. Already that year, 261 dump trucks left the gates of YaAZ, in 1936 - 700, and then an average of 1000 trucks per year. Thus, the plant produced almost half of its cars with dump bodies. With the transition to the basic cargo model YaG-6 in May 1936, its dump modification YaS-3 also appeared, also with a carrying capacity of 4 tons. With the development of the YaG-7 production, it was planned to make the YaS-4 dump truck, but it remained a prototype.

Another dump truck produced in the prewar years by our industry is the GAZ-410. It was manufactured in Gorky on the GAZ-AA chassis by the Sverdlov plant. This machine unloaded due to the rotation of the loading platform around a horizontal axis under the action of the load. For overturning, it was enough for the driver to release the stoppers that fix the loaded platform in a horizontal position. Since the mass of the tipping mechanism was 270 kg, the load capacity of the dump truck did not exceed 1300 kg.

Various transport organizations and car repair plants in the pre-war period produced small batches of dump trucks on the ZIS-5 chassis, mainly of the inertial type (like the GAZ-410). There were also attempts to use hydraulic lifts such as YaS-1 or YaS-3. Among them, an interesting design was proposed by the Aremz Moscow car repair plant - a hydraulic dump truck with a tipping body on three sides, made on the ZIS-5 chassis. Unloading took 7-8 s.

In Leningrad, the 2nd ATUL car repair plant carried out small-scale production of dump trucks on the ZIS-5 chassis with a horizontal hydraulic cylinder - a kind of Wood type lift. The piston rod of its piston rested through the roller on the segment fixed on the bottom of the platform and, acting on it, overturned the body. High contact stresses in the "roller-segment" pair and oil leakage through the joints of the pipelines connecting the hydraulic pump driven by the gearbox with the hydraulic cylinder became an obstacle to the further spread of this scheme.

Trust "Mosavtogruz" equipped a batch of ZIS-5 chassis with tipper bodies equipped with a manual lift. This is a column of channels mounted between the cab and the cargo platform. By means of a cable wound on the drum of a manual winch and blocks installed on top of the column in 4 minutes. the body could be tilted back at an angle of 48 °.

On a small scale, specialized self-unloading machines for transporting bricks and cement were manufactured. Among them, the design of the Moscow trust "Mosavtogruz" should be singled out, which in 1937 equipped seven YAG-4 trucks for its transport needs (transportation of cement). These cement trucks had a bunker-type body with an auger placed in its recess for unloading cement. The auger was driven by a gearbox, and a double hatch in the roof of the bunker was used to load cement.

Gantry vehicles used to transport lumber, pipes, containers have been produced in our country since 1934. Their design is specific. The cargo, fixed with grippers, is transported under the frame of the car, raised high above the road. All wheels mounted on high racks have independent spring suspension. All four wheels are steerable, and a reversible gearbox is provided in the transmission to increase maneuverability.

The first Soviet portal cars of the SK-5 and SK-7 models began to be produced by the Severny Kommunar plant in Vologda. They were equipped with GAZ-AA engines and had a chain drive to the drive wheels. SK-5 could transport 4.5 tons of cargo in stacks or containers and reach a speed of 25 km/h, and SK-7, respectively, 7 j and 30 km/h.

In the history of the development of domestic automotive technology, the portal SK-5 is the first design with independent suspension of all wheels. The later model SK-7 is interesting with the installation of the engine in the rear of the car and the front (!) Drive wheels.

Since 1936, the entire production of cars of this type was transferred to the Solombala Machine-Building Plant in Arkhangelsk. His model "Solombalets-5-S-2" with a carrying capacity of 5 tons, like the SK-7, has front drive wheels with a chain drive and a rear-mounted power unit from the ZIS-5. In 1939-1940. the plant created the car "5-S-Z" with a gas generator, as well as "5-S-5" with the ZIS-5 engine located in front.

For the transportation of petroleum products, tanks with a capacity of 3000 liters were widely used, which since the mid-30s. produced on the ZIS-5 chassis by the Leningrad plant "Primet". They were equipped with a manual pump for refueling, pistols for dispensing fuel. Many enterprises, which, alas, remained nameless for history, not to mention the indices of their specialized vehicles, made tanks on the YaG-4 chassis for watering the streets with water, built specially equipped tanks on the ZIS-5 chassis for transporting live fish.

A rather large group of specialized vehicles consisted of bread trucks, vans for the delivery of ice cream, meat products, and butter. They were also made by small scattered body shops using artisanal technology: a wooden frame sheathed with steel sheet, mounted on a truck frame. Apparently, it was possible to produce centrally at one large enterprise all these specialized all-metal, more durable and cheaper bodies with mechanized production. At the same time, a wide unification of fittings, corner curly panels and other elements would become possible. This question was repeatedly raised in special magazines in those years, but the automotive industry could not solve it.

The production of semi-trailers was not organized, which would allow the most cost-effective solution to the problem of specialized transport.

Attempts to create truck tractors date back to the beginning of the 30s. These are the AMO-7, released in 1932, and the Ya-12D, designed by NATI specialists and built in 1933 in Yaroslavl. From the basic cargo model I-5 with an onboard platform, the latter differed in a fifth wheel coupling, an increased final drive ratio and a shortened base. I-12D could tow a single-axle semi-trailer with a carrying capacity of 10 tons, and AMO-7 - 6 tons.

the stop of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, issued in January 1937, ordered the factories of Narkomtyazhmash, Narkomvnudel, Narkomles and Narkommestprom to organize the production of 27 thousand single-axle and two-axle trailers, as well as semi-trailers and a thousand ZIS-10 truck tractors. This program was only partially completed...

ZIS-10 was a modification of the ZIS-5 truck. Its curb weight was 27,800 kg, it retained the same wheelbase as the ZIS-5, but the main gear ratio was increased from 6.41 to 8.42, and the top speed was reduced from 60 to 48 km/h. The corresponding universal single-axle trailer NATI-PPD could carry 6 tons of cargo and had mechanical brakes. These tractors and trailers then existed in very limited quantities.

Thus, in the pre-war period, specialized bodies were carried out in overwhelming numbers on the chassis of trucks, and not trailers or semi-trailers. Their production was carried out at small, sometimes handicraft-equipped enterprises.

k, the production of grain vans on the AMO-3 and ZIS-5 chassis in Moscow for many years was carried out by the Aremkuz plant. He had extensive experience in bodybuilding, since since 1928 he had been making new bus bodies on the Leyland, Ya-6, AMO-4 and ZIS-8 chassis. Moreover, in the early 30s he mastered luxury bus bodies on chassis ZIS-8, sedan body on the GAZ-A chassis, and until the end of 1935 produced a total of 750 different bodies.

In the production of grain trucks, Aremkuz competed with the body plant of the Transport Reconstruction Plant (KRT) in Moscow, which in 1935 sharply increased the production of outwardly attractive luxury vans on the ZIS-8 and GAZ-AA chassis for transporting bread, as well as flour, fabrics , dishes, finished dress. By the middle of 1935, KRT had produced 295 grain vans, including 68 luxury streamlined ones, and by the end of 1935 it was supposed to reach the milestone of 600 bodies.

Since the automotive industry could not provide the meat processing plants with the necessary specialized transport for transporting finished meat products to retail outlets, the auto depot workshops at these plants themselves undertook the construction of the bodies they needed. So, in 1935, the workshops of the auto depot of the Mikoyan Meat Processing Plant (MAB MKIM) in Moscow mastered the manufacture of small batches of very beautiful delivery vans on the ZIS-8 and GAZ-AA chassis for meat products. The first model with a carrying capacity of 1800 kg had an isothermal body, where there were 64 boxes for finished products in four compartments, the second one had three compartments for 45 boxes.

In turn, the Leningrad meat-packing plant in 1934 began to make isothermal meat vans with cork-insulated walls.

Even the manufacture of isothermal vans in the early 30s. presented a well-known problem, since there was no practical knowledge on the insulating properties of various materials, and often the majority of enterprises opted for felt. Lightweight aluminum-based insulating material - thermofoil - was still a rarity.

Three organizations at once became pioneers in the creation of refrigerated trucks: the All-Union Scientific Institute of the Refrigeration Industry (VNIHI), Giproholod and Glavmoloko. In 1932-1933. they built prototypes of vans on the Ford-AA chassis (VNIHI) and AMO-4 (the other two organizations). Dry ice or an ice-salt mixture served as a source of cold maintenance. The most successful was the Giprokholoda refrigerated truck, and, curiously, it turned out to be the first Soviet car that was blown in the TsAGI full-scale wind tunnel.

Then, in 1934, VNIHI developed two very successful auto-refrigerators on the GAZ-AA and ZIS-5 chassis, the production of which, since 1935, was launched by the Odessa plant "Frigator".

Refrigerators on the ZIS-5 chassis were also mastered in 1937 by the auto body plant of the People's Commissariat for Internal Trade (AKZ-NKVT), for which an annual plan of 400 vehicles was set. Their angular bodies could hardly compete with the Aremkuz grain carriers or the Frigator vans in the elegance of lines. In the AKZ-NKVT van with thermofoil thermal insulation and 0.8 mm thick steel sheet sheathing, there are two chambers cooled by two containers with an ice-salt mixture.

Our industry mastered isothermal milk tanks in 1934. For that time, their design was very progressive - an aluminum body (with a large shortage of this metal in those years) with reliable thermal insulation. The Leningrad dairy plant began to make them on the ZIS-5 chassis.

Specialized vehicles for transporting patients - ambulances began to be produced in the late 1920s. on the AMO-F-15 truck chassis.

According to the project of I.F. Herman, since 1932 such bodies began to be made in small batches by the ambulance car depot in Moscow. At the same time, changes were made to the design of GAZ-AA vehicles, on the chassis of which they were mounted. The front and rear springs were replaced with softer ones, both axles were equipped with hydraulic shock absorbers. Since the load (seven people, including the driver, the patient and the medical staff) was small, the rear axle was equipped not with twin, but with single wheels, and the cars stood out with a narrow rear track. These cars did not have any factory or production designation at all, therefore, to simplify references, we will conditionally assign them the index SP-32, that is, an ambulance of the 1932 model.

Since 1937, in the branch of the Gorky Automobile Plant (since 1939 it was called the Gorky Bus Plant), the production of the GAZ-55 medical vehicle began, the design of which was a further development of the SP-32 model.

Made on the GAZ-MM chassis, this car is of interest from a technical point of view due to the presence of a heater (heater) and a ventilation system in the cabin. GAZ-55 during the war years was widely used to transport the wounded: in its cabin it was possible to transport either four people on a stretcher (including hanging ones) and two on folding seats, or two and five people, respectively.

The curb weight of the GAZ-55 was 2370 kg, and the base and track remained the same as those of the GAZ-MM. The size, however, was different: length - 5425 mm, width - 2040 mm, height - 2340 mm. From 1938 to 1945, 9130 GAZ-55 cars were made.

A more advanced ambulance design, the SP-36, appeared in 1936 as a product of the same motor depot as the SP-32. A beautiful streamlined body and softer wheel suspension set it apart from other cars of the same type.

Along with the SP-36, we should also mention the medical modification ZIS-101, which was produced directly by the ZIS automobile plant, and the ZIS-16S medical bus. It was produced since 1939 and was a simplified modification of the ZIS-16 city bus, the body of which provided for the transportation of ten bedridden patients and ten seated ones. The car was equipped with a towing device at the rear and two tow hooks at the front.

The rapid development of the urban economy during the years of the pre-war five-year plans made not only increased demands on the development of transport for the delivery of food and goods, the transportation of patients, but also on the provision of cities with fire protection and public services.

The role of fire engines among other special vehicles in the 20-30s. was especially large. Not only in small towns, but also in such large ones as Moscow, Kharkov, Gorky, there were many wooden houses that were especially dangerous in case of fires, and water supply sources were not always at hand, especially in small towns without a water supply network. For these conditions, two main types of fire trucks were produced: a line with a crew of fighters, a ladder and other fire fighting equipment, a reel with a sleeve and a pump, and a tank with a sleeve and a pump. For large cities, ladders were also needed, but the need for them was incomparably less. The fire line remained the universal and most common type.

Initially, they were built on the basis of the AMO-F-15 truck, both directly at the AMO plant and at the Leningrad Promet plant.

Since 1931, the Miussky fire engine plant in Moscow has become a specialized enterprise for the production of fire fighting vehicles. It was a branch of the AMO plant (later ZIS), grew out of a small car repair enterprise and made fire trucks until the start of World War II. Then its production profile changed, and in the 80s. its dilapidated buildings, surrounded by modern residential buildings, were demolished.

The Miussky plant (until 1932 it was called Plant No. 6 VATO) from 1926 to 1929 produced 145 vehicles on the AMO-F-15 chassis. But the pump mounted on these low-powered vehicles did not provide sufficient water supply. Their production was curtailed as soon as the AMO-4 chassis appeared. From October 1931, the Miussky Plant began to build new fire trucks on its basis. They carried a combat crew of 12 people (on the line), a supply of 360 liters of water, ladders, 360 m of a fire hose, and, most importantly, their centrifugal pump could supply 1400 liters of water per minute.

At the end of 1932, the plant launched the production of PMG-1 fire trucks based on GAZ-AA, and in 1934, PMZ-1 based on ZIS-11. To increase the reliability and combat readiness of the PMZ-1, they were equipped with magneto ignition.

Tanks with a water pump located in the front of the frame were also mounted on the ZIS-11 chassis - these machines were called PMZ-8, as well as 45-meter Metz-type retractable ladders on a long-shaped three-axle chassis ZIS-6. Such ladders were also installed on YAG-6 vehicles.

Among the numerous special vehicles of the pre-war years, one can name jib rotary cranes and tanks with a capacity of 5000 liters on the YaG-4 chassis, equipped with sprinklers for watering the streets. There were also sweepers and snowplows made in small batches on the ZIS-5 chassis, asphalt trucks and cars with compressor units.

It is impossible to ignore the special variety of specialized cars, which in the 30s played a tragic role in the history of our country. These are the so-called "black crows" - vans on the GAZ-AA and ZIS-5 chassis for transporting arrested people. They were often camouflaged as grain trucks or isothermal vans.

The head of the administrative and economic department of the NKVD in Moscow and the Moscow region, ID Berg, has the dubious fame of the father of the "gas chamber". The proposed and AL van with the exhaust pipe brought into the body was first used for the destruction of convicts in 1936. In 1939, N. D. Berg was shot.

In the modern world, vehicles can be assigned tasks of the most diverse nature. Far from always they are limited only to the transportation of passengers and goods, and often a number of additional functions are required. To solve such problems, special vehicles, or special vehicles, are used. Today, this category of vehicles is represented by a wide variety of types and models.

What is special transport

Most of the cars on the market today are designed to solve traditional problems. As a rule, cars are used for transporting people or for transporting goods, and can also combine these functions. In addition, some cars are designed to please owners with comfort and functionality, high speed performance and perform image tasks.

However, in some areas, the car is faced with the task of combining the function of the vehicle with other narrow-profile functions. For these purposes, ordinary cars are not suitable, and it becomes necessary to use special cars.

Special vehicles, as a rule, are manufactured on the basis of serial models. Typically, commercial vehicles are used as chassis - trucks, minibuses, vans, etc. Re-equipment is carried out by installing attachments, special devices and devices in the cabin or cargo compartment of the vehicle. Also, certain changes can be made to the design of the suspension, body, brake system and other vehicle systems.

Special vehicles are indispensable in the work of a variety of services, performing important functions that are often of high social importance. In particular, they can be used in solving problems of medical, fire and rescue services, law enforcement agencies, the army, etc.

Thanks to special transport, the daily operation of these services can be ensured. It is also possible to use these vehicles to solve emergency tasks in emergency situations. Therefore, the quality, reliability and functionality of vehicles in this category are extremely important.

Types of special vehicles

Special vehicles are produced today in an extremely wide range, which allows you to select a car for a wide variety of tasks. The most common types of vehicles include the following types:

• Police cars. This category includes patrol cars made on the basis of cars, special forces vehicles, prisoner transport vehicles, etc.
• Collection machines. Armored cars with a compartment for carrying cash.
• Fire trucks. Machines that provide extinguishing fires in a variety of conditions.
• medical vehicles. A broad category of vehicles, the most typical of which are ambulances. It also includes special vehicles for transporting patients in serious condition, mobile operating rooms and other types of vehicles.
• Vehicles of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the military - mobile headquarters, recreation vehicles for rescuers and maintenance personnel, mobile video surveillance points and much more.

In most cases, vehicles from leading Russian and foreign manufacturers are used to create special vehicles, which are distinguished by high quality, reliability and cross-country ability.

Modern special vehicles are equipped with advanced technological solutions.