What is included 1. Types and frequency of vehicle maintenance

17.06.2019

Main task Maintenance vehicle is to maintain it in proper appearance and technically sound condition. The main difference between maintenance and repair is that it is a preventive measure. As for the repair, it is carried out when such a need arises, i.e. when any malfunction or breakdown is clearly indicated, making it difficult or excluding the possibility of operating the vehicle.

Maintenance includes the following types of work:
- lubricants;
- adjusting;
- control and diagnostic;
- fixing;
- filling stations;
- electrical.

In addition to those listed, during the maintenance of a modern car, other types of work can be performed - depending on the brand of the car, its condition, and other specific factors. Note that during maintenance it is not necessary to perform all the listed types of work at once - everything is determined by the current need, operating conditions and recommendations of the manufacturer.

Depending on the frequency of work, their quantity, complexity and labor intensity, there are the following types of vehicle maintenance:
- daily (TO);
- the first (TO-1);
- the second (TO-2);
- seasonal (SO).

The task of daily maintenance is to keep the car in proper appearance, to monitor its refueling with fuel, oil, other consumables and control security traffic. Each time before driving, the driver must check:
- completeness of the car;
- the condition of his body;
- the presence and adjustment of rear-view mirrors;
- presence and legibility of state registration plates;
- serviceability door locks, as well as hood and trunk locks;
- serviceability of electrical equipment ("wipers", lighting and signaling devices);
- tightness of power supply, lubrication and cooling systems and the availability of appropriate consumable fluids;
- tightness hydraulic drive brake system;
- free travel of the steering wheel;
- operation of instrumentation.

Remember: if your car got into a traffic accident, for example, due to a leak in the hydraulic brake drive or another malfunction that should be detected during a check before the trip, you will definitely be recognized as the culprit of the accident, with all the ensuing consequences.

The first and second maintenance (TO-1 and TO-2, respectively) involve the performance of fastening, cleaning, lubricating, control, diagnostic and adjustment work. They must be carried out after a certain mileage of the car, in accordance with the instructions available in the operation manual. Besides, an important factor, affecting the frequency of performing TO-1 and TO-2, are the operating conditions of the car: the same air filter when driving on dusty dirt roads should be changed more often than when driving on a quality asphalt surface.

As for seasonal maintenance, it is carried out twice a year to prepare the car for operation in the cold and warm seasons. For example, part of the CO is the "changing shoes" of the car in winter tires- before the onset of the cold season, and in the summer - at the end of the winter season. In some Russian regions (as a rule, northern ones), instead of summer engine oil pour winter, on the eve of winter, many drivers perform anti-corrosion treatment bodywork, etc.

Any vehicle needs regular maintenance - a set of measures aimed at maintaining performance and performance characteristics all components and assemblies of the vehicle. Regular maintenance is very important for trucks, as they are constantly subjected to serious stress, and if maintenance is not done on time, the truck's life will be drastically reduced. So maintenance is an important event that affects the efficiency of the car, the cost of its operation and repair.

Maintenance of trucks is different from maintenance of other types Vehicle, it has its own characteristics that every truck owner should know about. Moreover, the brand, model and manufacturer of the car does not matter here - both domestic and foreign trucks all classes. Therefore, here we will look at how trucks are maintained without reference to their types, brands and models.

Standards and requirements for maintenance of trucks

Few car owners know that the frequency of routine maintenance and a number of other aspects of car maintenance is not a whim of car manufacturers and dealers, but a measure regulated by the state standard. In particular, in Russia today the standard GOST 21624-81 “System of maintenance and repair automotive technology. Requirements for the operational manufacturability and maintainability of products”, which, among other things, establishes the timing of maintenance, and also prescribes a number of requirements for the design of vehicles and their maintenance.

However, no one prevents car manufacturers from setting their own terms and requirements for maintenance, but, as practice shows, the standard well reflects the actual state of affairs and the terms of scheduled maintenance and requirements set by it are fully consistent with the terms and requirements of automakers.

Scheduled maintenance intervals

The GOST 21624-81 standard establishes three types of vehicle maintenance:

Daily Maintenance (EO);

First MOT (TO-1);

Second MOT (TO-2).

The standard also establishes the frequency of routine maintenance (or service interval), it is measured in kilometers driven by the vehicle. If we talk specifically about trucks, then the frequency various kinds TO is the following:

EO - every day (once a day);

TO-1 - at least 4000 km;

TO-2 - at least 16,000 km.

It should be noted right away that the standard does not determine the frequency of maintenance that should be carried out during the break-in period of the car - the manufacturer is responsible for everything here. However, for trucks, the break-in lasts an average of 1000 km, and many manufacturers, when such a mileage is reached, recommend replacing the engine, and sometimes transmission oil. A number of manufacturers recommend performing the first maintenance only after a mileage of 4,000 km, but this is only recommended for those drivers who have fully followed the recommendations for running the car in, otherwise the engine and transmission life will be drastically reduced, which is fraught with serious costs in the future. So for greater reliability and safety, it is better to carry out some maintenance work with a mileage of 1000 - 1500 km.

Also, the standard does not establish another type of maintenance, which is actually present in Russia - seasonal maintenance (or service stations). It is held every six months in spring and autumn, and is necessary to prepare the car for the upcoming seasonal changes in climatic conditions.

However, there are exceptions to every rule. For example, many actual models European and American trucks, including Iveco, have an extended service interval, which can reach 40-60 thousand km. We are talking about TO-2, during which the engine oil is replaced and other measures are taken. And it should immediately be noted that this does not run counter to the requirements of the standard, since it indicates the minimum mileage between TO-2, but nothing is said about the maximum.

Although this is not the limit. many trucks and main tractors have a service interval of 80 - 100 thousand km, however, there is one “but” here - such an interval is set only for cars operated in Europe, for Russia this is completely unacceptable. In our country, trucks face a number of negative factors that lead to increased wear of the engine and other units - low-quality fuel, poor road conditions, and finally, poor-quality service, etc. And if for the same Iveco Eurocargo or Trakker we are guided by European standards for the frequency of maintenance, then the truck simply will not “live” until the next MOT, and if it does, it will require large repair costs.

Here the question is relevant, with what frequency is it best to carry out maintenance of the car? It all depends on the age of the car and some other factors. If the truck is new and still under warranty, then the service must be visited within the time frame set by the dealer. For older cars, the service interval is chosen by the owners themselves, but even in this case it is worth adhering to either the dealer's deadlines, or the manufacturer's recommendations, or the standard indicated above.

Approximate scope of work for EO, TO-1, TO-2 and SRT

So what is included in the maintenance work? It all depends on the mileage, that is, on the type of maintenance.

Daily service. During the EO, the car is inspected for the integrity of individual mechanisms and for the presence of breakdowns, the performance of the brake system is checked, lighting fixtures and other mechanisms, tire pressure is measured, and the car is washed and refueled (if necessary). That is, the EO is aimed at ensuring that the car goes on a trip without any problems and completes the assigned tasks.

First MOT. At TO-1, the level of all technical liquids(oils, coolant, etc.), as well as adjustment of various mechanisms - steering, clutch drive, freewheel brake pedals and others. Finally, during TO-1, lubrication of the nodes, assemblies and mechanisms that require it is carried out. Lubrication work are carried out according to the card, which must be available in the car or in the service of an authorized dealer.

Second MOT. During TO-2, the same work is carried out as during TO-1, as well as a number of other activities. First of all, change the engine oil. Often, it is during TO-2 that disassembly and repair of some components are carried out, which during TO-1 were simply subjected to adjustments and lubrication. Usually specified for a given specific vehicle the interservice interval corresponds to the time between the TO-2.

Seasonal MOT. SRT activities depend on the time of its implementation. So, in the fall, during the service station, it is necessary to prepare the car for operation in the cold season (that is, at negative air temperatures). To do this, antifreeze is poured into the cooling system (although in most modern cars water is almost never used), into the washer reservoir - antifreeze liquid, and in the engine - low viscosity oil (although this is not always required). It is also mandatory to check and, if necessary, correct the density of the electrolyte of the batteries. Finally, in autumn, it is necessary to drain the condensate from the pneumatic system receivers and replace the dehumidifiers (in the future, when frost sets in, it is recommended to drain the condensate at least once a week). In the spring, the amount of maintenance work is less, since trucks are much better suited for operation in the warm season than in the cold.

Thus, during the year the owner truck performs several different types of maintenance. As practice shows, average annual mileage trucks in Russia ranges from 40,000 km (with moderate use) to 250,000 km (with active use without downtime), and the average annual mileage is about 100,000 km. This means that, on average, a truck passes TO-2 two, and sometimes three times a year, which requires corresponding costs. However, this cannot be avoided - without maintenance, the car will quickly run out of resources and require even higher costs.

The main purpose of the first maintenance (TO-1) is to prevent accidental breakdowns that can disable the vehicle, increase fuel consumption and lubricants, or increase the level of pollution environment. Maintenance operations No. 1 (TO-1) are carried out after 1500, 3000 and 5000 km, but at least twice a year.

In this case, the following types of work are performed:

1. Washing and cleaning works: interior cleaning, car washing and drying.

2. Control and diagnostic work:

Checking the operation of the service brake system for simultaneous operation and braking efficiency;

Actions of the parking brake system;

Brake drive;

Free wheeling of the steering wheel and clearance in the steering gear connections;

Condition of tires and air pressure in them;

Lighting and signaling devices.

3.inspection work:

Inspection and inspection of the body;

Inspection and inspection of glass;

Inspection and verification of license plates;

Inspection and inspection of seat upholstery;

Action of door mechanisms;

The action of the windshield wipers;

Action of rear-view mirrors;

Checking the tightness of connections lubrication system;

Checking the tightness of the cooling system connections;

Checking the tightness of the hydraulic drive connections;

Checking the clutch disengagement;

Checking the rubber protective covers of the hinges;

Steering rod check;

Checking the amount of free play of the clutch and brake pedals;

Checking the tension of the fan belt;

Level check brake fluid in the nutrient tanks of the main brake cylinder t of the clutch engagement drive;

Checking the springs and lever in the front suspension;

Checking the bars and struts of the anti-roll bar.

In addition to these works, during maintenance No. 1 (TO-1), the following types of work are performed:

Clean from dirt and check the devices of the power system and the tightness of their connections;

Check the operation of the drive, completeness of closing and opening of the throttle and air dampers;

Regulate the operation of the carburetor at low speed modes crankshaft engine.

Maintenance No. 2 (TO-2).

The second maintenance (TO-2), in fact, has the same goals as daily service(EO) or maintenance No. 1 (TO-1). Maintenance operations No. 2 (TO-2) are recommended to be carried out at least once a year. The main difference lies in the complexity and volume of work. Fixing, lubricating, diagnostic and adjustment work, V this case are carried out with the removal of some details. Before performing TO-2 or in the course of it, it is necessary to carry out in-depth diagnostics of all the main units, components and systems of the vehicle to establish them. technical condition, determining the nature of the malfunctions, their causes, the possibility of operating this unit, unit or system. Inspection and maintenance constituent parts produced using special equipment.

Diagnostics D-1 and D-2.

One of the elements technological process Maintenance and repair is a diagnostic that serves to determine the technical condition of vehicles, their units and assemblies without disassembly. The specific property that distinguishes diagnostics from the usual definition of a technical condition is not an increase in the accuracy of its assessment, but the identification of hidden faults without disassembling the car. Currently, there are two options for performing diagnostic work: together with maintenance and repair, or at specialized posts and diagnostic lines.

Diagnostics D-1 is used to check the units and mechanisms that ensure traffic safety. This type of diagnosis is performed before TO-1. It is justified to carry out control and diagnostic work before TO-2 in the zone or at the diagnostic post in order to regulate the technological process and separate from the mass of cars entering TO-2 those that have a significant volume technical work great labor intensity. This type of diagnostics is called in-depth diagnostics D-2, performed at the post using a stand for checking the traction qualities of cars. During the inspection, problematic components, assemblies of the car are identified.

3.3.2. Detailed list maintenance work during maintenance of the VAZ-2107 car.

A detailed list of regulated works during the maintenance of a VAZ-2107 car:

Tightening the bearing housing bolts camshaft;

Tightening of bolts and nuts for fastening units and assemblies of the engine;

Adjustment of the timing chain drive;

Cleaning the carburetor filter and fuel pump;

Flushing and purging carburetor parts, adjusting the fuel level in the float chamber;

Cleaning and flushing the crankcase ventilation hose and flame arrester;

Filter element replacement air filter;

Replacement fuel filter;

Adjustment of gaps between levers and camshaft cams;

Adjustment of idling with control of toxicity of the fulfilled gases;

Flushing the engine lubrication system;

Replacement oil filter and oil in the engine crankcase;

Coolant replacement;

Replacement of spark plugs;

Replacement of the oxygen concentration sensor;

Changing the oil in the gearbox and rear axle;

Lubricant spline connection cardan shaft from the side of the elastic coupling;

Replacement working fluid in the hydraulic clutch;

Tightening fasteners of units and assemblies;

Replacing the lubricant and adjusting the clearances in the bearings of the front wheel hubs;

Adjustment of angles of installation of forward wheels;

Tire condition check;

Condition of brake hoses, tubes and connections;

Pad check brake mechanisms front wheels;

Checking the brake pads rear wheels;

Replacement of brake fluid in the hydraulic brake drive;

Checking the performance of the brake pressure regulator;

Cleaning and lubricating wire leads and terminals battery;

Ignition distributor lubrication;

Adjusting the direction of the headlight beams;

Cleaning the starter manifold. Check for wear and adjacent brushes;

Cleanup slip rings generator, checking the wear and fit of the brushes;

Lubrication of rubbing body parts;

Cleaning the drainage holes of the body;

Lubricate the hood latch cable.

3.3.2.1. Tightening of bolts of fastening of the case of bearings of a camshaft of the engine of model 2106.

The order of tightening the nuts for fastening the housing of the bearings of the camshaft of the engine mod. 2106 (picture 2)

Fig. 2 Tightening the bolts for fastening the bearing housing of the camshaft of the engine mod.2106.

The pre-tightening torque of bolts 1–10 should be 34–42 N m (3.4–4.2 kgf m), and the final tightening torque should be 98–121 N m (9.8–12.1 kgf m), bolts 11–32 - 40 N m (3.2–4.0 kgf m).
The moment of final tightening of the nuts for fastening the camshaft bearing housing is 19–23 N m (1.9–2.3 kgf m).

With regards to TO-1:
On the procedure for the maintenance of TO-1 locomotives and multiple unit rolling stock on the West Siberian Railway.
1. General requirements:
1.1. TO-1 of locomotives, multi-unit rolling stock (MVPS) is carried out by locomotive crews when accepting and handing over locomotives to railway tracks the main or reverse locomotive depot, at points of change of locomotive crews on station tracks, when stopping at intermediate railway stations, waiting for work and putting into operation, when equipping locomotives.
The list of works is obligatory for locomotive crews in the entire section of the locomotive circulation. (Scroll additional work for the maintenance of electric and diesel locomotives, MVPS by locomotive crews is given in Appendices 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 of this Order).
1.2. Responsibility for the high-quality implementation of TO-1 locomotives, MVPS and compliance with safety regulations rests with the driver who delivers the locomotive.
1.3. The list of works on the maintenance of locomotives with their distribution between locomotive crews in the areas of their circulation should be on each locomotive in the driver's cab, and the receiving team is obliged to control the performance of the work specified in it by the handing over team.
1.4. On the acceptance and delivery of the locomotive, MVPS, drivers are required to make an entry in the log form TU-152 indicating the completed TO-1 cycles, the time of acceptance and approving with their signatures.
2. Acceptance of locomotives
2.1. The brigade accepting the locomotive is obliged to check the dates of the last TO-2 maintenance, checks of ALSN, CLUB and radio communication, according to the journal of form TU-152, to familiarize themselves with the comments of the locomotive brigade handing over the locomotive, and with records of the repair performed on these comments.
2.2. When inspecting locomotives, MVPS of all series and modifications, the receiving locomotive crew is obliged to:
2.2.1. check the result of the TO-1 of the dealer locomotive brigade and if the work is done with poor quality or not fulfilled, make an entry about this in the log form TU-152, eliminate the identified comments and, at the end of the trip, provide a written report to the deputy head of the operation depot for analysis;
2.2.2. inspect mechanical part locomotive (MVPS), turning Special attention on the condition of the bandages wheelsets, spring suspension, automatic couplers, safety devices against falling parts on the track, the condition of the casing fastening bolts gear train and caps of motor-axial bearings;
2.2.3. check the condition of the brake linkage, rod output brake cylinders and other braking equipment in accordance with the Operating Instructions for Rolling Stock Brakes railways;
2.2.4. check the condition of the axle boxes of the locomotive wheel pairs (MVPS), their heating temperature. At the same time, it is necessary to check the reliability of bolt fastenings, the condition of rubber-metal leashes, the absence of cracks in the housings and covers of the axle boxes, the integrity of the architraves of the axle boxes and their fastening. A sign of overheating of the bearing assembly is burning and discoloration of its color, leakage of lubricant, etc.;
2.2.5. inspect roof equipment (for electric locomotives, MVPS), without climbing onto the roof;
2.2.6. verify the correct operation of electrical apparatus, auxiliary machines, the accuracy of the work of pantographs when they are raised and lowered;
2.2.7. check work sound devices, spotlights, buffer lights, lighting;
2.2.8. check the presence of sand and the operation of sandboxes;
2.2.9. check the presence of oil in compressors, fuel, water and oil (on a diesel locomotive), meter readings (for electric locomotives, MVPS);
2.2.10. remove condensate from tanks, moisture collectors, oil separators of pneumatic equipment, make sure that there is no condensate in the diesel crankcase by opening a valve on the drain (filling) pipe, drain oil from air coolers when the diesel engine is running;
2.2.11. make sure that the instrumentation is in good working order and signal lamps on the control panel;
2.2.12. check the availability and serviceability of tools, inventory, spare parts and materials, fixtures for assembly emergency schemes, signal accessories, the number and numbers of brake shoes (which must be entered in the log form TU-152 or other document located on the locomotive), protective equipment, cleaning and lubricants, snow protection and, if necessary, replenish them if the locomotive (MVPS) accepted at the main locomotive depot or turnover point;
2.2.13. after starting, check the operation of the locomotive diesel generator set, paying attention to the presence of extraneous noise and increased vibrations;
2.2.14. to check the ALSN (in the coded area), radio communications, traffic safety devices and make an appropriate entry in the log form TU-152;
2.2.15. check the operation of the comb lubricator and density control device brake line;
2.2.17. check the availability of medicines in the first-aid kit, according to the list established by the Health Department of the Ministry of Railways of Russia.

It's good when the car is trouble-free ready to travel at any distance. And to ensure this reliability allows maintenance - regular, thorough, carried out in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer of your model.

Types of maintenance

All car care activities are divided into 3 main categories of severity, but (this is important!) they are all part of the whole. Proper comprehensive maintenance consists of:

daily , which includes visual inspection, elimination of malfunctions detected during it, replenishment of working fluids, checking the operability of the steering and lighting devices, cleaning the body, interior, wheels, air filters etc.;
periodical , which is a series of activities aimed at identifying possible faults with the elimination of their causes, and subdivided into two more categories - TO-1 and TO-2;
seasonal , held twice a year, before the start of the summer and winter seasons, and consisting in preparing the car for them.

Most often, the owner of a car does not even think that by replenishing the tank and putting things in order in the cabin, he actually conducts daily maintenance, and changing winter tires to summer tires, he performs part of the seasonal one, which, by the way, can be successfully combined with the next TO-2. But if the difference between daily and seasonal service obvious, the differences between the two types of periodicity often remain a mystery, especially for novice drivers. To understand what the main differences between TO-1 and TO-2 are, it is necessary to clearly understand what activities are included in each of them.

Features TO-1

TO-1 (first maintenance) is carried out every 8-10 thousand kilometers. The exact dates are indicated by the manufacturer in the accompanying documentation for the car. It is important to remember that these instructions are only recommendations and refer only to the gentle operation of the vehicle. That is, when using the machine in adverse conditions, aggressive driving style, increased vehicle loads, frequent off-road driving and other conditions that lead to rapid wear parts, assemblies, mechanisms, it is necessary to reduce the intervals between the next TO-1. Simply put, if you want your car to be always on the go, carry out TO-1 regularly and as often as possible.

The list of works included in TO-1 is quite extensive, but many of them do not require special labor costs: they can be carried out on their own - if you have experience, time and desire. The first MOT includes the following activities:

the whole complex of EO (daily maintenance);
checking and, if necessary, adjusting the pedal stroke, the reliability of the fasteners, the condition of the steering, wheels, brake and other systems;
adjustment to Idling crankshaft speed;
control of the level and composition of exhaust gases;
alternator belt adjustment, replacement of worn ones;
elimination of defects identified during inspections.

Every second TO-1 should be expanded:

checking the battery and cleaning it;
checking the condition of the muffler and suspension mounts;
checking the tightness of the cooling system;
tightening the flanges of the axle shafts and hubs;
cleaning the air and replacing the oil filters;
adjusting the headlights.

Features TO-2

TO-2 (second maintenance) is carried out less often than the first, but differs from it in labor intensity and scale necessary work, since the goal is to identify all possible malfunctions, worn parts, adjustment failures and eliminate the detected shortcomings. To maximize the effectiveness of such activities, it is recommended to complete diagnostics car.

The frequency of TO-2 is approximately every 16-20 thousand kilometers. In the presence of adverse factors, it would be more rational to reduce these intervals.

The list of works required for TO-2 includes full list TO-1 measures, as well as a thorough inspection, verification, adjustment of all components and systems of the vehicle, followed by the elimination of detected malfunctions. The labor intensity and responsibility of the second maintenance require experience, professionalism, and most importantly, the availability special equipment, tools and conditions, therefore, TO-2 is recommended to be carried out in auto service centers with a good reputation.

Thus, TO-1 and TO-2 are steps of the same ladder, and not mutually exclusive elements. It is necessary to strictly follow the maintenance schedule, which in the future may look like this:

Timely and thorough carrying out of the next MOT is a guarantee of durability and reliability of your car!

About service features for specific models you can learn about cars from our series of articles "Preparing for MOT":