Electric Transport (Electric transport). Main Views

02.07.2020

Miscellaneous

Topic: features of urban electric transport, electric transport.

Among other things and phenomena that exist in the life of a modern person, which are natural attributes of "being", and which remain unobtrusive, the presence and operation of urban electric transport is invaluable. Most people move around their city by means of this type of transport. Everything is as usual, but remember how many problems arise when this trifle of life breaks down or goes out of its usual traffic schedule. The alternative is a crowded minibus.

Even a non-electrician understands that the main driving force that drives urban electric transport is an electric motor powered by electricity. But in this case there are many nuances and trifles. At least the same ecology - this type of transport is completely harmless in terms of harmful emissions and the use of petroleum products (non-renewable natural resources). Yes, and the noise from it is much less, and this is especially noticeable if your place of residence is located near a nearby motorway.

Since the beginning of the appearance of the electric motor, not much time has passed since it began to be used as a traction base. The first electric transport was not as perfect as it is now. But the fundamental basis remains the same. To the electric motor and additional control systems, the innovations of modern technologies are only falling apart. If in the very first trolleybuses a set of starters with electrical resistances was used as an electric motor control system (to reduce engine speed), now semiconductors are the basis of such a system. With the rapid development of digital electrical engineering, basic electrophysical processes began to be controlled by intelligent systems.

If in the old trolleybuses and trams more mechanics were used (in the control system, and not only), now almost everything has been replaced by circuitry. Take at least the same running line that shows the name of the stops. The service system of urban electric transport has also been improved. The mass appearance of cellular telephony made it possible to report breakdowns and violations in the operation of electric transport in the shortest possible time. The dispatcher who received the emergency message quickly sends an operational team to troubleshoot. This has a positive effect on the resumption of the previous mode of operation of urban electric transport.

What types of urban electric transport should be in certain areas is determined by the length of the route, the number of passengers, the size of the city and other factors. For example, in settlements where the population is about one million people, the construction of a subway (underground) is allowed. In cities with a population of thousands, it is more reasonable to make electric transport in the form of trolleybuses. It is trolleybuses that are the simplest in laying the track (installing traction substations along the route and laying supply lines). There are trams between the subway and trolleybuses (laying the railway track is not such a cheap thing as it might seem).

No matter how anyone would talk about urban electric transport, but still, even those people who have their own cars use electric transport from time to time. This is not to mention the fact that this type of urban transport is the main one for pensioners. So they will soon stop using equipment that runs on petroleum products (when reserves are exhausted) than electric transport (after all, electricity is an inexhaustible source of energy).

P.S. Only a person who is familiar with electricity can fully appreciate all the advantages and disadvantages of electric transport (and especially the one who repairs and maintains this transport for you and me).

Urban electric transport is a mass public transport designed for route service of the population of the city.

A city is a settlement that has reached a certain number (at least 2 thousand inhabitants) and performs mainly industrial, commercial, cultural, administrative and political functions. Cities can be of district, regional, republican and regional subordination (depending on the administrative division of territories adopted in the country).

Urban and suburban transport is a system consisting of various modes of transport that transport the population of the city and the suburban area, as well as perform a number of works necessary for the normal life of people (for example, garbage collection, snow, street watering, etc.). Elements of the urban transport system are part of a diversified urban economy.

The transport system of the city includes vehicles (rolling stock); tracks specially adapted for them (roads, rail tracks, tunnels, flyovers, bridges, overpasses, stations, parking lots); marinas and boat stations; power supply facilities (traction power substations, cable and contact networks, gas stations); repair plants and workshops; places of storage of vehicles (depot, garages); service stations; rental points; communication devices; control rooms, etc.

Urban transport is classified according to the type of traction (electric, internal combustion engines, diesel engines, human muscle energy, etc.); in relation to the employment of the city territory (street, off-street, on a separate canvas, etc.); speed (high-speed, ultra-high-speed, etc.); route organization technologies (regular, semi-express, express); carrying capacity (low, small, medium, high).

The share of urban passenger traffic in our country is approximately 87%, suburban - 12%, intercity - 1%, and international - 0.002% (in Western Europe, the share of urban passenger traffic by public transport is approximately 20% of the total volume, in the USA - 3 %).

Electric transport is a type of transport that uses electricity as an energy source, and a traction motor is used in the drive. Its main advantages over vehicles with internal combustion engines are higher performance and environmental friendliness.

The main means of urban passenger electric transport are trams, trolleybuses, metro, electric trains, apply in the same way monorails, funiculars etc.

During its existence, urban electric transport has experienced many reforms. 30% of the tram systems of the Russian Federation were built by private entrepreneurs before 1917. After the revolution, the tram, and then the trolley bus, were transferred to the housing and communal services system. This continued until 1992, when almost all tram and trolleybus facilities, with all their problems, were taken over by municipalities, which, unfortunately, had no experience in building networks and operating electric transport. The renewal of the rolling stock fleet has been drastically reduced. The modernization of infrastructure was reduced to a minimum - track facilities, depots, energy facilities. The issues of shortfalls in income from the transportation of privileged passengers were not resolved, which led to the collapse of the economy of tram and trolleybus enterprises, stagnation. According to statistics, in 67 cities of Russia where there is urban electric transport, since 1990 the number of trams has decreased by 60%, and the purchase of new ones was carried out within 9% of the required number. That is, 12 trams were purchased for the whole of Russia per year. The situation with the trolleybus fleet was almost no better, the number of which decreased by 79%. Their depreciation was 75%, and the purchase of new ones was equal to only 22 trolleybuses per year for the whole of Russia. The length of tram lines has also been reduced by 88%.

Out of 121 cities in nine federal districts of the Russian Federation, where electric transport operated successfully before, 110 cities remain today. In 2015, 6.4 billion passengers were transported by electric transport, the volume of passenger turnover amounted to 55.4 billion passenger-kilometers. At the same time, 11.2 billion passengers were transported by public buses with a passenger turnover of 117.9 billion passenger-kilometers. In 2015, the income received from the operation of the tram and trolleybus in Russia as a whole amounted to 41.9 billion rubles. Including from the tram - 20.4 billion rubles, from the trolleybus - 21.5 billion rubles. The costs associated with the transportation of passengers are 74.8 billion rubles. Including tram - 36.4 billion rubles, trolleybus - 38.4 billion rubles.

The issue of replacing buses with electric buses also requires serious study, which will reduce the level of pollution by almost 45%.

The organization of urban transport, the time spent on travel largely determine the conditions of life, work and recreation of the urban population. Only with a well-developed mass passenger transport with high speeds and a large carrying capacity, it becomes possible to properly develop modern urban planning, increase the building area and create satellite cities, and transfer industrial enterprises outside the urban area.

In modern conditions, the rating of major cities in the world largely depends on the level of development of urban electric transport. And it is no coincidence that among the leaders are such cities as Vienna, Zurich, Frankfurt, Berlin, Toronto, where the networks of municipal electric transport are developed and continue to develop. At the same time, it should be taken into account that, according to statistics, trams and trolleybuses attract passengers by 30-40% more than similar bus routes. Needless to say, in cities where electric transport is developing, the problems associated with motorization are more successfully solved: traffic jams, environmental pollution, huge loss of time in traffic jams. Electric transport itself has the least environmental impact, is energy efficient, and rail transport requires a minimum of urban area for mass passenger transportation.

The tram has the most obvious advantages in this regard. Therefore, over the past 30 years, it has been opened in more than 130 cities around the world, including the largest metropolitan areas and financial centers: Los Angeles, London, Paris, Hong Kong and others.

Rice. 11.1. city tram

A modern high-quality tram, along with the metro and the city railway, forms the rail frame of the city, guaranteeing punctuality, high speed and safety of travel. At the same time, the cost of building tram lines is ten times less than the cost of building a subway.

Urban electric transport should provide:

a) high reliability and traffic safety;

b) providing maximum convenience for passengers at a minimum cost of transportation;

c) high speed of communication and sufficient carrying capacity;

d) the required frequency and regularity of traffic on the line;

e) good maneuverability and high traction and dynamic properties both with separate track devices and when working in a common traffic flow;

f) minimum noise generated by rolling stock.

Rice. 11.2 Domestic 22-seater electric bus (electric bus)

Urban electric transport (UET) is a system that includes a complete technological cycle: preparation and production of rolling stock; its operation on the line; maintenance of transportation support elements (railway, contact - cable network, etc.); operational and strategic management; financial analysis and planning.

Therefore, the transport facilities of the GET are characterized by a continuous production process both in the field of management and in the field of the very provision and maintenance of enterprise facilities.
Urban electric transport provides a significant part of the work trips of the country's population and is an essential part of the urban infrastructure.
At present, 12.1 thousand trams and 12.2 thousand trolleybuses are operated in the Russian Federation on urban routes. The beginning of the form

End of form

The operational length of tram and trolleybus lines in Russia is 7.6 thousand km. St. Petersburg has the longest tram network in the world.

Rice. 11.3. city trolleybus

In Russia, three manufacturers are engaged in the production of tram cars - these are the Ust-Katav Carriage Building Plant, the Uraltransmash plant and PK Transport Systems LLC. In total, in 2015 they produced 32 trams.

In May 2016, the All-Russian premiere of a three-section tram car on two Varyag bogies 21.5 m long took place in St. Petersburg. A five-section car 37 m long is also being designed.

In Novosibirsk in 2015, 74.5 million residents and guests of the city traveled by electric transport - trams and trolleybuses. This accounts for 26% of all passenger traffic in the city.

The Federal Law “On the Organization of Regular Transportation of Passengers and Luggage by Motor Transport and Urban Surface Electric Transport in the Russian Federation and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” governs the organization of passenger transportation.

According to the President of the International Association of Urban Electric Transport Enterprises (IAP GET), for the purposes of the technical and technological development of urban electric transport, it is necessary to assign to the Ministry of Transport of Russia not only the functions of organizing transportation, but also the tasks of building and modernizing infrastructure, introducing modern rolling stock, using new energy saving technologies. When all this is concentrated in one hand, then issues are resolved faster and more efficiently. Therefore, it is necessary to make appropriate changes and additions to the draft strategy for the development of automobile, urban passenger electric transport for the period up to 2030, which has already been developed by the Research Institute of Road Transport by order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia.

Metropolitan(from French métropolitain, short for chemin de fer métropolitain - “metropolitan railway”), metro (French métro, English underground, Amer. English Subway) - in the traditional sense, a city railway with block trains running along it for the transportation of passengers, engineered separated from any other transport and pedestrian traffic (off-street). In the general case, the subway is any off-street urban passenger transport system with block trains running along it. That is, the subway in the traditional sense, or, for example, city monorails are examples of subway varieties.

In 1981, the UITP Metropolitan Committee proposed the following definition of "metropolitan railway": "a railway intended to be an integral part of a network that allows the transport of large numbers of passengers within an urban area by means of vehicles on rails with external control, located in space, in whole or in part located in the tunnels and completely given over to such use.

The movement of trains in the subway is regular, according to the traffic schedule. The metro is characterized by high route speed (up to 80 km/h) and carrying capacity (up to 60,000 passengers per hour in one direction). Subway lines can be laid underground in tunnels, on the surface and on overpasses (this is especially true for urban monorails).

The largest subways in the world:

by the number of stations and the length of routes - New York,

along the length of the lines - Shanghai (538 km) and Beijing (465 km),

by annual passenger traffic - Tokyo and Seoul,

by daily passenger traffic - Beijing and Moscow.

The smallest subways are in Venezuelan Valencia, Brazilian Salvador, Indian Gurgaon and Italian Catania.

Lausanne and Rennes are the smallest cities in the world with a metro system.

The first 6 km underground line was built in London. Launched January 10, 1863. The construction was carried out by the company "Metro-politan Railways" (Eng. "Metropolitan Railways"). From this name came the actual word "subway", which is now used in many countries.

Initially, the first line in London was operated on steam traction, which, starting in 1890, was replaced by electric power.

The second subway was opened in New York in 1868 as an overground, but the first overground sections were not preserved and were subsequently replaced by underground ones (the first underground line was opened in 1904).

On the European continent, the oldest subways are Budapest (1896), Paris (1900), Berlin (1902), and Hamburg (1912). In the UK, the Glasgow Underground (1896) became the next after London.

Sometimes the Istanbul "Tunel" (European part of the city, 1875) is considered among the oldest subways in Europe, despite the fact that it is, in fact, an underground funicular (the full-fledged Istanbul metro opened only in 1989), and the Athens Metro, which, however, same, at the time of opening (1869) was an ordinary city train; in 1904, the line was electrified using a third rail, from that moment it can somehow be considered a subway. The Vienna Metro is also not among the oldest: in 1898, the city railway opened in Vienna, and in 1966, an underground tram, which only in the 1970s became the basis of a full-fledged metro.

In Russia, the first metro line was solemnly opened in Moscow on May 15, 1935. On the territory of the USSR, the metro was also opened in Leningrad (1955), Kiev (1960), Tbilisi (1966), Baku (1967), Kharkov (1975), Tashkent (1977), Yerevan (1981), Minsk (1984), Gorky ( 1985), Novosibirsk (1986), Kuibyshev (1987) and Sverdlovsk (1991).

After the collapse of the USSR, the metro was opened in only three cities: Dnepropetrovsk (1995, Ukraine), Kazan (2005, Russia) and Alma-Ata (2011, Kazakhstan).

The construction of the metro is very expensive, and therefore it is economically justified only in large cities (territorially or by population). In the USSR, cities with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants were considered as such.

A distinction is made between a closed method of construction (with the help of tunneling shields) and an open one, in which tunnels and stations are built respectively in trenches and pits and, when completed, are again covered with soil.

The subway electric train consists of several cars: two head cars with control cabins and from one to six intermediate cars attached between them. The subway car is usually longer than the tram, but shorter than the railway.

The gauge of the subway is different in different countries and, as a rule, corresponds to the accepted gauge of the railway transport, in Russia and the CIS countries - 1520 mm.

The metro also operates contact-battery electric locomotives and motor locomotives to enable the movement of track machines and workers at night, when the voltage on the contact rail is turned off.

The management of the rolling stock can also be fully automated: for the first time in the world, such trains have been used in the Lille underground - from the very moment of opening in 1983.

Stations are used for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers from carriages. Underground, as well as above ground - overpass stations communicate with the surface with the help of lobbies, turnstiles, escalators (or just stairways, and in some places also elevators for the disabled), carrying out the passage of passengers.

Structurally, the stations are of column, pylon, single-vault and adjacent types, and according to the location of the platforms relative to the tracks, they are divided into island and coastal. There are multi-track and multi-level interchange stations.

Some stations have a horizontal elevator system with walls and doors (mostly glass) between the platform and the train.

Many stations of the Moscow, St. Petersburg, Pyongyang, Stockholm and a number of other subways are designed as palace halls or simply as architectural and artistic innovations.

Quite often, metro lines are laid in underground tunnels. Tunnels of metro lines are double- and single-track. Double-track tunnels are used in single-tone schemes of underground metro lines.

Single-track tunnels are used in two-tone schemes of underground metro lines, in which each track of the metro line runs in its own tunnel. The double-track scheme on underground metro lines, and therefore single-track metro tunnels, is currently clearly dominant.

To avoid crossings at the same level, tunnels of intersecting underground metro lines are laid at different depths.

In mountainous areas, tunnels (both double and single track) can also be used for sections of metro lines passing through the mountains.

A metro bridge is a bridge over which a subway line passes. This bridge differs from the usual one in increased strength, since the subway trains create a very strong vibration. In some cases, a combined metro bridge is used. Often such a bridge is two-tiered - on the upper tier there is a road or railway, and on the lower tier there is a metro line (a vivid example is the Nizhny Novgorod metro bridge). But there are also (mainly in US cities) single-tier combined metro bridges, on which the metro line paths are laid either along the edges of the carriageway of the highway or, conversely, in the middle of the bridge, and the carriageways of the highway, respectively, to the left and right of the metro line. There are also metro stations located on metro bridges, for example, Sparrow Hills in Moscow or Ametyevo in Kazan.

An electric depot in the subway is an enterprise that operates and repairs the rolling stock of the subway.

In the engineering building of the metro there is a control center for the movement of trains and the operation of all technological installations (electrical, communications and automation, plumbing, etc.), which ensure the operation of the metro.

Gate (eng. Gate - gate) - the junction of the subway and railway networks. Gates are used mainly to deliver subway cars brought by rail, railway rails and other goods for the subway to the subway (at the same time, the running rails of the connecting branch smoothly pass into the subway tracks, since their gauge is the same - 1520 mm ). Most often, connecting branches with the railway are located at the metro depot.

When designing most underground subways (all in Russia), the need to ensure the possibility of using them as a shelter for the population in emergency situations is taken into account. For this, as a rule, stations and hauls are equipped with emergency autonomous systems for filter ventilation, power and water supply, emergency exits, sealing systems for stations and ventilation shafts (including automatic ones, from the action of an explosion shock wave, penetrating radiation, the appearance of poisonous substances in the air). substances, etc.). According to the regulations in force in Russia, the metro must provide shelter to the population for two days: it is assumed that during this time the infection level will drop to values at which it will be possible to evacuate the population outside the affected territory.

At the same time, in practice, the fulfillment of these requirements depends on the wishes of the customer, in connection with which almost all new stations of the Moscow Metro are equipped with metal structures, while in the Kazan Metro, civil defense systems, for reasons of economy, have so far been installed only at 4 stations out of 6. On the other hand, On the other hand, modern technologies for the construction of underground structures are often able to provide adequate protection at a relatively shallow depth.

Cities in Russia where there is a functioning metro - table 11.1 .:

Table 11.1.

City	Opening year	Number of stations	Line length
1. Moscow ( metro and monorail)		192 (metro) + 6 (monorail)	320.9 km (metro) + 4.7 km (monorail)

2. St. Petersburg ( metro)			113.6 km

3. Volgograd ( metrotram)			17.3 km

4. Nizhny Novgorod ( metro)			18.9 km

5. Novosibirsk ( metro)			15.9 km

6. Samara ( metro)			11.4 km

7. Yekaterinburg ( metro and city train)		9 (metro) + 17 (city train)	12.7 km (metro) + 70 km (city train)

8. Kazan ( metro)			15.8 km

Novosibirsk metro (Fig. 10.11.) - high-speed rail off-street public transport system on electric traction in Novosibirsk. It is the easternmost metro in the Russian Federation. After the launch on December 28, 1985, it became the first and only one beyond the Urals and in Siberia, as well as the fourth in Russia and the eleventh in the USSR.

Its system has two lines with thirteen stations with all the necessary associated facilities. The length of both lines is 15.9 km. Intervals of train traffic - from 1 minute 15 seconds to 13 minutes (depending on the line and time of day).

The metro system includes 24 vestibules, 32 escalators (at 7 stations), 15 substations (lowering and traction).

The Novosibirsk metro bridge across the Ob, which is 2,145 meters long (including shore trestle bridges) is the longest metro bridge in the world.

The Novosibirsk metro uses the same gauge as conventional railways in Russia - 1520 mm. To supply current, a third (contact) rail is used, to which a voltage of 825 W DC is applied. The average operating speed of trains is 40 km/h. The movement of trains through a computer interface is controlled by the installed "Automatic Train Control System", developed and released by the IA&E SB RAS. The system not only directs the train, but also tells the dispatcher what to do in case of an error.

All stations are transfer hubs with ground transport, including: with trolleybuses, buses and fixed-route taxis - all stations; with trams - three stations ("River Station", "Marks Square", "Zaeltsovskaya"), three more ("Red Prospect", "Lenin Square", "Studencheskaya") tram stops are located on parallel streets 200-300 meters subway exits; three stations (Gagarinskaya, Garin-Mikhailovsky Square, Rechnoy Vokzal) are interchange hubs from the metro to suburban trains.

One station, Rechnoy Vokzal, is connected with five types of land transport, four stations (Zaeltsovskaya, Gagarinskaya, Garin-Mikhailovsky Square, Marks Square) are connected with four, eight stations are connected with three. There are no orphan stations in Novosibirsk from which it is impossible to transfer to any land transport route, but there are stations that do not form effective transfer hubs. These are the stations "Marshal Pokryshkin", "Studencheskaya", "Oktyabrskaya", "Gagarinskaya". Due to the location at a distance from squares and intersections, very few “carrying” routes pass by these stations, for which this is the final stop or the only metro station on the route. Many surface public transport routes in Novosibirsk have significant sections parallel to metro lines, which leads to serious duplication.

Fig.11.4. Novosibirsk Metro

The volume of passenger transportation by the Novosibirsk Metro (Table 11.2.):

Table 11.2.

Organizational structures for the management of urban passenger electric transport.

The Novosibirsk Metro is a municipal enterprise owned by the city of Novosibirsk. It is operated by Municipal Unitary Enterprise "Novosibirsk Metro""(full name - Municipal Unitary Enterprise of the city of Novosibirsk "Novosibirsk Metro"). The enterprise is subordinated Department of Transport and Road Improvement Complex of the Mayor’s Office city of Novosibirsk.

MUE "Novosibirsk Metro" has the following management structure (Fig. 11.5.):

Rice. 11.5. Management structure of the Novosibirsk Metro

MUP "Novosibirsk Metro" is an exclusively operating organization. MUP participates in the creation of documents and planning of new facilities, but is not involved in the construction and financing of new lines. The specialized operating organization MUP "UZSPTS" - "Customer Administration for construction of underground transport facilities. This organization is completely independent of the metro and is subordinate to the 1st Deputy Mayor of Novosibirsk.

The organization of train traffic and passenger service is the main activity traffic services. The safety, quality and culture of servicing metro passengers directly depend on the well-coordinated and efficient work of the service team, which has more than 380 people. The structure of the service includes a control apparatus, 13 stations, a dispatching section, a joint cash desk and a section for the current maintenance of premises and equipment. The fulfillment of the task of ensuring the specified dimensions of train traffic and the volume of passenger traffic is based on the traffic schedule. The functioning of the metro lines is under the operational control of the train dispatcher. Throughout the existence of the subway, the technical base of the workplace of the train dispatcher has been constantly improved. An automatic train traffic dispatching control system (ADCS ATDP) has been introduced and is successfully operating, with the ability to view records of the completed movement and automatic schedule detailing, and the transmission of dispatch orders in electronic form is automated. Additional equipment has been installed at the stations, which makes it possible for each station attendant to have information about the movement of trains along the entire line.

Rice. 11.6. Traffic Service of the Novosibirsk Metro

On the example of the city of Novosibirsk, let's consider the organizational and production structure of urban electric transport.

A typical scheme for managing urban passenger transport in a large city is shown in fig. 11.7:

Rice. 11.7. Typical urban passenger transport management scheme

Department of Transport and road improvement complex of the city hall of Novosibirsk:

Head of the Department of Transport and Road Improvement Complex of the City Hall of Novosibirsk:

Deputy Head of Department;

Committee for issuing permits for earthworks and interaction with the regulatory authorities of the mayor's office.

Financial and economic management in the field of transport and road improvement:

Procurement Department;

Planning and Economic Department;

Accounting, reporting and control department.

Main Department of Landscaping and Gardening of the City Hall of Novosibirsk:

landscaping department;

Production Department;

- Department of traffic organization;

Department of control;

Legal department.

- Department of Passenger Transportation of the City Hall of Novosibirsk:

Deputy Head of Department;

Department of transportation;

Technical department;

Organizational and control department.

Department of Passenger Transportation Organization The Department of Passenger Transportation of the City Hall is a structural subdivision directly exercising its powers in the field of creating conditions for the provision of transport services to the population of the city and organizing transport services for the population within the city.

Department of control over the implementation of passenger transportation is a structural subdivision of the Department that directly ensures the control of the fulfillment by carriers of the terms of contracts for the implementation of regular passenger transportation on city routes, as well as exercising the state powers of the region to draw up protocols on administrative offenses provided for by the Code of the region on administrative offenses.

Municipal government enterprise Novosibirsk "Gorelectrotransport"(abbreviated MCP "GET") carries out the transportation of passengers by ground urban electric transport (tram, trolley bus). The company is part of the structure Office of Passenger Transportation Department of Transport and Road Improvement Complex of the City Hall of Novosibirsk.

MCP "GET" was established in 2007 by merging all electric transport enterprises of the city of Novosibirsk, in order to stabilize the work of urban passenger transport, on the basis of MUP "Zaeltsovskoye trolleybus depot No. 3".

MCP "GET" is a municipal state-owned enterprise of urban electric transport, which includes six operational branches and an energy management service.

The presence of trams and trolleybuses in the branches of the MCP "GET" are presented in table 11.3.:

Table 11.3.

Branches and rolling stock of MCP "GET":

Subdivisions of MCP "GET"	The presence of transport funds (unit)	Average number of rolling stock by years (units):
2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
parent company
Branch №1 Dzerzhinsky trolleybus
Branch №2 Kirov trolleybus
Branch №3 Leninsky trolleybus
Branch №4 Levoberezhny tram
Branch №5 Pravoberezhny tram
TOTAL:

The length of the contact trolleybus and tram network of the MCP "GET" is 428 km. The length of tram tracks is 148 km.

The total number of employees at the enterprise is 3097 people, including 235 tram drivers, 584 trolley bus drivers. Every day, 224 trolleybuses and 98 tram cars enter the line, transportation is carried out along 14 trolleybus and 11 tram routes.

The municipal state institution "Center for Management of Urban Automotive Transport" was established by the Decree of the Novosibirsk Mayor's Office No. 11567 dated 05.12.2011. on the basis of the Municipal Institution "Center for Management of Urban Automotive Transport".

The main tasks assigned to the MKU "Center for Management of Urban Automotive Transport":

Real-time monitoring and analysis of the implementation of route and shift-daily plans for the work of passenger transport;

Promptly taking measures to restore traffic in case of its failures and making changes to the organization of passenger transport, depending on the state of the road network;

Operational redistribution of rolling stock along routes, depending on the actual release.

Control questions:

1. What is the length of tram and trolleybus lines in Russia?

2. What are the advantages of urban passenger electric transport in comparison with automobiles?

3. In what year was the first metro line built in the world, in Russia and Novosibirsk?

4. Name the production enterprises of urban electric transport in Novosibirsk;

5. What structure manages the passenger electric transport of the city?

6. Which structural subdivision of the Ministry of Transport controls the technical condition of vehicles of urban electric transport?

by direct connection to a ground power station: tram, trolleybus, monorail, metro, electric train.

By appointment

Passenger electric transport

In developed countries, electric transport is the main carrier of passengers within the city, accounting for more than 50% of traffic. In developing countries, the percentage of transportation by electric transport in cities is from 15%. The main means of urban passenger electric transport are trams, trolleybuses, subways, electric trains, monorails, funiculars, etc.

Cargo electric transport

Freight electric transport is used in transportation that requires high vehicle efficiency, for example, cargo trolleybuses are used in open pits, and DC and AC electric trains are used on railways. Electric transport also includes specific mechanisms - ship lifts, etc.

Basic terms

Contact network, power supply

Traction substation(TP) - a structure that receives electricity from the city network and converts its voltage into a voltage suitable for powering trams or trolleybuses with subsequent transmission to the contact network.

Contact network(CS) - a structure that provides power to transport. The tram uses a contact wire for this and running rails as a return wire. The trolleybus is powered by two contact wires, which greatly simplifies the construction of its line.

barbells- "horns" of the trolleybus, devices for the upper current collection from the contact wire. Almost always the left bar is “plus”, the right one is “minus”. In some cities (for example, in Riga), trams also use the current collector (see Riga tram).

Yoke- a current collector in the form of a gentle arc sliding over the surface of the contact wire is the least demanding on the quality of the contact network.

Pantograph (current collector)- a device for the upper current collection of a tram or electric train. It is located on the roof of the car, has the shape of a rectangle placed on one of the edges. More demanding on the quality of the contact network than the yoke.

Half pantograph- a current collector that looks like half of a conventional pantograph. The main advantages are the best current collection, less weight, the main disadvantage is the highest demands on the contact network among all types of upper current collection.

Boom catcher- a device that does not allow a significant departure of the rod to the side or up in case of its descent from the contact wire. Bar catchers are mechanical (spring, the principle of operation is similar to inertial seat belts) and electrical (electric motor). Principle of operation: during the jerk of the rod, when it comes off, the winding drum is activated, which winds the rope attached to the trolleybus rod so that it is below the wires and there are no shocks and damage to the contact network. In addition, the device does not allow the bar to move sideways, thereby almost completely reducing the risk of injury and damage. Each trolleybus has two bar catchers. In almost all cities of the CIS, they are not used at all or work only on single machines. One of the cities where there are rod catchers on all trolleybuses, Moscow.

Objects, equipment, devices

Tram arrow - The task of the arrow is to change the direction of tram trains. This is achieved through the use of special paired wedges - arrow feathers, which squeeze the flanges of the wheels and direct them in the right direction. Manual translation of the arrow is hard, inefficient and, with heavy traffic, to some extent dangerous work. Now in Moscow and other cities of Russia, the switchover is performed automatically.

Trolleybus arrow - serves to change the direction of movement of the trolleybus bars, depending on the required direction of movement. When turning left, it works on the same principle as a tram, and its return to the right position occurs under the action of return springs. The work of a trolleybus arrow is much simpler than a tram one. The arrow operates from a contact network with a voltage of 600 volts. The arrows are consumable (anti-wool) and similar (wool), last at the confluence of trolleybus lines.

RKSU - Relay-Contact Control System. With this control system, all switching in the power circuit of a tram car (electric locomotive, electric train), namely: connecting traction motors (TEM) to the network, removing starting rheostats, switching TEM from serial to parallel connection (not used in modern trams), weakening of excitation TED, shutdown, transition to electric braking, change of direction of movement are performed by contactors. The contactors, in turn, are controlled by the driver's controller or switches included in special auxiliary circuits called control circuits. The control circuits are powered by a battery (usually 24 V in trams and trolleybuses). This achieves a simplification and lightening of the design of the driver's controller, which is energized by the control circuits and is separated from the power circuits that are energized by the network (tram and trolley bus 600 V, metro 825 V, railway 3000 or 25000 V). With RKSU, the safety of electric rolling stock control is increased, it becomes possible to automate control, which is achieved by using special relays operating according to a given algorithm. RCCS can be non-automatic (electric locomotives), when all switching during start-up and braking are performed manually using the controller, and automatic (tram, trolleybus, electric trains) - when only the necessary acceleration (deceleration) stage is set using the controller, and the necessary switching in the control circuits and power circuits occur automatically under the control of special relays (acceleration relay, limit relay).

TISU - Thyristor-Pulse Control System. Starting and braking of electric rolling stock (EPS) with this system is carried out without the use of starting rheostats using thyristor switches. Thyristor keys connect traction motors (TED) to the network directly for a time of the order of several milliseconds. During this time, the current in the power circuit (TED circuit) does not have time to reach its maximum value, since the power circuit has a significant inductance. After closing the thyristor key, the current through the TED continues to flow under the action of the electromotive force (EMF) of self-induction through special shunt diodes and gradually decreases. Then again there is a short-term opening of the thyristor key and an increase in current. Further, the process is repeated and the TED current fluctuates around a given average value. By changing the opening frequency of the thyristor key (frequency control) or the duration (pulse width, width control), it is possible to change the value of the TED current, and hence the acceleration or deceleration of the EPS. Let's imagine for a moment that with the help of a certain switch we can turn on and off the TED about 400 times per second, each time reducing the frequency and increasing the duration of the connection. And at the end of acceleration, we simply close the switch constantly. This is how TISU works in which the thyristor key plays the role of a "breaker". When the thyristor key (converter) is operating, a characteristic high-frequency sound (squeak) is heard. TISU provides smooth and economical rheostatless starting and braking. To close the thyristors, special switching circuits are used, since an open thyristor cannot close on its own, and this leads to a complication of the circuit, which is a disadvantage of TISU. Therefore, recently, instead of thyristors, powerful power transistors, such as IGBT transistors, are used in the keys.

NSU - Direct Control System. The voltage from the wire goes directly to the controller and is switched in it.

PS - Rolling stock (wagon, car).

TR - Maintenance of rolling stock. It is carried out in order to maintain the substation in a condition that ensures its operational reliability until the next maintenance.

KR - Capital repairs. It is carried out with the aim of detailed identification and complete elimination of faults in the body, components and assemblies of the PS, to ensure its reliability until the next RC.

KVR - Overhaul of a tram / trolley bus. It is carried out when the PS reaches the established depreciation period, or in case of impossibility of further operation of the PS due to the technical condition of the body. Usually done by the forces of the depot, in addition, it is one of the areas of work for tram repair plants. Sometimes, as a result of the CWR, a different tram model is obtained, which is assigned its own index (for example, Ivanovo).

Ditches - Repair pits in the workshops of the depot, where the substation is repaired or inspected. As a rule, there are jacks and other devices for working with PS. They are located in the depot shop, that is, under the roof of the building.

Depot - A complex of buildings and structures for sludge, repair, technical inspection of rolling stock. When they say depot, they usually mean either a tram or a trolleybus, or wagons and locomotives on the railway.

Veer is a place in the depot for laying down wagons. On the main fan, those wagons that go on trips daily are settled. On the spare fan, you can arrange a "warehouse of junk" gradually dismantled for spare parts, just a sludge of an excess number of cars, a sludge of service cars (although they usually have a separate place for them). On the fan there are tracks on which the cars stand and 1 passing track - so that you can drive through the crowded fan.

TTU - Tram and Trolleybus Department, located, as a rule, in the administrative building of the depot.

TRZ - Tram Repair Plant (MRTTZ in Moscow, VRTTZ in Voronezh).

VRM - Carriage repair workshops.

Gate - a device for unloading new trams / trolleybuses at the depot, arrived by rail.

GET - City Electric Transport.

OT - Public transport.

Board number - The number of the car, applied to it in front, behind and on the sides. Occasionally - on the side windows.

ASKP - a system for registering passengers and restricting ticketless access to public transport. The system effectively combats stowaways and forgery of travel documents, as well as accurately recording the number of concessionary trips. In addition, the automatic control system allows you to drastically reduce the number of ticket controllers (up to a complete rejection of them). The main disadvantage of the system is a strong delay in boarding passengers, in addition, disabled people and passengers with wheelchairs cannot cross the turnstile and still enter through the middle door. Maintenance of ASKP requires significant additional costs.

CME - a system of two tram cars, which is controlled by the head car, while the two cars are connected by an inter-car cable. The systems consist mainly of 2 cars, but there are also systems of 3 cars. There are also push-pull systems, in which two cars are coupled back to back (such a system does not require a reverse ring).

K / St - The end station of the tram / trolley bus / bus.

L/St - Line station.

Composter - a device designed to check tickets for passenger vehicles. The composter punches or squeezes out conventional control marks, ink a code or changes a magnetic strip (on seals, tickets, checks, other documents, etc.). The punching process is called composting. Widely used in the USSR.

Accelerator - Rheostatic controller combined with a starting-braking rheostat. It is a ring insulator, on which elements of the starting rheostat are fixed in a circle. A rotor with a moving contact rotates inside the insulator. Depending on the position of the movable contact, the resistance of the rheostats introduced into the power circuit of the traction motor changes. According to the principle of operation, the accelerator is similar to a variable resistor. There are modifications of the accelerator, where not a movable contact is fixed on the rotor, but a roller that presses the current-carrying element of the rheostat to the ring current collector, fixed on the ring insulator. Accelerators were used on tram cars produced in Europe and the USA. In the USSR, T3 cars manufactured by Czechoslovakia, also equipped with boosters, were operated. The accelerator has a large number of rheostat output stages (on the T3 car - 75 stages), which ensures smooth acceleration. At the same time, the accelerator does not allow overheating of the rheostat elements, and when the current is exceeded, the moving contact burns.

Travel card - a document certifying the right to travel in public transport. In Soviet times, tickets for travel in a city bus, trolleybus or tram could be bought not from the conductor or driver, but to be torn off at the box office by dropping coins into the slot at the top of the box office. Collecting public transport tickets is called peridromophilia.

OBV - a type of substation with an especially large capacity (BV): for example, a bus / trolleybus with an "accordion".

The boats are the sidelights / direction indicators of the old model, in contrast to the new rectangular ones and located in a different place.

Screen doors - such as on IKARUS-280.33, consisting of 4 segments (2 segments for each leaf), which are folded to the edges of the doorway.

Planetary doors - such as on LiAZ-5256 or KTM-19, consisting of 2 leaves, which, when opened, rotate 90 degrees, leaning against the edges of the doorway.

Schedule - the movement of trams / trolleybuses is regulated by a schedule. The main input data for drawing up the schedule is the turnaround time of the train along the route and the number of trains on the route. In the conditions of attaching counselors (and conductors) to the PS, it is also necessary to take into account the maximum permissible length of the working day and the timing of lunches. For single-track tram lines, the location along the siding line is taken into account and the time of their passage by oncoming trains is selected.

PTE - rules for the technical operation of a tram (trolley bus).

PTB - Safety regulations.

ASDU - Automatic dispatch control system. Developed in the 1980s by specialists from the Polytechnic Institute and the Elektrosignal plant in Voronezh.

What is public transport

Public transport involves the mass transportation of people. City passenger transport does not include service and school buses and cars, military trains, buses transporting athletes to the match, as well as personal vehicles for the movement of company employees, buses for sightseers, pleasure boats, etc. Such transport has other functions and purposes. Also, elevators and escalators are not public transport, since they operate only within one specific building or object.

Types of passenger transport

Buses are the most common type of passenger public transport. They are actively used all over the world. There are a huge number of bus models. The main fuel used so far is gasoline and diesel fuel.
Trolleybus is one of the most popular types of public urban transport in Russia and the CIS countries. It is equipped with an electric motor with continuous feeding from a contact network of wires. Often used in Western Europe, where it is considered a subspecies of the bus.
Tram is a traditional type of urban transport in Russia and the CIS. It uses narrow gauge railway track and is powered by a contact network. Equipped with an electric motor. It is an intermediate option between a trolleybus and an electric train.
Trains are actively used all over the world, but in Russia and the CIS countries this type of transport has received the greatest development. For movement, a broad-gauge railway is used, as well as (for electric trains). The locomotive is powered by an electric, diesel, or (rarely) steam engine. The development of this type of transport proceeded in the sequence: steam locomotives - diesel locomotives - electric locomotives. Now they use mainly electric locomotives and (less often) diesel locomotives.
Monorail transport is used rarely and to a limited extent. It stands out as a separate mode of transport.
Ships. Actively used all over the world. These include boats, ships, steamboats, sailing ships, yachts. Currently, sailing ships are almost never used. The main type of fuel is oil refining products.
Aircraft. An actively developing and relatively modern type of public transport. Distributed throughout the world, especially in developed countries. In Russia they are used less often. The movement is carried out through the air using the principle of jet thrust. Petroleum products are still used as fuel.
Shuttle taxis. A relatively new type of urban transport. Now it is widely used in Russia and the post-Soviet countries. Transportation of people in minibuses is organized by transport private companies. Unlike taxis, the route is determined by these companies and city authorities, not by the passenger.
Passenger road transport (taxi). A taxi driver can work alone or for a private company. In the second case, fares will be much lower.

Bus

Bus - urban passenger transport with autonomous power supply. The city bus is also called street wheeled transport. It is convenient for its maneuverability and lack of attachment to rails or wires. It can even move on dirt roads. One bus carries from 200 to 4500 passengers per hour. The maximum value for city buses is 9-10 thousand people. It is actively used as the main and auxiliary vehicle. All cities have their own network of bus routes. At any time, the route of movement can be adjusted or changed. This is usually done when expanding cities and adding new districts.

In small towns and villages, the bus is practically the only form of available transport. In larger settlements, it is usually combined with fixed-route taxis. The disadvantages of using such vehicles so far are:

operating costs,
air and soil polution,
noise pollution,
the need for frequent repairs due to breakdowns.

The gradual transition to electric buses will eliminate all these shortcomings.

Bus in Russia

In our country, bus transport has traditionally been widely used. It is used both for intracity, and for suburban and intercity transportation. More than 1,500 settlements in Russia have bus routes and a bus fleet. The average distance traveled by a bus passenger is 6 km. Despite the prevalence of intercity bus transportation, it is still considered an intracity mode of transport. Buses often break down when traveling long distances. Also in this case, serious accidents are not uncommon, mainly due to driver fatigue on a long journey.

In large cities of Russia, bus stations have been created that are similar in design and operation to railway stations. About the arrival, departure, flight delay, etc., bus station employees notify passengers through a loudspeaker.

The role of the trolleybus in passenger transport

Trolleybus as a mode of transport is not so popular and is used mainly in large cities. Intercity trolleybus routes (trolleybus lines) exist in Crimea and Donbass, where they have existed since Soviet times. However, on a global scale, it is rather exotic.

For the operation of the trolleybus, an overhead contact network of wires is used. Therefore, it belongs to the category of trackless electric transport. The maximum number of passengers carried is 8-9 thousand people per hour. The advantages of using this type of transport are environmental friendliness, low operating costs, and relative reliability. At the same time, there are significant expenses in the construction of trolleybus lines and low maneuverability. Quite often there are violations of the contact of the trolley bus with the cantata wire network, which leads to a forced stop and downtime of the vehicle directly on the route.

Trolleybuses are actively used in Russia and the CIS countries, mainly in large and medium-sized cities. With a population of more than 250,000 people. the use of this mode of transport may be appropriate.

Tram as a means of transportation

A tram is also a land-based urban passenger transport, typical for large cities in Russia and the countries of the former USSR. However, it gradually goes out of fashion and is now used less and less. They have a long history where they appeared a very long time ago. One such vehicle can serve up to 12-15 thousand people per hour. In the past, trams were popular and carried more passengers than any other type of urban transport. They are considered environmentally friendly, but at the same time quite noisy devices that can break down on the route, which can cause traffic jams. Also a disadvantage is the low maneuverability. Nevertheless, trams in Moscow are a popular form of transport among residents.

Metro - underground transport of large cities

It is also a rail mode of transport, but much more powerful than a tram. The metro can already be classified as a traditional means of transport, while it continues to develop constantly. In Moscow alone, new stations are constantly being introduced and new lines are being built. Many cities have plans to expand the metro network. Much attention is paid to the design of the stations (they are mostly underground). Each of them has a unique, unique look and its own individual characteristics. But the variety of subway cars and locomotives is incomparably lower than that of buses.

The capacity of the subway is very high. In an hour, one train can serve up to 40-50 thousand people. The construction of the subway is expedient in the largest cities with a population of over 1 million people. At the same time, the construction of the subway itself requires serious investments.

Shuttle taxis

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, this semi-commercial mode of transport became very popular. Minibuses do not have a clear link to stops (although the authorities of the Russian regions have recently been trying to limit their freedom of movement), which is very convenient, especially for people with limited mobility. Their routes can be changed at any time. The disadvantages of using them are that they are stronger than buses, load the streets and contribute to environmental pollution. This type of transport is also actively used for suburban traffic, and in intercity transportation they are used infrequently. The cost of transporting people by minibus has been rising rapidly in recent years.

Trains and electric trains

It is traditional for medium and long distances. As a rule, they do not pollute the environment too much and are more reliable and safe than buses. This type of passenger transport has practically no disadvantages. However, a relative disadvantage is the high price for travel on long-distance trains. They also have a relatively low speed compared to an airplane. Within cities, commuter trains are used, and sometimes monorail transport. Train ticket prices are relatively low. The downside is that there are not many stops and train routes within the cities. But they are optimally suited for suburban transportation.

Air transport

Air transport is widespread throughout the world. In Russia, routes leading to the resorts of the Black Sea coast are popular. The undoubted advantage of aviation is the high speed of movement, which can drastically reduce travel time. Prices for plane tickets are close to those for long-distance trains. However, this mode of transport also has its drawbacks: dependence on the weather and a small risk of crashes, which often have tragic consequences. Nevertheless, statistics show that it is much more dangerous to use a private car for long-distance travel.

Water transport

It is divided into river and sea. In Russia, river water transport is more developed. In general, only a small number of passengers use the services of this type of transport, although in ancient times it was of great importance.

Urban passenger transport management

Relevant ministries and departments have been created to manage various modes of transport. Transport system management implies a set of measures aimed at coordinating the work of transport elements both among themselves and in connection with the external environment. Driving a vehicle requires knowledge of the rules of the road, paying taxes, distributing paid and free sections of the road network, taking into account the peculiarities of traffic when transporting a large number of passengers, etc. All this determines the rules for using urban passenger transport.

How will public transport develop in the future?

In many countries of the world, projects are being developed to electrify various types of transport, including public transport. The leaders in this respect are Europe, China and Japan. Buses will be the first to switch to electric traction. In some cities of China, this process is almost completed. Part of the buses can be reoriented to the use of hydrogen fuel. Probable terms of such transfer - 10-15 years. Electric taxis are no less actively developing. In the United States, all these processes are slower, but they can accelerate after the change of the country's president. At the moment, the Trump administration is slowing down the implementation of such projects.

Somewhat later, passenger ships and small-capacity aircraft will be transferred to electric engines. As for large liners, the situation here is still uncertain.

The gradual transfer of transport to electric traction will solve environmental problems, reduce noise levels, improve the technical characteristics of vehicles, and make their operation cheaper.

Topic: what are the main types of electric transport.

Before starting the topic of electric transport, perhaps it would be more correct to define the very concept of transport. In the directories you can find the following definition: Transport is a combination of various means, the main purpose of which is the movement of the population, various goods, information from one place to another. Well, the type of transport that runs on the energy of electricity, and uses an electric motor as a drive (more precisely, is based on traction due to electricity), and will be considered in the section.

The most important advantage of electric transport, as you probably know, is environmental friendliness. Now let's move on to a general overview of all the most common types of electric transport that can be found. For convenience, let's divide them into some categories. This is primarily urban electric transport, intercity, individual and specialized. Let's start with the city, and it is represented by all of our favorite trolleybuses, trams and metro.

As for what the presence of these species depends on, it is, first of all, on the very population in this city itself. The subway is considered the most expensive type of urban electric transport and therefore it is built in those cities with a population of at least a million people. Trolleybuses and trams, as a rule, are allowed in cities with a hundred thousandths, but in cities with a smaller population they get by with buses and minibuses. Let's briefly consider them.

trolleybus- this is the simplest and most widely used type of passenger electric transport, its main specificity is to move along a regular roadway on a certain route. It is enough to lay wires along the route and install traction substations in certain areas and the transport is ready for use.

A trolleybus has a relatively high maneuverability and, if necessary, it can bypass an obstacle on this line (unlike a railway one). The disadvantages include a relatively small capacity and potential electrical hazard during boarding and exit of passengers due to poor telecommunications with the ground, in the event that a breakdown occurs on the trolleybus body itself.

Tram refers to rail transport. Unlike the previous type, in which power is supplied from two wires located on top. At the tram, the second contact is the railway track itself. This is their main difference from an electrical point of view in terms of the way they are powered. Due to its technology, the tram is more durable in operation than the trolley bus.

Metro according to its general principle of operation, it is not much different from the same tram, but unlike it, it uses a third rail for power. It serves as a positive wire for the train (as in a tram, the tracks themselves are the second contact) and runs along the entire route from the side of the main rails. The difference is also in the supply voltage itself, for a trolleybus and a tram it is 600v, and for an average metro train, working 825v, although it floats here and there depending on the load.

Now we turn to the category of intercity transport and it is electric trains on the railway. In fact, the only difference is that they are larger, more powerful and travel much longer distances, unlike the metro and tram. The way they feed is the main wire that goes from above and is fixed on stretch marks from the poles, and the second pole, respectively, is the rails themselves. And at the railway transport, along the entire route, in certain sections there are traction substations that feed the line. The supply voltage is 1500v and 3000v. This voltage depends on the type of train and the distance travelled.

Now it's the turn to remember the various individual types of electric vehicles that are encountered: these are electric cars, electric motorcycles, electric scooters, electric bicycles, electric scooters and everything similar to this. All production electric loaders, electric cars, electric tractors and others can be safely attributed to specialized electric transport. They, unlike the previous transport, are not powered by a line running along the entire transport route, but from an internal power source, that is, a battery. Although some electric vehicles are equipped with solar panels.

This was a general overview of electric transport, which we are familiar with and which we constantly use in one form or another. Of course, we will talk in more detail about each of the bottoms in other articles, but for now, this topic, electric transport, the main types, has been exhausted. Until next articles.

P.S. The beauty of electric transport lies in its efficiency and environmental friendliness. And for him the future.