The formation of toxic substances - products of incomplete combustion and nitrogen oxides in the engine cylinder during the combustion process occurs in fundamentally different ways. The first group of toxic substances is associated with chemical reactions of fuel oxidation, occurring both in the pre-flame period and in the process of combustion - expansion. The second group of toxic substances is formed by the combination of nitrogen and excess oxygen in the combustion products. The reaction of formation of nitrogen oxides is thermal in nature and is not directly related to fuel oxidation reactions. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the mechanism of formation of these toxic substances separately.
The main toxic vehicle emissions include: exhaust gases (EG), crankcase gases and fuel fumes. Engine exhaust gases contain carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (C X H Y), nitrogen oxides (NO X), aldehydes and soot. Crankcase gases are a mixture of part of the exhaust gases that have penetrated through leaks piston rings into the crankcase, with vapors engine oil. Fuel vapors enter the environment from the engine power system: joints, hoses, etc. The distribution of the main components of emissions from a carburetor engine is as follows: exhaust gases contain 95% CO, 55% C X H Y and 98% NO X, crankcase gases each contain 5% C X H Y, 2% NO X, and fuel vapors up to 40% C X H Y . IN general case The composition of the exhaust gases of engines may contain the following non-toxic and toxic components: O, O 2, O 3, C, CO, CO 2, CH 4, C n H m, C n H m O, NO, NO 2, N, N 2, NH 3 , HNO 3 , HCN, H, H 2 , OH, H 2 O.
Harmful toxic emissions can be divided into regulated and unregulated. They act on the human body in different ways. Harmful toxic emissions: CO, NO X, C X H Y, R X CHO, SO 2, soot, smoke. CO (carbon monoxide) This gas is colorless and odorless, lighter than air. It is formed on the surface of the piston and on the cylinder wall, in which activation does not occur due to the intensive heat removal of the wall, poor atomization of the fuel and the dissociation of CO 2 into CO and O 2 at high temperatures.
NO X (nitrogen oxides) is the most toxic gas from the exhaust gas.
N is an inert gas under normal conditions. Actively reacts with oxygen at high temperatures.
The exhaust gas emission depends on the ambient temperature. How more load engine, the higher the temperature in the combustion chamber, and accordingly the emission of nitrogen oxides increases.
Hydrohydrogens (C x H y)- ethane, methane, benzene, acetylene and other toxic elements. EG contains about 200 different hydrohydrogens.
In diesel engines, C x H y are formed in the combustion chamber due to a heterogeneous mixture, i.e. the flame goes out in a very rich mixture, where there is not enough air due to incorrect turbulence, low temperature, poor atomization.
ICE throws out large quantity C x H y when idling due to poor turbulence and reduced combustion rate.
Smoke is an opaque gas. Smoke can be white, blue, black. The color depends on the state of the exhaust gas.
White and blue smoke is a mixture of a drop of fuel with a microscopic amount of steam; formed due to incomplete combustion and subsequent condensation.
White smoke formed when the engine is cold, and then disappears due to heating. difference white smoke from blue is determined by the droplet size: if the droplet diameter is greater than the wavelength of blue color, then the eye perceives the smoke as white.
Blue smoke comes from oil. The presence of smoke indicates that the temperature is insufficient for complete combustion of the fuel. Black smoke is made up of soot. Smoke adversely affects the human body, animals and vegetation.
Soot- is a shapeless body without a crystal lattice; in the exhaust gas of a diesel engine, soot consists of undefined particles with dimensions of 0.3 ... 100 microns.
The reason for the formation of soot is that the energy conditions in the cylinder of a diesel engine are sufficient to completely destroy the fuel molecule. The lighter hydrogen atoms diffuse into the oxygen-rich layer, react with it, and, as it were, isolate the hydrocarbon atoms from contact with oxygen. The formation of soot depends on temperature, pressure in the combustion chamber, type of fuel, fuel-air ratio.
SO 2 (sulfur oxide)- is formed during engine operation from fuel obtained from sour oil (especially in diesel engines); these emissions irritate the eyes and respiratory organs. SO 2, H 2 S - very dangerous for vegetation.
The main pollutant atmospheric air lead in Russian Federation Leaded gasoline is currently the leading vehicle: 70 to 87% of total lead emissions according to various estimates. PbO (lead oxides)- occur in the OG carburetor engines when leaded gasoline is used. When burning one ton of leaded gasoline, approximately 0.5 ... 0.85 kg of lead oxides are emitted into the atmosphere. According to preliminary data, the problem of environmental pollution with lead from vehicle emissions becomes significant in cities with a population of over 100,000 people and for local areas along highways with heavy traffic. A radical way to deal with pollution environment lead emissions road transport– Avoiding the use of leaded petrols.
Aldehydes (R x CHO) are formed when fuel is burned low temperatures or the mixture is very lean, and also due to the oxidation of a thin layer of oil in the cylinder wall. When fuel is burned at high temperatures, these aldehydes disappear.
Air pollution goes through three channels: 1) exhaust gases emitted through the exhaust pipe (65%); 2) crankcase gases (20%); 3) hydrocarbons as a result of fuel evaporation from the tank, carburetor and pipelines (15%).
A small educational program for those who like to breathe from exhaust pipe.
The exhaust gases of internal combustion engines contain about 200 components. The period of their existence lasts from a few minutes to 4-5 years. By chemical composition and properties, as well as the nature of the impact on the human body, they are combined into groups.
First group. It includes non-toxic substances (natural components of atmospheric air
Second group. This group includes only one substance - carbon monoxide, or carbon monoxide (CO). The product of incomplete combustion of petroleum fuels is colorless and odorless, lighter than air. In oxygen and in air, carbon monoxide burns with a bluish flame, releasing a lot of heat and turning into carbon dioxide.
Carbon monoxide has a pronounced toxic effect. It is due to its ability to react with blood hemoglobin, leading to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, which does not bind oxygen. As a result, gas exchange in the body is disturbed, oxygen starvation appears and there is a violation of the functioning of all body systems.
Car drivers are often exposed to carbon monoxide poisoning. Vehicle when spending the night in the cab with the engine running or when the engine is warming up in a closed garage. The nature of carbon monoxide poisoning depends on its concentration in the air, the duration of exposure and the individual susceptibility of a person. A mild degree of poisoning causes a throbbing in the head, darkening of the eyes, increased heart rate. In severe poisoning, consciousness becomes clouded, drowsiness increases. At very high doses of carbon monoxide (over 1%), loss of consciousness and death occur.
Third group. It contains nitrogen oxides, mainly NO - nitrogen oxide and NO 2 - nitrogen dioxide. These are the gases that form in the chamber combustion engine at a temperature of 2800 ° C and a pressure of about 10 kgf / cm 2. Nitric oxide is a colorless gas, does not interact with water and is slightly soluble in it, does not react with solutions of acids and alkalis.
Easily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen and forms nitrogen dioxide. Under normal atmospheric conditions, NO is completely converted into NO 2 - a brown-colored gas with a characteristic odor. It is heavier than air, therefore it collects in depressions, ditches and is a great danger when maintenance Vehicle.
For the human body, nitrogen oxides are even more harmful than carbon monoxide. The general nature of exposure varies depending on the content of various nitrogen oxides. Upon contact of nitrogen dioxide with a wet surface (mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, bronchi), nitric and nitrous acids are formed, which irritate the mucous membranes and affect the alveolar tissue of the lungs. At high concentrations of nitrogen oxides (0.004 - 0.008%), asthmatic manifestations and pulmonary edema occur.
Inhaling air containing nitrogen oxides in high concentrations, a person does not have unpleasant sensations and does not imply negative consequences. With prolonged exposure to nitrogen oxides in concentrations exceeding the norm, people get chronic bronchitis, inflammation of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, suffer from heart failure, and nervous disorders.
A secondary reaction to the effects of nitrogen oxides is manifested in the formation of nitrites in the human body and their absorption into the blood. This causes the conversion of hemoglobin to metahemoglobin, which leads to a violation of cardiac activity.
Nitrogen oxides also have a negative effect on vegetation, forming solutions of nitric and nitrous acids on leaf plates. The same property determines the effect of nitrogen oxides on Construction Materials and metal structures. In addition, they are involved in the photochemical reaction of smog formation.
Fourth group. This most numerous group includes various hydrocarbons, that is, compounds of the C x H y type. The exhaust gases contain hydrocarbons of various homologous series: paraffinic (alkanes), naphthenic (cyclanes) and aromatic (benzene), about 160 components in total. They are formed as a result of incomplete combustion of fuel in the engine.
Unburned hydrocarbons are one of the causes of white or blue smoke. This occurs when the ignition of the working mixture in the engine is delayed or at low temperatures in the combustion chamber.
Hydrocarbons are toxic and have an adverse effect on the human cardiovascular system. Hydrocarbon compounds of exhaust gases, along with toxic properties, have a carcinogenic effect. Carcinogens are substances that contribute to the emergence and development of malignant neoplasms.
The aromatic hydrocarbon benz-a-pyrene C 20 H 12 contained in the exhaust gases is distinguished by a special carcinogenic activity. gasoline engines and diesels. It dissolves well in oils, fats, human blood serum. Accumulating in the human body to dangerous concentrations, benz-a-pyrene stimulates the formation of malignant tumors.
Hydrocarbons under the influence of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun react with nitrogen oxides, resulting in the formation of new toxic products - photooxidants, which are the basis of "smog".
Photooxidants are biologically active harmful effect on living organisms, lead to the growth of pulmonary and bronchial diseases in people, destroy rubber products, accelerate the corrosion of metals, and worsen visibility conditions.
Fifth group. It consists of aldehydes - organic compounds containing an aldehyde group -CHO associated with a hydrocarbon radical (CH 3, C 6 H 5 or others).
Exhaust gases contain mainly formaldehyde, acrolein and acetaldehyde. The largest amount of aldehydes is formed at idle and low loads. when combustion temperatures in the engine are low.
Formaldehyde HCHO is a colorless gas with bad smell, heavier than air, easily soluble in water. It irritates human mucous membranes, respiratory tract, affects the central nervous system. Causes the smell of exhaust gases, especially in diesel engines.
Acrolein CH 2 \u003d CH-CH \u003d O, or acrylic acid aldehyde, is a colorless toxic gas with the smell of burnt fats. It has an effect on the mucous membranes.
Acetic aldehyde CH 3 CHO is a gas with a pungent odor and a toxic effect on the human body.
Sixth group. Soot and other dispersed particles (engine wear products, aerosols, oils, soot, etc.) are released into it. Soot is black solid carbon particles formed when complete combustion and thermal decomposition of fuel hydrocarbons. It does not pose an immediate danger to human health, but may irritate the respiratory tract. By creating a smoky plume behind the vehicle, soot impairs visibility on the roads. The greatest harm of soot lies in the adsorption of benzo-a-pyrene on its surface, which in this case has a stronger negative effect on the human body than in its pure form.
Seventh group. It is a sulfur compound - inorganic gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, which appear in the exhaust gases of engines if fuel with a high sulfur content is used. Significantly more sulfur is present in diesel fuels compared to other types of fuels used in transport.
Domestic oil fields (especially in the eastern regions) are characterized by a high percentage of the presence of sulfur and sulfur compounds. Therefore, diesel fuel obtained from it using outdated technologies has a heavier fractional composition and, at the same time, is less purified from sulfur and paraffin compounds. According to European standards put into effect in 1996, the sulfur content in diesel fuel should not exceed 0.005 g/l, and according to the Russian standard - 1.7 g/l. The presence of sulfur increases the toxicity of diesel exhaust gases and is the cause of the appearance of harmful sulfur compounds in them.
Sulfur compounds have a pungent odor, are heavier than air, and dissolve in water. They irritate the mucous membranes of the throat, nose, eyes of a person, can lead to a violation of carbohydrate and protein metabolism and inhibition of oxidative processes, at high concentrations (over 0.01%) - to poisoning of the body. Sulfur dioxide also has a detrimental effect on the plant world.
Eighth group. The components of this group - lead and its compounds - are found in the exhaust gases of carburetor vehicles only when using leaded gasoline, which has an additive that increases octane number. It determines the engine's ability to run without detonation. The higher the octane number, the more resistant the gasoline is to knocking. detonation combustion the working mixture flows at supersonic speed, which is 100 times faster than normal. The operation of the engine with detonation is dangerous because the engine overheats, its power drops, and the service life is sharply reduced. Increasing the octane number of gasoline helps to reduce the possibility of detonation.
As an additive that increases the octane number, an antiknock agent is used - ethyl liquid R-9. Gasoline with the addition of ethyl liquid becomes leaded. The composition of the ethyl liquid includes the actual antiknock agent - tetraethyl lead Pb (C 2 H 5) 4, the scavenger - ethyl bromide (BrC 2 H 5) and α-monochloronaphthalene (C 10 H 7 Cl), the filler - gasoline B-70, an antioxidant - paraoxydiphenylamine and dye. During the combustion of leaded gasoline, the scavenger helps to remove lead and its oxides from the combustion chamber, turning them into a vapor state. They, together with the exhaust gases, are released into the surrounding area and settle near the roads.
In roadside areas, approximately 50% of particulate lead emissions are immediately distributed to the adjacent surface. The rest is in the air in the form of aerosols for several hours, and then is also deposited on the ground near roads. The accumulation of lead in roadside leads to pollution of ecosystems and makes nearby soils unsuitable for agricultural use.
The addition of R-9 additive to gasoline makes it highly toxic. Different grades of gasoline have different percentages of additives. To distinguish brands of leaded gasoline, they are colored by adding multi-colored dyes to the additive. Unleaded gasoline is supplied uncolored (Table 9).
In the developed world, the use of leaded gasoline is limited or has already been completely discontinued. In Russia he still finds wide application. However, the goal is to stop using it. Large industrial centers and resort areas are switching to the use of unleaded gasoline.
Ecosystems are negatively impacted not only by the considered components of engine exhaust gases, divided into eight groups, but also by hydrocarbon fuels, oils and lubricants themselves. Possessing a great ability to evaporate, especially when the temperature rises, vapors of fuels and oils spread in the air and adversely affect living organisms.
Accidental spills and intentional discharges of used oil directly onto the ground or into bodies of water occur at fuel and oil refueling sites. Vegetation does not grow in place of the oil spot for a long time. Oil products that have fallen into water bodies have a detrimental effect on their flora and fauna.
Now, thanks to the media, the planet is under the close attention of the public, namely its saturation and pollution. exhaust gases cars. With particular attention, people monitor and discuss such a by-product of widespread motorization, circulated in the press, as the "greenhouse effect" and harm exhaust gases diesel cars.
However, as exhaust gases are known, exhaust gases are different, despite the fact that they are all dangerous to the human body and other life forms on Earth. So what makes them dangerous? And what makes them different from each other? Let's look under a microscope of what the blue smog flying out of the exhaust pipe consists of. Carbon dioxide, soot, nitric oxide and some other equally dangerous elements.
Scientists note that the environmental situation in many industrialized and developing countries has improved significantly over the past 25 years. This is mainly due to the gradual but inevitable tightening environmental standards, as well as the transfer of production to other continents and other countries, including East Asia. In Russia, Ukraine, and other CIS countries, a large number of enterprises were closed due to political and economic upheavals, which on the one hand created an extremely difficult socio-economic environment, but greatly improved the environmental performance of these countries.
However, according to research scientists, it is cars that pose the greatest danger to our green planet. Even with the gradual tightening of emission standards harmful substances into the atmosphere, due to the increase in the number of cars, the results of this work, alas, are leveled.
If segmented total weight a variety of vehicles now present on the planet remain the dirtiest, especially dangerous cars with this type of fuel in excess of nitrogen oxide. Despite decades of development and assurances from automakers that they can make diesels cleaner, nitrous oxide and fine soot remain diesel's biggest enemy.
It is in connection with these problems associated with the use of diesel engines that large German cities such as Stuttgart and Munich are currently discussing a ban on the use of heavy fuel vehicles.
Here is a comprehensive list of harmful substances in exhaust gases and the harm caused to human health when they are inhaled.
Traffic fumes
Off-gases are gaseous wastes generated during the conversion of liquid hydrocarbon fuel into the energy on which the internal combustion engine runs by combustion.
Benzene
Benzene is found in small amounts in gasoline. Colorless, transparent, easily mobile liquid.
As soon as you fill your car's tank with gasoline, the first thing you'll come into contact with is the benzene that evaporates from the tank. But the most dangerous is benzene during fuel combustion.
Benzene is one of those substances that can cause cancer in humans. However, a decisive reduction in airborne hazardous benzene was achieved many years ago with a three-way catalyst.
Fine dust (solid particles)
This air pollutant is an undefined substance. It is better to say that it is a complex mixture of substances, which may differ in origin, form and chemical composition.
In automobiles, ultra-fine abrasive is present in all forms of operation, for example, when tires are worn and brake discs. But the greatest danger is soot. Previously, this unpleasant moment in operation suffered exclusively diesel engines. Thanks to the installation of particulate filters, the situation has improved significantly.
Now a similar problem appeared and petrol models, as they increasingly use direct fuel injection systems, resulting in co-production of even finer particulate matter than diesel engines.
However, according to scientists investigating the nature of the problem, only 15% of the fine dust deposited in the lungs is produced by cars, any human activity can be a source of a dangerous phenomenon, from Agriculture, to laser printers, fireplaces and, of course, cigarettes.
The health of residents of megacities
The actual load on the human body from exhaust gases depends on the amount of traffic and weather conditions. Someone who lives on a busy street is much more exposed to nitrogen oxides or fine dust.
Exhaust fumes are not equally dangerous for all residents. Healthy people will hardly feel a "gas attack" in any way, although the intensity of the load will not decrease from this, but the health of an asthmatic or a person with cardiovascular diseases can deteriorate significantly due to the presence of exhaust gases.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Harmful to the entire climate of the planet, gas inevitably arises from the combustion of fossil fuels such as diesel or gasoline. In terms of CO2, diesel engines are slightly “cleaner” than gasoline engines because they generally consume less fuel.
CO2 is harmless to humans, but not to nature. The greenhouse gas CO2 is responsible for much of global warming. According to the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, in 2015 the share of carbon dioxide in total greenhouse gas emissions was 87.8 percent.
Since 1990, carbon dioxide emissions have been declining almost continuously, with a total decrease of 24.3 percent. However, despite the production of more and more economical engines, the growth of motorization and the increase freight traffic undermines attempts by scientists and engineers to reduce harm. As a result, carbon dioxide emissions remain high.
By the way: all vehicles in, say, Germany are responsible for “only” 18 percent of CO2 emissions. More than twice as much, 37 percent, goes to energy emissions. In the US, the picture is the opposite, where it is cars that cause the most serious damage to nature.
Carbon monoxide (Co, carbon monoxide)
extremely dangerous by-product burning. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, tasteless and odorless gas. The combination of carbon and oxygen occurs during incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances and is an extremely dangerous poison. Therefore, high-quality ventilation in garages and underground parking lots is essential for the life of their users.
Even a small amount of carbon monoxide causes damage to the body, a few minutes spent in a poorly ventilated garage with a car running can kill a person. Be extremely careful! Do not warm up in closed boxes and rooms without ventilation!
But how dangerous is carbon monoxide on outdoors? An experiment carried out in Bavaria showed that in 2016 the average values shown by the measuring stations were between 0.9-2.4 mg/m 3 , well below the limit values.
Ozone
For the layman, ozone is not some kind of dangerous or toxic gas. However, in reality this is not the case.
When exposed to sunlight, hydrocarbons and nitric oxide are converted into ozone. Through the respiratory tract, ozone enters the body and leads to cell damage. Consequences, effects of ozone: local inflammation of the respiratory tract, cough and shortness of breath. With small volumes of ozone, there will be no problems with the subsequent restoration of body cells, but at high concentrations, this seemingly harmless gas can safely kill a healthy person. It is not for nothing that in Russia this gas is classified as the most high class danger.
With climate change, the risk of high concentrations of ozone is increasing. Scientists believe that by 2050 the ozone load should rise sharply. To solve the problem, nitrogen oxides emitted by transport must be significantly reduced. In addition, there are many factors influencing the spread of ozone, for example, solvents in paints and varnishes also actively contribute to the problem.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
This pollutant is produced when sulfur is burned in fuel. It is one of the classic atmospheric pollutants from combustion, power plants and industry. SO2 is one of the main "ingredients" of pollutants that form smog, also called "London smog".
In the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide undergoes a series of conversion processes that can produce sulfuric acid, sulfites and sulfates. SO2 acts primarily on the mucous membranes of the eye and upper respiratory tract. In the environment, sulfur dioxide can damage plants and cause soil acidification.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Nitrogen oxides are formed mainly during the combustion process in engines internal combustion. Diesel vehicles are considered the main source. The introduction of catalysts and particulate filters continues to increase, so that emissions will decrease markedly, but this will happen only in the future.
According to environmental studies, major cities Almost 90% of air pollution comes from transport emissions. The biggest pollutants are diesel-powered vehicles. The type of gasoline burned also plays an important role. For example, sulphurous gasoline emits sulfur oxides into the atmosphere, and chlorine, bromine and lead. But the most common exhaust gas composition is as follows:
Nitrogen - 75%;
- oxygen - 0.3-8.0%;
- water - 3-5%;
- carbon dioxide - 0-16%;
- carbon monoxide - 0.1-5.0%;
- nitrogen oxides - 0.8%;
- hydrocarbons - 0.1-2.5%;
- aldehydes - up to 0.2%;
- soot - up to 0.04%;
- benzpyrene - 0.0005%.
Carbon monoxide
The product of incomplete combustion of gasoline or diesel fuel. This gas has no color, so a person cannot feel its presence in the atmosphere. This is its main danger. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and causes tissues and organs in the body. This leads to headache, dizziness, loss of consciousness and even death.
There are frequent cases when warming up the car in a closed or even open garage led to the death of the car owner. Odorless and colorless, carbon monoxide causes loss of consciousness and death.
nitrogen dioxide
Yellowish-brown gas with a pungent odor. It impairs visibility, gives the air a brownish tint. Very toxic, can cause bronchitis, significantly reduces the body's resistance to colds. Nitrogen dioxide has a particularly negative effect on people suffering from chronic respiratory diseases.
hydrocarbons
In the presence of nitrogen oxides and under the influence of the ultraviolet of the sun, hydrocarbons are oxidized, after which they form oxygen-containing toxic substances with a pungent odor, the so-called photochemical smog. Cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also found in tars and soot, they are the strongest carcinogens. Some of them are capable of causing mutations.
Formaldehyde
A colorless gas with an unpleasant and pungent odour. IN in large numbers irritates the respiratory tract and eyes. It is toxic, causes damage to the nervous system, has a mutagenic, allergenic and carcinogenic effect.
Dust and soot
Suspended particles, no larger than 10 microns. Can cause diseases of the respiratory system and mucous membranes. Soot is a carcinogen and can cause cancer.
During engine operation, unburned particles accumulate on the walls of the exhaust system. Under the influence of gas pressure, they are released into the atmosphere, polluting it.
Benzpyrene 3.4
One of the most hazardous substances which contains exhaust gases. It is a strong carcinogen, increases the likelihood of cancer.
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The effect of exhaust gases on the atmosphere is an urgent environmental problem. Many people use cars and do not even realize how badly they poison the air. To assess the damage, it is worth studying the composition of exhaust gases and the consequences of their impact on the environment.
What are exhaust gases made of?
Vehicle exhaust gases are produced during engine operation, as well as during incomplete or complete combustion of the fuel used. In total, over two hundred different components are found in them: some exist for only a few minutes, while others decompose for years and hover in the air for a long time.
Classification
All exhausts are divided into several groups according to their properties, constituent components and the degree of impact on the environment and the human body:
- The first group includes all substances that do not have toxic properties. This includes water vapor, as well as natural and integral components of atmospheric air, which inevitably penetrate car engines. This category also includes emissions of CO2 - carbon dioxide, which is also non-toxic, but reduces the concentration of oxygen in the air.
- The second group of constituents of automotive exhaust gases includes carbon monoxide, ie carbon monoxide. It is a product of incomplete combustion of fuel and has pronounced toxic and toxic properties. This substance, getting into the human body by inhalation, penetrates into the blood and reacts with hemoglobin. As a result, the oxygen concentration is greatly reduced, hypoxia occurs, and in severe cases, death.
- The third group covers nitrogen oxides, which have a brownish tint, an unpleasant pungent odor. Such substances are dangerous to humans, as they can irritate mucous membranes and affect the membranes. internal organs, especially the lungs.
- The fourth group of exhaust gas components is the most numerous and includes hydrocarbons that appear due to incomplete combustion of the fuel used in automotive engines. And it is these substances that form bluish or light white smoke.
- The fifth group of exhaust components is represented by aldehydes. The highest concentrations of these substances are observed at minimal loads or during the so-called idling, when temperature regime combustion in the engine is characterized by low rates.
- The sixth group of exhaust components automotive gases are various dispersed particles, including soot. They are considered wear products of engine parts, and may also include oil particles, aerosols, carbon deposits. Soot itself is not dangerous, but it can settle in the respiratory tract and impair visibility from exhausts.
- The seventh group of substances that make up the exhaust gases are various sulfur compounds formed during the combustion in engines of fuels containing sulfur (primarily diesel). Such components have a sharp characteristic odor, and they can irritate the mucous membranes, as well as disrupt metabolic processes and oxidative reactions.
- The eighth group is different lead compounds. They appear during the operation of carburetor engines, subject to the use of leaded gasoline with additives that increase the octane number.
Consequences of exposure to exhaust gases
The impact of exhaust gases on human health, the environment and the atmosphere is extremely detrimental. First of all, harmful emissions, formed during the combustion of fuel in automobile engines, greatly pollute the air, forming smog. Some small and light particles are able to rise and reach the atmospheric layers, changing their composition and compacting the structure.
Exhaust gases are one of the reasons greenhouse effect, which is developing at a rapid pace and poses a real threat to the environment and all of humanity. It causes weather anomalies, warming, melting glaciers, rising sea levels.
Another direction of the negative impact of exhaust gases is to contribute to the formation of acid rain. Recently, they began to go more and more often and greatly harm the ecosystem. Precipitation, which is highly acidic, changes the composition of the soil, which can make it unsuitable for growing plants and growing crops.
The flora suffers greatly: the rains literally corrode the foliage and fruits. Also, acid precipitation is harmful and dangerous to humans: they have an irritating and toxic effect on the skin, scalp.
The impact of car exhausts is extremely dangerous for the human body. Gas components almost immediately enter the respiratory system, irritate the mucous membranes of the lungs and bronchi, disrupt and inhibit respiratory function, and also cause whole line chronic diseases, including asthma and bronchitis. But substances from the respiratory tract are absorbed into the blood and change its composition, for example, significantly reduce the concentration of oxygen. Also, compounds penetrate into all tissues and organs, and some are capable of causing degeneration and mutation of cells in the future, their destruction.
How to avoid the serious effects of exhaust emissions
To minimize the dangerous and serious consequences of the negative effects of automotive exhaust gases, a number of measures should be taken:
- Competent, rational and moderate operation of motor vehicles. Don't let long work idle, avoid driving high speeds, if possible, abandon the car in favor of using public transport, namely trolleybuses and trams.
- The most efficient way is to move away from oily fuels and switch to alternative sources energy. In the past few years, scientists have begun to develop cars that run on electricity and even solar panels.
- Constantly monitor the health of the car, and especially the condition of the engine and all its parts, as well as the operation of the exhaust system.
- Available modern facilities that reduce the concentration of harmful substances in automobile exhausts. These include the so-called catalytic converters exhaust gases. If you apply them constantly, then the emissions will be less dangerous for the atmosphere and humanity.
Using a car, each owner must take care not only about its serviceability, but also about the impact of transport and emissions on health and the environment. Only in this case will it be possible to avoid sad consequences.
