The most important part of the steering of any car is the steering mechanism, which we will abbreviate as RM. Its main function is to increase the applied to car steering wheel effort, as well as its transmission to the steering gear. From the point of view of mechanics, this process looks like a transformation of the rotational movements of the steering wheel into translational movements steering rods.
To ensure smooth and accurate flow this process, a modern RM must meet the following requirements:
- have a high degree reliability;
- have small technological gaps to ensure free rotation of the steering wheel;
- have the ability to arbitrarily return the steering wheel to a neutral position after the driver's hands stop exerting force on it;
- have an optimal gear ratio, which determines the relationship between the angle of rotation of the steering wheel and the force applied to it.
Steering device
The steering mechanism (RM) has a rather complex device, and its most important part is a gearbox consisting of gears. Depending on the make and model of the vehicle, the gearbox can be enclosed in a housing made of welded high-strength steel or cast iron. In addition to gears, other elements are also placed in it: bearings, shafts. In some types of gearboxes, devices for independent lubrication of gears and bearings can also be placed inside the housing.
There are quite a few varieties of gearboxes these days. Some of them should be given, taking into account the classification criterion:
- transmission type - "worm" and gear
- the shape of the gears - bevel, cylindrical and bevel-cylindrical;
- shaft arrangement - horizontal and vertical;
- a feature of the kinematic scheme is a bifurcated stage and a deployed coaxial scheme;
- number of steps - one- and two-stage.
Types of steering mechanisms:
- Rack RM
The most common type of RM in our time is rack and pinion. The reason for this popularity lies in the relative simplicity of the design, its low weight, low production cost, high efficiency and a small number of hinges and rods, which significantly reduces the frequency of breakdowns. In addition, the location of this type of steering mechanism across the body of the car frees up space in engine compartment to accommodate other mechanisms and components in it, for example, transmission, engine, etc. rack and pinion control is quite rigid, therefore, provides a fairly high maneuverability of the car.
It has a rack and pinion mechanism and a number of disadvantages. Among them, the most serious are:
- the complexity of the installation technology on cars with dependent suspension of steered wheels;
- high vibration activity of the steering;
- increased susceptibility to suspension shocks.
The rack and pinion steering mechanism consists of an insert, a cover, springs, a ball pin, a ball joint, stops, gears and the steering rack itself. The rack and pinion gears are located in a metal tube, on each side of which the rack itself protrudes. The steering tip is connected to each of its sides. The drive gear of the steering mechanism is associated with the steering column shaft, which, when the steering wheel rotates, also begins to turn, and thereby sets the rack in motion.
On passenger cars with a dependent suspension of steered wheels, as well as light trucks and buses, vehicles with increased cross-country ability, another type of steering mechanism is installed - “worm”. Its modern version consists of a roller, a “worm”, which has a variable diameter (it is also called a globoid “worm”) and is connected to the steering shaft. Outside the body of the mechanism is a lever (bipod), which is connected to the steering rods. During the rotation of the steering wheel, the roller rolls along the “worm” and the lever (bipod) swings, which sets in motion steered wheels.
The main differences between the "worm" mechanism and the rack and pinion are its lower sensitivity to suspension shocks and large maximum angles turning wheels. The disadvantages of such a mechanism are its high cost of manufacture and the need for constant adjustment.
On multi-tonnage trucks, big buses and some cars executive class a screw steering mechanism is used. It consists of the following structural elements:
- screw, which is located on the steering shaft;
- nuts moving along the shaft;
- gear rack, which is cut on a nut;
- toothed sector connected to the rail;
- steering arm, which is located on the sector shaft.
The main feature of the mechanism is the connection of the screw and nut with the help of balls, which leads to a serious reduction in friction and wear. The very principle of operation is in many ways similar to the principle of operation of the "worm" steering mechanism. During the rotation of the steering wheel, the steering shaft and the screw located on it turn, which drives the nut, all this is accompanied by the circulation of balls. The nut, through the gear rack, shifts the gear sector, and with it the steering arm.
The screw steering gear is highly efficient and can transmit high forces.
How to check the performance of the RM?
As with other steering controls regular check the efficiency of the steering mechanism is the most important task of every car owner, because the safety of movement by car will directly depend on this.
First of all, you should check the play of the steering wheel. The check is carried out both manually and using a special device - a backlash dynamometer. It must be fixed on the wheel rim and a force equal to 10 N must be applied. It is necessary to measure the clearances in the steering rod joints and "worm" bearings. In the event that the car is equipped with a power steering (the so-called power steering), then such a check should be carried out with the engine running.
Visual inspection is also an important component of RM performance diagnostics. In its course it is necessary Special attention pay attention to the condition of the protective covers of the ball joints, since dirt penetrates into the steering mechanism through cracks in them, which can lead to its incorrect operation, breakage and even destruction. At the slightest doubt about the proper operation of the RM, you must contact a specialized car service.
How to remove the steering gear and how to install it?
We will consider the process of removing and installing the steering mechanism using the example of the VAZ 2106, which uses the "worm" type. To do this, you need the following tool:
- 2 keys "for 13";
- key "on 22";
- pliers;
- ball pin puller.
The process of removing the mechanism will be as follows:
- The first step is to remove the steering shaft.
- After that, disconnect the left side and middle tie rods and take them to the sides.
- Further, with one “13” wrench, holding the steering gear mounting bolts from turning, unscrew the nuts with the second and remove them together with the washers.
- After that, holding the mechanism with your hand, you need to remove the mounting bolts, while leaving the steering mechanism to lie on the side member.
- Pull it out through the engine compartment.
The new RM is installed in reverse order, but taking into account some nuances: do not tightly tighten the bolts of the steering shaft bracket and nuts on the compensator, as well as the bolts of the steering gear housing to the side members. This is done in order to install a new mechanism in correct position.
This is done by turning the steering wheel two or three times in different sides, in this case, the mechanism and the steering shaft will self-align.
After that, you can proceed to the control tightening of all fasteners. The final step will be to check the presence of oil in the steering gear of the car.
After that, it is necessary to adjust the mechanism.
Steering gear adjustment
The most popular type of steering gear (rack and pinion) needs to be adjusted from time to time. The reason for this, as mentioned above, is the high susceptibility of the mechanism to bumps, pits and potholes, which are quite a lot on our roads. On most models modern cars You can do your own rail adjustment.
The adjustment process is carried out using the adjusting screw, which, most often, is located on the end cap of the PM. For easier access to it, it is better to use viewing hole, overpass or lift, otherwise you will have to lie down a little on the ground. If the adjustment is made on jacks, then before lifting, the front wheels should be set in a level position.
After carrying out the preparatory measures, it is necessary to measure the backlash, the maximum indicator of which should not exceed 10 degrees. Next, you need to tighten the adjusting screw, and this must be done smoothly and slowly, all the time controlling the backlash with the help of a backlash dynamometer. After completing the adjustment, you should check the steering wheel travel in motion, and if it is too tight, you need to slightly loosen the adjusting screw.
How to repair the steering mechanism yourself?
Some malfunctions in the RM can be eliminated without resorting to replacing it. Some of the methods will be discussed next. If a leak is observed, this may indicate a lack of tightness in the connections of the cylinder tubes or a malfunction of the stuffing box, as well as corrosion of the gearbox shaft. To eliminate this malfunction, it is necessary to make a complete bulkhead of the unit. If the reason is in the seals and gaskets, then it is necessary to replace them with new ones, and if the matter is serious corrosion of the shaft, then it should be ground and restored to its original dimensions using thermal spraying.
Strong play may indicate failure and wear of such parts of the PM as, for example, the crankcase, hinges or propeller bearing. The cause of the backlash may be a crooked crankcase or shaft. To eliminate this malfunction, again, a complete overhaul of the assembly is needed, during which the replacement of worn parts will be required.
A strong knock in the RM gearbox usually indicates wear on the impact bearings. That is, they will need to be replaced with new ones. But this may also be evidence of such a malfunction as a shaft curvature or serious wear of the hinges. For a more accurate diagnosis, a complete reassembly of the assembly may again be required.
Average prices for repair of RM in Russia and the CIS
However, there is not always free time to troubleshoot the steering mechanism, and many of the repair operations require quite serious skills in car mechanic business, so the appeal to the services of specialists in car services is seen the right choice.
Final cost service work will depend not only on the severity of the breakdown, but also on the brand / model of the car, urgency and some other factors. On average, the cost (excluding the cost of replaced elements) of some work related to the maintenance of steering mechanisms in auto repair shops in Russia and neighboring countries in terms of rubles is as follows:
- replacement of the steering gear with power steering - from 700 rubles;
- replacement power cylinder- from 500 rubles;
- repair of the power cylinder - from 300 rubles;
- replacement of steering tips - from 400 rubles;
- replacement of the fingers of the liner - from 100 rubles;
- replacement of the steering rack - from 2,000 rubles;
- steering rack adjustment - from 200 rubles;
- repair of the steering rack without removing the mechanism from the car - from 1000 rubles;
- replacement of the steering trapezoid - from 1,000 rubles;
- replacement of anthers of the steering mechanism - from 1,800 rubles.
Average prices for new RM in Russia and CIS countries
Sometimes it is impractical to repair the steering mechanism, and sometimes it is simply impossible, for example, after serious accident, therefore, it may be necessary to purchase a new node to replace the old one. Naturally, the cost of a new steering mechanism depends not only on its type, but also on the brand and model of the car, the originality of the mechanism itself, because many popular models large (and not so) auto parts manufacturers produce non-original steering gears.
The average cost for new steering mechanisms in Russia and neighboring countries in terms of domestic currency is as follows:
- on rear wheel drive vehicles domestic production(VAZ 2105, 2107, 2106, IZH Oda) - from 2,000 rubles;
- for front-wheel drive cars of domestic production (VAZ 2109, 2114, Priora, Grant, Kalina, Largus) - from 2,500 rubles;
- on budget cars foreign production(Kia Ria, Renault Logan, Toyota Corolla, Hyundai Accent(Solaris) Ford Fiesta,) - from 7,000 rubles;
- for foreign-made business class cars ( Ford Mondeo, Toyota Camry, Volvo S40) - from 12,000 rubles;
- for foreign-made premium cars (Mercedes S-classe, BMW 7, Audi A8) - from 22,000 rubles;
- for trucks of domestic production (KamAZ, GAZ) - from 25,000 rubles.
It is worth adding that due to changes in the exchange rates of major foreign currencies, the cost of steering mechanisms for foreign-made cars can change up or, oddly enough, down.
The steering mechanism is the basis of steering, where it performs the following functions:
- an increase in the force applied to the steering wheel;
- power transmission to the steering gear;
- spontaneous return of the steering wheel to the neutral position when the load is removed.
At its core, the steering mechanism is a mechanical transmission (reducer), so its main parameter is the gear ratio. Depending on the type mechanical transmission There are the following types of steering mechanisms: rack, worm, screw.
Rack and pinion steering
The rack and pinion steering mechanism is the most common type of mechanism installed on passenger cars. The rack and pinion steering mechanism includes a gear and steering rack. The gear is mounted on the steering wheel shaft and is in constant engagement with the steering (gear) rack.
The operation of the rack and pinion steering mechanism is carried out as follows. Turning the steering wheel moves the rack to the right or left. When the rack moves, the steering rods attached to it move and turn the steered wheels.
The rack and pinion steering mechanism is distinguished by its simplicity of design, respectively high efficiency and high rigidity. However, this type of steering mechanism is sensitive to shock loads from road bumps prone to vibration. By virtue of their design features rack and pinion steering gear is installed on front wheel drive vehicles with independent suspension of steered wheels.
Worm gear
The worm gear consists of a globoid worm (variable diameter worm) connected to the steering shaft and a roller. On the roller shaft, outside the steering gear housing, there is a lever (bipod) connected to the steering gear rods.
The rotation of the steering wheel ensures the rolling of the roller along the worm, the swinging of the bipod and the movement of the steering rods, which results in the rotation of the steered wheels.
The worm gear is less sensitive to shock loads, provides large steering angles and, accordingly, better vehicle maneuverability. On the other side worm gear difficult to manufacture, therefore expensive. Steering with such a mechanism has a large number of connections, therefore, requires periodic adjustment.
Worm gear applied on cars off-road with dependent suspension of steered wheels, light trucks and buses. Previously, this type of steering mechanism was installed on the domestic "classic".
Screw steering gear
The screw steering mechanism integrates the following structural elements: screw on steering wheel shaft; a nut that moves along the screw; gear rack, cut into a nut; toothed sector connected to the rail; steering arm located on the sector shaft.
A feature of the screw steering mechanism is the connection of the screw and nut with the help of balls, which achieves less friction and wear of the pair.
In principle, the operation of the screw steering mechanism is similar to the operation of the worm gear. Turning the steering wheel is accompanied by the rotation of the screw, which moves the nut put on it. In this case, the circulation of the balls occurs. Nut by means of a gear rack moves the gear sector and with it the steering arm.
The screw steering mechanism, in comparison with the worm gear, has a greater efficiency and implements greater efforts. This type steering gear is installed on selected luxury cars, heavy trucks and buses.
This type of steering mechanism was widespread until the 80s of the last century, but now it is practically not found on new cars. However, the “oldies”, including the VAZ of the “classic” family, steer precisely with the help of worm gear.
The task of the gearbox, as we know from the article about steering mechanisms, is to slow down and increase the driver's effort and transfer it to the turning mechanisms of the wheels. Worm gear - relatively compact knot. In its body (more precisely, the crankcase), the end of the steering shaft is hidden. It is at the end that the same worm is located, which gave the name to the entire system.
A worm in mechanics is essentially a large threaded screw. This thread is engaged with the driven gear (roller), to which the steering arm is attached. This pair of "worm-gear" is just called a worm gear. In order for the parts to wear out less during the friction process, oil is poured into the crankcase of the worm gearbox.
So, the torque from the steering wheel is transmitted through the gearbox to the rotating bipod. Next, you need to distribute it to two wheels. How to do it, especially considering that the steering shaft is located on the edge?
Let's say we have a left-hand drive car. Worm gear with bipod are on the left. To the right, mirrored from it, a pendulum lever is fixed on the body. Between themselves, the bipod and the lever are connected by an average tie rod.
From the pendulum lever and the bipod to the right and, accordingly, to the left, side rods extend, connected by swivel joints. The rods push the swivel arms, which drive the wheel hubs through the steering tips.
The worm gear, as we have already said, is now practically not found. It has two disadvantages:
The steering wheel is not informative, that is, the driver does not feel the trajectory of the car and this makes it more difficult for him to control, especially at high speeds
There are too many connections in the worm gear, which eventually become loose and begin to play. Therefore, such steering system needs to be serviced quite often: tighten connections.
However, there are also advantages, and there are also two of them:
Worm gear steering gear is more shock resistant and transmits less vibration to the steering wheel
The worm gear allows you to turn the wheels at greater angles than the rack and pinion.
It is not surprising that now (as of 2014) worm gears are found mainly on heavy off-road machines. For example, they can be found on Land Rover Defender, Lada 4x4 (better known as Niva) and Mazda BT-50 pickup.
However, in the off-road vehicle segment, the worm gear is gradually being replaced by the rack and pinion. So, relatively recently, such models as the Mitsubishi L200 and Chevrolet TrailBlazer have switched from a worm gearbox to a rail.
The worm gear technology was developed in the form of a screw steering mechanism.
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Steering
Steering is a set of devices that turn the steered wheels of the car.
Rice. 2. Steering controls for independent (a) and dependent (b) suspension of steered wheels:
1 - steering wheel; 2 - shaft; 3- steering gear(mechanism); 4 and 12 pins;
5, 9, 11 and 14 - levers; 7- bipod; 6, 8, 10, 13 and 15 - thrust
Safety steering
In addition to the steering wheel with a recessed hub and two spokes, which significantly reduces the severity of injuries on impact, a special energy-absorbing device is installed in the steering mechanism, and the steering shaft is made composite. All this provides a slight movement of the steering shaft inside the car body when head-on collision with an obstacle.
a - folding steering shaft; b - bellows shaft; c - perforated shaft; 1- bracket; 2- universal joint; 3 - cylinder; 4- pipe
In safety steering controls of passenger cars, other energy-absorbing devices are also used that connect composite steering shafts: rubber couplings of a special design, Japanese lantern-type devices in the form of several longitudinal plates welded to the ends of the connected parts of the steering shaft. In collisions, the rubber clutch is destroyed, and the connecting plates are deformed, reducing the movement of the steering shaft into the interior of the body.
Steering gear
Steering is a mechanism that converts the rotation of the steering wheel into translational movement of the steering gear, causing the steering wheels to turn. It serves to increase the effort of the driver applied to the steering wheel and transmit it to the steering gear.
The increase in the effort applied to the steering wheel occurs due to the gear ratio of the steering mechanism. The steering gear ratio is the ratio of the angle of rotation of the steering wheel to the angle of rotation of the steering arm shaft. Depending on the type of car, it is 15...20 for cars and 20...25 for trucks and buses. Such gear ratios for 1 ... 2 full turns of the steering wheel, they ensure the rotation of the steered wheels of vehicles at maximum angles (35 ... 45 °).
Used on cars Various types steering mechanisms.
a - worm-roller; b - screw rack; in - rack; 1 - worm; 2, 4 and 9 - shafts; 3 - roller; 5 - screw; 6 - nut; 7 - ball; 8 - sector; 10 - gear; 11 - rail
Steering gear
The steering drive is a system of rods and levers that connects the steered wheels of the car with the steering mechanism. It serves to transmit power from the steering gear to the steered wheels and ensure their correct rotation.
Various types of steering gears are used on cars.
The main part of the steering gear is steering trapezoid
The steering linkage can be front or rear, depending on its location in front of the axle of the front steered wheels (see Fig. 2, a) or behind it (see Fig. 2, b). The use of a steering gear with a front or rear steering linkage depends on the layout of the vehicle and its steering. In this case, the steering drive can be with a continuous or split steering linkage, depending on the type of suspension.
The continuous steering trapezoid has a continuous transverse tie rod connecting the steered wheels (see Fig. 2, b).
This trapezoid is used for dependent suspension front steering wheels on trucks and buses.
The split steering trapezoid has a multi-link transverse steering rod connecting the steered wheels (see Fig. 2, a).
It is used when independent suspension steerable wheels on passenger cars.
Power steering
Power steering is a mechanism that creates under the pressure of a fluid or compressed air additional effort on the steering drive required to turn the steered wheels of the vehicle.
1 - spool; 2, 3 and 11 - oil pipelines; 4- spring; 5-wheel; 6 and 9 - thrust; 7 and 8 - levers; 10 - piston; A...G- cameras; A and B - cavities; B - tank; GN - hydraulic pump; RM - steering mechanism; GR - hydraulic distributor; HZ - hydraulic cylinder
Steering structures
Left, safety, without amplifier. Steering safety is ensured by the design of the intermediate shaft of the steering wheel and special fastening steering shaft to the car body.
1 and 3 - thrust; 2 - bipod; 4 and 7 - levers; 5 - clutch; 6 - fist; 8 and 16 - brackets; 9 - bearing; 10 - pipe; 11 and 13 - shafts; 12 - crankcase; 14 - column; 15- steering wheel; 17 - finger; 18 - cover; 19 - tip; 20 - insert; 21 - spring; 22 - plug
The steering gear of a VAZ cross-country car:
1 - bipod; 2 and 13 - cuffs; 3- bushing; 4 - crankcase; 5 and 12 - shafts; 6 - roller; 7- screw; 8- nut; 9- cork; 10 and 16 - covers; 11 - worm; 14 and 18 - bearings; 15- adjusting shims; 17- axis
1 - lever; 2 - hinge; 3 and 5 - thrust; 4 and 34 - nuts; 6 - finger; 7 and 13 - covers; 8 - insert; 9 and 33 - springs; 10 and 20 - bolts; 11- bracket; 12 - support; 14 and 15 - plates; 16 and 17 - bushings; 18- rail; 19- crankcase; 21 - clutch; 22 - extinguishing device, 23 - steering wheel; 24, 29 and 31 - bearings; 25 - shaft; 26 - column; 27- bracket; 28- cap; 30 - gear; 32- emphasis
The main unit in any vehicle is the steering. What is steering control for? For all the time of improving the design of the system, the basic principle of the steering has remained the same. It consists in the transformation and transfer of the physical effort of the driver during the impact on the steering wheel of the car on the wheels. In other words, the steering assembly provides feedback, allowing you to change the trajectory of movement vehicle.
Steering device
What is the steering of a car? General device the design of this unit on vehicles is represented by the following elements:
- wheels;
- steering gear;
- steering mechanism;
- traction and column.
The scheme of interaction of the steering wheel of the car with the leading wheelset is not complicated. The driver through the drive transmits the force to the steering mechanism, which ensures the rotation of the wheels. In addition, the node, providing feedback, provides information about the state pavement. According to the vibrations of the steering wheel, the type of movement is determined as accurately as possible, on the basis of which diagnostics are carried out and the control of the machine is corrected.
Average handlebar diameter passenger transport is approximately 400 mm. in cargo and special equipment the steering wheel is somewhat larger, and less in sports cars.
What is included in steering?
Between the steering wheel and the mechanism is located steering column, which is represented by a strong shaft with articulated joints. A design feature of the column is the minimum risk of injury to the driver in the event of an accident, since it collapses in a strong frontal collision. For comfortable operation of the vehicle, the position of the steering column is adjusted using a mechanical or electric drive. In addition, a mechanism locking system is provided, which helps prevent car theft.
The main purpose of steering is to increase the mechanical effort of the driver and its transmission to the wheels. For this, a special gearbox is included in the design of the system. On passenger cars, the following types of steering are mainly used:
- The rack mechanism, the design of which consists of a set of gears mounted on a shaft, aggregated with a rack, special teeth are applied on one of its planes along the entire length. When the steering wheel is rotated, the force is transmitted through the column to the steering rack, as a result of which it moves freely, interacting with the steering rods and turning the wheels. It should be noted that the steering of a car may have a rack on which teeth with variable pitch are located. This design greatly improves the driving efficiency of the vehicle.
- Worm gear. Its principle of operation is as follows: the “worm”, when interacting with the driven gear, transfers the force to the bipod. In turn, the steering bipod interacts with one of the rods, the end of which ends with a pendulum lever. This lever is mounted on a support. When the steering wheel is turned, the bipod drives the side link simultaneously with the middle lever, which interacts with the second side link and changes its position. Thanks to this, the hubs of the steered wheels are rotated.
Some features of the steering of the car
Majority modern models road transport have an innovative four-wheel steering system. This significantly improves the dynamics of the vehicle on terrain with difficult terrain. In addition, the steering of the car adapted to all wheels allows you to achieve greater maneuverability at speed driving. This is possible due to the rotation of each of the wheels.
It is noteworthy that in the steering wheel steering can be carried out by the system in a passive mode. This is possible due to the presence of special elastic rubber-metal parts in the design of the rear part of the suspension. When body roll occurs due to a change in the magnitude and direction of the load, a change in the direction of movement is carried out. Steering with steering function rear wheels allows you to effectively distribute the effort to turn all the wheels. In addition, such a system does not allow turning the wheels when the suspension is active.
into construction adaptive system steering includes hinges and traction. The hinge has several elements in its composition; for ease of use, its design is presented in the form of a removable tip. It is most convenient to represent the kinematic scheme of the steering of a car in the idea of a rectangle, on each side of which there are:
- shoulders;
- convergence angle;
- collapse;
- longitudinal and transverse slope.
Shoulders, longitudinal and transverse inclination provide stabilization of movement, while other parameters are in constant opposition. Therefore, another task of the steering is to stabilize all the forces that arise in the process of movement.
The role of power steering in the steering system
This element, in addition to reducing the effort applied by the driver to the steering wheel, can significantly increase the accuracy of driving. Due to the presence of an amplifier in the steering design, it became possible to use elements in the system that have a small relative ratio. Control system amplifiers are divided into three types:
- Electric.
- Pneumatic.
- Hydraulic.
However, the latter type is more common. Hydraulics is characterized by reliable design and smooth operation, but requires Maintenance for fluid replacement. Electric power steering is less common, but most models of modern automotive technology are equipped with it. Reinforcement provides electric drive. notice, that electronic control It is distinguished by the presence of an extended range of features, but occasionally requires checking and adjustment.
What is automatic steering?
One of promising developments in the automotive industry is intelligent system automatic control vehicles. It can be said that the autopilot described by most science fiction writers in their works has now become a reality. Today modern automotive technology able to perform most actions without the participation of the driver, the most common of which is parking.
The leader in the production of vehicles equipped with this innovation system is German concern BMW, which actively uses on its model range double planetary reductor. The control of such a gearbox is carried out using an electric drive, as a result of which, together with a change in the speed of the vehicle, it is possible to change the additive ratio when transferring force from the steering wheel to swivel wheels. Thanks to this technical solution performance is significantly increased, and the most accurate feedback is provided.
