Any reconstruction of an engine to improve its performance is a complex work, based on a clear idea of what we want to get, how to do it, and whether it can be done at all. Here, one cannot do without knowledge of the working processes occurring in the engine. It is also necessary to understand that everything is interconnected in the engine: a change in one node leads to a change in the entire working process - from the air intake to the exhaust pipe cut. And on different modes any intervention has a different effect: what is good in one mode may be bad in another.
The main characteristics of the engine, we usually refer to torque and power. It is they who seek to increase by tuning the motor. This can be done in two main ways. The first way is to increase the torque by crankshaft. The second - without touching the amount of torque, move it to the zone of high speed.
In addition, tuning the motor will inevitably entail a number of activities, such as working with the transmission, with the suspension, with the brakes. Theoretically, and practically, engine power can be increased quite significantly, but the question is whether this measure is reasonable, because. sooner or later the car itself will structurally cease to correspond to its power unit. There is a certain limit that limits the weight distribution of the car, the coefficient of adhesion of its tires to the road. It simply doesn’t make sense to “wind up” the engine and, as a result, simply burn the clutch, burn rubber and crumble CV joints.
Nitrous oxide
In cases where the increase in power and torque is required only for a short period, a simpler alternative is used.
mechanical tuning - nitrous oxide N 2 O (nitros). Nitros is the best choice for those who do not want to spend a lot of money, but
at the same time wants to achieve a significant increase in engine power.
Mechanical tuning implies direct mechanical intervention in the operation of the engine, alteration of its components and assemblies. This, in turn, reduces the life of the engine, or leads to very expensive replacements of such parts as cylinder blocks, pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts, camshafts, valves, etc. The nitroxide system (NOS) is activated at the request of the driver, and the rest of the time the engine operates in its normal mode without additional loads and fuel consumption.
Where does the power increase come from? The density of nitrous oxide is about 50% greater than that of air. Oxygen in it is about 36% (against 21% in the atmosphere). That is, during the decomposition of nitrous oxide, 1.7 times more oxygen is released than it is in the same volume of air. To supply the portion of nitrous necessary for instant acceleration to the cylinders, a turbine or a drive compressor is not needed - it is enough to let the liquefied gas from the cylinder into the intake manifold. This is what they do during acceleration by opening the gas line valve by means of a remote drive.
Once in the engine, nitrous oxide molecules under the action high temperatures break down into nitrogen and oxygen, and this released oxygen allows gasoline to burn more efficiently. The pressure in the cylinder rises, and as a result, an increase in power. And the released nitrogen works as an antiknock, preventing the combustion process from going like an avalanche.
Nitrous oxide also increases the density of the air-fuel mixture. Supplied to the composition of the mixture in the form of liquefied gas, nitrous oxide leads to its immediate cooling, because. the temperature of the evaporating liquefied gas is always a few
orders of magnitude below ambient temperature. And as you know, a colder and denser mixture burns better and produces more power.
Types of nitrous oxide systems
There are three types of nitrous oxide systems - the so-called: "dry", "wet", and direct injection system (direct port).
- The "dry" system is the cheapest and simplest, the nitrous is supplied by one nozzle to the manifold. The system is unmanaged, it can only be turned on and off. Under the carburetor or into the manifold behind the air filter (for injection engines), an additional nozzle for supplying nitrous cuts. Fuel injection is carried out as usual. This is where the problem lies. When applying nitrous oxide, you need to apply more fuel. Otherwise, the mixture will become leaner, and unwanted detonation will occur, which may well lead to engine failure. And since the injection controls on-board computer, then you have to either reconfigure it, increasing the duration of the opening of the nozzles, or increase the pressure in the fuel line.
- The “wet” nitros system is a more advanced device. Nitrous oxide is supplied in the same way as in “dry”, but additional fuel is supplied using a separate nozzle, which avoids detonation and achieves maximum performance for this type of injection. The volume of nitrous oxide and fuel is verified by the nitros-system computer, which makes this device more independent and convenient to operate. The only difficulty is that an additional fuel line has to be run to such a system. Such systems are particularly suitable for supercharged engines.
- The third type of nitrous oxide injection systems are direct injection systems. Here, for each cylinder, a separate nozzle is provided, which, at the command of the distribution block, mixes and measures required amount nitrous oxide and fuel. Thus, it is possible to control the nitrous oxide/fuel ratio for each cylinder individually. This is the most powerful and one of the most accurate types of systems. Direct injection systems are also the most difficult to install. For this reason, as well as for their high power, these systems are mainly used in racing cars.
All these joys are overshadowed by some risk. All the horror stories about melted pistons and burnt engines are supported by facts. As long as you install a relatively weak NOS (nitroxide system), there is nothing to fear. The main thing is to choose the right kit for this engine. 4-cylinder engines allow you to get an additional 40-60 hp, 6-cylinder engines allow you to get an increase in the range of 75-100 hp, small block V8 - up to 140 hp, big block V8 - 200 hp. With. This is a recommended power increase that allows you to leave the mechanics of the engine without modification.
If this is too small for you, then you will need to tune the motor quite a lot. First - the replacement of the connecting rod and piston group. It is necessary to use forged pistons instead of regular ones due to the increased load on the engine. This is followed by the replacement of the crankshaft and the adjustment of the ignition system. You also need to use quality fuel or special racing gasoline. Often a more powerful installation is required. fuel pump and colder spark plugs.
You may also be interested
There are many ways to improve the look of your car. With simple upgrades, any car interior can be stylish, more comfortable and safer for all occupants. Here are some tips and tricks to make your interior a pleasant experience for any trip. Contents of the article1 Updating the interior of a car2 Updating the running gear Updating the interior of a car The first way that comes to mind when modifying the interior of a car is seat covers. Protect your car's original upholstery with seat covers. They are available in various materials such as leather, neoprene, sheepskin, canvas and vinyl. Most car owners prefer leather cases on the seats because of its luxurious look. Neoprene seat covers are also popular these days because of the easy-care, moisture-resistant material. It uses high quality rubber material which is also used for wetsuits. There should also be carpets. Floor pads are currently preferred over carpets because they are easier to clean. Not only do they protect your car floor from spilled drinks, food particles and other debris, they are easy to keep clean by simply wiping them down with a dry or damp cloth or washing them off with soap and water.
Wheel disks, like other elements of the car, they lose their attractive appearance over time. Often, drivers completely change the wheels, but there is the possibility of restoration if the shape of the disk has not been damaged. We are talking about painting, which you can do on your own. Before you start restoring the appearance of disks, you need to prepare tools and Consumables. To restore the discs, you will need a couple of cans of paint and clear varnish, and about three cans of auto primer. To clean the surface, sandpaper, abrasive paste, rust converter and adhesive tape with napkins are useful. Regardless of the type of discs, the restoration process is the same. For this, aerosol cans are used. So, the tools are ready, what's next? Contents of the Article 1 Cleaning Discs2 Painting Cleaning Discs As with any industry, any paint job starts with cleaning the surface. Discs are inspected, washed, cleaned with sandpaper. A rag soaked in the converter for about a couple of hours is placed in place of the rust. Corrosive places are washed and cleaned again. Old paint must be completely removed from the surface. IN hard-to-reach places a screwdriver or awl will help. Upon completion of cleaning the disc, it is polished with sandpaper with a large grain, and then with a fine one. The primer is applied several times. It is important to wait until the surface is dry from the previous application. The disc is completely dried and polished, and then washed. A thorough procedure is necessary to ensure that the new paint lies securely and beautifully.
After the engine is boosted, the transmission is redone, it's time to get down to business. undercarriage. After all, our
To achieve high dynamic and speed characteristics car little to improve the engine. To implement it
The transmission of any, especially a sports car, is the most important mechanism for implementing dynamic characteristics engine. Increased power
Engine tuning. These two words over the past few years, engine tuning has been exponentially gaining popularity among drivers of all ages. Basically, of course, this magical phrase excites the minds of young people, but there are fans of this movement among drivers of middle and even advanced ages. Among the readers of this article, there are unlikely to be seasoned specialists (they are familiar with this information firsthand and are unlikely to find something new in it), so we will try to understand everything, based on shallow initial knowledge in this area. So, in order to understand by what principle and due to what the power of the motor increases, you first need to understand, but what is this engine in general, and how does it work in general?
piston engine internal combustion, in fact, is a large pump that pumps air with fuel in certain proportions, burns it inside and converts thermal energy into kinematic. Kinematic energy, in turn, through a long transmission chain, makes the wheels rotate. We abstract from the details associated with inertial losses, friction losses inside the engine, from the peculiarities of the methods of fuel supply and many other important factors that, of course, ultimately affect the power of the engine, but are concomitant and inevitable, that is, the initial right to choose not providing. 
Pistons and connecting rodsThe principle of atmospheric tuning is based on three “pillars”:
- reducing the resistance of the gas distribution mechanism;
- increase in pumping power of the engine;
- improved cylinder scavenging.
The first is the widest field for activity, starting from the installation throttle valve larger diameter and ending with a four-throttle intake manifold. The task of this direction of tuning is to minimize the resistance that the fuel-air mixture encounters on its way into the cylinders. This is achieved in several ways:
Increasing the diameter of the intake channels of the cylinder head;
- an increase in the opening time of the intake valves (due to a change in the phase of the camshaft);
- an increase in the opening of the intake valves (due to an increase in the height of the camshaft cam);
- increasing the diameter of the valves;
- an increase in the diameter of the throttle valve;
- installation of various improved receivers of various volumes, which act as an air distributor over the cylinders more efficiently;
- installation of a system with an individual throttle for each cylinder (multi-throttle intake manifolds).
The second - depends directly on the size of the engine. The larger the volume, the greater the pressure difference the engine can create between atmospheric and pressure inside itself. And the greater the pressure difference, the faster the air will enter the cylinders and the more it will get there per cycle in the end. More air - more fuel-air mixture - more final power. There are only two ways to increase the useful volume of the engine:
By increasing the piston stroke;
- By increasing the diameter of the cylinder (and hence the piston).
The third is the improvement of cylinder scavenging. Cylinder blowing also affects the filling of the engine fuel-air mixture, because the easier it is to leave the spent exhaust gases engine - the less resistance they will create for the intake of the fuel-air mixture. All kinds of catalysts, resonators and directly end mufflers create resistance as well. Ideally, the exhaust system should be completely co-current, with minimal resistance and direction changes for the exhaust gases to move.
But with any engine tuning, it is worth remembering the golden rule of the bottleneck: by reducing the resistance at the outlet, you are unlikely to achieve tangible effect without placing your hands on the inlet, and vice versa. The system must always be consistent and balanced. That is why the installation standard engine things like oversized throttle body, filter zero resistance, straight-through muffler- do not give the expected effect, because the performance of the gas distribution mechanism and the engine size have not changed at all from this. Yes, of course, many modern cars The “strangler” of engine performance is compliance with Euro toxicity standards, and in order for the engine to be able to work at maximum efficiency without major changes, it is often enough to simply remove the “restrictor” of the exhaust system - the catalyst. But you should not expect a grandiose increase in power from this procedure, because the engine, as we remember, has not changed much - the “strangler” was simply removed.
Oh, that alluring word "turbo" turbine
What is boost? Why is it and how does it add power to the engine? Everything is quite simple and uncomplicated. As we remember, the power of the engine directly depends on the amount of the fuel-air mixture, which it converted from thermal energy into kinematic energy per unit of time. A supercharged tuning engine differs from an atmospheric one in the principle of its operation in only one thing - intake pressure. The increased difference between the air pressure (less than atmospheric) created by the engine itself and the pressure increased by the supercharger causes even more fuel-air mixture to enter the engine. Thus, supercharging is the simplest and the most efficient way to increase power. It allows you to relatively neglect the pumping power of the motor itself and avoid the expensive volume increase procedure to obtain the coveted figure on the power measurement stand. To do this, simply increase the pressure difference.
But, it is worth remembering that the same laws of physics apply to a supercharged engine as to an atmospheric one, which means that it is also limited by the throughput of the gas distribution mechanism and the throughput of the exhaust system. Therefore, in order to achieve maximum results, the supercharged internal combustion engine should also be properly prepared by improving the throughput of the gas distribution mechanism.
So what do you do anyway?
Remember: before starting any engine tuning, you always need to know exactly what you want to get in the end, what goal was originally pursued. From the "hodgepodge" very rarely can get a sense. It's never a good idea to design an engine out of parts that someone once drove separately. In other words, for example, camshafts that perform well in one configuration can easily be completely inappropriate for another. Each configuration must be fully balanced and calculated.
What to choose, atmospheric engine tuning or turbo? It's more of a matter of religion, and there will always be adherents on each side. strong arguments in defense of their direction of tuning. But you should always remember one fact - atmospheric pressure is constant and almost unchanged, therefore, for any atmospheric motor there is a power limit, which is very difficult and expensive to exceed, and often simply impossible.
AGP Motorsport offers power increase your turbo engine not only by simple reprogramming of the standard engine control unit. Almost any person eventually gets used to what has already been achieved and strives for more. Joy and euphoria after chip tuning standard motor over time passes and the question arises: is it possible to get more? We answer - You can!
IN regular engine the limiting factors are first the performance of the turbocharger and fuel system, Then throughput exhaust and intake efficiency, and after that the question arises about the strength of the engine's internals - connecting rods, crankshaft beds, pistons, etc. The main rule when finalizing engine systems is balance and sufficiency. If it is not planned to strengthen the internals of the motor, then the engine strength threshold is determined and selected turbocharger, which with sufficient efficiency will be able to ensure the filling of the cylinders to achieve the calculated threshold power. We also work with compressor engines and install mechanical superchargers for atmospheric engines.
Replacement of standard turbines with more efficient ones
Manufacture of exhaust manifolds for any turbine
Replacing the compressor pulley with a smaller diameter pulley
Installation of mechanical superchargers
To provide fuel for the increased flow of consumed air, the fuel system is being finalized - installed high capacity nozzles And gasoline pump. In the case of a high specific power, it is finalized fuel rail, fuel lines and pressure regulator.
Refinement of the fuel system
Refinement of the fuel system
Refinement of the fuel system
performance inlet With efficient cooling- one of the most important articles of improvements and a necessary part of complex tuning. High blood pressure boost leads to overheating intake air, and its increased volume requires wide intake lines, efficient intercooler(intercooler), volumetric intake manifold. We also install systems water-methanol injection.
Installation of high performance intercoolers
Installing more efficient intake manifolds
Fitting a larger throttle body
Installation of water-methanol injection system
AGP Motorsport able to change the base potential power unit by installing a more efficient turbocharger, provide the engine with fuel and tune it. However, it is extremely important that the motor withstand the increased torque. To do this, we disassemble the engine, prepare it and carefully assemble it. uprated engine imposes increased requirements for fitting parts and assembly.
Power tuning - increasing the power and throttle response of a car by refining the engine (increasing the compression ratio and speed). There are a lot of legends about forcing the engine, there are constant disputes on the forums, but not everyone understands what exactly they want to get from their car, and how much it will cost, because even the most simple engine(VAZ-2106, 2108 or "nines") on their own is quite difficult, you will have to turn to specialists.
All modifications to the car units are associated with the cost of time and money, and the safety of the car owner and others depends on the quality of the work performed. Here are a few factors to consider when thinking about tuning a motor:
Axioms of engine tuning
Almost all petrol and diesel engines more or less suitable for forcing. Forcing can lead to both a decrease and an increase in engine life, depending on what kind of work is being done. The resource of any engine directly depends on the mode of operation of the car. If the machine is operated in normal, medium modes for good oil, then the engine will serve for a very long time, and if it street racing then sorry.
For example, if we take a factory motor and a tuning motor assembled “from scratch” in a specialized center by experienced craftsmen, then under the same operating conditions the second engine will pass twice as much. This means that the resource of the tuning engine is approximately twice as long as declared by the manufacturer. The reason for this is that at mass production there is simply no time to mess around with each motor, adjusting fractions of millimeters in the gaps, selecting pistons by weight. This is especially true for the Russian automotive industry, where the main task is not to ensure accuracy and reliability, but to “fit” manufactured products into the so-called “tolerance field”, and this field, in turn, turns out to be very, very wide.
Having received a modified (especially towards a more dynamic ride) engine, the car owner unconsciously begins to change the driving style, increasing the load on the engine and other components of the car (the foot itself presses on the gas pedal). Few people are able to drive calmly on a tuning car, and this, in turn, reduces the resource of car components.
Forced motor resource
The motor resource of a forced engine, and hence its wear, depends primarily on the degree of forcing, load, operating conditions and quality of fuels and lubricants. Modes maximum loads in everyday life are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, for a short time. Therefore, we can safely say that during tuning, the engine resource practically does not change. And, on the contrary, it can change upwards. Engine debugging is, in most cases, an individual highly qualified handmade, fine fitting, weight distribution, internal combustion engine balancing. The most modern tool is used, experience is constantly accumulated and technologies are studied. Of course, the quality of work in this case is not comparable to the assembly line.
MECHANICAL FORCING OF THE ENGINE
Full power car tuning - expensive pleasure:
in addition to working with the engine, it will be necessary to “debug” the gearbox, brake system, pendants.
So, the question itself arises: where to start refining the engine?
Let's start with torque. It can be “raised” throughout the entire engine speed range by increasing the displacement of the engine (this operation is sometimes called “boring”). Power and torque in the zone of high or low speeds can be “raised” by replacing the standard camshaft with a tuning one with modified characteristics, “top” or “bottom”, respectively.
There are many camshafts with modified characteristics. So what kind of improvement should you choose? As an example, let's take a standard "VAZ" engine, on the basis of which a tuning one is built.
Forcing a small engine
On a small engine (1300cm3-1500cm3) get good acceleration dynamics without crazy engine spin up to 6000-9000 rpm. just impossible. You can assemble, for example, an engine with a volume of 1600 cm3 (crankshaft with a stroke of 74.8 mm, a piston of 82.4 mm), and put the camshaft “lower” with a slight valve lift, while “getting ahead” of the camshaft gear by 2-4 degrees. In this case, the motor will “pull” well from low revs. On a 1700 cm3 engine (crankshaft with a stroke of 78 mm, a piston of 82.4 mm), a camshaft can be installed with valve lifts starting from 10.93 mm and higher. This engine configuration is considered the most successful. The engine has good “torque” throughout the rev range and “spins” well up to 8000 rpm.
Forcing the "medium" engine
The 1800 cm3 engine (crankshaft with 80mm stroke, 84mm piston) is more suitable for supporters of extreme driving or people who do not mind throwing their cylinder block into the trash in the near future. With this displacement, the torque allows you to “switch” to overdrive even at low rpm.
It is quite easy to install a camshaft with a valve lift of 12 mm.
Idling, of course, will not be stable, but tolerable. On average, you need to set 1000-1100 rpm, the engine holds them perfectly. But the resource of such an engine, unfortunately, leaves much to be desired. There were cases when high revs crankshafts with such moves broke in half.
A very significant, if not the main, role in the preparation of the engine is the refinement of the cylinder head. Properly modified cylinder head provides an increase in engine power up to 20-30%. (the filling of cylinders with a fuel-air mixture, the combustion of the mixture and the removal of exhaust gases are significantly improved).
Can install air filter zero resistance, separate exhaust manifold (“spider” 4-2-1) and direct-flow exhaust system, which will reduce losses at the intake and exhaust stages. In general, tuning the intake and exhaust system quite expensive, and the increase in power gives an insignificant. But, subject to a competently modified cylinder head, the car acquires a noble, “thoroughbred” voice.
What if you're just a beginner? street racing and I’m not yet sure that I’m ready to spend money on the capital costs of tuning the engine , or you just do not like the dynamics of the car?
Increasing engine power with additives
There is a simpler and more economical option for power tuning a car engine - “restoring power tuning”. The bottom line is to process the engine and transmission units with friction modifiers "EDIAL". Our products allow you to increase the power and throttle response of the engine and transmission units. You will definitely feel the result, especially if the car is already high mileage and the "playfulness" of the iron friend has noticeably decreased. This eliminates the need to perform many labor-intensive operations, which significantly affects the price. Such power tuning is available to any car owner and it can be done on your own. You will not get additional dozens of horses under the hood, but a 3-5% increase in power is quite achievable.
The principle of operation of the friction modifier EDIAL for the engine is well known: due to the special properties of the composition, the worn surfaces of friction pairs are restored to optimal sizes, and such an accuracy of surface matching cannot be achieved machining. The new working layer obtained as a result of processing is resistant to corrosion and has a low coefficient of friction.
The use of the drug allows you to eliminate engine wear, clean it from soot. And due to the properties of the formed layer on the surfaces of friction pairs, the engine power is significantly increased. This previously expended power to overcome friction becomes useful. An additional advantage of this drug is the protection of the engine when working on increased speed which has a positive effect on its durability.
Of course, this is not enough to become a seasoned street racer, but enjoying the increased acceleration dynamics and threshold increase top speed guaranteed for almost all users of EDIAL autochemistry. In addition, the use of the drug does not require additional investments in the "fine-tuning" of the suspension and brake system. For true fans of street racing, the use of protective and restorative drugs is not enough. But for a lover of safe dynamic driving, this is what you need.
The enjoyment of increased acceleration dynamics and an increase in the maximum speed threshold is guaranteed for all users of the EDIAL friction modifier. Especially noticeable changes in processing small engines, because they work at the limit of their power capabilities and the change in engine dynamics is well felt on them.
Effect of fuel on engine power
It is important to use high-quality fuel to ensure its combustion in the chamber. For this purpose, racing drivers use sports gasoline with a high octane rating(more than 100 units). Basically, such gasoline is obtained from ordinary gasoline with the addition of alcohol additives, during the combustion of which the combustion chamber quickly “overgrows” with soot.
There are quite good alternative– application of ACTIVE FLUSHING OF THE FUEL SYSTEM EDIAL for a gasoline engine. The use of this additive provides additional engine power (from 3 to 5%). This is achieved due to the increased completeness of combustion of gasoline and changes in the combustion mode. fuel mixture. Those hydrocarbons that were previously emitted by the engine into the atmosphere or afterburned by the catalyst are burned in the engine cylinders, giving it additional power and fuel economy. This combustion process also keeps the combustion chamber, injectors, valves and the entire exhaust tract clean.
Suppose that the car has already been improved: the standard air filter has been replaced, a complete system exhaust, but it didn't do much to increase power and torque. How to be? There are several ways to tune an engine to improve its performance. We will not go into details of the engine device and other nuances. This article presents ways to tune the engine.
As already noted, engine tuning is carried out various methods. Of course, they can be done separately, but to achieve best result It is recommended to carry out all manipulations at the same time. 
Engine tuning should only be done by a professional (if you want everything to work properly). It is important to perform all the work in stages, it is impossible to do, for example, only one and get the desired result. It is necessary to take into account all the nuances, including specific tasks, and only after that select best options improvements. In general, the improvement of the engine parameters is really only necessary for those who participate in races or want to build a hot rod, those who fully understand everything that they will face, including large financial costs. But, it's worth it when you really need it. 
Advice: entrust all manipulations with the engine to a tuning specialist. When the assembly and layout of the "heart" of the car takes place in a specially equipped workshop, where there is everything necessary equipment and tools are a guarantee that you will get a good result. 
It is also important to consider the purpose of the car. If you have a vehicle that you normally drive to and from work, you may not need significant engine modifications.
Also keep in mind that many modern engines There is the electronic unit control (on-board computer). If you do engine tuning, you will have to make changes to the computer - to produce (if this is possible for this modification).
The principle of the engine
The internal combustion engine is a "big air pump" where fuel is injected either directly into the cylinders or is supplied with air through the intake valve by means of the vacuum created by the piston as it moves down in the cylinder (and also when the air is forced into mechanical compressor or turbo). As the piston rises, a mixture of air and gasoline enters the cylinder. Working mixture ignited by a spark from a spark plug, and a combustion reaction occurs. The piston then moves down and up again, allowing the gas to escape through the exhaust manifold and exhaust system. Then everything starts again. Note that the piston moves up and down the cylinder twice in one complete cycle.
Engine tuning options
cylinder head
Gas flow. The airflow passing through the cylinder head may slow down or become swirled if there are bumps in its path. Smoothing out roughness on the inlet port, channels and bends contributes to the unhindered flow of air into the cylinders. The air flow becomes stable, turbulence is reduced, and the air intake speed is increased. 
Attention: heads come with vertical and horizontal vortex. This design improves performance air flow(another reason why engine tuning should be done by a specialist in a tuning workshop).
Matching connectors. Precise alignment of the inlet and outlet ports on the outlet and intake manifolds increases uniform airflow and reduces turbulence. 
By tuning, you can increase the torque or achieve maximum power. You can also increase or decrease fuel consumption, here it will most likely be like this: one thing will increase, while the other will decrease. It is important to note that not all cylinder heads respond well to porting. First, it is better to consult with the master.
Once again, we note that engine tuning should be carried out exclusively by competent people, otherwise you can ruin everything and get an imbalance.
Special cylinder head (for tuning)
Without going into details, we will only say that there are many options for such heads, and they are not cheap. All connectors and pipes are the same as for conventional cylinder heads, so no modifications are required. 
Advice: today, cylinder heads are periodically improved by manufacturers, more modern ones appear from model to model. Therefore, instead of the native head, you can install another, taken from a later modification of the same car. It can ideally fit the block, in extreme cases, improvements will be required. 
Cylinder block boring increases the size of the engine. It is usually specified either in liters (2 liters, 1.8 liters, 4 liters, etc.) or in cubic centimeters ( cm
3). For example, the engine size is 2 liters. equal to volume in 2000 cm
3 . On american cars engine displacement is given in cubic inches (TC or CI). To convert to cube. see you can use the calculator. 
Important: for most cars, the figure is in cubic meters. cm is rounded up or down when you need to convert and indicate the volume in liters. The volume of one cylinder is calculated by dividing the total volume of the engine by the number of cylinders. For example, 4 cylinder engine a 2 liter engine will have a single cylinder volume of 0.5 liters, as well as an 8-cylinder engine with a 4 liter displacement - 0.5 liters per cylinder.
Cylinder boring is done on the machine. The point is to turn the cylinders from the inside, that is, to achieve them correct geometry. Bored cylinders require larger diameter pistons. It is important to ensure the perfect alignment of the pistons and cylinders in order to obtain the final required level compression. Cylinder boring is a complex process that requires precise equipment and calculations.
Advice: very often the same block fits different sizes of engines. So why not use your block for a larger engine?
Stroker whale(engine tuning kit). Many companies produce kits for mechanical tuning of the engine (mainly for American 8 cylinder cars). Usually stroker kits consist of a crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, piston rings and bearings. They change the stroke length, and accordingly the engine size. The torque increases, but the pistons wear faster due to the increase in stroke. 
Types of pistons
Cast with notches and simply cast. Cast pistons are very heavy because they are made of an aluminum alloy containing silicon. Used by most manufacturers.
Cast pistons come in three types:
- Hypereutectic, containing 9-12% silicon in aluminum alloy
- Eutectic, containing 11-13% silicon in aluminum alloy
- Hypereutectic, containing 12.7-18% silicon in an aluminum alloy.
Forged pistons. They are solid, made of aluminum alloy with a low silicon content. They are made by pressing heated metal into a mould. They are expensive and are mainly put on cars with very high power. 
Piston With flat bottom
Pistons are domed, with recesses and with a flat bottom. The design of the piston affects the level of compression and, presumably, the rate of combustion of the mixture in the cylinders. The recessed piston creates extra space for valve clearance. 
High compression pistons increase compression, while low compression pistons decrease compression. 
Increasing compression (up to a certain limit) accelerates the process of fuel combustion, respectively, increases power. High compression pistons create too great pressure which in turn raises the temperature. Together, this increases the load on the pistons themselves, accelerating their wear. Too much compression leads to negative consequences– detonation and engine damage. 
Turbocharged vehicles require low compression. The fact is that the heated air from the turbine mixes with the volatile vapors of gasoline, and the engine detonates. Although it all depends on what parts were used. 
By the way, the compression level can be reduced or increased. There are two ways: replace the head gasket (thicker or thinner) or sand the head itself. Since we are talking about a gasket, it is not superfluous to say that it is better to install a gasket specially designed for tuning, since it will withstand the excess pressure resulting from tuning.
distribution shaft
Replacing a standard camshaft is a popular way to tune an engine along with boring a cylinder block. The camshaft has pear-shaped vanes. It controls the opening and closing of valves for the intake and exhaust ports. The shape of the petal serves to control the duration and timing of this opening and closing. 
Single top camshaft
(SOHC): Has vanes that operate both intake and exhaust valves.
Two overhead camshafts:(DOHC): single camshaft drives intake valves and the other graduation.
The tuning camshaft allows you to extend the opening and closing times of the valves (affects the valve stroke). During the extra time (while the valve is open), more air and gasoline enters the engine. There are several types of tuning camshafts: 
Mild road Cams(for moderate driving). Can be installed on almost any machine. Improves throttle response, power, and in some cases contributes to fuel economy.
Fast road Cams(For fast driving).
Ideal for fast cars. Increases the power of the car, saves fuel consumption, but is unstable on Idling. More uplift and duration.
competition cams(sports).
Intended for sports cars. Despite the fact that they increase power well, such shafts wear out quickly, increase fuel consumption and have uneven idling. 
Keep in mind that sport and fast driving cams will reduce torque as the valve strokes overlap. If set sports camshaft, then you won’t be able to drive slowly, because normal work engine will start from 2000-3000 rpm.
Today there are a variety of valve cams (appeared a few years ago).
Tuning valves
Valves are needed to allow air to enter and exit the engine. The camshaft controls the valve opening time, and the tappet controls the degree of opening. Inlet ports and valves must be polished. This will remove sharp corners and burrs so that they do not impede airflow. Usually three chamfers are made on three sides of the valve. It is important that the valves are correctly placed in seats, those are tight, without the slightest gaps. 
You can increase the amount of incoming air by expanding the inlets and installing valves that are larger in size. This is painstaking and complex work. With this method, you need to make sure that there are no gaps at the valve seat. 
Instead of expanding the holes and installing larger valves, you can simply increase the number of valves, for example, to 16, 20, 24, 32, and so on. This method is considered the best. If you increase the holes and install large valves, then the air flow rate by low revs decreases, and this is likely to negatively affect the torque. But this will not happen if you just add a few valves.
It is also important to install special valve springs, it is better to choose a tuning option, as they are better.
Advice: some engines have interchangeable heads so you can fit a 16 valve head to an 8 valve block. But keep in mind that this will have to redo and customize something.
Engine balancing (blueprinting)
Blueprinting (engine balancing according to the existing scheme) is necessary procedure when it comes to engine tuning. Interesting fact: many cars during the presentation, especially for the press, were shown with balanced engines, but went on sale with conventional ones. Parts of the engine are subjected to balancing: camshaft, pistons, connecting rods, bearings and flywheel. The procedure takes place in specially equipped workshops, where they test the engine and, if necessary, adjust, change the parameters so that all parts work clearly.
Balancing can improve the performance of a factory engine. It can improve power, economy and extend engine life by reducing vibration, stress, rough running and reducing the weight of certain parts. In addition, balancing contributes to an increase in the speed limit.
Electric fan
If we have already begun to refine the engine, then why not change the fan to an electric one? Kenlowe is the most famous brand. Unlike a belt fan, such a fan does not take power and fuel from the engine. 
- Before you start refining the engine, think about what exactly you want to improve. Engine tuning is always an almost unlimited cost, so decide what you want.
- Do not rush to spend money on the purchase of spare parts, first consult a professional.
- If you want to improve something in the motor, do everything at once. It will come out relatively cheaper, but rather entrust all the work to the masters, because you will not have the right to make a mistake. Self-employment can result in a decent amount.
- While the engine is removed, you can put everything else in order, for example, replace gaskets, bolts on the cylinder head. It is necessary to make an inspection so that there are no weak areas.
- Carefully and carefully handle the engine after tuning, do not neglect the advice of the masters.
- Change your oil regularly.
- Instead of tuning, you can look for another engine, with the best performance if such a replacement would be appropriate for a particular vehicle.
