Decipher the designations of vehicles. Vehicle marking

24.07.2019

Transmission

Several classifications of automatic telephone exchanges are known, which were developed in the interests of various departments according to the corresponding classification criteria.

By appointment, ATS are divided into cargo, passenger and special. Freight vehicles include vehicles intended for transportation various kinds cargo. Passenger vehicles include vehicles designed to transport people, these are buses and cars. Special vehicles include vehicles designed not for the transportation of goods or passengers, but for the installation of special equipment in order to perform the relevant work.

By engine type Automatic telephone exchanges are divided into gasoline, diesel, gas, gas generating, electric and others.

By passabilityPBXs are divided into ordinary cross-country vehicles (non-wheel drive), off-road(all-wheel drive), swamp vehicles, snowmobiles, floating and others, and semi-trailers and trailers are divided into having active drive and without active drive.

According to the wheel formula Vehicles are classified by the total number of wheels and by the number of driving wheels. wheel formula. For wheeled vehicles, the designation is usually two digits separated by a multiplication sign. The first digit is the total number of wheels, the second is the number of driving wheels (dual wheels are counted as one wheel). The exception is front wheel drive cars and road trains with single-axle tractors, where the first digit is the number of driving wheels, and the next digit is the total number of wheels.

For trucks the third digit can be entered into the main wheel formula through a dot: “1” means that all wheels are single-sided; "2" - what is the leader rear axle(axles, bogies) have dual tires.

Thus, the wheel formulas are 4x2.2, 4x2.1, 4x4.2 and 4x4.1; 6x4.2, 6x6.2, 6x6.1 and 6x2.1; 8x4.2, 8x4.1, 8x8.2 and 8x8.1 mean two-, three- and four-axle trucks respectively.

Articulated freight trains with one-two-axle tractors have a wheel arrangement of 2x4.1 and 2x6.1
By the nature of the execution, ATS are divided into single cars, tractor cars for towing trailers and truck tractors for towing semi-trailers.

According to the number of axles, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into one-, two-, three-, four- and multi-axle.

According to the climatic version, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into the usual version (temperate climate), northern ( cold climate) and roast (tropical - humid and desert - dusty climate).

In addition, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into army, agricultural, forestry, construction and others. According to their design features, automatic telephone exchanges are further subdivided into hooded, hoodless, short-hooded, long-wheelbase, short-wheelbase, with various transmissions, according to the location of the engine, with a front, middle and rear longitudinal and transverse engine.
Most of the listed classification features are practically of little relevance to the road transport industry. Therefore, a special transport classification has been developed, based on the principle of using automatic telephone exchanges.
(Fig. 3.6).

According to this classification, all types of cars and road trains are divided into three groups, determined by their mass, more precisely, largest axial load on the supporting surface. This characterizes the possibility of their application on certain types of roads.

All cars are divided into three groups:

an off-road group that does not have restrictions on axle load (quarry, airfield, etc.).

Group A includes MAZ, KrAZ vehicles, as well as some models of KamAZ vehicles, heavy vehicles foreign production, multi-seat buses of the Likinsky and Lvov factories, Ikarus buses and others.
Group B includes UAZ, GAZ, ZIL, UralAZ, KAZ vehicles, as well as some models of KamAZ vehicles, medium-sized buses of the Likinsky, Lvovsky, Pavlovsky and Kurgan plants, all small-sized buses and cars.

The off-road group includes mining dump trucks BelAZ and others.

All cars are divided into transport, used for the transport of goods and passengers, and special - not transport. The latter include fire trucks, truck cranes, aerial platforms, sweepers, snow plows and others.

Transport vehicles and road trains are divided into freight and passenger, and the latter into buses and cars. Each of the three varieties is subdivided according to its main design schemes, dimensions and type of transportation.

Trucks by constructive scheme are subdivided into single and road trains, the latter may consist of a flatbed vehicle with a trailer or a truck-tractor with a semi-trailer.

To organize in-line traffic on roads, all trucks and buses, regardless of their gross weight, must have the same traction and speed qualities, the same acceleration and braking dynamics. For this, it is necessary that the engine power is proportional to the total masses of transport units. Otherwise, it decreases throughput roads and may cause traffic congestion. Therefore, on tractor vehicles used with a trailer or semi-trailer, it is necessary to use a more powerful engine than on single vehicles.

Trucks by dimension (by carrying capacity) are divided into five classes:

extra small up to 0.5 t;
small from 0.5 to 2.0 tons;
medium from 2.0 to 5.0 tons;
large from 5.0 to 15.0 tons;
extra large over 15.0 t.

Trucks and road trains are divided into two groups according to the type of transportation, which determines the type of body:

universal - multi-purpose with an onboard platform body;
specialized, structurally adapted for the transportation of one or more specific types of cargo,

Cars and road trains can be of two types according to the distance of transportation - for local transportation, over a distance of 50 km, as well as for long-distance, long-distance transportation. Buses according to the design scheme are divided into three types:

single;
articulated;
bus trains, that is, a bus with a trailer.

Single buses are used most often.

Articulated buses are used to improve the maneuverability of large capacity buses.

Bus trains are used to a limited extent. It is possible to use trailers for baggage transportation, as well as the use of trailers for airport services.

Double-decker buses are not included in the classification, since they have not received distribution in the Russian Federation. Their main disadvantages: poor stability, difficulty landing and disembarking.

Buses according to the overall length according to GOST 18716-73 are divided into five classes:

especially small ones up to 3.0 m long;
small ones from 6.0 to 7.5 m long;
medium lengths from 8.0 to 9.5 m;
large lengths from 10.0 to 12.0 m;

For buses, along with the overall length, it is also necessary to take into account the capacity (Table 3.1).

According to the type of transportation, buses are divided into the following types: urban, suburban, intercity, local, general, tourist, excursion and school.

Table 3.1. Bus classification

Passenger cars according to the body structure are divided into sedans, coupes, station wagons, fastbacks. limousines and others
Cars differ in terms of engine displacement, vehicle weight and number of seats. When the working volume of the engine is the limit between groups and classes, the dry mass of the vehicle is taken as the determining factor. According to the type of transportation, cars are divided into personal, service, taxi and rental cars.

IN domestic automotive industry the classification and designation system of automatic telephone exchanges are used, determined by the industry standard OH 025 270-66 of the USSR Ministry of Automobile Industry.

In accordance with the standard OH 025 270-66 adopted next system ATC designations: each new model of car, trailer and semi-trailer is assigned an index consisting of a series of letters and numbers.

The full digital index is preceded by a hyphenated letter designation (brand) of the manufacturer (an abbreviation or code name, for example: GAZ, ZIL, KrAZ, Ural, Moskvich). The first digit indicates the ATC class: by engine displacement - for a passenger car; by overall length - for the bus; by gross weight for a truck. The second digit indicates the type of automatic telephone exchange: a passenger car is indicated by the number 1 bus - 2, a truck or pickup truck - 3, truck tractor- 4, dump truck - 5, tank - 6, van - 7, number 8 - reserve, special ATS-9.

The third and fourth digits of the indices indicate the serial number of the model, and the fifth indicates that this is not base model, and modification. The sixth digit indicates the type of execution: for a cold climate - 1, export version for a temperate climate - 6, export version for a tropical climate - 7.

Some automatic telephone exchanges have in their designation through a dash the prefix 01, 02, 03, 04, etc., which indicates that the model or modification is transitional or has some additional equipment.

The first two digits of the indices assigned in accordance with the industry standard to cars, buses, trucks (specialized) vehicles and trailers (semi-trailers) are given in Tables 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, respectively.

For trailers, the first digit is 8 for trailers and 9 for semi-trailers.

For trailers and semi-trailers, the second digit indicates the type of trailer in accordance with the type of tractor vehicle, i.e. 1 is a car trailer, 2 is a passenger trailer for a bus, etc. (Table 3.5.).

Table 3.5. Indexes of trailers and semi-trailers (first two digits according to OH 025270-66)

Trailer types	trailers	Semitrailers
Cars
Bus
Cargo (onboard)
Tipper
cisterns
Vans
Special

The third and fourth digits of the indices for trailers and semi-trailers determine their gross weight, and the fifth digit is a modification (Table 3.6). Table 3.6. Indices of trailers and semi-trailers (third and fourth digits according to OH 025 270-66)

Group No.	Indices	Gross weight, t
Group No.	Indices	Trailers and semi-trailers	Dissolution trailers
	01-24
	25-49	4-10	6-10
	50-69	10-16	10-16
	70-84	16-24	16-24
	85-99

So, for example, a passenger car with an engine capacity of 1.5 liters, manufactured by the Volga Automobile Plant, is designated VAZ-2112; a bus with an overall length of 7.00 m, produced by the Pavlovsk Bus Plant - PAZ-3205; a cargo truck-tractor with a gross weight of 15.3 tons, manufactured by the Kama Automobile Plant, is designated KamAZ-5320; a flatbed cargo trailer with a gross weight of 12.0 tons, manufactured by the Stavropol Plant of Automotive Principles, is designated SZAP-8355.

The basic models of automobile engines, their components and parts are indicated by the same normal with a ten-digit digital index. The first digit of the index determines the class of the engine associated with its working volume (Table 3.7).

Table 3.7. Classification of engines by working volume (according to OH 025 270-66)

working volume,	Class
Up to 0.75
Over 0.75 to 1.2
over 1.2 to 2
Over 2 to 4
Over 4 to 7
Over 7 to 10
Over 10 to 15
Over 15

The above classification is applied in accordance with GOST 25478-91 in the Russian Federation. In addition, it provides a uniform approach when using technical documentation for domestic and foreign vehicles in terms of road safety.
As an explanation to Table. 3.8, it should be noted that the total mass of the truck-tractor consists of its mass in running order, the mass of the driver and other attendants in the cab of the vehicle, and part of the total mass of the semi-trailer, which is transmitted to the truck tractor. The gross weight of a semi-trailer consists of its curb weight and payload.
A comparative table of correspondence between the categories of ATS according to the classification of the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE ITC) and according to the classification of the convention on road traffic is given in Table. 3.9.

Subsequent digits of the index indicate the numbers of the base model of the engine, its units, assemblies and parts.

Before the introduction of OH 025 270-66 indexation of the main models domestic cars, trailers and semi-trailers was produced as follows: at first, the brand was put - the letter designation of the manufacturer (GAZ, ZIL, Moskvich, etc., after it, through a hyphen, a two- or three-digit numerical designation. For example, GLZ-52, Ural-375, semi-trailer OdAZ-885. at the same time, each manufacturer used digital indices within certain limits. So, for example, the Gorky Automobile Plant used numbers from 10 to 100, ZIL - from 100 to 200, etc. For the modernized automotive technology and modifications were added letters or a two-digit number through a hyphen. For example, MAZ-200V, LAZ-699R, Moskvich-412IE, ZIL-130-76.GAZ-24-10.

In addition to the indexation of trailers provided for by the OH 025 270-66 standard, the following symbol for car trailers has become widespread, which includes:

P - semi-trailer (in combination with AMS - automobile semi-trailer);
P - dissolution (in combination with APR - car trailer dissolution;
H - nnz frame; B - onboard; C-tipper; P - platform; F - van; C - tank; K - container ship; T - heavy truck; M-modular and others. through a dash one, two or three digits indicating the load
trailer or semi-trailer capacity in tons;
» further then through a dash the symbol along the normal OH 025 270-66. Examples of symbols for some trailers and semi-trailers:

State registration of motor vehicles is carried out in accordance with the classification established by the Convention on Road Traffic, which was adopted at the United Nations Conference on traffic in Vienna on November 8, 1968 and ratified by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on April 29, 1974, in accordance with this classification, ATS are divided into the following categories:

B - cars, the maximum authorized mass of which does not exceed 3500 kg and the number of seats in which, in addition to the driver's seat, does not exceed eight;

C - cars, with the exception of those belonging to category "D", the maximum authorized mass of which exceeds 3500 kg;

D - cars designed for the carriage of passengers and having more than 8 seats, in addition to the driver's seat;

Trailer - a vehicle intended for movement in combination with a mechanical vehicle (including semi-trailers).
In domestic practice related to the classification of vehicles, the designations adopted in the international safety requirements (UNECE Rules) developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe are gradually beginning to be used. Information source Site: http://www.grtrans.ru/

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Marking of vehicles (TC) is divided into main and additional. The main marking of the vehicle and their constituent parts is mandatory and carried out by their manufacturers. In the case of the manufacture of a vehicle by several enterprises in series, it is permissible to apply the main marking of the vehicle only by the manufacturer of the final product.

The main marking is carried out on the following products:

Trucks, including specialized and special ones on their chassis, tractors with an onboard platform, as well as multi-purpose vehicles and special wheeled chassis;
- cars, including specialized and special on their basis, cargo-passenger;
- buses, including specialized and special buses based on them;
- trolleybuses;
- trailers and semi-trailers;
- forklifts;
- engines internal combustion;
- motor vehicles;
- truck chassis;
- cabs of trucks;
- car bodies;
- blocks of internal combustion engines.

Content and place of the main marking

In addition to the fact that the vehicle, chassis and engines must have trademark in accordance with GOST 26828, and products subject to mandatory certification must have a conformity mark in accordance with GOST R 50460, a special marking of the vehicle and its components is carried out.

Vehicle marking

A. Directly on the product (non-removable part), in places least susceptible to destruction in a traffic accident, the vehicle identification number - VIN must be applied. One of the selected locations must be right side(in the direction of the vehicle). VIN is applied:
- on the car body - in two places, in the front and rear parts;
- on the back of the bus - in two different places;
- on the body of a trolley bus - in one place;
- on the cab of a truck and a forklift - in one place;
- on the frame of a trailer, semi-trailer and motor vehicle - in one place;
- on off-road vehicles, trolleybuses and forklifts, VIN may be indicated on a separate plate.

B. The vehicle, as a rule, should have a plate, located at the front if possible, containing the following data:
- VIN;
- index (model, modification, version) of the engine (with a working volume of 125 cm3 or more);
- permissible gross weight;
- permissible total mass of the road train (for tractors);
- the permissible mass per axle/axles of the bogies, starting from the front axle;
- permissible mass per fifth wheel coupling.

Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) - a combination of digital and alphabetic symbols assigned for identification purposes, is a mandatory element of marking and is individual for each vehicle for 30 years.

The VIN has the following structure: WMI VDS VIS

The first part of the VIN (the first three characters) is international identification code manufacturer (WMI), allows you to identify the manufacturer of the vehicle and consists of three letters or letters and numbers.

In accordance with ISO 3780, the letters and numbers used in the first two characters of WMI are assigned to the country and controlled by an international agency - the Society automotive engineers(SAE) under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The distribution of the first two characters characterizing the zone and country of origin, according to SAE, is given in Appendix 1.

The first character (geographical area code) is a letter or number that represents a particular geographic area.
For example:
from 1 to 5 - North America;
from S to Z - Europe;
A to H - Africa;
from J to R - Asia;
6.7 - Countries of Oceania;
8,9,0 - South America.

The second character (country code) is a letter or number that identifies a country in a specific geographic area. More than one character may be used to indicate a country, if necessary. Only the combination of the first and second characters guarantees the unambiguous identification of the country.
For example:
10 to 19 - USA;
1A to 1Z - USA;
2A to 2W - Canada;
from ZA to ZW - Mexico;
from W0 to W9 - Germany, Federal Republic;
from WA to WZ - Germany, Federal Republic.

The third character is a letter or number that is assigned to the manufacturer by the National Authority. In Russia, such an organization is the Central Research Automobile and automotive institute(NAMI), located at the address: Russia, 125438, Moscow, st. Avtomotornaya, house 2, which assigns WMI as a whole. Only the combination of the first, second and third characters provides an unambiguous identification of the vehicle manufacturer - the International Manufacturer Identity (WMI). The number 9 as the third character is used by National Organizations when it is necessary to characterize a manufacturer that produces less than 500 cars per year. International Manufacturer Codes (WMI) are listed in Annex 2.

The second part of the VIN - the descriptive part of the identification number (VDS) consists of six characters (if the vehicle index consists of less than six characters, then zeros are put in the blank spaces of the last characters of the VDS (on the right), indicating, as a rule, the model and modification of the vehicle, according to design documentation (CD).

The third part of the VIN - the indicative part of the identification number (VIS) - consists of eight characters (numbers and letters), of which the last four characters must be digits. The first character VIS indicates the code of the year of manufacture of the vehicle (see Appendix 3), the subsequent characters indicate the serial number of the vehicle assigned by the manufacturer.

Several WMIs can be assigned to a manufacturer, but the same number cannot be assigned to another vehicle manufacturer for at least 30 years from the moment it was first used by the previous (first) manufacturer.

Marking of vehicle components

Internal combustion engines, as well as the chassis and cabins of trucks, car bodies and engine blocks must be marked with an identification number of the component (CH).

The identification number of the MF consists of two structural parts, the number of characters and the rules for the formation of which are similar to VDS and VIS VIN.

The identification number of the SC on the chassis frame and the cab of the truck should be applied, if possible, in the front part, on the right side, in one place, allowing it to be seen from outside the vehicle.

Engines are marked on the engine block in one place.

Engine blocks are marked in one place, while the first part of the SC identification number, similar to VDS, may not be indicated.

Content and place of additional marking

Additional marking of the vehicle provides for the application of the VDS and VIS identification number of the vehicle, visible and invisible to the eye (visible and invisible marking).

Visible marking is applied to the outer surface, as a rule, of the following components of the vehicle:
- windshield glass - on the right side, along the upper edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- rear window glass - on the left side, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- windows of sidewalls (movable) - in the rear part, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- headlights and rear lights- on the glass (or rim), along the lower edge, near the sidewalls of the body (cab).

Invisible marking is applied, as a rule, on:
- roof upholstery - in the central part, at a distance of about 20 mm from the windshield glass seal;
- upholstery of the backrest of the driver's seat - on the left (in the direction of the vehicle) side surface, in the middle part, along the backrest frame;
- the surface of the turn signal switch housing along the axis of the steering column.

Technical requirements for marking

The method of performing the main and additional visible markings must ensure the clarity of the image and its safety throughout the entire period of operation of the vehicle in the conditions and modes established in the design documentation.

The identification numbers of the vehicle and the midrange should use the letters of the Latin alphabet (except for I, O and Q) and Arabic numerals.

The font of letters the enterprise selects from the types of fonts established in normative documents, taking into account the accepted technological process.

The font of the numbers should exclude the possibility of deliberate replacement of one number with another.

The identification numbers of the vehicle and the midrange, as well as signs of additional marking, must be displayed in one or two lines.

When displaying an identification number in two lines, none of its components is allowed to be divided by a hyphen. At the beginning and end of the line (lines) there must be a sign (symbol, plate bounding box, etc.), which is chosen by the enterprise and must differ from the numbers and letters of the marking. The selected sign is described in the technical documentation.

There should be no spaces between characters and lines of the identification number. It is allowed to separate the constituent parts of the identification number by the selected character. Note. When citing an identification number in text documents, the selected character may not be affixed.

When performing the main marking, the height of letters and numbers must be at least:

a) in the identification numbers of the vehicle and SC:
7 mm - when applied directly to the vehicle and their components, while 5 mm is allowed - for engines and their blocks;
4 mm - when applied directly to motor vehicles;
4 mm - when applied to plates;

b) in the rest of the marking data - 2.5 mm.

The identification number of the main marking should be applied to surfaces that have traces of machining provided for technological process. The plates must comply with the requirements of GOST 12969, GOST 12970, GOST 12971 and be attached to the product using, as a rule, a permanent connection.

Additional invisible marking is carried out using a special technology and becomes visible in the light of ultraviolet rays. When marking is performed, the structure of the material on which it is applied should not be violated.

It is not allowed to destroy and (or) change the marking during the repair of the vehicle and its components. Methods for applying marking are not specified by the standards and can be either manual or mechanized.

With the manual method of marking, by hitting the stamp with a hammer, an indented image of a number, letter, asterisk or other sign is obtained on a panel or platform. In this case, the order of applying signs is chosen by the worker. As a result of manual stuffing, signs are shifted horizontally and vertically, there is a deviation of the vertical axes, a template can be used to eliminate this. In this case, the depth of the marking digits is not the same.

Mechanized marking is carried out in two ways: impact and knurling. Both methods have their own characteristics. So, in a microscopic examination of the marking made by rolling, traces of the entrance of the working part of the stamp from one side and its exit from the other side of the sign are visible. With the impact method, the working part of the brand moves strictly vertically.

Quite often, with a mechanized method of marking, especially on aluminum blocks, there is a "shortage", as a result of which the marking marks are too small or barely noticeable. In such cases, manual finishing or re-mechanized is performed. With manual finishing, accompanying signs appear. With repeated mechanized application, double outlines with the same character shift can be seen.

With the combined method of marking, part of the signs is applied mechanized, and the rest are achieved manually. This option is characterized by features of both methods.

Additional marking is applied, as a rule, by sandblasting or milling car parts made of glass, or by applying special markings containing phosphors to the interior elements of the car. In the first case, the marking is observed visually without the help of special devices, in the second case, the use of an ultraviolet lamp is required to detect it.

Examples of marking of vehicles of domestic and foreign production

This section provides examples of the location of the marking of units of VAZ, GAZ and Peugeot cars. Cars produced in the early 80s and earlier may have markings that differ from those shown below, which was due to the lack of uniform requirements for it. In this case, it is necessary to refer to the special reference literature. The location of the marking places for some foreign-made cars is given in Appendix 3. Volzhsky car factory.

Let's give an example of marking models VAZ - 2108, VAZ - 2109, VAZ - 21099.
1. The factory data plate is fixed under the hood on the front wall of the air box.
2. VIN indicating the model and body number is stamped in engine compartment on the right side of the front suspension spring.
3. The engine model and number are stamped on the rear end of the cylinder block above the clutch housing.

XTA - international identification code of the manufacturer (for VAZ - XTA);
210900 - descriptive part: product index. The model or conditional code assigned by the manufacturer is indicated. IN this case: 2108 - for VAZ 2108, 21090 - for VAZ 2109, 21099 - for VAZ 21099;
V - code of the year of manufacture of the car (V - 1997);
0051837 - production number of the product.

Structure and content of the engine marking

Engine marking is applied to special milling pads of engine blocks. The block is cast from special gray cast iron. The marking process is mechanized.

On the engines of the VAZ-2108, VAZ-21081, VAZ-21083 models, the marking is applied on the upper part of the rear wall of the block from the flywheel side to the left in the direction of the car in a single line in PO-5 font. It contains the model designation and the seven-digit serial number of the engine enclosed between two asterisks and being through for these models. The sprockets fit into a circle with a diameter of 3.0 mm.

Cylinder blocks supplied as spare parts are not marked.

In the event of an erroneous application of the marking sign, the overwriting is done manually using stamps and a mandrel. The sign is hammered with a special pin and a new one is stuffed. In case of erroneous application of the entire number (or several characters), it is cut off with an emery wheel of a grinding machine to the depth of the relief image and then a new number is stuffed. If only a part of the sign (signs) is displayed in relief, then its not displayed part is stuffed manually. Characters of the technological number that are not displayed are not stuffed. Body marking is applied with the help of a marker by impact method. From October 1 of each year, the letter designation of the next calendar year is entered into the identification number.

The body for spare parts is always produced with its own number, and the marked body parts for spare parts are produced without a number. If the marking sign goes beyond the marking field ("floats" in height) or is applied erroneously, then it is minted and a new sign is manually stuffed. In the same way, a mistake on a painted body is corrected: after stuffing the sign and stripping it, it is painted over. Vehicles intended for export may be fitted with additional plates with approval marks. The plates are fastened to the body with single-sided rivets, less often with self-tapping screws. Gorky Automobile Plant.

Let's give an example of marking for the GAZ-3102, GAZ-31029 models and their modifications.
1. The factory data plate is affixed under the hood to the mudguard on the right front fender.
2. The code of the year of manufacture and the body number (indicative part of the VIN) are stamped in the gutter of the hood drain on the right.
3. Model, number and year of manufacture of the engine are stamped on the tide on the bottom of the cylinder block on the left.

Structure and content of the identification number

XTH - international identification code of the manufacturer (XTH- for GAS);
310200 - descriptive part: product index. The model or conditional code assigned by the manufacturer is indicated. In this case: 31020 - for GAZ 3102, 31022 - for GAZ 31022, 31029 - for GAZ 31029;
W - code of the year of manufacture of the car (W - 1998);
0000342 - production number of the product.
Factory PEUGEOT (Peugeot).

Peugeot models - 205, 305 since 1983 and models 309, 405, 505 and 605 have the body number in the gutter on the right side of the front body panel flare or on the right front fender mudguard under the hood.

Firm PEUGEOT has been using a 17-position chassis number (VIN) for its models since July 1981. For example:
VF3 504 V51 S 3409458
VF3 - international identification code of the manufacturer (VF3 - for PEUGEOT);
504 - vehicle type;
V51 - vehicle variant;
S - code of the year of manufacture of the car (S - 1995);
3409458 - production number of the product.

Methods and signs of changing marking data

This section discusses ways to change markings outside of manufacturers, which should be distinguished from corrections of erroneously applied characters, all markings in general at the manufacturer.

It also lists signs that may indicate a change in labeling. When they are found, it is necessary to determine what caused them.

Some signs are formed both during manual stuffing or error correction at the manufacturer, and during falsification of marking data. The other part is only for fake. The issue of forgery can be resolved by conducting an appropriate study in the forensic unit.

Methods and signs of changing body markings

The main ways to change the marking of the body can be divided into two groups A and B.

For the group of methods A, accompanied by the destruction of the primary marking, it is typical to remove a section, part or all of the marking panel and replace them with others. To identify the vehicle in this case, a comprehensive analysis is required.

When using methods for changing the marking of group B, the primary marking or its traces are preserved and, in principle, its detection is possible. Group B includes the following common ways to change marking data, which are achieved by:
- finishing missing elements in the signs of the primary marking, having a similar style with the signs of the required (secondary) marking over the signs of the primary, (for example: 1 - 4, 6 - 8, 3 - 8);
- hammering (minting) of individual signs of primary marking and applying others in their place. Extra elements of signs are filled with plastic masses or melted and painted, (for example: 4 -1, 8 - 3, 8 - 6);
- deepening the marking area, applying a layer of metal or plastic mass to the primary marking and embossing the required (secondary) marking on the resulting relief surface, followed by painting the body area;
- deepening the section with marking and fixing in this place (by welding or gluing) the section of the panel with a different marking.

Signs indicating a change in body markings include:
- fuzzy outline of signs, their vertical displacement, different intervals and depth, differences in the configuration of signs from samples, extraneous strokes in signs;
- traces of surface treatment under the enamel layer, an increase in the thickness of the coating, as well as the presence of remnants of putty or other materials in the marking area;
- difference paintwork(LKP) of the marking panel and adjacent areas, the presence of traces of sawdust (particles) of enamel on nearby parts;
- discrepancy between the marking and its display on reverse side panels and traces of clogging signs on it, a local increase in the thickness of the panel;
- welds on the marking panel, connection of panels with welds, traces of drilling of welding points and imitation of spot welding (filling holes with melts of tin or brass), etc.

Methods and signs of changing the marking of engines

To destroy the marking of the engine of cars of any brand, the following main methods are used:
- sawing with a file manually;
- removal of a metal layer with a mechanical tool, for example, a grinder;
- clogging the old marking with a core or chisel, followed by stuffing the required signs;
- sticking a thin metal plate with the desired marking on the marking pad;
- thermal impact on the marking part of the cylinder block using a blowtorch, gas burner.

Signs of changing engine markings include:
- traces of mechanical processing of the site;
- traces of primary marking;
- difference between the texture of the surface of the site from adjacent areas or from the factory sample, imitation of the texture of the surface of the marking area;
- absence of a layer of enamel or special composition on the marking area (for blocks made of aluminum and magnesium alloys).

Marking research tools

Methods for falsifying marking data determine methods for searching and analyzing "foreign defects" in the metal structure under a layer of paint and varnish coating (LCP), such as the presence of a weld, putty elements of signs, imitation spot welding and so on.

In some cases, the identification of the fact of a change in marking does not cause serious difficulties and can be carried out during the inspection process. However, there are cases when a successful solution of the problem without violating the integrity of parts is possible only when using non-destructive testing devices or special methods. A prerequisite for identifying signs of change by traffic police officers markings components and assemblies of the vehicle - maintaining the integrity of the paintwork. Consider some non-destructive testing devices.

Eddy current flaw detectors

One of the first eddy current devices designed specifically for solving traffic police problems is the Contrast-M device (Voronezh). The device is designed for prompt detection of signs of marking data on the body parts of vehicles. The device allows you to detect changes in the thickness of the paintwork, soldering, sticking or welding of metal fragments with changed marking data. The principle of operation of the device is based on the excitation of eddy currents in the metal and the registration of deviations of the secondary electromagnetic field created by these currents due to changes in the marking data.

According to the test results, the small-sized vortex flaw detector MVD-2 (3) (Kazan) has also proven itself well. Its functionality can be improved by using a sensor that has a small, almost point-like working surface (surface of contact with the controlled sample). Therefore, with the help of MIA-2(3), it is possible, for example, to determine the presence of filling of individual elements of signs when correcting signs with a similar configuration.

The VI-96N eddy current indicator has been developed at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI). Devices MVD-2 (3) and VI-96N have almost the same technical capabilities, but unlike the "Contrast-M" device, they allow to detect:
- imitation of welding points (with rivets made of steel and non-ferrous metals, punching, mechanical working out, applying putty);
- places for attaching parts by welding, riveting (made of steel and non-ferrous metals), hidden by the subsequent application of paintwork;
- reducing the thickness of the marked part;
- "minting" of individual elements of signs;
- the presence of inclusions in individual elements signs: metallic (as a rule, non-ferrous metals), non-metallic (epoxy putty, polymer compounds, etc.).

The VI-96N device is more convenient in operation (it has automatic adjustment to the controlled surface, sensitivity threshold adjustment). VI-96N is recommended by the GUGAI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to traffic police officers for the operational check of the location of the markings of motor vehicle bodies and to employees of expert divisions as a technical means of preliminary verification by non-destructive testing.

Eddy current flaw detectors make it possible to detect marking changes associated with welding a section of a panel with a different marking, replacing a part of a panel, superimposing a panel fragment with a secondary marking on the primary marking.

The method of work is determined by the method of changing the marking of the body. As a rule, first of all, the panel sections adjacent to the marking place are examined. The operation of the sound and (or) light alarm of the device indicates the presence of a continuous metal defect in the form of a weld or a crack (in the case of a panel fragment with a new marking applied to the old marking), the presence of dissimilar metals on the panel under study (for example, steel - brass, in in case of overlaying a layer of tin or brass over the primary marking), etc.

If it was not possible to detect defects in the area adjacent to the marking area, the presence (absence) of a welded seam along the entire length of the air intake box shelf is checked. Such a seam may appear as a result of replacing part of the panel.

When working with eddy current flaw detectors, it must be remembered that the alarm may be triggered by cracks that have arisen in the process of straightening (repair, straightening) of the panel under study. As a rule, these cracks are located in a chaotic order, and therefore their differentiation does not cause any particular difficulties.

Experience in operating the technical means shows that they are most suitable for the needs of practitioners (portability, the ability to work in the field, versatility, etc.).

Magnetic particle flaw detectors

Usage this method implies the presence permanent magnet a certain configuration and a suspension of iron powder with water (powder consumption 20-30 g per 1 liter of water). Portable equipment of the MDE-20Ts type, developed at TSNIITMash, includes a rectifier, connection cable and an electromagnet. Overall dimensions of the device 150x150x100 mm, weight up to 5 kg.

To detect a possible change in the marking of the body, it is enough to apply a small amount of the suspension to the area under study, where a magnetic field is created. If the panel has welds or other similar defects formed when the marking has been changed, the magnetic particles will clearly outline the contours of this damage.

Magnetic particle flaw detectors make it possible to detect marking changes associated with welding a section of a panel, replacing a part of a panel, superimposing a panel fragment with a new marking on an existing marking. The undoubted advantages of the method are simplicity and clarity.

X-ray flaw detectors

The stationary X-ray complex "Rentgen-30-2" (MNPO "Spektr") allows you to detect changes in the marking associated with the welding of a panel section with a new marking, the replacement of a part of the panel, the overlay of a panel fragment with a new marking on the existing marking, can be operated in stationary conditions or mounted on the chassis of van trucks, has a significant weight and overall dimensions.

Portable X-ray flaw detectors of the MIRA-2D type (or similar imported ones) allow solving similar problems, but have significantly smaller overall dimensions and weight.

To study the panel with portable X-ray flaw detectors, the device is placed above the area under study (usually starting from the marking area), and an x-ray film is placed below, under the panel. After transillumination, the film is processed in a standard way, and the obtained images are analyzed. The advantage of such devices is that in some cases they can be used to identify the primary marking of the body (if it was not destroyed in the process of changing it). Devices of this group are used in forensic units.

Magnetic thickness gauges

Magnetic thickness gauge MT-41NU designed by MNPO "Spektr" is designed to measure the thickness of non-magnetic coatings (putty, tin, brass, etc.) deposited on ferromagnetic bases; has overall dimensions of 127x200x280 mm and a weight of 3.5 kg.

Using this device, it is possible to detect marking changes associated with the application of a layer of putty, tin, brass or other dia- and paramagnetic coatings (for example, epoxy resin) over the primary marking.

Establishing the fact of changing the marking of the body in this case is carried out by measuring the thickness of the non-magnetic coating applied to the steel panel at the location of the marking and at several points remote from it. Implementation of the proposed method is possible due to the fact that the thickness of the substance layer deposited on top of the marking area, as a result of the manipulations, becomes significantly greater than its thickness in distant places. The practice of researching vehicle marking data has developed in such a way that the objects of research are only marking areas with symbols printed on them, and nameplates. Such an unreasonable narrowing of the circle of objects of research reduces the possibility of resolving the issue of falsifying marking data, obtaining orienting information for checking the TS according to the records, etc. It is necessary to approach the study of TS marking data more broadly. Only an integrated approach ensures the reliability and completeness of the results of the study.

Such an integrated approach involves a thorough analysis of a certain set of features that characterize this car.

As already noted, this is:
- examination of registration documents;
- establishing the year of manufacture of the car, its model and, if possible, modifications, as well as compliance body parts and the main component parts and assemblies of the car model, the year of its release;
- inspection and, if necessary, examination of the paintwork and traces of repainting or repair touch-up;
- determining the location of the marking depending on the model and year of manufacture of the vehicle;
- study of connections of marked parts (panels) with adjacent ones, fastenings of nameplates;
- research of additional and hidden marking;
- study of the integrity of the parts to be marked;
- study of the features of marking areas (shape), surface texture;
- study of the marking itself (content, method of application, configuration, relative position, etc.);
- identification of primary marking in the presence of signs of its change.

The result of the study should be a decision on the authenticity of the marking, the content of the primary marking and (if necessary) drawing up a request for checking the vehicle according to the records of stolen and stolen vehicles.

The main conclusions are as follows:
- marking data is authentic (not changed);
- the marking data has been changed at the factory, the primary marking is indicated;
- the marking data has not been changed at the factory, the primary marking is indicated (in whole or in part);
- the marking data has not been changed at the factory, the primary marking has been destroyed (cannot be detected), orientation information is being compiled.

Many drivers have difficulty understanding what is in the category of a slow vehicle, and therefore they try to overtake those who cannot, and where they cannot.

What about slow moving vehicles

The only slow-moving vehicle recognized as such by law is an asphalt paver.

The SDA does not define slow-moving vehicles. At the same time, it was found that the slow movement of the car due to certain circumstances, such as damage as a result of an accident, which prevent the development normal speed, are not parameters of low-speed vehicles.

Low-speed criteria can only be set by the manufacturer.

A slow-moving vehicle is a mechanism that can develop a maximum speed (according to the manufacturer) of no more than 30 km / h. All information is contained in technical passport auto.

Designation

If there is no sign of a slow-moving vehicle, it is not always possible to accurately determine the maximum speed of movement.

A slow moving vehicle is often marked with a badge on the rear of the vehicle, which looks like a red triangle with a yellow, orange or red border. Inner part equilateral triangle is covered with fluorescent paint, and the outer one is reflective.

If the factory marking is missing for some reason, a corresponding sticker is attached instead.

But not all drivers indicate the maximum speed of their vehicle, and sometimes road mechanisms may be on the road without this sign.

overtaking rules

If in front of the driver low-speed vehicle another car is driving, not daring to make a maneuver to enter the oncoming lane, then overtaking is prohibited

Overtaking slow-moving vehicles is possible only in two cases, but all the rules should be considered:

In the area where the sign 3.20 “Overtaking is prohibited” is in effect, maneuver is allowed.
If there is a solid marking (of any type) on the roadway and there is no “Overtaking prohibited” sign, you cannot overtake.
If there is both a marking and a “No Overtaking” sign, the maneuver is allowed.
In all other cases, any overtaking is prohibited.

In some cases, traffic rules allow overtaking a sedentary vehicle even in places where this maneuver is prohibited. This is done to relieve roads in rural and near rural areas.

In the event of a dispute, employees should be required to traffic police so that the model of the vehicle being overtaken is included in the protocol. For example, if it is known for sure that the equipment is slow-moving, but there was no sign.

Overtaking a slow moving vehicle without any markings is a risky maneuver that can lead to undesirable consequences. If the title of this vehicle maximum speed declared more than 30 km / h, then the driver who overtakes will be held administratively liable.

Russian Federation Order of the Development Authority automotive industry

OST 37.001.269-96 Vehicles. Marking (as amended N 1, 2)

set a bookmark

OST 37.001.269-96

INDUSTRY STANDARD

Vehicles. Marking

Foreword

1. DEVELOPED by the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, the Central Order of the Red Banner of Labor Research Automobile and Auto Repair Institute (SSC RF NAMI).

PERFORMERS:

B.V. Kisulenko, Ph.D. tech. sciences (topic leader); V.A. Fedotov, I.I. Malashkov, Ph.D. tech. sciences; A.A.Nosenkov, Ph.D. tech. Sciences.

Modified with the participation of specialists from the Main Directorate of the GAI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (S.G. Zubrisky), the Research Center of the GAI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (B.M. Savin, A.E. Shvets, P.P. Bulavkin, S.A. Fomochkin) and JSC "LITEX" (I.A. Osipov).

2. Adopted by the Technical Committee TC 56 "Road Transport".

3. INTRODUCED BY Order N 2 of February 28, 1996 by the Automotive Industry Development Authority.

4. The standard in terms of vehicle identification number requirements is fully compliant with ISO 3779-83 and ISO 4030-83.

5. INSTEAD OF OST 37.001.269-87.

6. REPUBLICATION 1998 with amendments 1 and 2 (IUOND N 1 1998).

1 area of use

1.1. This standard establishes the technical requirements and content of the main and additional markings of vehicles (TC): motor vehicles, motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers for them, forklifts, trolleybuses, as well as their main parts.

The provision of this standard in terms of the requirements for the main marking applies to vehicles and their main parts manufactured after the date of entry into force of this standard.

1.2. Security requirements for public property are set out in Sections 3, 4, 5 and 7.

2. Regulatory references

4.2. Products subject to mandatory certification must have a conformity mark in accordance with GOST R 50460.

4.3. TC marking.

4.3.1. The Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) must be affixed to the vehicle.*

* The abbreviations of the identification number and its structural parts given in sections 4 and 5 of this standard comply with ISO 3779, ISO 3780 and ISO 4030.

The VIN must be applied directly to the product (non-removable part), in places that are least prone to destruction in a traffic accident. One of the selected places should be on the right side (in the direction of the vehicle).

VIN is applied:

a) on the body of a car - in two places, in the front and rear parts;

b) on the back of the bus - in two different places;

c) on the body of a trolley bus - in one place;

d) on the cab of a truck and a forklift - in one place;

e) on the frame of a trailer, semi-trailer and motor vehicle - in one place.

On off-road vehicles, trolleybuses and forklifts, VIN may be indicated on a separate plate.

4.3.2. The vehicle, as a rule, must have a plate located, if possible, in the front part and containing the following data:

b) index (model, modification, version) of the engine (with a working volume of 125 cm3 or more);

c) permissible gross weight;*

d) the permissible total mass of the road train (for tractors); *

e) the permissible mass per axle/axles of the bogies, starting from the front axle;*

e) permissible weight per fifth wheel coupling.*

* Data is not indicated for trolleybuses and motor vehicles; for other vehicles, the need to specify data is established by the enterprise - the holder of the original design documents (CD). For trailers and semi-trailers, the data may be indicated directly on the product.

4.4. Marking of components of the vehicle.

4.4.1. Internal combustion engines, as well as the chassis and cabins of trucks, car bodies and engine blocks must be marked with the identification number of the component (identification number SC).

The identification number of the MF consists of two structural parts, the number of characters and the rules for the formation of which are similar to VDS and VIS section 5.

4.4.2. The identification number of the MF on the frame of the chassis and cab of the truck, as well as on the body of the car, should be applied, if possible, in the front part, on the right side, in one place, allowing it to be seen from outside the vehicle.

4.4.3. Engines are marked on the block in one place.

Engine blocks are marked in one place, while the first part of the SC identification number, similar to VDS, may not be indicated

5. Vehicle identification number

5.1. Vehicle identification number (VIN) - a combination of digital and alphabetic symbols assigned for identification purposes, is a mandatory element of marking and is individual for each vehicle for 30 years.

5.2. VIN has the following structure:

5.2.1. International Manufacturer Identification Code (WMI) - the first part of the VIN, which allows you to identify the manufacturer of the vehicle, consists of three letters and numbers.

In general, WMI assigns the Central Research Automobile and Automotive Institute (NAMI), located at the address: Russia, 125438, Moscow, Avtomotornaya st., 2.

NOTE In accordance with ISO 3780, the letters and numbers used on the first two characters of WMI are assigned to the country and controlled by an international agency, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), operating under the guidance of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

5.2.2. (am.2) The descriptive part (VDS) of the identification number - the second part of the VIN, consists of six characters.

As a VDS, the TS index, which is integral part its designation, assigned in the manner prescribed for products of the automotive industry. *

* The designation is assigned:

NAMI - TC, listed in 3.1., listings a) - g) (address - according to 5.2.1.);
JSC "MOTOPROM" - TS according to 3.1., transfer h) (address - Russia, 142207, Serpukhov, Borisovskoe highway, house 17).

For motor vehicles as hallmark from other vehicles, the Latin letter "M" must be used on the first sign of the VDS. On subsequent signs VDS - index without a dot.

If the vehicle index includes less than six characters, zeros should be put in the empty spaces of the last VDS characters (on the right).

If it is necessary to reflect the variance and (or) completeness of the vehicle in the identification number, it is recommended to use their conditional code in the VDS, which is assigned by the enterprise - the holder of the original CD.

Examples of the use of conditional codes as VDS are shown in Table 2.

table 2

5.2.3. Indicative part (VIS) of the identification number - the third part of the VIN consists of eight digits and letters, of which the last four characters must be digits. The first sign must indicate the code of the year of manufacture of the vehicle in accordance with Appendix A. The subsequent signs must indicate the serial number of the vehicle, which is assigned by the manufacturer.

5.2.4. (am.1) The content of the marking, including the vehicle code according to 5.2.2., must be given in the operating manual (instruction) and, at the discretion of the developer, in specifications TS.

6. Additional vehicle marking

6.1. Additional marking of the vehicle provides for the application of the VDS and VIS identification number of the vehicle, visible and invisible to the eye (visible and invisible marking).

6.2. Visible marking is applied to the outer surface, as a rule, of the following components of the vehicle:

a) windshield glass - on the right side, along the upper edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;

b) rear window glass - on the left side, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;

c) glass windows of the sidewalls (movable) - in the rear part, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;

d) headlights and rear lights - on the glass (or rim), along the lower edge, near the sidewalls of the body (cabin).

6.3. Invisible marking is applied, as a rule, on:

a) roof upholstery - in the central part, at a distance of about 20 mm from the windshield glass seal;

b) upholstery of the backrest of the driver's seat - on the left (in the direction of the vehicle) side surface, in the middle part, along the backrest frame;

c) the surface of the turn indicator switch housing along the axis of the steering column.

7. Technical requirements for marking

7.1. The method of performing the main and additional visible markings must ensure the clarity of the image and its safety throughout the entire period of operation of the vehicle in the conditions and modes established by the design documentation.

7.2. The identification numbers of the vehicle and the midrange should use the letters of the Latin alphabet (except for I, O and Q) and Arabic numerals.

7.2.1. The font of letters the enterprise chooses from the types of fonts established in regulatory documents, taking into account the accepted technological process.

7.2.2. The font of the numbers should exclude the possibility of deliberate replacement of one number with another.

7.3. The identification number of the vehicle and the midrange, as well as signs of additional marking must be shown in one or two lines.

When displaying an identification number in two lines, none of its components is allowed to be divided by a hyphen. At the beginning and end of the line(s) there must be a sign (symbol, plate bounding box, etc.), which is chosen by the enterprise and must differ from the numbers and letters of the marking. The selected sign is described in the technical documentation. There should be no spaces between characters and lines of the identification number. It is allowed to separate the constituent parts of the identification number by the selected character.

Note - When giving an identification number in text documents, it is allowed not to put down the selected character.

7.4. When performing the main marking, the height of letters and numbers must be at least:

7.7. Additional invisible marking is carried out using a special technology and becomes visible in the light of ultraviolet rays. When marking, the structure of the material on which it is applied should not be violated.

7.8. It is not allowed to destroy and (or) change the marking during the repair of the vehicle and its components.

Annex A
(mandatory)

Numbers and letters used in identification numbers as the code for the year of manufacture of the product

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ORDER of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated March 14, 2008 AM-23-r ON THE INTRODUCTION OF THE METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE RATE OF FUEL CONSUMPTION AND ... Relevant in 2018

Appendix N 3. CLASSIFICATION AND DESIGNATION SYSTEM OF AUTOMOBILE VEHICLES

Automobile vehicles (ATS) are divided into passenger, cargo and special.

Passenger transport includes cars and buses. To cargo - cargo flatbed vehicles, vans, dump trucks, tractors, trailers and semi-trailers, including specialized vehicles designed to transport a specific type of special cargo. Special vehicles include rolling stock equipped and designed to perform special, mainly non-transport work, not related to the transportation of general goods (including firefighters, utilities, workshops, cranes, tankers, tow trucks, etc.).

At present, a new international classification and designations have been introduced for vehicles, adopted in the international rules developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (Consolidated Resolution on the Design of Vehicles. UNECE Rules, etc.).

Vehicle classification adopted by the UNECE

PBX category	Type and general purpose ATS	Maximum weight, t	Class and operational purpose of automatic telephone exchange
1	2	3	4
M 1	Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and having no more than 8 seats (except for the driver's seat)	Not regulated	Passenger cars, including off-road vehicles
M 2		Up to 5.0	Buses: urban (cl. I), interurban (cl. II), tourist (cl. III)
M 3	Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and having more than 8 seats (except for the driver's seat)	Over 5.0	Buses: urban, including articulated (cl. I), interurban (cl. II), tourist (cl. III)
M 2 and M 3	Separately, small-seat ATS are allocated, designed to carry passengers, with a capacity of not more than 22 seated or standing passengers (except for the driver's seat)	Not regulated	Small-seat buses, including off-road buses, for standing and seated passengers (Class A) and for seated passengers (Class B)
N 1		Up to 3.5	Trucks, specialized and special vehicles, including all-terrain vehicles
N 2	ATS designed for the carriage of goods	Over 3.5 to 12.0
N 3	ATS designed for the carriage of goods	Over 12.0	Trucks, tractors, specialized and special vehicles, including all-terrain vehicles
About 1		Up to 0.75	trailers
About 2	Vehicles towed for transportation	Over 0.75 to 3.5	Trailers and semi-trailers
About 3	Vehicles towed for transportation	Over 3.5 to 10.0	Trailers and semi-trailers
About 4	Vehicles towed for transportation	Over 10.0	Trailers and semi-trailers

41 - large (over 3.5 liters);

51 - the highest (working volume is not regulated).

For buses by overall length (in meters):

22 - extra small (length up to 5.5);

32 - small (6.0 - 7.5);

42 - medium (8.5 - 10.0);

52 - large (11.0 - 12.0); 62 - extra large; (articulated) (16.5 - 24.0).

For trucks by gross weight:

Full weight, t.	Operational purpose of the vehicle
Full weight, t.	Airborne	Tractors	dump trucks	cisterns	Vans	Special
up to 1.2	13	14	15	16	17	19
1.2 to 2.0	23	24	25	26	27	29
2.0 to 8.0	33	34	35	36	37	39
8.0 to 14.0	43	44	45	46	47	49
14.0 to 20.0	53	54	55	56	57	59
20.0 to 40.0	63	64	65	66	67	69
over 40.0	73	74	75	76	77	79