Rules for cycling on public roads. The child needs the experience of safe movement on the roads

13.06.2019

Fuel system

Cycling is inextricably linked to participation in road traffic. That is, this is not an ordinary ride, but a ride according to the rules, with a continuous analysis of the intentions of other road users, and so on.
The better prepared we are for this, the less likely we are to give ourselves a real headache.
What do you need for safe cycling on the roads?

1) Headlights/reflectors - according to the rules, the cyclist must indicate his presence in red rear light and yellow (white) front;
2) Reflective elements on your clothes - you, without a bicycle, should also be visible;
3) Rear-view mirror(s) - in traffic this will make life easier, without unnecessary movements and risks, but this decision is not for everyone. We will write more about this;
4) Not discussed - the presence of a helmet;

In addition to these conditions, it is mandatory to comply with the Rules of the Road (SDA). Why is it required? The cyclist is the most vulnerable road user.

The main signs are known to everyone - "main road", "end of the main road", "junction", "circular traffic". They are everywhere, it is important to remember that we cyclists risk our health even if we are right. So it is important to look not only at the signs, but also at the road.

We face this all the time: whether it's driving a car or walking. Now we are discussing cycling, and this year, in connection with the popularization of the bicycle, new signs for cyclists have appeared in the traffic rules. Namely:
1) Bicycle path;

2) There was a lane for cyclists. Other transport cannot drive along it (in the realities of our country, it should not drive, but it drives / parks);

3) Dedicated lane for cyclists;

4) Lane for MTS (route vehicles) - cyclists are allowed to move in lanes for route vehicles (hereinafter MTS), if the lane is located on the right;
5) When moving in a column, cyclists should be divided into groups of 10 people. To facilitate overtaking, the distance between groups should be 80-100 m;
6) When cyclists move along the right edge of the carriageway, cyclists should only move in one row. A column of cyclists is allowed to move in two rows if the overall width of the bicycles does not exceed 0.75 m;
7) When driving on sidewalks, roadsides and pedestrian areas, the cyclist must not interfere with other persons. Otherwise, he must dismount and continue on foot. When driving on a sidewalk, a cyclist can move at walking speed;

Cyclists are prohibited from:
- ride a bicycle without holding the handlebars with at least one hand;
- transport cargo that protrudes more than 0.5 m in length or width beyond the dimensions, or cargo that interferes with control;
- carry passengers, if this is not provided for by the design of the vehicle;
- transport children under 7 years of age in the absence of specially equipped places for them;
- turn left or turn around on roads with tram traffic and on roads with more than one lane for traffic in a given direction;
- it is forbidden to tow bicycles, as well as towing by bicycles, except for towing a trailer intended for use with a bicycle;

Now it is worth discussing the main aspects of driving on public roads.

Rules for the behavior of a cyclist on the road:
1) The cyclist must move on the road as far to the right as possible (in old version SDA - a meter from the curb), in the direction of travel, changing lanes in advance to make a turn (in accordance with signs, markings and traffic signals);
2) At the same time, you need to move as far to the right as possible in the selected lane. After performing a maneuver (turn), take the extreme right position on the road so as not to interfere with other traffic participants;
3) When turning left at a regulated intersection, the driver is obliged to give way to vehicles moving towards him, as he has a “right handicap”;
4) When turning left at an unregulated intersection, in the presence of priority signs, the priority is vehicle located on main road. When making a right turn, difficulties should not arise;
5) On the road with roundabout, vehicles moving in a circle have priority over those entering the circle, as indicated by the sign "Main road direction".
But it also happens vice versa: the entrances to the circle are considered the main road (in any case, you need to look at the signs);
6) There are times when you have to cross the roadway at a pedestrian crossing. The rules prescribe to carry a bicycle through it in your hands, since a moving car can not always stop in time (for cycling on a pedestrian crossing - a fine of 800 rubles);
7) When leaving the yard areas on the road, the driver of the vehicle is obliged to give way to all vehicles moving along it;
When driving on public roads, you must always be attentive and careful, as other road users may not always follow the rules of the road and you may not be allowed to pass, cut, etc., etc. If drivers see that you know SDA, you will be treated more respectfully on the road, which will give you more confidence in your abilities. And confidence will come with experience - it takes some time to learn how to apply knowledge in practice. The traffic situation changes every second and you should always be prepared for the fact that even if you drive according to the rules, but one of the traffic participants who are next to you on the road will violate them, or will be forced to take an unpredictable action - you will be ready to everything, as well as careful and attentive on the road.

Now, I would like to highlight one more important point: TRAFFIC LIGHT REGULATION.

Round traffic lights have the following meanings:
When red - movement is prohibited!
Green signal - permission to move.
Green flashing allows movement and informs that the time expires and the prohibition signal will soon be turned on.
A yellow signal forbids traffic, except when drivers cannot stop without resorting to emergency braking, and warns of an impending signal change.
Yellow flashing signal - allows movement and warns of the presence of an unregulated intersection, warns of danger.

If the traffic light is equipped additional section with arrows, then when turned on, its movement is allowed in the directions indicated on the arrows.

A round white-moon signal at railway crossings allows movement.

To regulate the movement of cyclists, a traffic light with round signals of reduced size, supplemented by a rectangular plate, can be used. white color size 200 x 200 mm with the image of a black bicycle.

A traffic light tells us how to move. But how do we indicate what we want to do?
For this, there are signals given by cyclists:
Turn to the left: The left arm is extended to the side or the right is raised up, bent at the elbow.
Turn to the right: Left arm bent at the elbow, or right arm extended to the side.
Stop (when moving in a column): A straight arm raised up.

A sign about an upcoming maneuver (turning, avoiding an obstacle, rebuilding) a cyclist must submit as far in advance as possible so that this is not unexpected for other road users.
But there are times when an obstacle appears suddenly (a car ahead stopped abruptly, a door opened in a parked car, etc.) and you need to go around it - give a signal with your hand about the maneuver.

You observed everything, drove carefully, but (God forbid!!!) an accident happened. What to do, where to run? More on that below!

WHAT TO DO IF YOU DO HAVE AN ACCIDENT.
1) Do not touch anything at the scene of the accident;
2) Take pictures of the accident scene and road signs;
3) Call DPS;
4) Find witnesses to the accident and write down their coordinates.
Now, let's recap a little:
0) Safety is paramount.

When riding a bike - be careful and attentive!
1) Passing by standing car- remember that at any moment the door can open, or it can start moving without the turn signal on;
2) Never get ahead of long trains (trucks with trailers and semi-trailers or buses) without being sure that the driver sees you;
3) When driving in dark time days - remember that the distance to objects seems greater than it actually is;
4) Make only well-considered maneuvers on the road so that it does not come as a surprise to others.
And in general, it’s better to wait 3 minutes and then safely make a maneuver than to do something stupid on the road in a hurry. And the road, as you know, does not forgive mistakes.

Car drivers really dislike cyclists and motorcyclists for their unpredictability on the road. Obeying the Highway Code while cycling on public roads will end these road wars. You will stop disturbing passers-by on the sidewalk, you will be able to get to Right place bypassing traffic jams. The main thing - remember Golden Rule WWII fighter pilots: "Turn your head 360 degrees!" Your attentiveness, knowledge of the rules and analysis of the situation are the main trump cards of a cyclist on the road. Don't forget that, and happy cycling!

TO category:

Working on a tractor

About the rules of the road on a tractor

General information

The tractor in its technical and economic indicators differs little from the car. A tractor, like a car, is driven on public roads. Therefore, the tractor driver must know and steadily comply with the "Rules of the Road".

The first section of the "Rules of the Road" clearly defines the terminology. Let's take some concepts as an example.

A driver is a person who drives a vehicle.

Advantage - the right to priority movement in the intended direction in relation to other participants in the movement.

Give way (do not obstruct) - a requirement that a road user must not resume or continue driving, perform any maneuver, if this may force another road user to change direction or speed.

Stop - a deliberate cessation of the movement of a vehicle for up to 5 minutes, as well as for more, if necessary for boarding or disembarking passengers or for unloading or loading a vehicle.

Parking - stopping the movement of a vehicle for more than 5 minutes, if this is not related to the boarding or disembarkation of passengers or unloading or loading the vehicle.

Forced stop - the cessation of the movement of the vehicle due to its technical malfunction or the danger created by the transported cargo, the driver's condition.

Overtaking - the advance of one or more vehicles associated with the exit to the lane (side of the carriageway) of oncoming traffic and the subsequent return to the previously occupied lane (side of the carriageway).

General duties of a driver

Before leaving, the tractor driver is obliged to check the serviceability and completeness of his machine, as well as the presence of fuel, oil and coolant. He must have with him a certificate for the right to drive a tractor, a registration document for the tractor, a waybill4 of the appropriate sample and a document for the transported cargo.

The waybill and registration document should be presented at the request of Gosseltekhnadzor engineers-inspectors, police officers, freelance inspectors, military traffic inspectors, combatants and railway crossing workers.

The operation of tractors without a technical certificate is prohibited.

A tractor driver leaving for field, reclamation work on the territory of his collective farm or state farm must have a formalized work order with him, which indicates the area of \u200b\u200bwork.

When transporting any goods, the driver is issued a bill of lading or a document replacing it.

The tractor driver does not have the right to transfer control of the tractor to anyone, even to persons who have the right to drive tractors, if their names are not indicated in waybill or work clothes.

When the tractor moves in a column in daylight hours day, the dipped headlights must be on. If the tractor driver turned out to be a participant traffic accident, then he is obliged to immediately stop his tractor (regardless of whose fault the accident occurred and what its results are), turn on the emergency light alarm, and in its absence, put up a sign emergency stop and do not move the tractor and other objects related to the incident. Further, he is obliged to provide assistance to the victims, report the incident to the nearest police officer and wait for the arrival of police officers or investigating authorities, and only after their permission to continue moving, and if this is not possible, then take measures to deliver the tractor to the base.

It is absolutely unacceptable to leave the scene of the incident without providing assistance to the victims and without finding out the reasons in the prescribed manner.

Road and road markings

A road is any road, street, alley, etc. used for traffic over its entire width (including sidewalks, embankments and medians). It consists of three main elements: the roadway, roadsides and ditches. For the construction of a suburban road, a strip is allocated, called the right of way.

The carriageway is a part of the road intended for the movement of vehicles. The road may have several carriageways, the boundaries of which are the dividing lanes. The tram track is considered to be the boundary of the carriageway intended for the movement of trackless vehicles.

Traffic lane - any longitudinal strip of a tricycle part, marked or not marked by means of markings and having a width sufficient for movement in one row of motor vehicles.

A highway is a complex and very expensive engineering structure, therefore all participants in the movement, and especially tractor drivers, who drive very heavy machines, which often go with the most various trailers, must be very careful not to damage pavement, as well as roadsides and ditches located along the edges of the road.

Rice. 112. Horizontal road markings:
a, b, c and d - options.

In order to improve the organization of traffic on highways, horizontal and vertical marking- lines and inscriptions and other designations applied on the carriageway, curbs and other road elements and road structures (bridges, tunnels, etc.).

The marking is carried out with paints, as well as with white thermoplastic masses, except for three yellow lines: 1.4; 1.10; 1.17.

Horizontal markings are performed with various lines, indicated in the standard by numbers from 1.1 to 1.23 (where 1 is the horizontal markings, and the second number after the dot indicates the serial number of the markings in the group).

Among the marking lines used, consider the following.

A narrow solid line 1.1 (Fig. 112, a) separates traffic flows in opposite directions, marking the boundaries of traffic lanes in dangerous places on roads, etc.

It is forbidden to cross this line, except when line 1.1 marks the edge of the carriageway.

A narrow broken line 1.5 serves to separate traffic flows, it is allowed to cross such a line from any direction.

The narrow broken line 1.6 indicates the approach to the solid line 1.1. Crossing this line is allowed from both sides.

Two parallel narrow lines, of which one is solid, the other is broken 1.11 (Fig. 112.6), serve to separate traffic flows in opposite directions and indicate traffic lanes in the same direction. It is allowed to cross these lines only from the side of the broken line.

Double solid line 1.3 (Fig. 112, c) separates traffic flows in opposite directions with four lanes or multilane traffic in both directions; crossing the line is prohibited.

The narrow yellow line 1.4 indicates that it is prohibited to stop at this place.

The transverse solid line 1.12 (Fig. 112, d) indicates the place where vehicles stop - the stop line in front of the intersection.

Pointer arrows 1.18 show the direction of movement along the lanes.

Vertical marking indicates the surfaces of road structures: bridge supports, the lower edge of the span of bridges and overpasses, round bollards, signal posts, side surfaces of road barriers on small radius curves, side surfaces of road barriers in other areas, etc.

Vertical markings are applied in black and white stripes. Many markings on road sections that do not have artificial lighting are supplemented with reflective materials and retroreflectors.

There are cases when the meaning of the marking lines contradicts those established in this place road signs. In this case, the tractor driver must follow the instructions of the road sign.

Road signs

Road signs - the most common and sufficient effective means movement organization.

All road signs are divided into seven groups: warning; priority; forbidding; prescriptive; information-indicative; service; additional information(plates). All signs are assigned a corresponding number. It consists of the number of the group, the ordinal number of the sign in the group, the ordinal number of the variety (if any), separated by dots.

Each group of signs differs in shape, color, size and designation.

For the visibility of signs in the dark, internal lighting is used, as well as reflective and luminescent Devices.

The tractor driver must know the meaning of all traffic signs. Below is a brief description of each group of signs that are most important for tractor operators in terms of ensuring traffic safety.

Warning signs are designed to alert drivers to dangerous places on the way.

This group includes 43 predominantly triangular signs with a red border and a yellow or white field, on which the symbol of the sign is depicted in black.

Warning signs are placed in front of dangerous sections of the road, outside settlements for 150…300 m, and in populated areas - for 50…100 m. A number of signs outside populated areas, such as 1.1; 1.2; 1.9; 1.10; 1.21 and 1.23 are repeated. The second sign is placed at a distance of at least 50 m from the beginning of the dangerous section.

In some cases, signs may be located at other distances from the dangerous section of the road, in which case this distance is indicated on a plate attached under the sign.

Consider what should be the procedure for the tractor driver when meeting with some warning signs in order to ensure traffic safety.

Rice. 113. The use of warning signs: a, b. c and d - options.

1.6. "Intersection of equivalent roads" (Fig. 113, a). This sign warns the driver that there is an intersection with an equivalent road ahead.

Approaching such an intersection, the tractor driver must reduce the speed of movement, be ready to immediately stop his tractor if the movement through the intersection is difficult for any reason, let the transport approaching from the right pass (paragraph 15.2 of the "Rules of the Road"), and only after that pass the intersection in the right direction.

1.13. “Steep descent” (Fig. 113, b) - the sign informs the driver that there is a slope ahead with a slope, the value of which is indicated on the sign as a percentage, for example 10%.

On steep descent it is much more difficult to stop the tractor than on a level section of the track, since the effect of the tractor's gravity increases it braking distances. On the slope of the road, in front of which sign 1.13 is installed, where oncoming traffic is difficult, the driver of a tractor moving downhill (on a descent) must give way to a vehicle moving uphill.

On the downhill slope, the tractor driver must drive his tractor in low gear with reduced fuel supply and as accurately as possible on the right side of the carriageway.

1.14. “Steep climb” (Fig. 113, b) - the sign warns the tractor driver that he must drive his tractor on the rise, as a rule, without stopping, for which, at the beginning of the rise, he should choose one of low gears, which would ensure the implementation of such a movement. And in the event of a stop, the tractor driver must hold the tractor in this position with the brakes, without rolling back.

1.2. "Railway crossing without a barrier" (Fig. 113, c). Railroad crossings are especially dangerous because they can collide with trains. For a more reliable warning of vehicle drivers outside settlements, sign 1.2 is duplicated, i.e. set two signs. In addition, in addition to them, signs 1.4.3 and 1.4.1 are placed under signs 1.2 and in the middle between them is sign 1.4.2.

1.18.1 "Narrowing of the road". This sign warns drivers that the carriageway ahead is narrowed (exit to the bridge, road repair, etc.). On such a section of the road, the tractor driver must be especially careful, reduce the speed of movement and correctly pass the narrowed place.

1.19. “Two-way traffic” (Fig. 113, d) - the sign shows a section of the road (carriageway) with oncoming traffic, which was preceded by a section of the road (carriageway) with one-way traffic.

At the same time, the tractor driver must reduce his speed significantly and keep his tractor closer to the edge of the road in order to clear the way for oncoming traffic.

Priority signs are used to prioritize crossings or narrow sections of roads where simultaneous movement in both directions is not possible. This group includes nine characters that have different shape and coloration.

Rice. 114. The use of priority signs: a, b, c and d - options.

Priority signs are placed: 2.1 and 2.2, respectively, at the beginning and end of the main road. Sign 2.1 may be repeated before intersections. Signs 2.3.1 ... 2.3.3 are installed outside settlements at a distance of 150 ... 300 m, and in settlements - 50 ... 100 m from intersections. Signs 2.4 and 2.5 - just before the intersection, and 2.6 and 2.7 - in front of a narrow section of the road.

Consider necessary actions tractor driver when meeting with some priority signs.

2.1. "The main road". This sign informs the driver that he is entering the main road in relation to everyone crossing it. Moving from the place of installation of the sign on this section, drivers have the right of way at all intersections in relation to any vehicle leaving the side road.

Sign 2.1 may be repeated before intersections to confirm the right of way. In places where the main road changes its direction, sign 2.1 is supplemented with a sign, for example, as shown in Figure 114, a.

Thus, in the situation shown in this figure, the tractor must pass first, and then the passenger car.

2.3.1. “Intersection with a secondary road” - the sign warns the driver that the road on which he is traveling is the main one and at this intersection he has the right of way. However, when approaching such an intersection (Fig. 114, b), the tractor driver, although he has the right of priority, must at the same time exercise increased caution so that if circumstances arise that impede the passage of the intersection, you can immediately stop the tractor. In this situation, the tractor passes first, and the bus second.

2.4. “Give way” - a sign obliges drivers of vehicles entering or crossing a main road to first give way to vehicles moving along the main road. So, in Figure 114, a and b, a car and a bus can go to the intersection only after the tractors have passed.

2.5. “Movement without stopping is prohibited” - the sign obliges drivers to stop at the place where it is installed (even if nothing interferes with movement), let vehicles pass that impede further movement, and only after that continue driving.

Thus, in the situation shown in Figure 114, c, the car passes first, the tractor stops and only after the car passes does it start moving.

2.6. "The advantage of oncoming traffic". Approaching such a sign, the driver must give way to oncoming traffic and only after that start his movement. So, the driver of a car (Fig. 114, d) is obliged to let the tractor pass, and then go further.

2.7. "Advantage over oncoming traffic m". This sign gives priority to vehicles passing through a bottleneck over oncoming vehicles. Knowing this, the tractor driver (Fig. 114, d) is the first to pass through the bottleneck.

Prohibition signs prohibit the driver from certain actions. All of them have the shape of a circle, bordered by a red stripe, except for signs 3.21, 3.23, 3.25 and 3.31. The background of the signs is yellow or white, while signs 3.27, 3.28, 3.29 and 3.30 are blue. There are 33 signs in the group.

Prohibition signs are installed directly in front of road sections on which restrictions are introduced or canceled.

Signs 3.18.1 and 3.18.2 apply to the intersection of the carriageways in front of which they are placed, and signs 3.16, 3.20, 3.22, 3.24, 3.26 ... intersections - to the end of the settlement.

Signs 3.10, 3.27 ... 3.30 are valid only on the side of the road on which they are located.

Consider some examples of the action of prohibition signs, shown in Figure 115.

3.1. “Entry is prohibited” - the sign prohibits the entry of all vehicles into the road section, including the tractor shown in Figure 115, a. You can drive up to the object located behind the sign from the side passages or from the opposite side.

Rice. 116. Examples of the operation of prescriptive signs:
a, b, c and d - options.

4.3. "Circular motion" (Fig. 116, d). Movement is allowed only in the direction indicated by the arrows.

Information and indication signs introduce a certain mode of movement, report on the features road conditions and the location of various objects along the route.

This group includes 64 characters rectangular shape. They are installed on highways (have a green background), on any other road outside settlements - blue and on the streets of settlements - white.

Service signs inform about the location on the track or in the immediate vicinity of various objects.

There are twelve characters in the service group. They are made in the form of blue rectangles, in the middle part of which symbols are depicted in black paint explaining their purpose. The exception is signs indicating medical institutions, which are marked with a red cross.

Service signs are located directly at the objects they designate or in advance with an indication of the distance to the object at the bottom of the sign.

Signs can also be located at turns to objects. In this case, the direction is indicated by an arrow at the bottom.

Signs of additional information (tablets) serve to clarify or limit the effect of signs of other groups, i.e. they are not used independently, but only in combination with other signs.

Rice. 117. Application of signs of additional information (tablets):
a, b, c and d - options.

The plates are placed directly below the signs. The exception is plates 7.2.2…7.2.4 (sign coverage area) when they are used with a sign prohibiting stopping or parking. In this case, if the sign is placed above the carriageway or hung on a cantilever, the plate must be placed on the side so that the sign itself is closer to the middle of the carriageway.

All plates have a white field with black or red characters.

Figure 117 shows examples of the use of additional information signs.

7.1.1. "Distance to the object" (Fig. 117, a). The sign indicates that sign 1.6 is installed 200 m from the road junction.

7.2.2. "Zone of action". As shown in Figure 117.6, parking is allowed within 10 M from the place where the sign was installed.

7.3.2. "Direction of action" (Fig. 117, c). The plate shows that the effect of the sign 3.2 applies to the left street adjacent to the road on which the sign is installed.

7.5.5. "Time of action" (Fig. 117, d). IN this case it can be seen that sign 3.27 is valid only on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays from 8.00 to 17.30, and the rest of the time it is terminated.

Traffic signals

Traffic is regulated by traffic signals, hand gestures, or the position of the body of the traffic controller.

Traffic lights. The main type of traffic light used to regulate the sequence of traffic at intersections is a three-section one with red at the top, yellow in the middle and green at the bottom.

Green round signal permits movement.

A green signal in the form of an arrow(s) on a black background permits movement in the indicated directions. This signal has the same meaning in additional sections.

A yellow signal prohibits movement and warns of an upcoming signal change.

A yellow flashing signal or two alternately flashing yellow signals allow traffic and inform about the presence of an unregulated intersection or pedestrian crossing.

A red signal, including a flashing one, or two alternately flashing red signals prohibit movement.

Red and yellow signals turned on at the same time prohibit movement and inform about the upcoming green signal.

If traffic lights are made in the form of a silhouette of a person, then their effect applies only to pedestrians.

Regulator signals. The traffic controller regulates traffic with hand gestures and the position of his body, which may be as follows.

The traffic controller raised his hand up (Fig. 118, b) - the movement of vehicles and pedestrians in all directions is prohibited. Drivers who were unable to stop their vehicles may continue further movement through the intersection.

The traffic controller, standing at the crossroads, extended his right hand forward (Fig. 118, c). Movement from the back and right side of all vehicles is prohibited.

From the side of the chest, turning to the right is allowed, from the side of the left side, movement in all directions is allowed.

The traffic controller, standing on the road, extended his right hand forward (Fig. 118, d) - the tractor driver and the driver of the truck, located on the side of the outstretched arm, are prohibited from moving. Drivers of a tractor and a passenger car moving towards them can continue to move without stopping.

If the signals of the traffic controller contradict traffic signals, road signs and street markings, then drivers must be guided by the signals of the traffic controller.

The order of movement of tractors according to highways

Wheeled agricultural tractors on multi-lane roads must move in the extreme right lane. Movement caterpillar tractors on paved roads is prohibited.

warning signals. Before starting to move, stopping, changing lanes or before turning the tractor, the tractor driver is obliged to give a signal in advance of the start of the maneuver so that other participants in the movement who are in the immediate vicinity can take appropriate measures.

Signals can be given by light indications, and if they are absent or they are faulty, then by hand.

Before braking (Fig. 119, a) - raise your hand or, at the beginning of braking, automatically turn on the braking signal.

Before turning to the left (Fig. 119, b) - extend the right arm, bent at the elbow up, to the side, or turn on the flashing signal of the left turn.

Before turning right (Fig. 119, c) - stretch your right hand to the right or turn on the flashing right turn signal.

Additional warning signal when overtaking or warning an absent-minded pedestrian, sound signals can be used. It must be remembered that the supply of sound signals in settlements is prohibited.

Twists and turns. Before turning right, you need to take the far right in advance, and to the left - the far left lane on the carriageway.

Turning to the left (or turning around), the tractor driver must give way to all oncoming traffic and the passing tram, and only after the road is clear, make a turn.

It should be borne in mind that U-turns are prohibited at marked crossings, railway crossings, bridges, tunnels and on road sections outside settlements with limited visibility (less than 100 m in each direction), closer than 15 m from intersections and at unregulated intersections, if one-way traffic is organized on the intersecting road.

Stopping and parking are prohibited: on the left side of the road, except for roads in settlements with one-way traffic, if there is a sidewalk on the left side and roads with one lane in each direction that do not have tram tracks in the middle of the road; at railway crossings, in tunnels and under overpasses, bridges or overpasses; in places where the distance between a solid marking line and a stopped vehicle is less than 3 m; at pedestrian crossings and closer than 5 m in front of them; at intersections and closer than 5 m from the edge of the crossed carriageways, except for the opposite side side passage at three-way intersections with a continuous marking line in places where the vehicle will block traffic lights or road signs from other drivers.

Parking is prohibited where stopping is prohibited, as well as closer than 100 m from railway crossings, outside settlements in places with visibility less than 100 m in each direction, in places where a stopped tractor creates an obstacle to the movement of other vehicles or pedestrians.

In case of a forced stop in places where stopping and parking are prohibited, or in those conditions when a stopped vehicle cannot be noticed by other drivers in a timely manner, the tractor driver must put up an emergency stop sign at a distance of 25 ... 30 m behind the tractor (Fig. 120).

Rice. 119. Driver signals:
a - stop braking; b - turn left; c - turn right.

Rice. 120. Forced stop of the tractor.

Rice. 121. Special cases of movement: a - oncoming traffic on the slope of the road; 6 oncoming traffic when avoiding an obstacle.

Special driving conditions. Let's consider some cases.

On mountain roads, where oncoming traffic is difficult, the driver of a truck (Fig. 121, a) moving downhill must give way to a tractor moving uphill. This is how all road users should act in such cases.

When driving around an obstacle, vehicles moving on the free side have the right to move first. So, the tractor driver (Fig. 121, b) must let the bus moving along the free side pass, and only after that pass.

The movement of tractors with trailers and machines connected to them and implements, as well as self-propelled combine harvesters along a highway. When driving these vehicles on roads where it is impossible to overtake other vehicles, drivers of tractors or combine harvesters must press their vehicles as close as possible to the right side of the road, and if overtaking is still impossible, then pull over to the side of the road, stop, let them pass car and then continue driving.

The movement of tractors and self-propelled machines along highways in a column. When driving on roads outside built-up areas, vehicles that cannot reach speeds of more than 50 km / h, as well as vehicles gross weight more than 12 tons, they must maintain such a distance between them that vehicles overtaking them can change lanes without interference. right side roads.

Passage of unregulated intersections

Crossroads - a place of intersection, junction or branching of roads at the same level, limited by imaginary lines connecting, respectively, the opposite beginnings of the curvature of the carriageway.

An unregulated intersection is one where there is no traffic controller or traffic light. A yellow flashing signal of any type at an intersection does not make it regulated.

At such intersections, drivers themselves must determine the order of passage, using the following rules.

At the intersection of equivalent roads, tractor and car drivers must give way to vehicles approaching from the right.

When passing unequal roads, the driver of a vehicle moving on a secondary road must give way to vehicles moving on the main road.

Rice. 122. Schemes of the order of passage of unregulated intersections: a, b, c and d - options.

Main road - paved road in relation to dirt road or a road marked with signs 2.1, 2.3.1., 2.3.2, 2.3.3 and 5.1 in relation to the one being crossed. The presence of a paved section on a secondary road immediately before the intersection does not make it equal to the crossed one.

So, for example, in the situation shown in Figure 122, a, the tractor passes first, since it is located to the right of the bus. At the same time, the truck driver (Fig. 122, - b), although located to the right of the tractor, but since he is on a secondary road, gives priority to the tractor moving along the main road.

When passing a four-way intersection (Fig. 122, c) of equivalent roads, the tractor passes first, as having no interference on the right, then freight car and lastly, a horse-drawn carriage.

When passing through squares and intersections with a designated center (Fig. 122, d), the “interference on the right” rule remains in effect. Therefore, the tractor that does not have interference on the right passes first, then the passenger car leaving the left street, and the last car passing through the intersection is the passenger car that first entered the intersection from the right street.

Passage of railway crossings

A railroad crossing is any crossing of a road with railroad tracks on the same level.

Railway crossings - especially dangerous places on the roads, and drivers are required to strictly observe the rules and precautions when traveling across railway tracks.

Tractor drivers should be aware that if the tracks are not correctly driven, they can be damaged or the rails can shift, which in turn can lead to an accident.

It is forbidden to cross railway tracks outside crossings, no matter how these crossings are equipped. At crossings with a barrier, drivers are obliged to accurately and unconditionally follow the instructions of the duty officer for the crossing and the signals of the crossing traffic lights.

It is forbidden to unauthorizedly open the barrier or start moving through the crossing when the traffic lights are on.

If a traffic jam has formed at the crossing (Fig. 123, a), then it is forbidden to enter if the barrier is open.

Vehicles at the railway crossing must stop in one row. The first car is at a distance of 10 m from the nearest rail (Fig. 123, b), or 5 m before the barrier at a guarded crossing.

To avoid damage railway track, contact network or crossing equipment, trailed or mounted vehicles must be transported through crossings only in transport position and do not enter the crossing with pubescent working bodies (Fig. 123, d), as well as with bulky agricultural machines or loads that have a height of more than 4.5 m or a width of more than 5 m. roads.

Rice. 123. Crossing railway crossings:
a - traffic jam at the crossing; b-stop near an unguarded crossing; c - the tractor engine stalled at the crossing; d - the movement of the tractor with the seeder through the crossing.

To ensure complete safety on railway crossing closer than 100 m in front of it, overtaking is prohibited, as well as parking.

A particular danger arises in the event of a forced stop of the tractor at the crossing.

If such a stop occurs, then the tractor driver must immediately take all measures to remove the tractor from the crossing, and send the accompanying person 1000 m away from the crossing to signal the train to stop (Fig. 123, c). The tractor driver himself must remain near the tractor and try to remove it from the crossing. If the engine does not start, then it is necessary to turn on the decompressor and in 1st gear by turning on the starter or starting motor, remove the tractor or, using the start handle manually, try to move it with a tug of another tractor or car that has arrived. At the same time, the tractor driver must give a general alarm - one long and three short beeps. When a train appears, you need to run towards it, giving a stop signal: with a circular motion of your hand with a patch of bright matter - during the day and a torch or lantern - at night.

Responsibility for the misuse of vehicles and for violation of traffic rules

All work on the tractor may only be carried out by order officials and must be documented accordingly. It is forbidden to arbitrarily use the tractor, especially for selfish purposes, for which the tractor driver is punished.

Unauthorized use for mercenary purposes of vehicles, machines or mechanisms belonging to enterprises, institutions, organizations, entails the imposition of an administrative penalty in the form of a fine on citizens in the amount of up to one hundred rubles and on officials - up to two hundred rubles, and on drivers of vehicles - in the amount of up to one hundred rubles or deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle for a period of up to one year with compensation for property damage.

The tractor driver is obliged to strictly comply with all the requirements of the Rules of the Road, the violation of which is liable.

So, specific types of violations for which the driver can be subjected to appropriate punishment are identified. The most dangerous violations include: exceeding the established speed limit; disobedience to traffic control signals; failure to comply with the requirements of road signs or road markings; violation of the rules for transporting people, overtaking, maneuvering, driving through intersections and pedestrian crossings, stopping public transport; violation of the terms of use lighting fixtures or failure to provide unhindered passage to vehicles enjoying the right of way (vehicles giving special sound or flashing light signals or accompanied by patrol cars or motorcycles of the State traffic inspectorate); transfer of control to persons who do not have the right to drive a vehicle.

For violation of at least one of the above rules, the driver may receive a warning or be subject to a fine in the amount of three to ten rubles. For a similar repeated violation during the year, the fine is increased to 50 rubles.

For those drivers who deliberately and repeatedly violate the Rules, more stringent administrative sanctions are provided. Increased responsibility for driving a vehicle while intoxicated. The amount of the fine levied on such violators has been increased to 100 rubles. Failure to pass the examination entails a fine of up to one hundred rubles or

deprivation of the driver's license to drive a vehicle for up to one year.

Responsibility of officials releasing vehicles on the line in the presence of technical malfunctions has been strengthened (a fine of up to 50 rubles).

Drivers for driving cars, tractors and other self-propelled machines, trams and trolleybuses, as well as motorcycles and other motor vehicles in a state of intoxication, as well as for the transfer of control of a vehicle to a person in a state of intoxication, are subject to an administrative penalty in the form of a fine of one hundred rubles or deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle for a period of one year to three years. Drivers who have the right to drive several types of vehicles are deprived of the right to drive all types of vehicles for committing these listed violations.

Driving vehicles by a person in a state of intoxication, committed repeatedly within a year, entails criminal liability and is punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to one year, or correctional labor for a term of up to two years, or a fine of three hundred rubles, with deprivation of the driver of the right to drive vehicles for a period of three to five years.

The same action, committed by a person previously convicted of a crime, entails criminal liability and is punishable by imprisonment for a term of up to three years, with deprivation of the driver's right to drive vehicles for a term of up to five years.

How to turn at a difficult intersection? Should you drive on the sidewalk or on the side of the road? Where to move if you walk along a country road with a broken bike? Who should go through the intersection first - my bike or car? Many questions arise in the mind of a cyclist when he hits the road. Many solve such questions “by eye”, “by experience”, but this is fundamentally wrong. A cyclist is a full-fledged participant in the road traffic. He must know all the requirements of the rules of the road on a bicycle.

The role of the cyclist on the road

Let's start learning the rules for cyclists with positioning. Of course, the cyclist often travels slowly, much slower than the 30 km/h that cuts off some road users. The cyclist is not protected by the body or safety bars. It is difficult for a cyclist to show a turn signal or look in the mirror before passing through an intersection.

Nevertheless, a bicycle and its driver have absolutely the same rights, which many people forget for some reason, the same duties as drivers of cars or motorcycles. The traffic rules for cyclists provide for only one small item of additional restrictions, which we will consider a little later.

Terms

Let's analyze the main terms used by the authors of traffic rules. Descriptions are shortened so as not to cloud the mind of the reader with the official language of laws.
Bicycle - a vehicle with at least two wheels, driven by muscular energy, which, in addition, may have an electric motor.
The driver is the person who drives the vehicle. Those. a cyclist is a driver.
At the same time, a cyclist who rides a bicycle next to him is equated to a pedestrian, completely changing his role in traffic.

Rights and obligations

As becomes clear from the terminology, a cyclist can quickly change his status on the road if he drives a bicycle near him. At the same time, on a bicycle, he becomes the driver of the vehicle, accepting all the rights and obligations thereof, and on foot - a pedestrian (with the only exception of movement along the highway).

Place of movement

Where can you move?

The rules for cycling are quite specific.

Bike lanes - if there is a bike lane, you should ride on it.
On the right edge of the road (carriageway), no further than one meter from the edge, or along the side of the road - equivalent places. At the same time, moving along the road on foot and driving a bicycle, movement should be done with your back in the direction of travel, and not against, as the rules require from pedestrians.
On the pedestrian zone or on the sidewalk - last place, where a cyclist can move, is allowed to use it only in the absence of the two previous options.

In sum, we see a lot of violators riding on the sidewalks, but the rules expect the bike to participate in traffic as a vehicle, and not as a pedestrian with wheels. By the way, this applies only to bikers from 14 years old. Children can choose sidewalks and cycle paths for cycling.

Restrictions and prohibitions

A separate section of the rules for cyclists impose a number of restrictions:

always keep behind the wheel;
do not use the phone without a headset (this is a general rule);
do not drive on motorways (sign "Road for cars" or "Motorway");
do not turn left on multi-lane roads and roads with a tram line.

In general, all the requirements are quite logical, only one needs to be studied - regarding the turn to the left. Indeed, at intersections, a cyclist will not be able to turn left anywhere except at the intersection of a one-lane road. Even so, there are questions about the position, since the turn will not be made from the leftmost position. We will analyze this and a few more examples below as a complex situation.

Difficult situations

Review

Before making a maneuver, a rare cyclist can look in the mirror due to his absence. However, it is the competitor's responsibility to make sure that the maneuver is carried out according to the rules (for example, without interfering with other vehicles). You should train so that constant head turns do not affect the quality of bike control.

Overtaking

Cyclists, like other vehicles, can overtake, and while cycling they are required to do this only on the left, taking into account the possibility of starting or accelerating the overtaken cars. Overtaking even bicycles is possible - the rules do not prohibit moving in two rows, if this does not violate other rules.

Crossings

The rules and priority signs also apply to cyclists, i.e. A right-turning car traveling parallel to you must yield to a bicycle traveling straight ahead, and a cyclist must yield to vehicles approaching from the right.

Once again, pay attention to the turn to the left. On a single-lane road, a cyclist has the right to turn in the same way as cars and motorcycles along a full path. Otherwise, there are two ways to rotate:

Sequential straight ahead, stop with a turn, one more straight ahead (i.e. in two movements);
Crossing an intersection as a pedestrian.

In this case, on the left is a bicycle vehicle, and on the right is a pedestrian with a bicycle.

While driving a bicycle with our hands, we become a pedestrian when crossing the intersection, receiving the appropriate rights and obligations, and we can use pedestrian crossing and the corresponding traffic signal.

Driving near obstacles

Sometimes you have to move around corners, thickets, tunnels and other obstacles that block your view. Due to the fragility of the cyclist, compared to other road users, it is recommended to use an audible signal so that approaching vehicles and pedestrians can take into account the appearance of the cyclist from behind the line of sight.

By the way, in countries such as Belarus and Ukraine, a bicycle bell is required to be installed. In Russia, this requirement has not yet been explicitly fixed for bicycles, although it is implied for the entire class of vehicles.

notation system

The cyclist, like other participants in the movement, is obliged to give signals about the planned maneuvers. If the backpack or frame is not equipped with newfangled dimensions with turn signals, you should use the established system of hand signs:

rebuilding or turning to the right - extended right or left arm bent at the elbow;
rebuilding or turning to the left - extended left or right arm bent at the elbow;
stop - any of the hands raised up.

Hands down are also used to give signs in the column. For example, the left hand means "pits on the left" and similarly for the right. This alarm is rarely used.

Before use in dense stream, for safety, you should practice making signs, because taking one of your hands off the wheel, it is easy to lose control, and, coupled with the requirements for visibility, this can lead to falls and injuries.

Liability and accidents

Cyclists also get into accidents, and the rules for them do not differ from automobile ones:

You must not leave the scene.
Do not touch the vehicle (i.e. bicycle).
You should call and wait for the traffic police.

Bikers are also liable, like drivers, except when they moved by cycling and being pedestrians.

Conclusion

As we have seen, a “bike driver” must be a competent road user, know and follow the rules of cycling, and also feel responsible on the road. In addition, knowledge of the rules of the road allows you to move around on a bike much more efficiently, because, in addition to restrictions, the rules explain the possibilities of movement, such as priority or correct placement in the lane.
However, we should not forget about safety, the basic rules of the cyclist - the timely designation of maneuvers, the sound signal and reasonable respect for faster and heavier road users - will save the life, health of the cyclist and allow you to effectively enjoy riding.

Rules for driving a car on a sandy road

At different times of the year, the route of movement of motorists is very diverse. At any time while driving motor vehicle, the driver may be faced with the fact that the roadbed can be asphalt, dirt or sand. Not all drivers know how to drive through the sand and not get stuck.

There are certain rules for driving on such roads, certain types of equipment. Best suited for sand riding all-wheel drive vehicle With powerful engine, but also with one drive axle, if you follow the rules for driving on sand, you can successfully cross sandy obstacles. If you know that you have to go on - sandy, then you will need the following things:

Deflectors (means for reducing tire pressure), if not available, you can reduce the pressure with improvised means;

Jack;

Boards (if there is room in the trunk of the car)

It should be noted that the deflectors help to reduce the pressure in the tires to the state we need in certain situation. To move on the sand, it is recommended to reduce the pressure to 0.6-0.8 atmospheres.

When the pressure decreases, the area of contact between the surface of the tire and the sand increases, the contact patch becomes larger and the grip of the wheels with the road increases. It must be remembered that with reduced tire pressure, the risk of tire damage increases, which means that sharp turns of the steering wheel and maneuvers should be avoided.

It is known that the pump is needed to restore normal tire pressure after passing the sandy section of the track.

Water is used in the event that a situation has arisen when it is possible to ride only on wet sand, much easier than on dry sand.

If you're stuck and can't move, dampen the sand under the drive wheels and try to drive smoothly by pressing the gas pedal.

When driving on a sandy road, a shovel is needed when your car is stuck in the sand right up to the door.

Usually, a jack is used when it is already necessary to dig up the car, jack up your car before that, while it must be placed on a stable surface, and for this use boards.

Consequently, we have formulated several rules for driving a car when driving on a sandy road:

You need to start moving very smoothly, without slipping, and only after the start of movement accelerate;

Braking should be done slowly, without sharp jerks, stops, during sudden braking, the wheels poke deep into the sand, which greatly complicates the subsequent start;

Braking at any speed should be done by short, frequent (but not strong) pressing the brake pedal;

When stopping the car, it is always necessary to put it on a level place, or with the front side down, which is guaranteed to make it possible to move off in the future without problems;

When driving on sand, it is necessary to avoid sharp taxiing, since on soft soils with intensive taxiing, speed is lost very quickly, or you will not be able to accelerate;

If you follow someone's footprints, you should always pay attention to their nature: if the footprints are a clearly visible tread print, then the sand under them is hard, and you can go straight along the footprints; if the tracks are blurred in the sand and do not have a clear pattern, then the sand under them is soft, and it is better to ride next to the tracks;

Always keep an eye on the engine speed and do not exceed the parameters recommended by the manufacturer;

Always monitor the coolant temperature - do not overheat the engine. If you follow these rules, then you can avoid many emergencies.

Dagirov Z.A.

master of industrial training

Central the concept of traffic rules is the road. How else can it be in the Rules of the Road?

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Road" - a strip of land or a surface of an artificial structure, equipped or adapted and used for the movement of vehicles. The road includes one or more carriageways, as well as tram tracks, sidewalks, shoulders and dividing lanes, if any.

Fitness for movement is one of the main criteria of the road. An embankment, a dam, an asphalted, concreted, paved area of the earth's land, etc., along which vehicles (hereinafter referred to as the TS) move, is the road.

But artificial structures (overpasses, overpasses, bridges) that are used to move vehicles are also expensive.

Two narrow strips of trampled grass going into a field? And this is the road.

And even if in a fierce winter a local tractor driver lays a “winter road” right across the field with the help of his bulldozer (so that it would be shorter to go to his beloved to meet), then this will also be a road. Let it be temporary (until the spring thaw), but - the road!

And what about the ice crossing. There is no such concept in the traffic rules, but there is a definition that this is also a road. No wonder it is indicated by road signs.

And even brushwood or logs thrown into a swampy peat bog turn into a path - a road in a swamp.

And on all these numerous road options, there are (or, as they say, “work”) the Rules of the Road.

So, a road is a section prepared and intended for the movement of a vehicle.

It includes (as can be seen from the second part of the quote) the following main elements:

carriageway (one or more), which is divided into traffic lanes;
dividing line (if any);
curbs (if any);
sidewalks (if any);
tram tracks (if available).

We will talk about these elements of the road.

roadway

Very often, confusion occurs with the concepts of "carriageway" and "road". The road is often understood as the same asphalt along which vehicles move.

This is mistake! The same asphalt is only part of the road. Namely, the carriageway.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Carriageway" - an element of the road intended for the movement of trackless vehicles.

And it turns out that it is not the road that has the asphalt surface, but its carriageway.

And not asphalt is the criterion of the roadway, but the movement of trackless vehicles. The roadway can be framed with a different coating - rubble stone, paving stones, crushed stone - or simply have a soil base.

But this is a roadway, which was created specifically for the movement of trackless vehicles. The tram is not one of them.

traffic lane

Solely for the convenience of movement, the carriageway is divided by longitudinal marking lines into special sections - traffic lanes (or traffic lanes).

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Lane"- any of the longitudinal lanes of the carriageway, marked or not marked with markings and having a width sufficient for the movement of cars in one row.

In order not to “get lost” on a wide roadway, the driver needs some kind of guideline when driving. Such a landmark is a traffic lane, the width of which is sufficient for unhindered and safe movement.

But what to do in winter when the markings are indistinguishable?

Or is it not applied to the roadway at all?

In this case, the driver is obliged to independently determine his position, which he occupies on the carriageway. And this is done like this: the roadway is divided by a longitudinal line strictly in the middle; the section on the right is ours, on the left is the oncoming lane.

And the final touch - how many vehicles can pass simultaneously in one section of the road. The number of vehicles capable of doing this will indicate the number of lanes.

Therefore, lanes for the movement of vehicles are necessarily present on the roadway. The driver just needs to find them.

dividing line

There are sections of roads in the middle of which you can find an original design - a dividing strip.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Dividing Line"- an element of the road, allocated constructively and (or) using markings 1.2.1, separating adjacent carriageways and not intended for the movement and stopping of vehicles.

Judging by the definition, the median is a "dead" section of the road, which is strictly prohibited for the movement, stopping and parking of the vehicle.

Why is there a dividing line? To ensure traffic safety! The dividing lane delimits, separates the traffic flows of opposite directions, making it difficult (or making it impossible) to enter the oncoming traffic lanes. That is why the highway (the fastest section of the road!) Must necessarily have a median strip (or fences in the middle of the road).

However, the dividing strip can be designed not only with the help of some physical structure, but also with the help of the “single solid” marking (1.2.1).

It is also impossible to go to such a section of the road for movement, stopping or parking.

Speaking of the dividing line, it is impossible not to mention one more important property: dividing strip separates adjacent carriageways.

And the last moment. It is clear that the dividing strip is not an obligatory element of the road, but it has a positive effect on safety.

roadside

As strange as it may seem, the roadside is also an element (or part) of the road. And all because on the side of the road in the rarest cases, the Rules allow movement. And most importantly, the roadside is a section of the road where stopping and parking of the vehicle are allowed.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Roadside"- an element of the road adjacent directly to the carriageway at the same level with it, differing in the type of coverage or marked out using markings 1.2.1 or 1.2.2, used for driving, stopping and parking in accordance with the Rules.

A shoulder is a road element that is directly adjacent to the carriageway and, moreover, in the same plane. Therefore, it cannot be separated from the roadway by some kind of lawn or curb. It is precisely "glued" to the roadway, because it is intended mainly for stopping and parking.

As a rule, the shoulder differs from the asphalt carriageway in a different way of covering: it can be expressed by grass cover, crushed stone, soil, sand, clay, etc.).

However, on large federal highways the formation of a shoulder is practiced using the same coating as on the carriageway. This is done to ensure maximum traffic safety. expressway so that particles of soil, sand, clay do not fall on the roadway and do not cause trouble when emergency braking TS.

In this case, the boundary of the carriageway and the roadside will be a special - solid or broken - marking line.

Speaking about the shoulder, it should be noted that it is not a mandatory road element. As a rule, in settlements there is no curb as unnecessary, because vehicles park or stop using the edge of the carriageway.

Therefore, the roadside is the lot of country roads. By the way, here - in the absence of sidewalks - the movement of pedestrians is also allowed.

Sidewalk

The sidewalk is another road element. Attributing it to one of the parts of the road is quite justified. And that's why.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Pavement" - an element of the road intended for the movement of pedestrians and adjacent to the carriageway or bicycle path or separated from them by a lawn.

In principle, everything is simple and clear. The sidewalk is for pedestrians, and they are participants in the movement. Therefore, the sidewalk is part of the road. However, in the rarest cases, the movement of vehicles is allowed on it, as well as their stop and parking.

Sidewalks, like shoulders, are not a mandatory element of the road.

Outside the settlement, there is practically no need for them: pedestrians move along the roadsides.

Tram rails

There are many inaccuracies, "white spots", etc. in our traffic rules. One of the gaps is the lack of definition of tram lines, which are part of the road, but are not a carriageway. Such characteristics are due to the analysis of the concepts of "road" and "carriageway".

There are two preferred ways to organize tram lines (within the road):

1) in the middle of the road;

2) on the border with the roadway.

The inattention of traffic rules to the concept of "tram tracks" is unjustified, because they can be used for movement (in accordance with traffic rules).

Obviously, we are invited to speculate for ourselves: Tram tracks are a section of the road intended for the movement of rail vehicles..

Let's draw a conclusion

A road is a piece of land (or an artificial structure) intended for the movement of vehicles. The structure of the road includes several elements (carriageway and, if possible, the median strip, sidewalk, verge, tram tracks).

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