How a car engine works is the heart of your car. The main mechanisms of the internal combustion engine

It's amazing that we've been using fire, metal, gasoline and oil to power cars for over 100 years. And this is at a time when today each of us has mobile phones that are in no way inferior to computers in terms of power. Our smartphones can recognize faces, fingerprints, and even measure heart rate. We have technologies and high-tech facilities that can smash protons into each other, allowing us to study their fragments. It allows us to unlock the secrets of the universe. We can also land a probe on a comet and send a satellite out of the solar system. And so you can continue indefinitely ... So why, in the age of the technological revolution, the world still uses outdated engines internal combustion?

Despite all our achievements, the internal combustion engine actually remains the main source of movement for all vehicles in the world. And this is taking into account the fact that this power unit was invented more than a hundred years ago.

It is noteworthy that against the background of other, more modern inventions, the internal combustion engine (ICE) looks very primitive. Like a hundred years ago, the internal combustion engine works by fuel injection, its compression, ignition and shock wave, which is formed due to the combustion of fuel.

Let's analyze a little how everything works in a car with a conventional engine.

So. You insert into the ignition and turn it to start the starter. As a result, the starter begins to move the pistons of the engine up and down. Then starts working fuel pump supplying fuel to the combustion chamber of the engine.

Together with it, the water pump starts to work, oil pump, engine valves that begin their harmonious dance to supply fuel to the engine's combustion chamber every second. As a result, the engine begins its work, where all its components begin to rotate and are lubricated with a large amount of oil.

Agree that this process is a very wasteful operation. After all, many are involved in the operation of the engine auxiliary equipment, which practically wastes 75 percent of the engine's energy. In addition, a huge number of auxiliary components of the internal combustion engine quickly fail due to the constant high load.

But, despite this, it cannot be said that the internal combustion engine is initially based on a stupid idea. Of course not. ICE has served us faithfully for over 100 years and has actually changed our world beyond recognition. But this does not mean that this amazing motor should serve us for the next 100 years. For the time when the internal combustion engine appeared, it was a breakthrough, which corresponded to the technologies that dominated that era.

But today everything has changed and now internal combustion engines do not fit into the world that surrounds us.

You look at modern cars. They actually looked like vehicles which we have seen many times in fantasy films and futuristic stories. The new cars have amazing designs thanks to new design technologies and advances in aerodynamics.

Modern cars can communicate with satellites, automatically take control of the car, warn us of dangers on the road, brake urgently to avoid danger, access the World Wide Web and much more.

But, despite the high technology, under the hood modern cars, most often, internal combustion engines are installed, which are relics of the past. It looks exactly the same these days if the iPhone 7 had a rotary dial.

These days, in the 21st century, it really looks outdated. Especially its technology for generating energy, which is formed by burning material (fuel), from which waste is generated in the form of gas. And this one harmful gas we return back to nature, causing irreparable harm to the entire planet.

I want to point out that I am not a crazy environmentalist who spends hours on end talking about protecting the land, the atmosphere and saving penguins in Antarctica. There are plenty of such "green fans" in our world. Moreover, I want to note that there were a lot of various ardent defenders of nature (on the verge of fanaticism) long before the appearance steam engines, not to mention the appearance of internal combustion engines. And I want to assure you that there will be a large number of such funds and organizations even if the ecology of our planet is no longer threatened.

But despite my neutrality in relation to the ecology of nature, I want to say unequivocally that the internal combustion engine has really become obsolete and it has no place in our 21st century and in our future.

Moreover, today there are already technologies that are based on simpler and more effective ways obtaining energy for the movement of transport.

But, in order for the internal combustion engine to become a thing of the past forever, it is necessary that you and I understand that the time has come to change our world, starting with ourselves. The fact is that for any technology to become mainstream for use around the world, we need to get used to it, restructuring our foundations and habits. It's just like how hard we got used to at first mobile phones And for a long time could not give up home landlines. Then came smartphones, which for a long time remained unnoticed by us, but eventually firmly entered our lives. The same can be said about new technologies in the automotive industry. After all, until there is a demand from our side for new energy sources, new technologies will not be able to retire internal combustion engines.

Unfortunately, today we should not count on the imminent disappearance of internal combustion engines from modern cars. Until the moment when we can only see internal combustion engines in museums or in technical literature in a library or on the Internet, quite a lot of time may pass. The fact is that despite the outdated technology for generating energy, internal combustion engines still have little potential for development and increase in power and efficiency. This is what automakers use. But I believe that at the moment we are witnessing a turning point in ICE history and soon people will begin to understand that it is time to stop using cars equipped with traditional engines working . And once that happens, automotive companies will be forced to reorganize in a short time and start mass-producing cars without internal combustion engines.

Believe me, very soon internal combustion engines, as a source of energy for the movement of vehicles, will become like horses at the beginning of the 20th century.

At the first stage of the decline of engines, the most inefficient power units will leave. Only the most innovative and environmentally friendly products will remain on the market for a certain period of time. clean engines internal combustion. Then they will disappear too.

So our future is connected with cars that will be equipped with engines running on alternative sources energy.

Most likely, very soon we will own cars with electric motors, some of which will be charged with electricity, and some with hydrogen fuel.

To date internal combustion engine (ICE) or as it is also called "aspirated" - the main type of engine, which is widely used in automotive industry. What is DVS? This is a multifunctional thermal unit that converts chemical energy with the help of chemical reactions and the laws of physics. fuel mixture into mechanical force (work).

Internal combustion engines are divided into:

1. Piston engine.
2. Rotary piston engine.
3. Gas turbine engine.

The piston internal combustion engine is the most popular among the above engines, it has won worldwide recognition and has been a leader in the auto industry for many years. I propose to consider the device in more detail ICE, as well as the principle of its work.

To the benefits piston engine internal combustion include:

1. Universality (application on various vehicles).
2. High level of battery life.
3. Compact dimensions.
4. Acceptable price.
5. Ability to start quickly.
6. Light weight.
7. Ability to work with different types of fuel.

In addition to the "pluses", it has an internal combustion engine and a number of serious disadvantages, including:

1. High crankshaft speed.
2. Great noise level.
3. Too much toxicity in the exhaust gases.
4. Low efficiency (coefficient of performance).
5. A small service resource.

Internal combustion engines differ by type of fuel, they are:

1. Petrol.
2. Diesel.
3. As well as gas and alcohol.

The last two can be called alternative, because today they are not widely used.

Alcohol-based internal combustion engine running on hydrogen is the most promising and environmentally friendly, it does not emit harmful "CO2" into the atmosphere, which is contained in the exhaust gases of reciprocating internal combustion engines.

The piston internal combustion engine consists of the following subsystems:

1. Crank mechanism (KShM).
2. intake system.
3. Fuel system.
4. Lubrication system.
5. Ignition system (in gasoline engines).
6. Graduation system.
7. Cooling system.
8. Control system.

The engine housing consists of several parts, which include: a cylinder block, as well as a cylinder head (cylinder head). The task of the crankshaft is to convert the reciprocating movements of the piston into rotational movements of the crankshaft. The gas distribution mechanism is necessary for the internal combustion engine to ensure timely admission to the cylinders fuel-air mixture and the same timely release of exhaust gases.

The intake system serves to timely supply air to the engine, which is necessary for the formation of a fuel-air mixture. The fuel system supplies fuel to the engine, in tandem these two systems work to form a fuel-air mixture, after which it is fed through the injection system into the combustion chamber.

The ignition of the fuel-air mixture occurs due to the ignition system (in gasoline internal combustion engines), V diesel engines ignition occurs due to compression of the mixture and glow plugs.

The lubrication system, as the name implies, is used to lubricate rubbing parts, thereby reducing their wear, increasing their service life and thereby removing the temperature from their surfaces. Cooling of heated surfaces and parts is provided by the cooling system, it removes the temperature with the help of coolant through its channels, which, passing through the radiator, is cooled and repeats the cycle. The exhaust system ensures the removal of exhaust gases from the ICE cylinders by means of which is part of this system, reduces the noise accompanied by the emission of gases and their toxicity.

Engine management system (in modern models the electronic control unit (ECU) is responsible for this or on-board computer) is needed for electronic control all the systems described above and ensuring their synchronism.

How does an internal combustion engine work?

Principle ICE operation is based on the effect of thermal expansion of gases, which occurs during the combustion of the fuel-air mixture, due to which the piston moves in the cylinder. The working cycle of an internal combustion engine occurs in two revolutions of the crankshaft and consists of four cycles, hence the name - a four-stroke engine.

1. The first stroke is the inlet.
2. The second is compression.
3. The third is the workflow.
4. Fourth release.

During the first two strokes - intake and working stroke, it moves down, for the other two compression and exhaust - the piston goes up. The duty cycle of each of the cylinders is configured in such a way as not to coincide in phase, this is necessary in order to ensure the uniform operation of the internal combustion engine. There are other engines in the world, the duty cycle of which occurs in just two cycles - compression and power stroke, this engine is called a two-stroke.

On the intake stroke, the fuel system and the intake form a fuel-air mixture, which is formed in the intake manifold or directly in the combustion chamber (it all depends on the type of design). In the intake manifold in the case of central and distributed injection of gasoline internal combustion engines. In the combustion chamber in the case of direct injection in petrol and diesel engines. The fuel-air mixture or air during the opening of the inlet timing valves is supplied to the combustion chamber due to the vacuum that occurs during the downward movement of the piston.

The intake valves close on the compression stroke, after which the air-fuel mixture in the engine cylinders is compressed. During the "power stroke" stroke, the mixture ignites forcibly or spontaneously ignites. After ignition, a large pressure arises in the chamber, which is created by gases, this pressure acts on the piston, which has no choice but to start moving down. This movement of the piston, in close contact with the crank mechanism, drives the crankshaft, which in turn generates a torque that sets the wheels of the car in motion.

"Exhaust" stroke, after which the exhaust gases release the combustion chamber, and after and exhaust system leaving chilled and partially purified into the atmosphere.

Short summary

After we have considered working principle of an internal combustion engine you can understand why the internal combustion engine has a low efficiency, which is about 40%. While in one cylinder useful action, the rest of the cylinders, roughly speaking, are idle, providing the work of the first one with cycles: intake, compression, exhaust.

That's all for me, I hope you understand everything, after reading this article you can easily answer the question of what an internal combustion engine is and how an internal combustion engine works. Thank you for your attention!

The internal combustion engine (ICE) is the most common type of engine currently installed in cars. Although modern engine internal combustion consists of thousands of parts, the principle of its operation is very simple. In this article, we will consider the device and the principle of operation of the internal combustion engine.

At the bottom of the page, watch the video, which clearly shows the device and the principle of operation of a gasoline internal combustion engine.

Every internal combustion engine has a cylinder and a piston. It is inside the internal combustion engine cylinder that the thermal energy released during fuel combustion is converted into mechanical energy that can make our car move. This process is repeated at a frequency of several hundred times per minute, which ensures the continuous rotation of the output from the engine. crankshaft.

The principle of operation of a four-stroke internal combustion engine

The vast majority cars install four-stroke internal combustion engines, so we take it as a basis. To better understand the principle of a gasoline internal combustion engine, we invite you to take a look at the figure:

The fuel-air mixture passing through inlet valve into the combustion chamber (stroke one - intake), is compressed (stroke two - compression) and ignited by a spark of a spark plug. When fuel is burned, under the influence high temperature excess pressure is formed in the engine cylinder, forcing the piston to move down to the so-called bottom dead center (BDC), while making the third cycle - the working stroke. Moving down during the working stroke, with the help of a connecting rod, the piston rotates the crankshaft. Then, moving from BDC to top dead point (TDC), the piston pushes the exhaust gases through Exhaust valve into the exhaust system of the car - this is the fourth stroke (exhaust) of the internal combustion engine.

Tact is the process that occurs in the engine cylinder in one stroke of the piston. A set of cycles that repeat in strict sequence and with a certain frequency is usually called a working cycle, in this case, internal combustion engine.

1. Step one - INLET. The piston moves from TDC to BDC, when this occurs, a vacuum occurs and the cavity of the internal combustion engine cylinder is filled with a combustible mixture through the open intake valve. The mixture, getting into the combustion chamber, mixes with the remnants of the exhaust gases. At the end of the inlet, the pressure in the cylinder is 0.07-0.095 MPa, and the temperature is 80-120 ºС.
2. Step two - COMPRESSION. The piston moves to TDC, both valves are closed, the working mixture in the cylinder is compressed, and compression is accompanied by an increase in pressure (1.2–1.7 MPa) and temperature (300–400 ºС).
3. Step three - EXTENSION. When ignited working mixture V engine cylinder a significant amount of heat is released, the temperature rises sharply (up to 2500 degrees Celsius). Under pressure, the piston moves to BDC. The pressure is 4–6 MPa.
4. Step four - RELEASE. The piston tends to TDC through the open exhaust valve, the exhaust gases are pushed into the exhaust pipe, and then into environment. Pressure at the end of the cycle: 0.1-0.12 MPa, temperature 600-900 ºС.

And so, you were able to make sure that the internal combustion engine is not very complicated. As they say, everything ingenious is simple. And for greater clarity, we recommend watching the video, which also shows the principle of operation of the internal combustion engine very well.

Before considering the issue how a car engine works, it is necessary at least in general terms understand his device. In any car, an internal combustion engine is installed, the operation of which is based on the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy. Let's look deeper into this mechanism.

How a car engine works - we study the device diagram

The classic engine device includes a cylinder and a crankcase, closed in the lower part by a pan. Inside the cylinder is located with various rings, which moves in a certain sequence. It has the shape of a glass, in its upper part there is a bottom. To finally understand how a car engine works, you need to know that the piston with the help of piston pin and connecting rod contacts crankshaft.

For smooth and soft rotation, indigenous and connecting rod bearings playing the role of bearings. The composition of the crankshaft includes the cheeks, as well as the main and connecting rod journals. All these parts, assembled together, are called a crank mechanism, which converts the reciprocating movement of the piston into circular rotation.

The upper part of the cylinder is closed by the head, where the intake and exhaust valves are located. They open and close in accordance with the movement of the piston and the movement of the crankshaft. To accurately understand how a car engine works, the videos in our library should be studied in as much detail as the article. In the meantime, we will try to express its effect in words.

How a car engine works - briefly about complex processes

So, the piston displacement limit has two extreme positions- top and bottom dead spots. In the first case, the piston is at the maximum distance from the crankshaft, and the second option is the smallest distance between the piston and the crankshaft. In order to ensure that the piston passes through dead centers without stopping, a flywheel made in the form of a disk is used.

An important parameter for internal combustion engines is the compression ratio, which directly affects its power and efficiency.

To correctly understand the principle of operation of a car engine, you need to know that it is based on the use of the work of gases expanded during the heating process, as a result of which the piston moves between the upper and lower dead spots. At top position The piston burns fuel that enters the cylinder and mixes with air. As a result, the temperature of gases and their pressure increases significantly.

Gases do useful work, due to which the piston moves down. Coming through crank mechanism action is transferred to the transmission, and then to car wheel. Waste products are removed from the cylinder through the exhaust system, and a new portion of fuel is supplied in their place. The entire process, from fuel injection to exhaust gas, is called the engine's duty cycle.

The principle of operation of a car engine - differences in models

There are several main types of internal combustion engines. The simplest is an in-line engine. Arranged in one row, they make up a certain working volume as a whole. But gradually, some manufacturers moved away from this manufacturing technology to a more compact version.

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For about a hundred years, everywhere in the world the main power unit on cars and motorcycles, tractors and combines, other equipment is an internal combustion engine. Arriving at the beginning of the twentieth century to replace engines external combustion(steam), even in the twenty-first century it remains the most cost-effective type of motor. In this article, we will consider in detail the device, the principle of operation various kinds ICE and its main auxiliary systems.

Definition and general features of the internal combustion engine

The main feature of any internal combustion engine is that the fuel ignites directly inside its working chamber, and not in additional external carriers. During operation, chemical and thermal energy from fuel combustion is converted into mechanical work. The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine is based on the physical effect of thermal expansion of gases, which is formed during the combustion of the fuel-air mixture under pressure inside the engine cylinders.

Classification of internal combustion engines

In the process of evolution of internal combustion engines, the following types of these motors have proven their effectiveness:

• Piston internal combustion engines. In them, the working chamber is located inside the cylinders, and the thermal energy is converted into mechanical work by means of a crank mechanism that transfers the energy of motion to the crankshaft. piston motors divided in turn into
• carburetor, in which the air-fuel mixture is formed in the carburetor, injected into the cylinder and ignited there by a spark from a spark plug;

• injection, in which the mixture is fed directly into intake manifold, through special nozzles, under control electronic block control, and is also ignited by means of a candle;
• diesel, in which the ignition of the air-fuel mixture occurs without a candle, by compressing air, which is heated by pressure from a temperature exceeding the combustion temperature, and fuel is injected into the cylinders through nozzles.
• Rotary piston internal combustion engines. in motors of this type thermal energy is converted into mechanical work by rotating the working gases of the rotor special form and profile. The rotor moves along a "planetary trajectory" inside the working chamber, which has the shape of a "eight", and performs the functions of both a piston and a timing (gas distribution mechanism), and a crankshaft.
• gas turbine internal combustion engines. In these motors, the transformation of thermal energy into mechanical work is carried out by rotating the rotor with special wedge-shaped blades, which drives the turbine shaft.

The most reliable, unpretentious, economical in terms of fuel consumption and the need for regular maintenance are piston engines.

Equipment with other types of internal combustion engines can be included in the Red Book. Nowadays only Mazda makes cars with rotary piston engines. An experimental series of cars with a gas turbine engine was produced by Chrysler, but it was in the 60s, and none of the automakers returned to this issue. IN THE USSR gas turbine engines tanks "T-80" and landing ships "Zubr" were equipped, but in the future it was decided to abandon this type of motor. In this regard, let us dwell in detail on the “winning world domination» piston internal combustion engines.

The engine housing combines into a single organism:

• cylinder block, inside the combustion chambers of which the fuel-air mixture ignites, and the gases from this combustion drive the pistons;
• crank mechanism, which transfers the energy of motion to the crankshaft;
• gas distribution mechanism, which is designed to ensure the timely opening / closing of valves for intake / exhaust combustible mixture and exhaust gases;
• supply system ("injection") and ignition ("ignition") of the fuel-air mixture;
• combustion products removal system (exhaust gases).

Cross section of a four-stroke internal combustion engine

When the engine is started, an air-fuel mixture is injected into its cylinders through the intake valves and ignites there from a spark plug spark. During combustion and thermal expansion of gases from excess pressure, the piston sets in motion, transferring mechanical work to the rotation of the crankshaft.

The operation of a piston internal combustion engine is carried out cyclically. These cycles are repeated at a frequency of several hundred times per minute. This ensures continuous translational rotation of the crankshaft exiting the engine.

Let's define terminology. A stroke is a work process that occurs in an engine in one stroke of the piston, more precisely, in one of its movements in one direction, up or down. A cycle is a set of cycles that repeat in a certain sequence. By the number of cycles within one worker ICE cycle They are subdivided into two-stroke (the cycle is carried out in one revolution of the crankshaft and two strokes of the piston) and four-stroke (for two revolutions of the crankshaft and four pistons). At the same time, both in those and in other engines, the working process goes according to the following plan: intake; compression; combustion; expansion and release.

The principles of operation of the internal combustion engine

- The principle of operation of a two-stroke engine

When the engine starts, the piston, entrained by the rotation of the crankshaft, begins to move. As soon as it reaches its bottom dead center (BDC) and proceeds to move up, a fuel-air mixture is supplied to the combustion chamber of the cylinder.

In its upward movement, the piston compresses it. At the moment the piston reaches its top dead center (TDC), a spark from a candle electronic ignition ignites the air-fuel mixture. Instantly expanding, the vapors of burning fuel rapidly push the piston back to the bottom dead center.

At this time, the exhaust valve opens, through which hot traffic fumes removed from the combustion chamber. Having passed BDC again, the piston resumes its movement to TDC. During this time, the crankshaft makes one revolution.

With a new movement of the piston, the inlet channel of the fuel-air mixture opens again, which replaces the entire volume of exhaust gases, and the whole process is repeated anew. Due to the fact that the work of the piston in such motors is limited to two strokes, it does much less than in four-stroke engine, the number of movements for a certain unit of time. Friction losses are minimized. However, a lot of heat energy is released, and two-stroke engines heat up faster and more strongly.

In two-stroke engines, the piston replaces the gas distribution valve mechanism, during its movement at certain moments, opening and closing the intake and exhaust working openings in the cylinder. Worse, compared to a four-stroke engine, gas exchange is the main disadvantage push-pull system ICE. At the moment of removal of exhaust gases, a certain percentage of not only the working substance, but also power is lost.

Areas of practical application two-stroke engines internal combustion steel mopeds and scooters; boat motors, lawn mowers, chainsaws, etc. low power technology.

These shortcomings are deprived of four-stroke internal combustion engines, which, in various options, and are installed on almost all modern cars, tractors and other equipment. In them, the intake / exhaust of a combustible mixture / exhaust gases are carried out as separate workflows, and not combined with compression and expansion, as in two-stroke ones. With the help of the gas distribution mechanism, the mechanical synchronization of the operation of the intake and exhaust valves with the crankshaft speed is ensured. In a four-stroke engine, the injection of the fuel-air mixture occurs only after the complete removal of exhaust gases and the closing of the exhaust valves.

The working process of an internal combustion engine

Each stroke of work is one stroke of the piston in the range from top to bottom dead center. In this case, the engine goes through the following phases of operation:

• Stroke one, inlet. The piston moves from top dead center to bottom dead center. At this time, a vacuum occurs inside the cylinder, the intake valve opens and the fuel-air mixture enters. At the end of the intake, the pressure in the cylinder cavity is in the range from 0.07 to 0.095 MPa; temperature - from 80 to 120 degrees Celsius.
• Bar two, compression. When the piston moves from bottom to top dead center and the intake and exhaust valves are closed, the combustible mixture is compressed in the cylinder cavity. This process is accompanied by an increase in pressure up to 1.2-1.7 MPa, and temperature - up to 300-400 degrees Celsius.
• Bar three, expansion. The fuel-air mixture ignites. This is accompanied by the release of a significant amount of thermal energy. The temperature in the cavity of the cylinder rises sharply to 2.5 thousand degrees Celsius. Under pressure, the piston moves quickly to its bottom dead center. The pressure indicator in this case is from 4 to 6 MPa.
• Bar four, issue. During the reverse movement of the piston to the top dead center, the exhaust valve opens, through which the exhaust gases are pushed out of the cylinder into the exhaust pipe, and then into the environment. The pressure indicators in the final stage of the cycle are 0.1-0.12 MPa; temperature - 600-900 degrees Celsius.

Auxiliary systems of the internal combustion engine

The ignition system is part of the electrical equipment of the machine and is designed to provide a spark, igniting the fuel-air mixture in the working chamber of the cylinder. Components ignition systems are:

• Power supply. During engine start, this is accumulator battery, and during its operation - the generator.
• Switch, or ignition switch. It was previously mechanical, and in last years increasingly electric contact device to supply electricity.
• Energy storage. A coil, or autotransformer, is a unit designed to store and convert enough energy to cause the desired discharge between the spark plug electrodes.
• Ignition distributor (distributor). A device designed to distribute an impulse high voltage along the wires leading to the candles of each of the cylinders.

ICE ignition system

- intake system

The ICE intake system is designed For uninterrupted filing into the motor atmospheric air, for mixing it with fuel and preparing a combustible mixture. It should be noted that in carbureted engines the past intake system consists of an air duct and air filter. And that's it. The composition of the intake system of modern cars, tractors and other equipment includes:

• air intake. It is a branch pipe of a form convenient for each specific engine. Through him atmospheric air is sucked into the engine, through the difference in pressure in the atmosphere and in the engine, where a vacuum occurs when the pistons move.
• Air filter. This consumable, designed to clean the air entering the motor from dust and solid particles, their delay on the filter.
• throttle valve. Air valve designed to regulate the supply of the desired amount of air. Mechanically, it is activated by pressing the gas pedal, and in modern technology- with the help of electronics.
• Intake manifold. Distributes the air flow through the engine cylinders. To give air flow the desired distribution, special intake flaps and a vacuum booster are used.

Fuel system, or system ICE power supply, "responsible" for uninterrupted fuel supply to form a fuel-air mixture. Part fuel system includes:

• Fuel tank- a container for storing gasoline or diesel fuel, with a device for taking fuel (pump).
• Fuel lines- a set of tubes and hoses through which its "food" enters the engine.
• Mixing device, i.e. carburetor or injector- a special mechanism for the preparation of the fuel-air mixture and its injection into the internal combustion engine.
• Electronic control unit(ECU) mixture formation and injection - in injection engines this device is "responsible" for synchronous and efficient work on the formation and supply of a combustible mixture to the engine.
• Fuel pump - electrical device for pumping gasoline or diesel fuel into the fuel line.
• The fuel filter is a consumable for additional purification of fuel during its transportation from the tank to the engine.

ICE fuel system diagram

- Lubrication system

Purpose of the system engine lubricants -friction reduction and its destructive effect on parts; abduction parts of the excess heat; removal products soot and wear; protection metal against corrosion. The engine lubrication system includes:

• Oil pan- storage tank engine oil. The oil level in the sump is controlled not only by a special dipstick, but also by a sensor.
• Oil pump- pumps oil from the sump and delivers it to the necessary engine parts through special drilled channels - "lines". Under the influence of gravity, the oil flows down from the lubricated parts, back into the oil pan, accumulates there, and the lubrication cycle is repeated again.
• Oil filter traps and removes solid particles from engine oil formed from soot and wear products of parts. The filter element is always replaced with a new one with every engine oil change.
• Oil radiator Designed to cool engine oil using liquid from the engine cooling system.

exhaust internal combustion engine system serves for removing spent gases And noise reduction motor work. In modern technology exhaust system consists of the following parts (in order of exhaust gas exit from the engine):

• An exhaust manifold. This is a pipe system made of heat-resistant cast iron, which receives hot exhaust gases, dampens their primary oscillatory process and sends them further to the exhaust pipe.
• Downpipe- a curved gas outlet made of fire-resistant metal, popularly referred to as "pants".
• Resonator, or, in popular language, the “bank” of the muffler is a container in which exhaust gases are separated and their speed is reduced.
• Catalyst- a device designed for purification of exhaust gases and their neutralization.
• Muffler- a container with a complex of special partitions designed to repeatedly change the direction of gas flow and, accordingly, their noise level.

Exhaust system

- Cooling system

If on mopeds, scooters and cheap motorcycles is still applied air system engine cooling - oncoming air flow, then for more powerful technology it is, of course, not enough. Works here fluid system cooling designed For absorbing excess heat at the motor and reduction of thermal loads on its details.

• Radiator The cooling system is used to release excess heat to the environment. It consists of a large number curved aluminum tubes, with fins for additional heat dissipation.
• Fan designed to enhance the cooling effect on the radiator from the oncoming air flow.
• Water pump(pump) - "drives" the coolant in the "small" and "large" circles, ensuring its circulation through the engine and radiator.
• Thermostat- a special valve that ensures the optimum temperature of the coolant by starting it in a "small circle", bypassing the radiator (when the engine is cold) and in a "large circle", through the radiator - when the engine is warm.

The coordinated work of these auxiliary systems ensures maximum efficiency from the internal combustion engine and its reliability.

In conclusion, it should be noted that in the foreseeable future, worthy competitors to the internal combustion engine are not expected to appear. There is every reason to assert that in its modern, improved form, it will remain the dominant type of motor in all sectors of the world economy for several decades to come.