Modern world causes many inventors to return again to the idea of using a steam plant in vehicles intended for movement. In machines, it is possible to use several options for steam-powered power units.
piston motor
Modern steam engines can be divided into several groups:
Structurally, the installation includes:
- starting device;
- two-cylinder power block;
- steam generator in a special container, equipped with a coil.
The process is as follows. After the ignition is switched on, power is supplied from the battery of the three engines. From the first, a blower is put into operation, pumping air masses through the radiator and transferring them through air channels to a mixing device with a burner.
At the same time, another electric motor activates the fuel transfer pump, which supplies condensate masses from the tank through the serpentine device of the heating element to the body of the water separator and the heater located in the economizer to the steam generator.
Before starting the steam, there is no way to get to the cylinders, since the throttle valve or spool, which are driven by rocker mechanics, block the path. By turning the handles in the direction necessary for movement, and slightly opening the valve, the mechanic puts into operation steam mechanism.
The spent vapors are fed through a single collector to a distribution valve, in which they are divided into a pair of unequal shares. A smaller part enters the nozzle of the mixing burner, mixes with the air mass, and ignites from the candle. The emerging flame begins to heat the container. After that, the combustion product passes into the water separator, condensation occurs, flowing into a special water tank. The rest of the gas goes out.
The steam plant can be directly connected to the drive unit of the machine's transmission, and the machine starts to move when it starts working. But in order to increase efficiency, experts recommend using clutch mechanics. This is convenient for towing work and various inspection activities.
The device is characterized by the ability to work practically without restrictions, overloads are possible, there is a wide range of power indicators adjustment. It should be added that during any stop the steam engine stops working, which cannot be said about the engine.
In the design, there is no need to install a gearbox, starter device, air filter, carburetor, turbocharger. In addition, the ignition system is in a simplified version, there is only one candle.
In conclusion, we can add that the production of such machines and their operation will be cheaper than cars with an internal combustion engine, since the fuel will be inexpensive, the materials used in production will be the cheapest.
The ship model is driven by a steam-water jet engine. A vessel with this engine is not a progressive discovery (its system was patented 125 years ago by Briton Perkins), in other respects it clearly shows the operation of a simple jet engine.
Rice. 1 Ship with a steam engine. 1 - steam engine, 2 - a plate of mica or asbestos; 3 - firebox; 4 - nozzle outlet with a diameter of 0.5 mm.
Instead of a boat, it would be possible to use a car model. The choice fell on the boat because of the greater security in relation to fire. The experiment is carried out with a vessel of water at hand, for example, a bath or basin.
The body can be made of wood (for example, pine) or plastic (polystyrene foam), using the finished body of a toy polyethylene boat. The engine will be a small tin can, which is filled 1/4 of the volume with water.
On board, under the engine, you need to fit a firebox. It is known that the heated water is converted into steam, which, expanding, presses on the walls of the motor housing and exits with high speed, from the nozzle opening, resulting in the thrust needed to move. On the back wall of the engine can, a hole of no more than 0.5 mm should be drilled. If the hole is larger, then the running time of the motor will become quite short, and the outflow rate will be small.
The optimal nozzle orifice diameter can be determined empirically. It will correspond to the fastest movement of the model. In this case, the thrust will be greatest. As a firebox, it is possible to use a duralumin or iron cover tin can(for example, from a can of ointment, cream or shoe paste).
As a fuel, we use "dry alcohol" in tablets.
To protect the ship from fire, we attach a layer of asbestos (1.5-2 mm) to the deck. If the hull of the boat is wooden, sand it well and cover it with nitro-lacquer several times. The smooth surface reduces drag in the water and your boat is sure to float. The boat model should be as light as possible. The design and dimensions are shown in the figure.
After filling the tank with water, set fire to the alcohol placed in the firebox (this should be done when the boat is on the surface of the water). After a few tens of seconds, the water in the tank will make a noise, and a thin stream of steam will begin to escape from the nozzle. Now the steering wheel can be set in such a way that the boat moves in a circle, and within a few minutes (from 2 to 4) you will observe the operation of the simplest jet engine.
The steam engine throughout its history has had many variations of embodiment in metal. One of these incarnations was the steam rotary engine of mechanical engineer N.N. Tverskoy. This steam rotary engine ( Steam engine) was actively exploited in various fields of technology and transport. In the Russian technical tradition of the 19th century, such a rotary engine was called a rotary machine.
The engine was distinguished by its durability, efficiency and high torque. But with the advent of steam turbines, it was forgotten. Below are archival materials raised by the author of this site. The materials are very extensive, so for now only a part of them is presented here.
Steam rotary engine of N.N. Tverskoy
Trial Scroll compressed air(3.5 atm) steam rotary engine.
The model is designed for 10 kW of power at 1500 rpm at a steam pressure of 28-30 atm.
At the end of the 19th century, steam engines - "N. Tversky's rotary engines" were forgotten because reciprocating steam engines turned out to be simpler and more technologically advanced in production (for the industries of that time), and steam turbines gave more power.
But the remark regarding steam turbines is true only in their large weight and overall dimensions. Indeed, with a power of more than 1.5-2 thousand kW, steam multi-cylinder turbines outperform steam rotary engines in all respects, even with the high cost of turbines. And in the early 20th century, when ships power plants and the power units of power plants began to have a capacity of many tens of thousands of kilowatts, then only turbines could provide such opportunities.
BUT - steam turbines have another disadvantage. When scaling their mass-dimensional parameters downwards, the performance characteristics of steam turbines deteriorate sharply. The specific power is significantly reduced, the efficiency drops, while the high cost of manufacturing and high revs the main shaft (the need for a gearbox) - remain. That is why - in the field of capacities less than 1.5 thousand kW (1.5 MW) effective in all respects steam turbine almost impossible to find, even for a lot of money ...
That is why a whole “bouquet” of exotic and little-known designs appeared in this power range. But most often, just as expensive and inefficient ... Screw turbines, Tesla turbines, axial turbines and so on.
But for some reason, everyone forgot about the steam "rotary machines" - rotary steam engines. Meanwhile, these steam engines are many times cheaper than any bladed and screw mechanisms (I say this with knowledge of the matter, as a person who has already manufactured more than a dozen such machines with his own money). At the same time, the steam “rotary machines of N. Tverskoy” have a powerful torque from the smallest revolutions, have an average frequency of rotation of the main shaft at full revolutions from 1000 to 3000 rpm. Those. such machines, even for an electric generator, even for a steam car (car-truck, tractor, tractor) - will not require a gearbox, coupling, etc., but will be directly connected with their shaft to a dynamo, wheels of a steam car, etc.
So, in the form of a steam rotary engine - the system of "N. Tversky's rotary engine" we have a universal steam engine that will perfectly generate electricity from a solid fuel boiler in a remote forestry or taiga village, at a field camp or generate electricity in a boiler room rural settlement or "spin" on the waste of process heat (hot air) in a brick or cement plant, in a foundry, etc., etc.
All such heat sources just have a power of less than 1 mW, and therefore conventional turbines are of little use here. And other machines for heat recovery by converting the pressure of the resulting steam into operation are not yet known by general technical practice. So this heat is not utilized in any way - it is simply lost stupidly and irretrievably.
I have already created a "steam rotary machine"to drive an electric generator of 3.5 - 5 kW (depending on the pressure in the steam), if everything goes as planned, then soon there will be a machine of both 25 and 40 kW. Just what is needed to provide cheap electricity from a solid fuel boiler or waste industrial heat to a rural estate, a small farm, a field camp, etc., etc.
In principle, rotary engines scale well upwards, therefore, by mounting many rotor sections on one shaft, it is easy to multiply the power of such machines by simply increasing the number of standard rotor modules. That is, it is quite possible to create steam rotary machines with a power of 80-160-240-320 kW or more ...
But, in addition to medium and relatively large steam power plants, steam power circuits with small steam rotary engines will also be in demand in small power plants.
For example, one of my inventions is “Camping-tourist electric generator using local solid fuel”.
Below is a video where a simplified prototype of such a device is being tested.
But the small steam engine is already merrily and energetically spinning its electric generator and is generating electricity using wood and other pasture fuel.
The main direction of commercial and technical application of steam rotary engines (rotary steam engines) is the generation of cheap electricity using cheap solid fuel and combustible waste. Those. small power - distributed power generation on steam rotary engines. Imagine how a rotary steam engine will fit perfectly into the scheme of operation of a sawmill-sawmill, somewhere in the Russian North or in Siberia (Far East) where there is no central power supply, electricity is provided by a diesel generator on a diesel fuel imported from afar. But the sawmill itself produces at least half a ton of wood chips-sawdust per day - croaker, which has nowhere to go ...
Such wood waste is a direct road to the boiler furnace, the boiler gives high-pressure steam, the steam drives a rotary steam engine, which turns an electric generator.
In the same way, it is possible to burn millions of tons of crop waste from agriculture, unlimited in volume, and so on. And there is also cheap peat, cheap thermal coal, and so on. The author of the site calculated that the fuel costs for generating electricity through a small steam power plant (steam engine) with a 500 kW steam rotary engine will be from 0.8 to 1,
2 rubles per kilowatt.
More interesting option the use of a steam rotary engine is the installation of such a steam engine on steam car mobile. The truck is a tractor steam car, with powerful torque and using cheap solid fuel - a very necessary steam engine in agriculture and in the forest industry.
When applied modern technologies and materials, as well as the use of the "Organic Rankine cycle" in the thermodynamic cycle will allow to bring the effective efficiency up to 26-28% on cheap solid fuel (or inexpensive liquid, such as "furnace oil" or used engine oil). Those. truck - tractor with a steam engine
Truck NAMI-012, with a steam engine. USSR, 1954
and a rotary steam engine with a power of about 100 kW, will consume about 25-28 kg of thermal coal per 100 km (cost 5-6 rubles per kg) or about 40-45 kg of sawdust chips (the price of which in the North is take away for nothing) ...
There are many more interesting and promising applications of the rotary steam engine, but the size of this page does not allow us to consider all of them in detail. As a result, the steam engine can still occupy a very prominent place in many areas of modern technology and in many branches of the national economy.
LAUNCHES OF THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF A STEAM-POWERED ELECTRIC GENERATOR WITH A STEAM ENGINE
May -2018 After lengthy experiments and prototypes, a small high-pressure boiler was made. The boiler is pressurized to 80 atm pressure, so it will keep operating pressure at 40-60 atm without difficulty. Put into operation with an experimental model of the steam axial piston engine my design. Works great - watch the video. In 12-14 minutes from ignition on wood, it is ready to give high-pressure steam.
Now I am starting to prepare for the piece production of such installations - a high-pressure boiler, a steam engine (rotary or axial piston), a condenser. The settings will work closed circuit with the circulation "water-steam-condensate".
The demand for such generators is very high, because 60% of the territory of Russia do not have a central power supply and are sitting on diesel generation.
And the price of diesel fuel is growing all the time and has already reached 41-42 rubles per liter. Yes, and where there is electricity, energy companies are raising tariffs, and they require a lot of money to connect new capacities.
Modern steam engines
The modern world forces many inventors to return again to the idea of using a steam plant in vehicles intended for movement. In machines, it is possible to use several options for steam-powered power units.
- piston motor
- Principle of operation
- Rules for the operation of cars with a steam engine
- Machine advantages
piston motor
Modern steam engines can be divided into several groups:
Structurally, the installation includes:
- starting device;
- two-cylinder power block;
- steam generator in a special container, equipped with a coil.
Principle of operation
The process is as follows.
After the ignition is switched on, power is supplied from the battery of the three engines. From the first, a blower is put into operation, pumping air masses through the radiator and transferring them through air channels to a mixing device with a burner.
At the same time, another electric motor activates the fuel transfer pump, which supplies condensate masses from the tank through the serpentine device of the heating element to the body of the water separator and the heater located in the economizer to the steam generator.
Before starting the steam, there is no way to get to the cylinders, since the throttle valve or spool, which are driven by rocker mechanics, block the path. By turning the handles in the direction necessary for movement, and slightly opening the valve, the mechanic sets the steam mechanism into operation.
The spent vapors are fed through a single collector to a distribution valve, in which they are divided into a pair of unequal shares. A smaller part enters the nozzle of the mixing burner, mixes with the air mass, and ignites from the candle.
The emerging flame begins to heat the container. After that, the combustion product passes into the water separator, condensation occurs, flowing into a special water tank. The rest of the gas goes out.
The second part of the steam, which is large in volume, passes through the distribution valve into the turbine, which rotates rotary device electric generator.
Rules for the operation of cars with a steam engine
The steam plant can be directly connected to the drive unit of the machine's transmission, and the machine starts to move when it starts working. But in order to increase efficiency, experts recommend using clutch mechanics. This is convenient for towing work and various inspection activities.
In the process of movement, the mechanic, taking into account the situation, can change the speed by manipulating the power of the steam piston. This can be done by throttling the steam with a valve, or by changing the steam supply with a rocker. In practice, it is better to use the first option, since the actions resemble the operation of the gas pedal, but a more economical way is to use the rocker mechanism.
For short stops, the driver slows down and stops the operation of the unit by the rocker. For long-term parking turns off circuit diagram, de-energizing the blower and the fuel pump.
Machine advantages
The device is characterized by the ability to work practically without restrictions, overloads are possible, there is a wide range of power indicators adjustment. It should be added that during any stop the steam engine stops working, which cannot be said about the engine.
In the design, there is no need to install a gearbox, starter device, air filter, carburetor, turbocharger. In addition, the ignition system is in a simplified version, there is only one candle.
In conclusion, we can add that the production of such machines and their operation will be cheaper than cars with an internal combustion engine, since the fuel will be inexpensive, the materials used in production will be the cheapest.
Read also:
steam engines were installed and set in motion most of the steam locomotives from the early 1800s until the 1950s of the last century.
I would like to note that the principle of operation of these engines has always remained unchanged, despite the change in their design and dimensions.
An animated illustration shows how a steam engine works.
To generate the steam supplied to the engine, boilers operating both on wood and coal, and on liquid fuels were used.
First measure
The steam from the boiler enters the steam chamber, from which it enters the upper (front) part of the cylinder through the steam valve valve (indicated in blue). The pressure created by the steam pushes the piston down to BDC. During the movement of the piston from TDC to BDC, the wheel makes half a turn.
Release
At the very end of the stroke of the piston to the BDC, the steam valve is displaced, releasing the remaining steam through the exhaust port located below the valve. The rest of the steam breaks out, creating the sound characteristic of steam engines.
Second measure
At the same time, shifting the valve to release the rest of the steam opens the entrance of steam to the lower (rear) part of the cylinder. The pressure created by the steam in the cylinder causes the piston to move to TDC. At this time, the wheel makes another half turn.
Release
At the end of the piston movement to TDC, the remaining steam is released through the same exhaust port.
The cycle is repeated anew.
The steam engine has a so-called. dead center at the end of each stroke when the valve changes from expansion to exhaust stroke. For this reason, each steam engine has two cylinders, allowing the engine to be started from any position.
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G.S. Zhiritsky. steam engines. Moscow: Gosenergoizdat, 1951. The book deals with ideal processes in steam engines, real processes in a steam engine, the study of the working process of a machine using indicator chart, multiple expansion machines, spool steam distributions, valve steam distributions, steam distribution in once-through machines, reversing mechanisms, steam engine dynamics, etc. Sent a book Stankevich Leonid. |
27.8 Mb |
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A.A. Radtsig. James Watt and the invention of the steam engine. Petrograd: Scientific chemical and technical publishing house, 1924. The improvement of the steam engine, made by Watt at the end of the 18th century, is one of the greatest developments in the history of technology. It had incalculable economic consequences, since it was the last and decisive link in a whole series of important inventions made by England in the second half of the 18th century and which led to the rapid and complete development of large-scale capitalist industry both in England itself and later in other countries of Europe. Sent a book Stankevich Leonid. |
0.99 Mb |
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M. Lesnikov. James Watt. Moscow: Publisher "Zhurnalobedinenie", 1935. This publication presents a biographical novel about James Watt (1736-1819), an English inventor and creator of the universal heat engine. Invented (1774-84) the cylinder steam engine double action in which applied centrifugal regulator, transmission from the cylinder rod to a parallelogram balancer, etc. The Watt machine played a large role in the transition to machine production. Sent a book Stankevich Leonid. |
67.4 Mb |
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A.S. Yastrzhembsky. Technical thermodynamics. Moscow-Leningrad: State Energy Publishing House, 1933. General theoretical provisions are presented in the light of two basic laws of thermodynamics. Since technical thermodynamics provides a basis for the study of steam boilers and heat engines, in this course, the study of the processes of transforming thermal energy into mechanical energy in steam engines and internal combustion engines is carried out with the greatest possible completeness. In the second part, while studying ideal cycle steam engine, steam wrinkling and steam escaping from holes, the value is noted i-S diagrams steam, the use of which simplifies the task of research. A special place is given to the presentation of the thermodynamics of the gas flow and the cycles of internal combustion engines. |
51.2 Mb |
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Installation of boiler plants. Scientific editor eng. Yu.M.Rivkin. Moscow: GosStroyIzdat, 1961. This book is intended to improve the skills of fitters who install small and medium-sized boiler plants, who are familiar with locksmithing techniques. |
9.9 Mb |
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E.Ya.Sokolov. Heat supply and heat networks. Moscow-Leningrad: State Energy Publishing House, 1963. The book outlines the energy foundations of district heating, describes heat supply systems, gives the theory and methodology for calculating heat networks, considers methods for regulating heat supply, provides designs and methods for calculating equipment for heat treatment plants, heat networks and subscriber inputs, provides basic information on the methodology of technical and economic calculations and on the organization of operation of thermal networks. |
11.2 Mb |
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A.I.Abramov, A.V.Ivanov-Smolensky. Calculation and design of hydro generators In modern electrical systems electrical energy is generated mainly at thermal power plants with the help of turbogenerators, and at hydroelectric power plants - with the help of hydrogenerators. Therefore, hydrogenerators and turbogenerators occupy a leading place in the subject of course and diploma design of electromechanical and electrical power specialties of technical universities. This manual describes the design of hydrogenerators, substantiates the choice of their sizes and sets out the methodology for electromagnetic, thermal, ventilation and mechanical calculations with brief explanations for the calculation formulas. To facilitate the study of the material, an example of the calculation of a hydrogenerator is given. When compiling the manual, the authors used modern literature on the manufacturing technology, design and calculation of hydrogenerators, an abbreviated list of which is given at the end of the book. |
10.7 Mb |
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F.L. Liventsev. Power plants with internal combustion engines. Leningrad: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1969. The book discusses modern typical power plants for various purposes with internal combustion engines. Recommendations are given on the choice of parameters and the calculation of elements of fuel preparation, fuel supply and cooling systems, oil and air-launching systems, and gas-air paths. An analysis of the requirements for installations with internal combustion engines, which ensure their high efficiency, reliability and durability, is given. |
11.2 Mb |
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M.I.Kamsky. Steam-bogatyr. Drawings by V.V. Spassky. Moscow: 7th printing house "Mospechat", 1922. ... In the homeland of Watt, in the city council of the town of Greenock, there is a monument to him with the inscription: "Born in Greenock in 1736, died in 1819." Here, the library named after him, founded by him during his lifetime, still exists, and at the University of Glasgow, awards are annually issued from the capital donated by Watt for the best scientific works in Mechanics, Physics and Chemistry. But James Watt, in essence, does not need any other monuments, except for those countless steam engines that, in all corners of the earth, make noise, knock and buzz, working on the yardarm of mankind. |
10.6 Mb |
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A.S.Abramov and B.I.Sheinin. Fuel, furnaces and boiler plants. Moscow: Publishing House of the Ministry of Public Utilities of the RSFSR, 1953. The book discusses the basic properties of fuels and the processes of its combustion. A technique for determining the heat balance of a boiler plant is given. Various designs of furnace devices are given. The designs of various boilers are described - hot water and steam, from water tube to fire tube and with fire tubes. Information is given on the installation and operation of boilers, their piping - fittings, instrumentation. The issues of fuel supply, gas supply, fuel storages, ash removal, chemical treatment of water at stations, auxiliary equipment(pumps, fans, piping…) are also discussed in the book. Information is given on layout solutions and the cost of calculating heat supply. |
9.15 Mb |
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V. Dombrovsky, A. Shmulyan. Prometheus Victory. Stories about electricity. Leningrad: Children's Literature Publishing House, 1966. This book is about electricity. It does not contain a complete exposition of the theory of electricity or a description of the various uses of electricity. Ten such books would not be enough for this. When people mastered electricity, unprecedented opportunities opened up before them to facilitate, mechanize physical labor. About the machines that made it possible to do this, about the use of electricity as a motive force, is described in this book. But electricity makes it possible not only to multiply the strength of human hands, but also the strength of the human mind, to mechanize not only physical, but also mental labor. We also tried to tell you how this can be done. If this book helps young readers in any way to imagine the great path that technology has traveled from the first discoveries to today and to see the breadth of the horizon that tomorrow opens up before us, we can consider our task accomplished. |
23.6 Mb |
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V.N. Bogoslovsky, V.P. Shcheglov. Heating and ventilation. Moscow: Publishing house of literature on construction, 1970. This textbook is intended for students of the Faculty of Water Supply and Sewerage of construction universities. It was written in accordance with the program approved by the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the USSR for the course "Heating and ventilation". The task of the textbook is to give students basic information about the design, calculation, installation, testing and operation of heating and ventilation systems. Reference materials are given in the amount necessary for the implementation of the course project on heating and ventilation. |
5.25 Mb |
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A.S. Orlin, M.G. Kruglov. Combined two-stroke engines
. Moscow: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1968. The book contains the fundamentals of the theory of gas exchange processes in the cylinder and in adjacent systems of two-stroke combined engines. Approximate dependencies related to the influence of unsteady motion during gas exchange and the results of experimental work in this area are given. |
15.8 Mb |
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M.K. Weissbein. Heat engines
. Steam engines, rotary engines, steam turbines, air machines and internal combustion engines. Theory, device, installation, testing of heat engines and care for them. A guide for chemists, technicians and owners of heat engines. St. Petersburg: Edition of K.L. Ricker, 1910. The purpose of this work is to acquaint persons who have not received a systematic technical education with the theory of heat engines, their design, installation, care for them and testing them. Sent a book Stankevich Leonid. |
7.3 Mb |
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Nikolay Bozheryanov Steam engine theory, with a detailed description of the Watt and Bolton double-acting machine attached. Approved by the Marine Scientific Committee and printed with the highest permission. St. Petersburg: Printing house of the naval cadet corps, 1849. |
42.6 Mb |
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VC. Bogomazov, A.D. Berkut, P.P. Kulikovsky. steam engines. Kyiv: State Publishing House of Technical Literature of the Ukrainian SSR, 1952. The book discusses the theory, design and operation of steam engines, steam turbines and condensing units and provides the basis for calculating steam engines and their parts. Sent a book Stankevich Leonid. |
6.09 Mb |
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Lopatin P.I. couple win. Moscow: New Moscow, 1925. “Tell me - do you know who created our factories and factories for us, who was the first to give a person the opportunity to race on trains along the railroad and boldly swim across the oceans? Do you know who was the first to create a car and the very tractor that is so diligently and obediently performing now hard work in our agriculture? Do you know the one who defeated the horse and the ox and was the first to conquer the air, allowing a person not only to stay in the air, but also to control his flying machine, send it where he wants, and not the capricious wind? All this was done by steam, the simplest water vapor that plays with the lid of your teapot, “sings” in the samovar and rises above the surface of boiling water in white puffs. You have never paid attention to it before, and it never occurred to you that water vapor, which is not needed for anything, could do such a huge job, conquer land, water and air and create almost all modern industry. Sent a book Stankevich Leonid. |
10.1 Mb |
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Shchurov M.V. Guide to Internal Combustion Engines. Moscow-Leningrad: State Energy Publishing House, 1955. The book discusses the structure and principles of operation of engines of types common in the USSR, instructions for caring for engines, organizing their repairs, basic repair work, provides information on the economics of engines and the assessment of their power and load, and highlights the organization of the workplace and the work of the driver. Sent a book Stankevich Leonid. |
11.5 Mb |
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Serebrennikov A. Foundations of the theory of steam engines and boilers. St. Petersburg: Printed in the printing house of Karl Wolf, 1860. At present, the science of the production of work in pairs is one of the knowledge that arouses the liveliest interest. Indeed, hardly any other science, in practical terms, has made such progress in such a short time as the use of steam for all kinds of applications. Sent a book Stankevich Leonid. |
109 Mb |
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High speed diesel engines 4Ch 10.5/13-2 and 6Ch 10.5/13-2. Description and maintenance instructions. Chief Editor eng. V.K.Serdyuk. Moscow - Kyiv: MASHGIZ, 1960. The book describes the designs and sets out the basic rules for the maintenance and care of diesel engines 4Ch 10.5 / 13-2 and 6Ch 10.5 / 13-2. The book is intended for mechanics and mechanics serving these diesel engines. Sent a book Stankevich Leonid. |
14.3 Mb |
| Pages >>> |
The steam engine throughout its history has had many variations of embodiment in metal. One of these incarnations was the steam rotary engine of mechanical engineer N.N. Tverskoy. This steam rotary engine (steam engine) was actively used in various fields of technology and transport. In the Russian technical tradition of the 19th century, such a rotary engine was called a rotary machine. The engine was distinguished by its durability, efficiency and high torque. But with the advent of steam turbines, it was forgotten. Below are archival materials raised by the author of this site. The materials are very extensive, so for now only a part of them is presented here.
Trial scrolling with compressed air (3.5 atm) of a steam rotary engine.
The model is designed for 10 kW of power at 1500 rpm at a steam pressure of 28-30 atm.
At the end of the 19th century, steam engines - "N. Tverskoy's rotary engines" were forgotten because reciprocating steam engines turned out to be simpler and more technologically advanced in production (for the industries of that time), and steam turbines gave more power.
But the remark regarding steam turbines is true only in their large weight and overall dimensions. Indeed, with a power of more than 1.5-2 thousand kW, steam multi-cylinder turbines outperform steam rotary engines in all respects, even with the high cost of turbines. And at the beginning of the 20th century, when ship power plants and power units of power plants began to have a capacity of many tens of thousands of kilowatts, then only turbines could provide such opportunities.
BUT - steam turbines have another disadvantage. When scaling their mass-dimensional parameters downwards, the performance characteristics of steam turbines deteriorate sharply. The specific power is significantly reduced, the efficiency drops, while the high cost of manufacture and high revolutions of the main shaft (the need for a gearbox) remain. That is why - in the power range of less than 1.5 thousand kW (1.5 MW), it is almost impossible to find an efficient steam turbine in all respects, even for a lot of money ...
That is why a whole “bouquet” of exotic and little-known designs appeared in this power range. But most often, just as expensive and inefficient ... Screw turbines, Tesla turbines, axial turbines, and so on.
But for some reason, everyone forgot about the steam "rotary machines" - rotary steam engines. Meanwhile, these steam engines are many times cheaper than any bladed and screw mechanisms (I say this with knowledge of the matter, as a person who has already manufactured more than a dozen such machines with his own money). At the same time, the steam “rotary machines of N. Tverskoy” have a powerful torque from the smallest revolutions, have an average frequency of rotation of the main shaft at full revolutions from 1000 to 3000 rpm. Those. such machines, even for an electric generator, even for a steam car (car-truck, tractor, tractor) - will not require a gearbox, coupling, etc., but will be directly connected with their shaft to a dynamo, wheels of a steam car, etc.
So, in the form of a steam rotary engine - the “N. Tversky rotary engine” system, we have a universal steam engine that will perfectly generate electricity from a solid fuel boiler in a remote forestry or taiga village, on a field camp or generate electricity in a boiler house of a rural settlement or "spin" on the waste of process heat (hot air) in a brick or cement plant, in a foundry, etc., etc.
All such heat sources just have a power of less than 1 mW, and therefore conventional turbines are of little use here. And other machines for heat recovery by converting the pressure of the resulting steam into operation are not yet known by general technical practice. So this heat is not utilized in any way - it is simply lost stupidly and irretrievably.
I have already created a "steam rotary machine" to drive an electric generator of 3.5 - 5 kW (depending on the pressure in the steam), if everything goes as planned, there will soon be a machine of 25 and 40 kW. Just what is needed to provide cheap electricity from a solid fuel boiler or waste industrial heat to a rural estate, a small farm, a field camp, etc., etc.
In principle, rotary engines scale well upwards, therefore, by mounting many rotor sections on one shaft, it is easy to multiply the power of such machines by simply increasing the number of standard rotor modules. That is, it is quite possible to create steam rotary machines with a power of 80-160-240-320 kW or more ...
But, in addition to medium and relatively large steam power plants, steam power circuits with small steam rotary engines will also be in demand in small power plants.
For example, one of my inventions is “Camping-tourist electric generator using local solid fuel”.
Below is a video where a simplified prototype of such a device is being tested.
But the small steam engine is already merrily and energetically spinning its electric generator and is generating electricity using wood and other pasture fuel.
The main direction of commercial and technical application of steam rotary engines (rotary steam engines) is the generation of cheap electricity using cheap solid fuel and combustible waste. Those. small power - distributed power generation on steam rotary engines. Imagine how a rotary steam engine will fit perfectly into the scheme of operation of a sawmill-sawmill, somewhere in the Russian North or in Siberia (Far East) where there is no central power supply, electricity is provided by a diesel generator on a diesel fuel imported from afar. But the sawmill itself produces at least half a ton of wood chips-sawdust per day - croaker, which has nowhere to go ...
Such wood waste is a direct road to the boiler furnace, the boiler gives high-pressure steam, the steam drives a rotary steam engine, which turns an electric generator.
In the same way, it is possible to burn millions of tons of crop waste from agriculture, unlimited in volume, and so on. And there is also cheap peat, cheap thermal coal, and so on. The author of the site calculated that the fuel costs for generating electricity through a small steam power plant (steam engine) with a 500 kW steam rotary engine will be from 0.8 to 1,
2 rubles per kilowatt.
Another interesting application of a steam rotary engine is the installation of such a steam engine on a steam car. The truck is a tractor steam car, with powerful torque and using cheap solid fuel - a very necessary steam engine in agriculture and in the forestry industry. With the use of modern technologies and materials, as well as the use of the "Organic Rankine cycle" in the thermodynamic cycle, it will be possible to bring the effective efficiency up to 26-28% on cheap solid fuel (or inexpensive liquid, such as "furnace oil" or used engine oil). Those. truck - tractor with a steam engine
and a rotary steam engine with a power of about 100 kW, will consume about 25-28 kg of thermal coal per 100 km (cost 5-6 rubles per kg) or about 40-45 kg of sawdust chips (the price of which in the North is take away for nothing) ...
There are many more interesting and promising applications of the rotary steam engine, but the size of this page does not allow us to consider all of them in detail. As a result, the steam engine can still occupy a very prominent place in many areas of modern technology and in many branches of the national economy.
LAUNCHES OF THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF A STEAM-POWERED ELECTRIC GENERATOR WITH A STEAM ENGINE
May -2018 After lengthy experiments and prototypes, a small high-pressure boiler was made. The boiler is pressurized to 80 atm pressure, so it will keep the operating pressure at 40-60 atm without difficulty. It was put into operation with an experimental model of an axial-piston steam engine of my own design. Works great - watch the video. In 12-14 minutes from ignition on wood, it is ready to give high-pressure steam.
Now I am starting to prepare for the piece production of such installations - a high-pressure boiler, a steam engine (rotary or axial piston), a condenser. The units will operate in a closed circuit with a circulation of "water-steam-condensate".
The demand for such generators is very high, because 60% of the territory of Russia do not have a central power supply and are sitting on diesel generation. And the price of diesel fuel is growing all the time and has already reached 41-42 rubles per liter. Yes, and where there is electricity, energy companies are raising tariffs, and they require a lot of money to connect new capacities.
For the first time infa about this engine appeared on the sites of scientific innovations in the world about 15 years ago. Cool appearance, but ... And what, in fact, is revolutionary? The principle of converting the movement of the pistons into rotational, is equivalent to a standard plunger hydraulic motor, in which several pistons cause the disk to rotate with a beveled end. And the rotating spool used for steam distribution is also widely used in pneumatics, and is structurally inferior to the classic box spool of steam engines. In this, the tightness drops as it wears out, but in the box-shaped it does not.
What are the other benefits of this system? A piece of flexible cable limits the real power of this drive to tens of watts, or fractions of a gram per meter, if you take it in terms of torque.
As for the motors - "utilizers" of residual heat remaining in the exhaust, coolant and other "waste products" of more powerful heat engines, then Stirling is out of competition. S.k. Able to work at temperature differences less than 100 degrees.
Well, the application for innovative compactness is also in question. A steam engine of the classical scheme and equal working volume will have approximately the same dimensions as Green's.
There are very interesting steam engines that can be put on cars and they have high efficiency. These steam engines develop a very high engine power on cheap fuel: peat, coal, wood pellets. Such a steam engine can be installed on a car - and you will have your own wood-fired steam car. And you can get cheap electricity.
IN last years a new direction emerged in modeling. It was inspired by animator Yi-Wei Huang, who apparently liked the idea of bringing cartoon characters to life without the help of computer graphics. The whole highlight lies in the fact that in his “toys” he uses not batteries, but miniature steam engines that he makes with his own hands. I-Wei draws his inspiration from the direction of science fiction called "steampunk", or "steampunk". "Steampunk" is an alternative to "cyberpunk" that developed in the early nineties, characterized by total computerization.
In turn, steampunk is based on the history of Victorian England with its huge rumbling and groaning machines, soot and power. Steampunk motifs appear in a wide variety of works of modern art and it is not surprising that they came to modeling. Now the cartoon characters will have new life, albeit on a toy scale. I-Wei assembled the first "toy" in 2005. Since then, he has been assembling with his own hands an average of one mechanism per month. Most of this time is spent on giving elegance to models equipped with bulky tanks and steam boilers. That's where, by the way, came his animation talent.
Another confirmation of which were several prize-winning places at the RoboGames-2006 festival. No matter how blasphemous it may seem to the Russian soul, I-Vey's brainchildren work on alcohol. And although this is not the only option, it is precisely such fuel that he considers optimal for his robots. Depending on the model, their operating time ranges from five minutes to half an hour.
However, he has not yet completely abandoned batteries, although their energy is spent exclusively on organizing a radio control system. But it is unlikely that his toys will soon appear on store shelves, because their content implies special safety requirements that must be adequate to mechanisms that work on alcohol and under sufficiently high pressure.
steam engine efficiency
Firewood - the last century. Interestingly, this thread is in the modeling section, and discusses unique designs for real use. It seems to me that a steam car based on this principle is very interesting. In the country, for example, an UAZ-loaf is placed, inside it has a thermally insulated tank with steam of 250 degrees, on the roof of the tube under glass, connected to this tank, they are heated by the sun. During the week it just stands in the sun, on the weekend you arrived and you can drive 10 kilometers. What do you think, how comparable is it with the option solar panels+ battery?
Founded in 1890 in Hamburg as a marine engineering company, Spilling has always built its business on an innovative basis and is now a global brand for the production and supply of modular units, unit power 100 - 5000 kW for efficient use in decentralized energy supply systems. The most unique product of this firm are steam engines.
Spilling steam engines are the only ones of their kind in the world!
The steam engine combines the advantages of the thermodynamic characteristics of a reciprocating steam engine with design features contemporary diesel engines. Its unique design provides high reliability when used as a drive of an electric generator, also with a variable electrical load and a change in steam flow.
The advantage of this energy source for compact local power systems compared to the steam turbine option is the ease of operation and low cost of the steam engine. This makes it ideal for use in small to medium sized steam boilers, including:
- Power plants producing electricity from biofuels, capacity from 2 MW in terms of fuel
- Units for the use of exhaust steam with a flow rate of 2.5 t/h
- Waste incinerators.
The Spilling steam engine is optimal in combination with saturated steam boilers as well as medium pressure steam generators. At the same time, the modular principle of the piston engine design provides flexibility in the modernization of the boiler room for a wide range of customer requirements.
This is especially true during the reconstruction of steam boilers in order to increase its efficiency and produce its own electricity.
In power plants of small and medium power, which are often called mini-CHP, SPILLING as an engine to drive an electric generator or technological equipment Compared to a steam turbine with commensurate power and steam parameters, it is characterized by the following positive qualities:
- wide dynamic range of power control;
- practical insensitivity to steam quality;
- the possibility of direct drive of the electric generator or technological equipment without intermediate mechanical gears;
- high operational reliability and the need to have the minimum necessary technical infrastructure for servicing;
- lubrication system that prevents oil from entering steam.
The SPILLING steam engine is supplied with the power generator as a ready-to-operate unit, including an automatic control panel with program logic and an operator panel.
Technical data of steam engines
A team of enthusiasts calling themselves the British Steam Car Challenge, made up of racers, enthusiasts, and hobbyists alike, have been building the Inspiration car for years to break the speed record for steam-powered cars. The steam car speed record has been held since 1906. Then in the United States, racer Fred Marriot reached a speed of 205.44 kilometers per hour on a steam car built by the Stanley brothers.
Now, perhaps the record will be broken as the car passes the latest dynamic test program, scheduled for late March 2009, at the Ministry of Defense site near Chichester, West Sussex. This will be the last time the car is tested in the UK before being transported to the US in an attempt to set a world speed record. ground vehicle with a steam engine.
At one time, the chief designer of the team, Glynn Bowscher, had a difficult task, because it is not easy to achieve high power from a steam engine with a small size and weight of the installation. It was planned that steam plant Bowsher will develop up to 300 horsepower on the shaft at a turbine speed of 12 thousand per minute, and besides, it will fit in the narrow and low body of Inspiration. Its length, by the way, is 5.25 meters; width - 1.7 meters; height - 1.1 meters.
Liquefied propane is used as fuel. Four steam generators are located behind the driver. Each steam generator contains 28 thin horizontal tubes made of heat-resistant of stainless steel. It is they who occupy the main volume inside the car, and supply the steam engine with about 10 kilograms of steam per minute. Steam pressure and temperature are about 40 atmospheres and over 380 degrees Celsius. Each steam generator can be controlled separately, which increases the reliability of the system. The steam is directed through four nozzles to a two-stage steam turbine, which, through a reduction gear, rotates the rear wheels of the machine. Turbine diameter - 33 centimeters.
Engineers expect that the car will be able to accelerate to 320 kilometers per hour, but if we take into account the low coefficient of streamlining of the body - only 0.2, then the speed can be higher.
The main and very valuable advantage of steam engines today is the low content of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of steam engines, especially if they use gas like Inspiration.
British enthusiasts hope that they can not only break the speed record for cars with a steam engine, but also draw public attention to the environmental friendliness of steam cars.
Sources: steampunker.ru, diy.infcat.ru, www.chipmaker.ru, www.hansaenergo.ru, techvesti.ru
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An article with this title was published in the journal "Inventor and Rationalizer" No. 7, 1967. It said that if the steam engine had not been consigned to oblivion, but continued to improve, then today it would be out of competition.
Despite the rapid development automotive industry and bringing the internal combustion engine (ICE) to seeming perfection, the topic of the steam engine still appears again and again in various publications, trying to attract public attention. What caused it?
First of all, despite its serious shortcomings, the steam engine has very good advantages that no other engine known to mankind has. This is the ultimate design simplicity, reliability, durability, low cost, environmental friendliness, noiselessness, high efficiency and much more. Even the great Einstein said that: “Perfection is not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away.” In a steam engine, everything is so functional that there really is nothing to take away from it. The modern internal combustion engine, on the contrary, is so "stuffed" with numerous additions and auxiliary mechanisms and appliances that it seems there is nothing more to add.
But all these are insignificant trifles, in comparison with the fact that traffic fumes are detrimental to all life on our planet. When cars were a luxury and not every person could afford to buy one, then there were still few cars and they could not bring significant harm, either to people or wildlife. Today the situation has changed. A car has long ceased to be a luxury (although there are very expensive and exclusive models) and is a really necessary means of transportation, quite affordable for many people of average, and even not very average income. This has led to the fact that the number of cars is increasing every year more and more, and hence the harm to everything around, from exhaust gases, increases many times. This is especially noticeable in large cities and on busy highways. Environmentalists are sounding the alarm, all life is dying from the exhaust gases of a huge mass of cars, buildings are being destroyed, the road surface is deteriorating, clouds of poisonous fog are hanging in the air.
Some automotive firms are actively working to solve this problem and are trying to create an environmentally friendly clean car, or at least reduce the damage caused by the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. However, all these attempts are ineffective. Meanwhile, the use of the steam engine on modern cars, in its modern interpretation, would allow solving the problem of ecology in full and in a relatively short time.
Back in the eighties of the last century, in one of the issues of the Youth Technique magazine, an article “Steam Again” was published, which also considered the prospect of using a steam engine in road transport. This article mentioned a German inventor who redesigned his Volkswagen Beetle with a steam engine. 
It turned out a unique car with amazing technical characteristics. Instead of a traditional, bulky steam boiler, the inventor installed a compact device that resembles a car radiator. Gas engine"Volkswagen" has been redone, some details have been strengthened. To produce steam, liquid fuel injectors. Ignition was carried out using glow plugs. It took 5-7 minutes to warm up and achieve a working steam pressure of 70 atmospheres. Engine power was 40 hp, became 240 hp. The car could start off so smoothly that it was impossible to determine the moment of the start of movement, or it could “Jump” so sharply that the rubber on the wheels could not stand it. At full forward, the driver could easily switch the steam lever to full reverse. A professional test driver for new cars, after driving a steam-powered Volkswagen, wrote an enthusiastic review in which he claimed that he had given a characteristic to many cars; smooth running, silent, torquey, and so on, but only after driving a steam car, I truly appreciated these qualities.
There are not so many examples of creating home-made steam cars by craftsmen, but even today there are still adherents of a steam car that is unique in its properties, and the author of this article is one of them. What attracts us to the forgotten steam engine? First of all, its extreme simplicity and reliability. One Englishman drove a steam car for 40 years and, during all this time, never once looked into the engine. Which of the modern drivers can boast of the same? In addition, and this is very important today, a steam engine can run on almost any, the cheapest fuel and, at the same time, does not harm the environment, since the fuel burns in a special furnace, burns completely, and there is no harmful waste. Why is the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine harmful to the environment? Because the fuel does not burn completely and, together with the gases, fuel residues are thrown into the air in a sprayed, aerosol state. These fatty micro-particles of oil settle on the lungs of people and all living things, on the road surface, on plants. on houses, and on everything around, covering with a dense, oily film, which destroys all living things.
At one time, steam engines were abandoned in favor of an internal combustion engine because, for all its shortcomings, the internal combustion engine was much more compact, and this was very important, and it was for road transport, because steam locomotives were used for a long time on railways, and steamboats too. The bulky steam boilers were to blame.
Modern technology makes it easy to eliminate the old shortcomings of the steam engine and create a compact, economical, simple and reliable engine, which may well replace the complex and expensive internal combustion engine. For example, a former steam boiler can be replaced with a compact heat exchanger, the size of a car radiator. The fuel can be low grade liquid fuels or gas. We all know that steam locomotives emit a rather loud "puff" during movement, accompanied by the release of clubs of hot steam. This disadvantage is also easily eliminated. It is useful to send the exhaust steam to heat the water supply, in water tanks, which will significantly save fuel consumption, and at the same time even out the steam pulsation, ensuring a more uniform jet exit, which will significantly reduce noise.
