From the history of domestic tractor building.

21.06.2019

Not to say that I would be a true fan of the tractor. But I have great respect for any heavy equipment, and I have separate warm feelings for tractors. He is beautiful, rumbles pleasantly and has many benefits: for example, you can follow him on a bicycle and ride forty kilometers an hour without stress. In general, I love the tractor. Therefore, an unplanned visit to the Tractor History Museum in Cheboksary caused me a special thrill. Here I was lucky twice: firstly, we were not going to stop by the capital of Chuvashia, but we had to visit it on the way from Nizhny Novgorod on one trifling working matter, and secondly, we ended up in a museum that was not yet officially open, and they let us in with the wording “okay, come in, since you’ve arrived.” We went in and were pleasantly surprised. In contrast to the Nizhny Novgorod technical museums, which were rather based on enthusiasm, which we walked around in droves during that trip, here good financial injections were clearly added to the enthusiasm: they obviously invested quite a lot in the interior. Actually, a rather big sign on the facade of the museum spoke about the non-poverty of the museum. And the interior is finished quite modernly, reproductions of old Soviet posters with tractors hang in the lobby, everything is decorated in a restrained and pleasant way.

The exposition is to match: slender, neat, well-lit shelves with exhibits - from the tools of ancient farmers to futuristic sketches, light boxes, shelves with models, books, albums, and a lot of historical material, photographs and posters. Too bad our spontaneous visit didn't include excursions; a detailed story of the guide would add cognitive value to this cultural trip.

Museum dioramas deserve special mention. Nicely made, good quality. Covering times from the distant past to the present and even the future. Here, for example, "The evolution of the plow and traction force":

Fragment of the interior of the forge:

Closer to our times. Locksmith workshop:

"In the Diamond Quarry"

"In the ancient forests". Pathetic name :)

(Un)probable future. "Cetra Tractor on Mars"

A separate song - models and layouts. There is an incredible amount of them here! In the first halls devoted to history, there are not so many of them, but towards the end of the exposition, rows of racks are waiting, densely packed with a variety of models - not only tractors, but also excavators, bulldozers, cranes, dump trucks, combines. Real abundance in 1:43 scale! There are so many “models” that I couldn’t photograph them all, and grumbling about the blatant lack of spirituality in relation to visitors, I limited myself to a panorama, into which all the racks still did not fit.

But the most "delicious" is found at the end. In the last hall, it would be more accurate to call it a hangar - a large, spacious, bright hangar, there is a collection of real tractors, from ancient rarities to modern designs. Two dozen wheeled and tracked vehicles, beautifully restored and painted in elegant colors. A feast for the eyes!

The oldest exhibit is the Fordson-Putilovets, the first-born of the Soviet tractor industry, copied from the American Fordson F, produced in the USA since 1917. Fordson was one of the most popular, simple and cheap light tractors in the world at that time. "FP" was produced at the Putilov plant in Leningrad from 1924 to 1932. It was the first tractor in the world to have a frameless design and the first to be mass-produced.

The simplicity of design, ease of operation, low cost and low metal consumption made the Putilovets the most popular Soviet tractor of its time, and its production was constantly increasing, reaching tens of thousands of units per year. But the simplicity and cheapness of the design had back side. Far from perfect was the ignition system, which gave the factory workers a lot of trouble. Repair of some components of the structure was difficult. The 20-horsepower engine lacked power, and under heavy work conditions, it overheated due to the design features of the lubrication system. Ford's design was designed for a much more gentle operation in medium-sized farms, and not for shock work on collective farm fields. Finally, the absence of fenders on the rear wheels turned into inconvenience for the driver: not only could they easily throw mud at him, the open spurs of the wheels could inflict injury on him (Apparently, this drawback was subsequently eliminated. museum exhibit there are wings, they are also found in some historical photographs).

In the early 30s of the XX century, Putilovets was replaced by a more technically advanced STZ (SKhTZ) -15/30. The history of its appearance is curious. Already in 1925, when the production of "FP" in Leningrad had just begun, the authorities started talking about the need to build a specialized plant for the production of tractors. Since there was practically no experience of own tractor building in the USSR, they again decided to take a foreign design as a basis, but this time on a competitive basis. Five young engineers were given the task, at their own discretion, to take as a basis the project of any foreign tractor and present it to the commission for protection. In the summer of 1926, the commission chose the International 10/20 project of the American firm McCormick Deering. A year later, an industrial assignment was approved for the construction of a plant in Stalingrad with an annual production of 10,000 tractors of this type, and a year later it was decided to double the design capacity of the plant.

Tractor McCormick Deering International 10/20:

But in the meantime, the McCormick Deering International 15/30 tractor won the first place at the international testing competition, and the factory project was redesigned again: now it was supposed to produce 40,000 International 15/30 tractors annually! The first STZ-15/30 left the gates of the largest tractor plant in 1930, and the STZ reached its design capacity only in 1932, having overcome "childhood illnesses" with great difficulty. By this time, the production of a tractor of the same design was also established at the Kharkov plant, where it received the designation SHTZ-15/30.

The design of the STZ-15/30 was more advanced than the Putilovets. More powerful engine (30 hp), lubrication system with oil pump and filter, oil air cleaner. The engine was started manually, with a "crooked starter", and the collective farmers in their own way deciphered the abbreviation KhTZ: "hell start the tractor." On the assembly line, 15/30 lasted until 1937, when both plants that produced it were redesigned to produce the STZ-NATI caterpillar tractor. In 1948-50, the tractor was produced by the Second Automobile Repair Plant in Moscow. In total, almost 400,000 of these tractors were produced.

"Fordson-Putilovets" and STZ-15/30 were suitable for arable work, but were not suitable for tilled. For a row-crop tractor, the wheel arrangement must exactly correspond to the distance between the rows, which varies by one and a half meters for different crops. A row-crop tractor, in addition, must be reliable in control and not “scour” when moving from side to side, and the height of the ground clearance must take into account the height of the cultivated plants - and this is only a small part of the basic requirements for such machines. In the early 1930s, designers tried to create a row-crop tractor based on the Putilovets and STZ-15/30, but tests showed that such measures were indispensable, and the specialists of the Scientific Auto Tractor Institute (NATI) were instructed to develop a row crop.

Again, the American McCormick Farmall was taken as the basis, as the most successful design of that time. When adapting the universal american car to Soviet realities, engineers faced a number of problems. For example, it turned out that it was not possible to create a universal tractor suitable for processing all crops cultivated in the Union. Therefore, for the first time in world practice, two modifications of the tractor were simultaneously developed at once - three- and four-wheeled (U-1 and U-2). In the 1940s, the U-3 and U-4 appeared to work with cotton.

Museum U-2:

The tractor, largely unified with the STZ-15/30, was named "Universal" and was mass-produced from 1934 to 1940 at the Krasny Putilovets Leningrad plant. From 1944 to 1955, the pioneer among domestic row-crop tractors was produced at the new tractor plant in Vladimir. By the way, "Universal" became the first Soviet tractor, which was exported abroad.

The three-wheeled U-4, designed for the installation of cotton pickers, received pneumatic tires for the first time in the USSR:

At the end of the 30s, the question arose of the production of a medium tractor, which would take an intermediate position between the low-power STZ-15/30 and the heavy STHZ-NATI with a power of 52 hp. The history of the appearance of such a model stretched for a decade and a half - the first prototypes of a machine of this class were developed back in 1932-33. at the Kharkov Tractor Plant, but there they soon took over the production of the STHZ-NATI already mentioned above, and continued the development of a medium-power tractor at the Kirov Plant, where from 1936 to 1939 they created eight modifications based on the Caterpillar R-2. But soon the outbreak of World War II interrupted design research until 1943, when specialists were recalled from the front and entrusted with the development of a medium caterpillar tractor, which could be used both as an arable and row-crop tractor, and for the production of a tractor the plant in Lipetsk was reconstructed. In December 1944, the first batch of K-35s with a ZIS-5T gasoline engine was sent to the Crimea and the North Caucasus. Modified according to the test results in the second half of 1946, they were tested in Armavir, after which they were approved for mass production, and the creators of the K-35 were awarded two state awards - for the tractor and separately for its diesel engine. In 1950, a modification of the KDP-35 appeared - "Kirov Diesel Row".

KD-35 was produced, except for Lipetsk, at the Minsk MTZ and in Brasov (Romania). It turned out to be a long-liver: it was produced until 1960, and many of its units were used on the T-38 / T-38M that replaced it on the conveyor until 1973.

The T-38 eliminated all the shortcomings of the KDP-35. The designers increased the reliability and service life of the undercarriage, used centralized lubrication of the rollers, which reduced their maintenance time by several times, increased the smoothness of the ride, and improved stability. To perform general-purpose work, a second, wide pair of caterpillars was attached to the tractor.

The first Soviet small-sized tractor, KhTZ-7, produced from 1950 to 1956 in Kharkov. Designed for light agricultural work in vegetable growing and horticulture with trailed and mounted agricultural implements. It had a 12-horsepower gasoline engine. The design allows you to adjust ground clearance, track width, work in reverse mode, for which the position of the controls and the driver's seat changed. Through the power take-off shaft, stationary machines could be driven to the drive pulley. The rear wheels could be filled with water to increase traction.

In my opinion, KhTZ-7 is one of the most beautiful exhibits of the museum.

KhTZ-7 evolved into diesel DT-14, and that, in turn, into DT-20. Produced from 1958 to 1969. The DT-20 was very versatile - it also had adjustable ground clearance and track width, the driver's workplace was transformed to work with front-line agricultural machines in reverse, and even the wheelbase could change.

Perhaps the most dandy coloring can boast of one of the two presented in the museum "Vladimir" T-28. If the first, inconspicuous blue gray, modestly nestled in the corner behind one of the Universals, then the second one stands in the very center of the hall and attracts attention with a bright and contrasting purple-yellow color. Stilyaga, not otherwise! The time of its release just coincided with the heyday of this youth subculture in the Union: 1958-1964. The design of the T-28, which became a further development of the T-24, was so successful that the Vladimirets was awarded the first prize and the Grand Gold Medal at the World Exhibition in Brussels.

In 1946, in Minsk, on the basis of the 453rd aviation plant, a new tractor-building enterprise was created - the Minsk Tractor Plant, MTZ. Starting with the assembly of plows first, and then starting engines, the plant soon began production of KD-35 tractors. And since 1953, the MTZ-1 and MTZ-2 of their own design went into the series. A few years later, as a result of a thorough modernization, the MTZ-50 tractor appeared, one of the most successful and widespread tractor designs in the USSR. It's no joke - constantly changing, "fifty dollars" rolled off the assembly line for 23 years - from 1962 to 1985, after which it was produced for some time in limited quantities for export, and in the 90s, having experienced another reincarnation, returned to the market under the brand name "Belarus- 500". The total number of produced MTZ-50s is more than 1,250,000 pieces.

The tractor was equipped with a 55 hp diesel engine, the transmission had 9 forward speeds and 2 rear ones.

Several modifications were produced. For example, the all-wheel drive MTZ-52, the leading front axle of which is automatically activated depending on road conditions.

And this is the cotton-growing version of the MTZ-50X with a double front wheel. Produced jointly with the Tashkent Tractor Plant.

An experimental tractor of the Lipetsk Tractor Plant with all driven steered wheels, a central cab, an engine located above the front axle. The permanent drive was front, the rear axle was connected automatically when the front wheels slipped. The tractor did not go into the series.

Caterpillar high power tractor DT-74, designed for agricultural, land reclamation and road construction works. Produced at the Kharkov plant from 1960 to 1984.

The most massive caterpillar tractor in the USSR is the DT-75, which has gained fame for its good performance and low cost compared to its counterparts. It has been produced in various modifications since 1962 to this day - of course, constantly being modernized - in Volgograd, from 1968 to 1992 it was also produced in Pavlodar under the brand name "Kazakhstan". Those of the modifications that have an increased fuel tank located to the left of the driver's cab, and she herself was shifted to the right of the longitudinal axis of the tractor, received the nickname "postman". This cabin appeared in 1978. The museum DT-75, painted in authentic red, has a “postman's” cabin. The tractor was awarded the Gold Prize at the Leipzig International Fair in 1965.

DT-75M early release with old cab:

And this, in my opinion, is the main show-stopper of the entire museum: the arable tracked "Altai" T-4, produced at the Altai Tractor Plant from 1964 to 1970, and until 1998 as the T-4A. In the museum, apparently, there is a transitional model - with a new cabin from the T-4A, but an old-style engine hood. T-4(A), common in the virgin lands of Siberia and Kazakhstan, were powerful and adapted for hard work on irrigated soils. They were not very pleasant in operation - the caterpillar design was unreliable, the tractor was difficult to maintain, and in summer and autumn, due to the low (only 9 km / h) speed, the T-4s were idle, because they were not suitable for work of this period.

But all this is not so important. The most important thing is what exactly this museum "Altai" is. It is, in fact, cut along. As in a visual aid, in a drawing in a textbook or on a poster, the interior of the tractor, its components and parts are shown in section; you can look inside and get an idea of \u200b\u200btheir device. Well, how can you not admire?!

Two modern "babies" come from Kurgan. Quite familiar to the city dweller is the “multi-purpose utility construction machine” MKSM-800 ...

And a KMZ-12 mini-tractor. Both machines are designed to work with a variety of attachments - from cargo forks to concrete mixers.

But on the open area of the museum are the largest exhibits. Here is another veteran of Soviet construction projects, the Chelyabinsk "weaving" T-100. On board it is written S-100, although the cockpit with a beveled "forehead" is clearly from the "teshki"; Wikipedia tells us that "the T-100 tractor was often traditionally called the S-100." Produced from the mid 60s to the late 70s. In 1968 he received a gold medal at an international exhibition.

ChTZ T-170, a descendant of the "hundred part", which went into series in 1988. By this time, its design was already quite outdated compared to foreign analogues. For example, friction clutches were inherited from the Stalinist S-80 of the 1946 model. The advantages of the T-170 include simplicity of design and low cost compared to analogues.

The most important giant of the exposition is the heavy industrial tractor Chetra T-330, "Cheboksary". The firstborn of the Cheboksary Tractor Plant appeared in the mid-1970s and was then a completely modern unit. A rare solution for bulldozers used on it is a cab shifted forward, which improves visibility. The dimensions of the tractor are really impressive: length - 10.4 meters, height - more than 4! And it looks impressive: in front - a bulldozer blade with a human height, behind a predatory sting hangs a ripper. Brutal handsome man!

Excellent museum. A pleasant combination of love for your work and financial support. Not every technical museum is so lucky. In addition to the traditional exposition, they say, there is also an interactive part - virtual tours of the country's factories and 3D design modeling for everyone. With all this, ticket prices are quite democratic: an adult ticket costs 25 rubles, photography, it seems, another 50. Only the situation with the website is not entirely clear: it looks clearly unfinished. But this, perhaps, is not a very significant "fly in the ointment." Considering that this museum is the only one of its kind, it definitely becomes a must-visit.

It needed speedy mechanization, and there were no own factories in the country. Realizing the need to increase labor productivity in the countryside, V. I. Lenin in 1920 signed the corresponding decree "On a single tractor farm." Already in 1922, small-scale production began domestic models"Kolomenets" and "Zaporozhets". The first tractors of the USSR were technically imperfect and low-power, but after two five-year plans a breakthrough came in the construction of specialized enterprises.

"Russian" first-born

Russia has always been famous for its inventors, but not all ideas have been put into practice. Back in the 18th century, the agronomist I. M. Komov raised the topic of the mechanization of agriculture. In the middle of the 19th century, V.P. Guryev, and then D.A. Zagryazhsky, developed steam tractors for plowing. In 1888, F. A. Blinov made and tested the first caterpillar steam tractor. However, the device turned out to be unnecessarily bulky. However, officially the year of birth Russian tractor industry 1896 is considered to be the year when the world's first steam caterpillar tractor was publicly demonstrated at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

On the threshold of the 20th century, designer Ya. V. Mamin (a student of Blinov) invented a compressorless engine high compression operating on heavy fuel. It was more suitable than any other for use in wheeled tracked vehicles. In 1911, he also assembled the first domestic tractor with an 18-kilowatt engine. internal combustion, which received the patriotic name "Russian". After modernization, a more powerful engine appeared on it - by 33 kW. Their small-scale production was established at the Balakovo plant - until 1914, about a hundred units were produced.

In addition to Balakovo, piece tractors were produced in Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvenkovo, Kichkas and a number of other settlements. But the total production of all tractors at domestic enterprises was so small that it had practically no effect on the situation in agriculture. In 1913, the total number of this equipment is estimated at 165 copies. On the other hand, foreign agricultural equipment was actively purchased: by 1917, 1,500 tractors were imported into the Russian Empire.

History of tractors in the USSR

At the initiative of Lenin, the development and production of mechanized agricultural machinery was given Special attention. The principle of a single tractor economy assumed not only the production of "iron horses", as the tractor was called, but also a set of measures to organize a research and testing base, organize the supply of spare parts and repairs, open courses for masters, instructors and tractor drivers.

The first tractor in the USSR was produced in 1922. The founder of the national school of tractor building, E. D. Lvov, became the project manager. The wheeled vehicle was named "Kolomenets-1" and symbolized the beginning new era in the village. Lenin, despite a serious illness, personally congratulated the designers on their success.

In the same year, the Krasny Progress enterprise produced the Zaporozhets tractor in Kichkas. The model was not perfect. There was only one leader rear wheel. A low-power two-stroke 8.8 kW motor accelerated " iron horse» up to 3.4 km/h. There was only one gear, forward. Power on the hook - 4.4 kW. But this vehicle also greatly facilitated the work of the villagers.

The legendary inventor Mamin did not sit idle. He improved his pre-revolutionary design. In 1924, the tractors of the USSR were replenished with models of the Karlik family:

Three-wheeled "Karlik-1" with one gear and a speed of 3-4 km / h.
Four-wheeled "Karlik-2" with reverse.

Adopting foreign experience

While the tractors of the USSR were “building up their muscles”, and Soviet designers were mastering a new direction for themselves, the government decided to start producing foreign equipment under license. In 1923, at the Kharkov plant, the caterpillar Kommunar, which was the heir to german model"Ganomag Z-50". They were mainly used in the army for transporting artillery pieces until 1945 (and later).

In 1924, the Leningrad plant "Krasny Putilovets" (the future Kirovsky) mastered the production of a cheap and structurally simple "American" of the Fordson company. The old USSR tractors of this brand have proven themselves quite well. They were head and shoulders above both Zaporozhets and Kolomenets. The carburetor kerosene engine (14.7 kW) developed a speed of up to 10.8 km / h, the power on the hook was 6.6 kW. Gearbox - three-speed. The model was produced until 1932. In fact, this was the first large-scale production of this technique.

Construction of tractor factories

It became obvious that in order to provide collective farms with productive tractors, it was necessary to build specialized factories that would combine science, design bureaus and production facilities. The initiator of the project was F. E. Dzerzhinsky. According to the concept, it was planned to equip new enterprises with modern equipment and mass-produce cheap and reliable wheeled and tracked models.

The first large-scale production of tractors in the USSR was established in Stalingrad. Subsequently, the capacities of the Kharkov and Leningrad plants were significantly expanded. Large enterprises appeared in Chelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul and other cities of the USSR.

Stalingrad Tractor Plant

Stalingrad became the city where the first large tractor plant was built from scratch. Due to the strategic position (at the intersection of supplies of Baku oil, Ural metal and Donbass coal) and the availability of a qualified army work force he won the competition from Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. In 1925, a resolution was adopted on the construction of a modern enterprise, and in 1930 the legendary wheeled tractors of the USSR of the STZ-1 brand left the assembly line. In the future, a wide range of wheeled and tracked models was produced here.

TO Soviet period relate:

STZ-1 (wheeled, 1930).
SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).
STZ-3 (caterpillar, 1937).
SHTZ-NATI (caterpillar, 1937).
DT-54 (tracked, 1949).
DT-75 (tracked, 1963).
DT-175 (tracked, 1986).

In 2005 Volgograd tractor ny (former STZ) was declared bankrupt. VgTZ became its successor.

DT-54

Caterpillar tractors of the USSR in the middle of the 20th century became widespread, they surpassed wheeled ones in the number of models. An excellent example of general-purpose agricultural machinery is the DT-54 tractor, produced in 1949-1979. It was produced at the Stalingrad, Kharkov and Altai plants with a total of 957,900 units. He "starred" in many films ("Ivan Brovkin in the virgin lands", "It was in Penkovo", "Kalina Krasnaya" and others), installed as a monument in dozens of settlements.

The D-54 brand engine is in-line, four-cylinder, four-stroke, liquid-cooled, rigidly mounted on the frame. The number of revolutions (power) of the motor is 1300 rpm (54 hp). A five-speed three-way gearbox with the main clutch is connected by a cardan drive. Working speed: 3.59-7.9 km/h, pulling force: 1000-2850 kg.

Kharkov Tractor Plant

Construction of KhTZ them. Sergo Ordzhonikidze began in 1930, 15 kilometers east of Kharkov. In total, the construction of the giant took 15 months. The first tractor left the conveyor on October 1, 1931 - it was a borrowed model of the Stalingrad plant SHTZ 15/30. But the main task was to create a domestic tractor of the Caterpillar type with a capacity of 50 horsepower. Here, the team of designer P.I. Andrusenko developed a promising diesel unit that could be installed on all caterpillar tractors of the USSR. In 1937, the plant launched a modernized tracked model based on SKhTZ-NATI into a series. The main innovation was a more economical and at the same time more productive diesel engine.

With the outbreak of war, the enterprise was evacuated to Barnaul, where the Altai Tractor Plant was created on its basis. After the liberation of Kharkov in 1944, production was resumed at the same site - the legendary USSR tractors of the SHTZ-NATI model again went into series. The main models of HZT of the Soviet period:

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).
SHZT-NATI ITA (caterpillar, 1937).
KhTZ-7 (wheeled, 1949).
KhTZ-DT-54 (tracked, 1949).
DT-14 (tracked, 1955).
T-75 (tracked, 1960).
T-74 (tracked, 1962).
T-125 (tracked, 1962).
In the 70s, a radical reconstruction was carried out at KhTZ, but production did not stop. Emphasis was placed on the production of "three-ton" T-150K (wheeled) and T-150 (tracked). The energy-saturated T-150K on tests in the USA (1979) showed the best performance among world analogues, proving that the tractors of the USSR times were not inferior to foreign ones. In the late 80s, the KhTZ-180 and KhTZ-200 models were developed: they are 20% more economical than the 150th series and 50% more productive.
T-150
Tractors of the USSR were famous for their reliability. So the universal high-speed has earned a good reputation. It has a wide range of applications: transport, road construction, and agriculture. It is still used to transport goods on difficult terrain, in field work (plowing, peeling, cultivation, etc.), in earthworks. Able to transport trailers with a carrying capacity of 10-20 tons. For the T-150 (K), a turbocharged 6-cylinder liquid-cooled V-configuration diesel engine was specially developed.
Specifications T-150K:
- Width / length / height, m. - 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.
- Gauge, m. - 1.7 / 1.8.
- Weight, t. - 7.5 / 8.1.
- Power, hp - 150.
- Maximum speed, km / h - 31.
Minsk Tractor Plant
MTZ was founded on May 29, 1946 and is considered perhaps the most successful this moment an enterprise that has retained its capacities since the times of the USSR. At the end of 2013, over 21,000 people worked here. The plant holds 8-10% of the world tractor market and is strategic for Belarus. Produces a wide range of vehicles under the brand name "Belarus". By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, almost 3 million units of equipment had been produced.
- KD-35 (tracked, 1950).
- KT-12 (tracked, 1951).
- MTZ-1, MTZ-2 (wheeled, 1954).
- TDT-40 (tracked, 1956).
- MTZ-5 (wheeled, 1956).
- MTZ-7 (wheeled, 1957).
In 1960, a large-scale reconstruction of the Minsk plant began. In parallel with the installation of new equipment, the designers worked on the introduction of promising models of tractors: the MTZ-50 and the more powerful MTZ-52 with all-wheel drive. They went into the series, respectively, in 1961 and 1964. Since 1967, the tracked modification of the T-54V has been produced in various versions. If we talk about the unusual tractors of the USSR, then these can be considered modifications of the cotton-growing MTZ-50X with twin front wheels and increased ground clearance, which have been produced since 1969, as well as the steep MTZ-82K.
The next step was the MTZ-80 line (since 1974) - the most massive in the world, and special modifications MTZ-82R, MTZ-82N. Since the mid-80s, MTZ has mastered the technique of over a hundred horsepower: MTZ-102 (100 hp), MTZ-142 (150 hp), and low-power mini-tractors: 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. With.
KD-35
Crawler row-crop tractor is compact in size, easy to operate and repair. It was widely used in agriculture in the USSR and in the countries of the Warsaw Pact. Appointment - work with a plow and other hinged equipment. Since 1950, a modification of the KDP-35 was produced, which was distinguished by a smaller track width, a wider track and increased ground clearance.
Enough powerful motor D-35, respectively, gave out 37 liters. with., the gearbox had 5 steps (one back, five forward). The engine was economical: average consumption diesel fuel per 1 ha was 13 liters. A tank of fuel was enough for 10 hours of work - this was enough to plow 6 hectares of land. Since 1959, the model was equipped with a modernized D-40 power unit (45 hp) and an increased speed (1600 rpm). Also increased the reliability of the chassis.
Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant before the war
Talking about the tractor of the USSR, it is impossible to get around the story Chelyabinsk plant, which made a significant contribution to the production of peaceful equipment, and during the Second World War it became the forge of tanks and self-propelled guns. The famous ChTZ was built in an open field away from highways with the help of picks, crowbars and shovels. The decision to build was made in May 1929 at the 14th Congress of Soviets of the USSR. In June 1929, Leningradsky GIPROMEZ began work on the design of the plant. ChTZ was designed taking into account the experience of American auto and tractor enterprises, mainly Caterpillar.
From February to November 1930, a pilot plant was built and put into operation. This happened on November 7, 1930. The founding date of ChTZ is considered to be August 10, 1930, when the first foundations of the foundry were laid. On June 1, 1933, the first caterpillar tractor of Chelyabinsk workers, the Stalinets-60, left for the readiness line. In 1936, more than 61,000 tractors were produced. Now it is a retro-tractor of the USSR, and in the 30s, the S-60 model was almost twice as superior in performance as its counterparts from the Stalingrad and Kharkov plants.
In 1937, having simultaneously mastered the production of S-60 diesel engines, the plant switched to the production of more economical S-65 tractors. A year later, this tractor was awarded the highest Grand Prix award at an exhibition in Paris, and was also used to film the cult Soviet film Tractor Drivers. In 1940, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was ordered to switch to the production of military products - tanks, self-propelled guns, engines, spare parts.
Post-war history
Despite the difficulties of wartime, tractor builders did not forget about their favorite business. The thought arose: why not use the experience of the Americans? After all, in the United States during the war, the production of tractors did not stop. The analysis showed that the best of the models American tractors is D-7. In 1944, the development of documentation and design began.
After 2 years, simultaneously with the reconstruction of the plant, on January 5, 1946, the first S-80 tractor was produced. By 1948, the restructuring of the enterprise was completed, 20-25 units were produced per day tracked vehicles. In 1955, the design bureaus began work on the creation of a new, more powerful S-100 tractor and continued work to increase the durability of the S-80 tractor.
- S-60 (tracked, 1933).
- S-65 (tracked, 1937).
- S-80 (tracked, 1946).
- S-100 (tracked, 1956).
- DET-250 (caterpillar, 1957).
- T-100M (tracked, 1963).
- T-130 (tracked, 1969).
- T-800 (tracked, 1983).
- T-170 (tracked, 1988).
- DET-250M2 (caterpillar, 1989);
- T-10 (tracked, 1990).
DET-250
At the end of the 50s, the task was set: to design and manufacture prototypes of a tractor with a capacity of 250 horsepower for testing. From the very first steps, the authors of the new model abandoned the traditional and well-known paths. For the first time in the practice of Soviet tractor construction, they created a hermetic and comfortable cab with air conditioning. The driver could drive a heavy car with one hand. The result was an excellent tractor DET-250. The Committee of the VDNKh Council of the USSR awarded the plant for this model with a Gold Medal and a Diploma of the 1st degree.
Other manufacturers
Of course, not all tractor factories are represented in the list. Tractors of the USSR and Russia were also produced and are being produced at the Altai (Barnaul), Kirov (Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TZ, in Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) and other cities.

Array ( => Equipment, Tractors [~TAGS] => Equipment, Tractors => 59307 [~ID] => 59307 => Crawler tractors of the USSR. History of tractors in the USSR [~NAME] => Crawler tractors of the USSR. History of tractors in the USSR => 1 [~IBLOCK_ID] => 1 => 104 [~IBLOCK_SECTION_ID] => 104 =>

History of tractors in the USSR

Adopting foreign experience

STZ-1 (wheeled, 1930).

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

STZ-3 (caterpillar, 1937).

SHTZ-NATI (caterpillar, 1937).

DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-75 (tracked, 1963).

DT-175 (tracked, 1986).

Kharkov Tractor Plant

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

KhTZ-7 (wheeled, 1949).

KhTZ-DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-14 (tracked, 1955).

T-75 (tracked, 1960).

T-74 (tracked, 1962).

T-125 (tracked, 1962).

Gauge, m. - 1.7 / 1.8.

Mass, t. - 7.5 / 8.1.

Power, hp - 150.

Minsk Tractor Plant

KD-35 (tracked, 1950).

KT-12 (tracked, 1951).

TDT-40 (tracked, 1956).

MTZ-5 (wheeled, 1956).

MTZ-7 (wheeled, 1957).

Post-war history

S-60 (tracked, 1933).

S-65 (tracked, 1937).

S-80 (tracked, 1946).

S-100 (tracked, 1956).

DET-250 (caterpillar, 1957).

T-100M (tracked, 1963).

T-130 (tracked, 1969).

T-800 (tracked, 1983).

T-170 (tracked, 1988).

T-10 (tracked, 1990).

DET-250

Other manufacturers

[~DETAIL_TEXT] =>

In the USSR, close attention was paid to tractor construction. Agriculture needed speedy mechanization, and there were no own factories in the country. Realizing the need to increase labor productivity in the countryside, V. I. Lenin in 1920 signed the corresponding decree "On a single tractor farm." Already in 1922, small-scale production of domestic models "Kolomenets" and "Zaporozhets" began. The first tractors of the USSR were technically imperfect and low-power, but after two five-year plans a breakthrough came in the construction of specialized enterprises. Funny But Real Facts About The Toilet 5 Foundations Of A Strong Relationship What Does The Shape Of Your Nose Say About Your Personality?

"Russian" first-born Russia has always been famous for its inventors, but not all ideas could be put into practice. Back in the 18th century, the agronomist I. M. Komov raised the topic of the mechanization of agriculture. In the middle of the 19th century, V.P. Guryev, and then D.A. Zagryazhsky, developed steam tractors for plowing. In 1888, F. A. Blinov made and tested the first caterpillar steam tractor. However, the device turned out to be unnecessarily bulky. However, 1896 is officially considered the year of birth of the Russian tractor industry, when the world's first caterpillar steam tractor was publicly demonstrated at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

On the threshold of the 20th century, designer Ya. V. Mamin (a student of Blinov) invented a high-compression, non-compressor engine running on heavy fuel. It was more suitable than any other for use in wheeled tracked vehicles. In 1911, he also assembled the first domestic tractor with an 18-kilowatt internal combustion engine, which received the patriotic name "Russian". After modernization, a more powerful engine appeared on it - by 33 kW. Their small-scale production was established at the Balakovo plant - until 1914, about a hundred units were produced.

History of tractors in the USSR

At the initiative of Lenin, special attention was paid to the development and production of mechanized agricultural machinery. The principle of a single tractor economy assumed not only the production of "iron horses", as the tractor was called, but also a set of measures to organize a research and testing base, organize the supply of spare parts and repairs, open courses for masters, instructors and tractor drivers.

The first tractor in the USSR was produced by the Kolomna Plant in 1922. The founder of the national school of tractor building, E. D. Lvov, became the project manager. The wheeled vehicle was called "Kolomenets-1" and symbolized the beginning of a new era in the countryside. Lenin, despite a serious illness, personally congratulated the designers on their success. 35 Wisest Jewish Sayings Why should you have sex as often as possible? This state of consciousness scares people the most

In the same year, the Krasny Progress enterprise produced the Zaporozhets tractor in Kichkas. The model was not perfect. Only one rear wheel was driving. A low-power two-stroke 8.8 kW motor accelerated the “iron horse” to 3.4 km / h. There was only one gear, forward. Power on the hook - 4.4 kW. But this vehicle also greatly facilitated the work of the villagers.

The legendary inventor Mamin did not sit idle. He improved his pre-revolutionary design. In 1924, the tractors of the USSR were replenished with models of the Karlik family:

Three-wheeled "Karlik-1" with one gear and a speed of 3-4 km / h.

Four-wheeled "Karlik-2" with reverse.

Adopting foreign experience

While the tractors of the USSR were “building up their muscles”, and Soviet designers were mastering a new direction for themselves, the government decided to start producing foreign equipment under license. In 1923, at the Kharkov plant, the caterpillar Kommunar, which was the heir to the German model Ganomag Z-50, was put into production. They were mainly used in the army for transporting artillery pieces until 1945 (and later).

In 1924, the Leningrad plant "Krasny Putilovets" (the future Kirovsky) mastered the production of a cheap and structurally simple "American" of the Fordson company. The old USSR tractors of this brand have proven themselves quite well. They were head and shoulders above both Zaporozhets and Kolomenets. Carburetor kerosene engine (14.7 kW) developed a speed of up to 10.8 km / h, power on the hook - 6.6 kW. Gearbox - three-speed. The model was produced until 1932. In fact, this was the first large-scale production of this technique.

Construction of tractor factories

It became obvious that in order to provide collective farms with productive tractors, it was necessary to build specialized factories that would combine science, design bureaus and production facilities. The initiator of the project was F. E. Dzerzhinsky. According to the concept, it was planned to equip the new enterprises with modern equipment and mass-produce cheap and reliable models on wheeled and caterpillar traction. Can you roll your tongue into a tube? Find out why A simple test: will short hair suit you? Charming photo shoot of the mother of quintuplets

Stalingrad Tractor Plant

Stalingrad became the city where the first large tractor plant was built from scratch. Thanks to its strategic position (at the intersection of supplies of Baku oil, Ural metal and Donbass coal) and the presence of an army of skilled labor, it won the competition from Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. In 1925, a resolution was adopted on the construction of a modern enterprise, and in 1930 the legendary wheeled tractors of the USSR of the STZ-1 brand left the assembly line. In the future, a wide range of wheeled and tracked models was produced here.

The Soviet period includes:

STZ-1 (wheeled, 1930).

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

STZ-3 (caterpillar, 1937).

SHTZ-NATI (caterpillar, 1937).

DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-75 (tracked, 1963).

DT-175 (tracked, 1986).

In 2005, the Volgograd Tractor Plant (former STZ) was declared bankrupt. VgTZ became its successor.

Kharkov Tractor Plant

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

SHZT-NATI ITA (caterpillar, 1937).

KhTZ-7 (wheeled, 1949).

KhTZ-DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-14 (tracked, 1955).

T-75 (tracked, 1960).

T-74 (tracked, 1962).

T-125 (tracked, 1962).

In the 70s, a radical reconstruction was carried out at KhTZ, but production did not stop. Emphasis was placed on the production of "three-ton" T-150K (wheeled) and T-150 (tracked). The energy-saturated T-150K on tests in the USA (1979) showed the best performance among world analogues, proving that the tractors of the USSR times were not inferior to foreign ones. In the late 80s, the KhTZ-180 and KhTZ-200 models were developed: they are 20% more economical than the 150th series and 50% more productive.

Tractors of the USSR were famous for their reliability. So the universal high-speed tractor T-150 (T-150K) has earned a good reputation. It has a wide range of applications: transport, road construction, and agriculture. It is still used to transport goods on difficult terrain, in field work (plowing, peeling, cultivation, etc.), in earthworks. Able to transport trailers with a carrying capacity of 10-20 tons. For the T-150 (K), a turbocharged 6-cylinder liquid-cooled V-configuration diesel engine was specially developed.

Specifications T-150K:

Width / length / height, m. - 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.

Gauge, m. - 1.7 / 1.8.

Mass, t. - 7.5 / 8.1.

Power, hp - 150.

Maximum speed, km / h - 31.

Minsk Tractor Plant

MTZ was founded on May 29, 1946 and is considered, perhaps, the most successful enterprise at the moment, which has retained its capacities since the times of the USSR. At the end of 2013, over 21,000 people worked here. The plant holds 8-10% of the world tractor market and is strategic for Belarus. Produces a wide range of vehicles under the brand name "Belarus". By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, almost 3 million units of equipment had been produced.

KD-35 (tracked, 1950).

KT-12 (tracked, 1951).

MTZ-1, MTZ-2 (wheeled, 1954).

TDT-40 (tracked, 1956).

MTZ-5 (wheeled, 1956).

MTZ-7 (wheeled, 1957).

In 1960, a large-scale reconstruction of the Minsk plant began. In parallel with the installation of new equipment, the designers worked on the introduction of promising models of tractors: the MTZ-50 and the more powerful MTZ-52 with all-wheel drive. They went into the series, respectively, in 1961 and 1964. Since 1967, the tracked modification of the T-54V has been produced in various versions. If we talk about the unusual tractors of the USSR, then these can be considered modifications of the cotton-growing MTZ-50X with twin front wheels and increased ground clearance, which have been produced since 1969, as well as the steep MTZ-82K.

The next step was the MTZ-80 line (since 1974) - the most massive in the world, and special modifications of MTZ-82R, MTZ-82N. Since the mid-80s, MTZ has mastered the technique of over a hundred horsepower: MTZ-102 (100 hp), MTZ-142 (150 hp), and low-power mini-tractors: 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. With.

Crawler row-crop tractor is compact in size, easy to operate and repair. It was widely used in agriculture in the USSR and in the countries of the Warsaw Pact. Purpose - work with a plow and other attachments. Since 1950, a modification of the KDP-35 was produced, which was distinguished by a smaller track width, a wider track and increased ground clearance.

A sufficiently powerful D-35 engine, respectively, gave out 37 hp. with., the gearbox had 5 steps (one back, five forward). The engine was economical: the average consumption of diesel fuel per 1 ha was 13 liters. A tank of fuel was enough for 10 hours of work - this was enough to plow 6 hectares of land. Since 1959, the model was equipped with a modernized D-40 power unit (45 hp) and an increased speed (1600 rpm). Also increased the reliability of the chassis.

Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant before the war

Talking about the tractor of the USSR, it is impossible to get around the history of the Chelyabinsk plant, which made a significant contribution to the production of peaceful equipment, and during the Second World War it became a forge of tanks and self-propelled guns. The famous ChTZ was built in an open field away from highways with the help of picks, crowbars and shovels. The decision to build was made in May 1929 at the 14th Congress of Soviets of the USSR. In June 1929, Leningradsky GIPROMEZ began work on the design of the plant. ChTZ was designed taking into account the experience of American auto and tractor enterprises, mainly Caterpillar.

From February to November 1930, a pilot plant was built and put into operation. This happened on November 7, 1930. The founding date of ChTZ is considered to be August 10, 1930, when the first foundations of the foundry were laid. On June 1, 1933, the first caterpillar tractor of Chelyabinsk workers, the Stalinets-60, left for the readiness line. In 1936, more than 61,000 tractors were produced. Now it is a retro-tractor of the USSR, and in the 30s, the S-60 model was almost twice as superior in performance as its counterparts from the Stalingrad and Kharkov plants.

In 1937, having simultaneously mastered the production of S-60 diesel engines, the plant switched to the production of more economical S-65 tractors. A year later, this tractor was awarded the highest Grand Prix award at an exhibition in Paris, and was also used to film the cult Soviet film Tractor Drivers. In 1940, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was ordered to switch to the production of military products - tanks, self-propelled guns, engines, spare parts.

Post-war history

Despite the difficulties of wartime, tractor builders did not forget about their favorite business. The thought arose: why not use the experience of the Americans? After all, in the United States during the war, the production of tractors did not stop. The analysis showed that the best of the models of American tractors is the D-7. In 1944, the development of documentation and design began.

After 2 years, simultaneously with the reconstruction of the plant, on January 5, 1946, the first S-80 tractor was produced. By 1948, the restructuring of the enterprise was completed, 20-25 units of tracked vehicles were produced per day. In 1955, the design bureaus began work on the creation of a new, more powerful S-100 tractor and continued work to increase the durability of the S-80 tractor.

S-60 (tracked, 1933).

S-65 (tracked, 1937).

S-80 (tracked, 1946).

S-100 (tracked, 1956).

DET-250 (caterpillar, 1957).

T-100M (tracked, 1963).

T-130 (tracked, 1969).

T-800 (tracked, 1983).

T-170 (tracked, 1988).

DET-250M2 (caterpillar, 1989);

T-10 (tracked, 1990).

DET-250

At the end of the 50s, the task was set: to design and manufacture prototypes of a tractor with a capacity of 250 horsepower for testing. From the very first steps, the authors of the new model abandoned the traditional and well-known paths. For the first time in the practice of Soviet tractor construction, they created a hermetic and comfortable cab with air conditioning. The driver could drive a heavy car with one hand. The result was an excellent tractor DET-250. The Committee of the VDNKh Council of the USSR awarded the plant for this model with a Gold Medal and a Diploma of the 1st degree.

Other manufacturers

Of course, not all tractor factories are represented in the list. Tractors of the USSR and Russia were also produced and are being produced at the Altai (Barnaul), Kirov (Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TZ, in Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) and other cities.

Caterpillar tractors of the USSR. History of tractors in the USSR

History of tractors in the USSR

The legendary inventor Mamin did not sit idle. He improved his pre-revolutionary design. In 1924, the tractors of the USSR were replenished with models of the Karlik family:

Three-wheeled "Karlik-1" with one gear and a speed of 3-4 km / h.

Four-wheeled "Karlik-2" with reverse.

Adopting foreign experience

While the tractors of the USSR were “building up their muscles”, and Soviet designers were mastering a new direction for themselves, the government decided to start producing foreign equipment under license. In 1923, at the Kharkov plant, the caterpillar Kommunar, which was the heir to the German model Ganomag Z-50, was put into production. They were mainly used in the army for transporting artillery pieces until 1945 (and later).

In 1924, the Leningrad plant "Krasny Putilovets" (the future Kirovsky) mastered the production of a cheap and structurally simple "American" of the Fordson company. The old USSR tractors of this brand have proven themselves quite well. They were head and shoulders above both Zaporozhets and Kolomenets. Carburetor kerosene engine (14.7 kW) developed a speed of up to 10.8 km / h, power on the hook - 6.6 kW. Gearbox - three-speed. The model was produced until 1932. In fact, this was the first large-scale production of this technique.

Construction of tractor factories

It became obvious that in order to provide collective farms with productive tractors, it was necessary to build specialized factories that would combine science, design bureaus and production facilities. The initiator of the project was F. E. Dzerzhinsky. According to the concept, it was planned to equip the new enterprises with modern equipment and mass-produce cheap and reliable models on wheeled and caterpillar traction. Can you roll your tongue into a tube? Find out why A simple test: will short hair suit you? Charming photo shoot of the mother of quintuplets

Stalingrad Tractor Plant

The Soviet period includes:

STZ-1 (wheeled, 1930).

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

STZ-3 (caterpillar, 1937).

SHTZ-NATI (caterpillar, 1937).

DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-75 (tracked, 1963).

DT-175 (tracked, 1986).

In 2005, the Volgograd Tractor Plant (former STZ) was declared bankrupt. VgTZ became its successor.

Kharkov Tractor Plant

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

SHZT-NATI ITA (caterpillar, 1937).

KhTZ-7 (wheeled, 1949).

KhTZ-DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-14 (tracked, 1955).

T-75 (tracked, 1960).

T-74 (tracked, 1962).

T-125 (tracked, 1962).

Specifications T-150K:

Width / length / height, m. - 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.

Gauge, m. - 1.7 / 1.8.

Mass, t. - 7.5 / 8.1.

Power, hp - 150.

Maximum speed, km / h - 31.

Minsk Tractor Plant

KD-35 (tracked, 1950).

KT-12 (tracked, 1951).

MTZ-1, MTZ-2 (wheeled, 1954).

TDT-40 (tracked, 1956).

MTZ-5 (wheeled, 1956).

MTZ-7 (wheeled, 1957).

Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant before the war

Post-war history

S-60 (tracked, 1933).

S-65 (tracked, 1937).

S-80 (tracked, 1946).

S-100 (tracked, 1956).

DET-250 (caterpillar, 1957).

T-100M (tracked, 1963).

T-130 (tracked, 1969).

T-800 (tracked, 1983).

T-170 (tracked, 1988).

DET-250M2 (caterpillar, 1989);

T-10 (tracked, 1990).

DET-250

Other manufacturers

Tractor!

Tractors and tractor equipment!

Tractor is a self-propelled (tracked or wheeled) machine designed to perform agricultural, road construction, earthmoving, transport and other works in an aggregate with trailed, mounted or stationary machines, mechanisms and devices.

The word "tractor" comes from the English word "track". The track is the main element from which the caterpillar is assembled.

The history of the appearance of the tractor.

tractor inventors.

The first tractor-like machines began to appear in the 19th century and were steam powered.

The invention of the Englishman John Gitkot can be considered the first steam caterpillar tractor in the world.

In 1832, John Gitkot received a patent, and in 1837 he built a steam-powered machine for plowing and draining English swamps.

In 1850, English inventor William Howard began using a locomobile to plow agricultural land.

In 1858, the American W. P. Miller invented and built a caterpillar tractor, with which, in 1858, he participated in the agricultural exhibition of the city of Marysville, California, USA, and received an award for the original invention (patent dated 1859 US N23853 Warren P. Miller).

In 1892, John Froelich of Clayton County, Iowa, USA, invented, patented, and built the first petroleum-powered tractor.

But all these inventions did not receive much further development.

The first recognized practical tracked vehicle, despite its size, was the Lombard Steam Log Hauler by inventor Alvin Orlando Lombard in 1901.

The photo shows a caterpillar tractor - Lombard Steam Log Hauler. 1901.

Inventors of the tractor in Russia.

In Russia, the first application for a "carriage with movable tracks", that is, for a caterpillar track, was made in 1837 by a Russian peasant, later the staff captain of the Russian army, Dmitry Zagryazhsky. Here is how Dmitry Zagryazhsky described his invention:

“Near each ordinary wheel on which the carriage rolls, an iron chain is circled, stretched by hexagonal wheels located in front of the ordinary one. The sides of the hexagonal wheels are equal to the chain links; these chains replace to some extent the railway, presenting the wheel with a smooth and hard surface always” (from a privilege issued in March 1837).

The first Russian steam caterpillar tractor was built by a native of the village of Nikolskoye, Volsky district, Saratov province, peasant Fyodor Abramovich Blinov.

In 1879, Fyodor Blinov received a patent ("privilege") for "a wagon with endless rails for the transport of goods on highways and country roads." The construction of the prototype was completed by Blinov in 1888.

A ready-made steam engine of small dimensions did not yet exist, and Fyodor Blinov himself assembled it from sheet iron and pipes of a steamer that burned down near Balakovo. Then he made the same second car. Both of them did forty revolutions per minute. Each of them was controlled separately. The speed of the tractor corresponded to the speed of the bulls - three miles per hour. Thus, the device was powered by two steam engines (one for each "caterpillar") with a capacity of 10-12 horsepower each.

Fedor Blinov demonstrated his wagon with endless rails in 1889 in Saratov, and in 1897 at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

However, the Blinov tractor, as well as other steam-powered tractors, also did not become in demand either in industry or in agriculture, and things did not go beyond the prototype of tractors in the Russian Empire.

Tractor with an internal combustion engine.

In 1896, Charles W. Hart and Charles Parr developed a two-cylinder gasoline engine. By 1903, their firm had built 15 gasoline-powered tractors.

Dan Alborn's 1902 IVEL three-wheeled tractor was the first practical one. The IVEL tractor was a light and powerful machine that could be used for agricultural and other work. About 500 of these tractors were assembled.

The photo shows an IVEL wheeled tractor.

Tractor! Tireless worker!

Since the beginning of the 20th century, tractor technology began to play a large role in the agriculture of many countries. Tractors began to be mass-produced, new more advanced models were produced.

Within 10-15 years, in the USA and Western Europe, the tractor took over approximately 80-90% of all arable work on farms.

In addition, the tractor engine was used to power various agricultural machines (for this it was equipped with a special pulley). Threshers, mowers, mills, sawmills, butter churns, straw cutters and other auxiliary mechanisms could be connected to it.

The tractor also took over more than half of the harvesting work. Later, thanks to the creation of various trailed machines, the scope of the tractor expanded several times.

Development of tractor construction in Russia.

In Russia, the importance of tractors for the country and its economy was appreciated only by the Soviet government, almost immediately after the 1917 revolution.

Despite the difficult years of foreign intervention for the Land of Soviets, starting from 1918, at the direction of V. I. Lenin, preparations for the production of tractors began to be carried out.

In 1919, the inventor Ya. V. Mamin created the Gnome tractor with oil engine with a power of 11.8 kW.

The photo shows the tractor "Gnome". 1919.

The production of tractors was recognized as so important that on this issue a Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of April 1, 1921 was issued on the recognition of agricultural engineering as a matter of extreme national importance.

In 1922, tractors "Kolomenets-1" designed by E. D. Lvov began to be produced.

The photo shows the tractor "Kolomenets-1". 1922.

In 1922-1923, the Zaporozhets tractor was created under the guidance of engineer L. A. Unger.

The photo shows the Zaporozhets tractor. 1923.

In 1924, the Kommunar caterpillar tractor (a copy of the German Hanomag WD Z 50 tractor) began to be produced at the Kharkov Locomotive Plant.

The photo shows the Kommunar tractor.

In 1924, the production of "Karlik" tractors designed by Ya. movement of 3-4 km / h) and "Karlik-2" (four-wheeled, with one gear and reverse).

The photo shows the tractor "Karlik-1". 1924.

From 1924 to 1932, the Krasny Putilovets Leningrad plant mastered and produced about 50 thousand Fordson-Putilovets tractors, and since 1934, the Universal tractor (a copy of the Farmall F-20 tractor of the American company International Harvester) began to be produced at this plant with kerosene engine and metal wheels. "Universal" was the first domestic tractor exported abroad.

The photo shows the Fordson-Putilovets tractor. 1924.

The photo shows the tractor "Universal". 1934.

First soviet tractors"Gnome", "Kolomenets-1", "Karlik", "Zaporozhets", "Kommunar" were produced in relatively small batches, but they taught a lot, brought up the first cadres of tractor builders and rightfully entered the history of domestic tractor building.

The further development of the country required a large amount of tractor equipment, in connection with this, it was decided to build large specialized tractor factories.

Using the currency received from the sale of grain, with the help of American and European engineers and the supply of several hundred equipment foreign companies, were built: in 1930, the Stalingrad Tractor Plant (produced STZ-15/30 tractors (McCormick Deering 15-30, International Harvester), in 1931 the Kharkov Tractor Plant in (produced KhTZ tractors similar to STZ tractors), in 1933 Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (produced S-60 caterpillar tractors (Caterpillar Sixty).

The photo shows the STZ-15/30 tractor. 1930.

The photo shows a KhTZ tractor. 1931.

The photo shows the S-60 tractor. 1933.

During the ten pre-war years, Soviet domestic industry produced about 700,000 tractors for agriculture. General release domestic tractors accounted for 40% of their world production.

During the years of the Great Patriotic War Altai Tractor Plant was built.

In the postwar years, tractor factories were built in the USSR in Minsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Chisinau, Tashkent, Pavlodar.

The first new post-war model of a wheeled tractor - KhTZ-7 - appeared in 1950.

This small-sized tractor was accepted for production at the same time at the Kharkov Tractor Plant and the Kharkov Tractor Assembly Plant. The machine with an operating weight of 1.4 tons was equipped with a 12 hp gasoline engine.

The maximum speed reached 12.7 km / h. This tractor differed from pre-war models in more comfortable working conditions for the tractor driver - he was supposed to have a soft seat with a back. The wheels had pneumatic tires. The cabin was open. The tractor used a hydraulic mounted system.

The photo shows the KhTZ-7 tractor.

The design of the KhTZ-7 tractor was further developed in the DT-14 and DT-20 models, produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant in 1956-1958 and 1958-1969, respectively. The DT-14 tractor differed from its predecessor mainly in a single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine with a power of 14 hp. On the DT-20 weighing 1.5 tons, there was already a 20-horsepower single-cylinder diesel engine. DT-14 was a transitional version and was produced for a short time. But DT-20 during its production was replicated in the amount of about 250 thousand units. Among the construction and road “professions”, the DT-14 also listed a bulldozer “back to front” and a sweeper brush.

In the early 1950s, the USSR began mass production wheel tractors Belarus.

Work on the first-born - the MTZ-2 universal row-crop tractor - was started by the designers of the Minsk Tractor Plant in 1948 according to the terms of reference of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture, and already in 1949 the first prototype was ready.

After comprehensive testing of prototypes in 1953, mass production of MTZ-2 tractors began. First Belarusian car weighed 3.25 tons, equipped with a 4-cylinder D-36 diesel engine with a power of 37 hp. and a 5-speed gearbox, the maximum speed reached 13 km / h. MTZ-2 was equipped with pneumatic tires. The cab was missing.

In the photo, the Belarus MTZ-2 tractor.

At the Minsk Tractor Plant from the very beginning, continuous work was underway to improve the design of manufactured tractors.

In 1956, the MTZ-5 tractor appeared, on which a 40-horsepower D-40K engine was used.

In 1958, several prototypes of the new Belarus MTZ-50 tractor were produced, according to the test results of which it was recommended for mass production.

The MTZ-50 tractor was equipped with a 50-horsepower engine, the operating weight of the machine was reduced by more than 100 kg. A 9-speed gearbox was installed in the transmission, providing a speed range ranging from 1.65 to 25 km / h. The tractor received a metal cab, and its design has also changed.

The photo shows the tractor Belarus MTZ-50.

The production of Belarus tractors has been carried out simultaneously at two plants - Minsk Tractor and Yuzhny Machine-Building - since 1953. Production at YuMZ went on increasing from year to year, by 1961 the annual output exceeded 35 thousand tractors. In 1959, the 100,000th tractor rolled off the UMZ assembly line. The production volumes at MTZ were even more impressive: in 1961, the 200,000th tractor was assembled, and 2 years later, the 300,000th.

With the advent of the first tractors in Belarus, factories - manufacturers of construction and road equipment began to produce various special vehicles based on them. Moreover, from year to year, from model to model, the nomenclature of construction and road cars became wider and wider. So, on the basis of MTZ-2, the first hydraulic excavator in the USSR with a rigid boom suspension was created. Bulldozers, trench excavators, drilling machines, planners, scarifiers, snow plows, and sweepers were also produced on its chassis. Tractors of the MTZ-5 family were supplemented with new types of equipment: drilling and crane, snow removal - rotary milling and plow-brush, loading. This whole train of equipment was transferred to the next model MTZ-50 / MTZ-52. However, the most common type of equipment on Belarusian tractors was excavator.

In the period of 1950-1960s, a new generation of Vladimir tractors appeared.

In 1956, instead of the Universal tractor, the VTZ installed the DT-24 model on the conveyor. This machine was equipped with a 24 hp 2-cylinder liquid-cooled diesel engine, its mass was 2.59 tons. The maximum speed reached 19 km / h.

In 1958, another tractor, the DT-28 Vladimirets, got onto the conveyor. DT-28 became less metal-intensive, and it received a more powerful engine - a 28-horsepower 2-cylinder diesel engine. Tractor speed increased to 25 km/h.

Since 1961, for more than 10 years, the Vladimirsky plant has been manufacturing exclusively cotton-growing tractors. For the entire period of production, about 50 thousand DT-24 tractors and 82.5 thousand DT-28 tractors were assembled at VTZ.

The photo shows a tractor DT-24.

In the second half of the 1950s, the Kharkov Tractor Assembly Plant (later - the Kharkov Plant of Tractor Self-Propelled Chassis, KhZTSSH) began to produce small-sized tractor chassis of the original layout - the front of the machine was a tubular frame, a cab was located behind it, the engine was at the back. The first model - DSSH-14 - was released in 1956. It used a 14-horsepower diesel engine, unified with the engine of the DT-14 tractor. The operating weight of the tractor was 1.67 tons. The 6-speed gearbox provided a maximum speed of 13.7 km / h. A dump platform could be installed on the tractor. The cabin was open.

The photo shows the tractor DSSH-14.

Two years later, the plant switches to the production of an improved DVSSH-16 tractor. The weight of the tractor was reduced by 200 kg, the speed increased to 17.2 km/h. Further design changes led to the appearance in 1961 of the T-16 model. This tractor used a 2-cylinder diesel engine D-16 with a power of 16 hp. The maximum speed reached 19.6 km / h. The carrying capacity of the platform was 750 kg. Operating weight decreased to 1.43 tons.

The photo shows the DVSSH-16 tractor.

In the early 1960s, new generation tractors appeared at three enterprises at once - at the Lipetsk and Kharkov Tractor Plants, as well as at the Leningrad Kirov Plant.

The Lipetsk Tractor Plant, which produced caterpillar tractors at that time, was given the task of mastering the production of wheeled vehicles. In 1958, the designers created the T-25 tractor, which, after fine-tuning, received the designation T-30 and was accepted for mass production in 1960. On the basis of this tractor, more than powerful model T-35. However, the T-40 tractor, which was a further development of the design of the T-30 and T-35 tractors, went into mass production in 1961. Along with Belarusian tractors, the Lipetsk T-40 became another bestseller in the domestic tractor industry: for the entire period of production - from 1961 to 1995 - about 1.2 million T-40 tractors of various modifications were manufactured. The T-40 tractor with an operating weight of 2.75 tons was equipped with a 4-cylinder air-cooled diesel engine D-37M, which developed a power of 40 hp. A 7-speed gearbox made it possible to work in a speed range from 1.62 to 26.7 km / h. The T-40 had a closed metal cockpit.

The photo shows a T-40 tractor.

In the 1960s, the Kharkov Tractor Plant created a fundamentally new model of the T-125 tractor. Its design was unconventional for that time - wheels of the same size, articulated frame, which made it possible to dispense with the traditional steering mechanism (the wheels turned due to the “folding” of the frame). The T-125 used a 130-horsepower AM-03 diesel engine, the transmission had 16 forward gears and 4 reverse gears, the front axle drive was switchable. Between 1962 and 1967 the tractor was produced in small batches. About 200 copies of the T-125 that saw the light of day underwent comprehensive tests in real-life conditions.

The photo shows a T-125 tractor.

In parallel with the Kharkov TZ, work on an energy-saturated all-wheel drive tractor with an articulated frame was also carried out at the Leningrad Kirov Plant.

In 1961, in the shortest possible time, the designers developed the most powerful wheeled tractor K-700 Kirovets in the USSR at that time, and in 1962 the plant produced the first batch of K-700 tractors.

The K-700 tractor was equipped with an 8-cylinder V-shaped YaMZ-238NB turbocharged engine with a power of 200 hp, the operating weight was 12 tons. The manual transmission provided 16 forward gears and 8 reverse gears. The maximum speed of the tractor reached 30.8 km/h when moving forward and 27.8 km/h when moving backward. The tractor was equipped with a spacious all-metal cab with efficient system heating and ventilation. In 1964, 1200 tractors were manufactured, by 1971 the annual output exceeded the 11,000 mark. In total, until 1975, when the first model of Kirovets was discontinued, 105 thousand tractors rolled off the assembly line of the plant.

The photo shows the K-700 tractor.

In 1966, the Kharkov TK prepared for production a small-sized tractor T-25, which replaced the previous model DT-20. The novelty was distinguished by: a 2-cylinder air-cooled diesel engine with a capacity of 20 hp, an increased number of gears in the transmission (8 forward and 6 reverse instead of the previous 6 and 5, respectively), thus, the speed range expanded from 5-17.7 km / h to 1.8-21.6 km/h. Due to the new cooling system, the front of the tractor received a cladding without blinds.

The T-25 was produced in Kharkov until 1972, after which its production was transferred to the Vladimir Tractor Plant.

The photo shows a T-25 tractor.

At the Kharkov Tractor Plant in 1972, mass production of the high-speed energy-saturated tractor T-150K was launched, which was a further development of the T-125 design. A 165-horsepower SMD-62 diesel engine was used on the new model.

The photo shows a T-150K tractor.

The second half of the 1970s and the 1980s for the Soviet tractor industry are characterized as a period of ongoing modernization of previously produced models.

As a result of the enormous work of many design teams, by the end of the 20th century, tractor equipment in Russia and abroad became more advanced in technology, powerful, reliable and diverse in purpose.

Tractor different countries and different firms may differ in design, but their essence does not change - this reliable assistant and tireless worker!

Modern tractors.

Tractors and a variety of tractor equipment for various purposes have changed the world around us, and have themselves become an important part of this world.

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The domestic tractor manufacturers survived the crisis years of the Russian economy, to put it mildly, very hard: in 2004, the volume of tractor production in Russia amounted to only 3.9% of their production volume in 1990. And in recent years, the situation, unfortunately, has not changed for the better. Yes, the demand for tractors in the 2010s increased many times, but it is no longer covered by the Russian manufacturer, but by the Minsk Tractor Plant and enterprises of the “far abroad”. In addition, modern agriculture in Russia is completely dominated by wheeled rather than caterpillar tractors. However, it is too early to put an end to the history of the production of Russian caterpillar tractors!

In the 60s / 70s of the twentieth century, the leading specialists of the Soviet Union in the field of agriculture, after many years of detailed research, came to the conclusion that caterpillar tractors are much more efficient and cost-effective in operation than wheeled tractors of similar power.

With all the shortcomings of the tracked base (in any business there are pros and cons), the following was noted. When measuring the density of the soil along the track of the caterpillars, no significant compaction of the fertile layer was noted. While on the trail of wheels (especially powerful tractors, such as or), the hardness of the soil increased significantly. Especially at a depth of 12-15 cm. Experiments have shown that such soil compaction in the wake of tractors subsequently reduces yields by up to 25%. These are quite significant figures, which become even more significant if we convert the percentages into centners of grain.

Another advantage of caterpillar tractors was determined that they have many times lower “slip” parameters. The wheel slips much more than the caterpillar, abrading the valuable fertile layer of soil into dust, which is then carried by the wind.

At the same time, the tracked base provides better grip with the ground and higher cross-country ability. This makes it possible to enter the fields earlier, the ability to work on significantly moistened soils. And early closing of moisture has always been considered conducive to obtaining a good harvest, especially under our climatic conditions, as well as under tight agrotechnical terms.

All this, as well as the fact that tractors with a caterpillar base have higher traction characteristics than wheeled ones, when using engines of the same power, led to the fact that the largest tractor plants - Volgograd, Kharkov, Altai - were focused on the production of caterpillar tractors. And up to 90% of the tractors produced in the USSR were caterpillar. The absolute leader is, of which more than three million were made.

Now the situation has changed dramatically: 87% of working tractors in Russia are wheeled, and only 13% are caterpillar (and there are even fewer of them every year). There are several reasons for this. The three powerful factories mentioned above are ruined and, literally, lie in ruins. Wheeled tractors are much more versatile than tracked ones. They are easier to manufacture, cheaper in cost, more economical to maintain and operate. "Wheels" have a much higher speed and can move on public roads.

And the wheeled tractors themselves are no longer the same as in the middle of the twentieth century. Designers learned how to deal with their negative impact on the fertile soil layer and insufficient patency on wet lands (including installing twin or widened wheels).

But the possibilities of domestic design ideas and its concrete implementation are far from being limited to the DT-75. There are a number of promising models on which a stronger and developing Agriculture Russia, perhaps, will still turn its gaze. Consider at the same time the current models of industrial and skidder caterpillar tractors of Russian production.

Tractors of the Altai Tractor Plant

The most massive of the Altai caterpillar tractors of the Soviet era - - was replaced by a new, much more modern tractor "Altai-130". Like its famous predecessor, it is a 4th general purpose agricultural tractor.

Designed both for soil cultivation in an aggregate with various agricultural equipment, and for road-digging, planning, land reclamation works (when equipped with a bulldozer blade).

This tractor is equipped with a much more powerful, reliable and economical engine, soft running system and modern comfortable cabin. Instead of the usual control levers, an automobile “steering wheel” is installed here, the driver’s seat has an ergonomic anatomical structure and folding armrests. It provides a whole system for ensuring comfortable working conditions: air conditioning, heater, fan, audio system, monitor with three video cameras.

Specifications "Altai-130" in numbers:

Overall dimensions (with rear linkage, without blade), length x width x height: 4.840 m x1.850 m x2.700 m.
Weight 8.365 t.
Track base: 2.665 m; track: 1,450 m.
Ground clearance 330 mm.
Specific ground pressure: no more than 50 MPa.
Track width: 39 cm.

Altai-130 is equipped with a six-cylinder four-stroke turbocharged diesel engine developed by German company"Deutz" - "Deutz WP6G140E22". Its manufacturer is Weichai Power, China. Working volume this motor is 16.75 liters; power - 140 horsepower, or 103 kW. Rated speed - 2200 rpm. Maximum torque - 640 N * m, at 1400-1600 rpm. Torque safety factor - 46%. Specific consumption fuel - 245 g / kWh.

Dry clutch, double disc. The gearbox is mechanical, dual-range, with constant mesh gears. There are 8 forward gears and 4 rear speeds.

The manufacturer of the Altai-130 model is Altai Tractor Plant LLC, one of the successors of the Soviet Altai Tractor Plant in the city of Rubtsovsk. The company has been operating since 2012 at the production facilities of the Pilot Production of the former Altai Tractor Plant.

The cost of the new Altai-130 tractor is 3.5 million rubles.

Crawler tractor "T-402.01" is designed to perform such types of agricultural work as plowing of heavy and medium soils, as well as plantation plowing; deep nonmoldboard loosening and disking of the soil; harrowing and other pre-sowing tillage; cultivation; stubble peeling.

This tractor is also equipped with a cabin with comfort unprecedented on USSR caterpillar tractors - frame, noise-insulated, with a central control post, excellent visibility and a high-performance air conditioning unit.

Tractor "T-402.01" is equipped with a more powerful engine model "D-461-10" turbocharged; large torque reserve factor; with reinforced transmission increased resource and optimized speed range. These modern technologies provide high productivity of the main energy-intensive agricultural work by 40% compared to the good old T-4. And with much less fuel consumption!

Technical characteristics of "T-402.01" in numbers:

Dimensions - Length: 4.780 m (5.545 m - with hinged device and automatic hitch in transport position); Width - 1.952 m; Height - 2,840 m.
The operating weight of the tractor is 8,760 tons.
Ground clearance - 371 mm.
The average specific pressure on the ground is not more than 0.05 MPa.
Track type - steel finger, width - 41, 53 or 65 cm (any of these options can be installed).
Load capacity - rear linkage: 3 tons, front linkage - 2.5 tons.

Diesel "D-461-10" Altai engine plant has a rated power of 150 horsepower. The transmission provides 8 forward and 4 reverse speeds, with a forward speed range of 2.67 to 11.94 km/h; reversing from 4.07 to 7.82 km/h. The specific consumption of diesel fuel at operating power is 175 g/l s/h.

The new tractor "T-402.01" costs 2,250,000 rubles.

This is a caterpillar tractor of 4...5 traction classes, which is designed to perform a full range of work with mounted, semi-mounted and trailed agricultural machines and implements. It is noticeably distinguished by the ability to perform a full range of energy-intensive agricultural work on soil cultivation at a dynamic pace. Including, to produce deep plowing (by 40 cm) for industrial crops; quickly and efficiently cultivate land with high resistivity in fields of impressive areas.

A six-cylinder D-461 turbocharged diesel engine was also used as a power unit. The engine is started by an electric starter from the operator's workplace. The power of this power unit is 168 horsepower. Torque reserve - 40%. Specific fuel consumption - 170 g / hp.h.

The running system with an individual torsion bar suspension of the road wheels and a caterpillar with a rubber-metal joint guarantees a smooth tractor ride. To perform the main work at higher speeds, with optimal engine load and efficiency indicators, the T-404 is equipped with a transmission with a mechanical eight-speed gearbox.

Cabin frame thermo-, dust- and noise-insulated, with a powerful ventilation and heating system. The seat of the machine operator is sprung, with armrests, equipped with adjustments for the height and weight of the machine operator, as well as the angle of the backrest. Comparative tests revealed that in the main types of agricultural work, the productivity and speed of work with the T-404 is much higher than that of the T-4A tractor.

Specifications "T-404" in numbers

Overall dimensions, length x width x height: 6.200 m x 2.250 m x 3.200 m.
Weight 10.950 tons.
Track base: 2,100 m; track: 1,720 m.
Ground clearance 450 mm.
Track width: 41 cm.

As additional options, "T-404" can be equipped with air conditioning, starting preheater, a monitor with three video cameras, a bulldozer blade.

The price of the new T-404 caterpillar tractor is from 4,300,000 rubles.

Caterpillar agricultural tractor of the 5th traction, aggregated with any mounted, semi-mounted and trailers for the following work. Plowing of medium and heavy soils, including those with reversible plows, deep loosening without moldboard, plantation plowing, chiselling, pre-sowing tillage and sowing of grain in one pass (in aggregate with modern tillage seeding complexes), cultivation, stubble peeling, soil disking, and as well as all kinds of ancillary work.

High traction properties allow the T-501 to work freely on waterlogged soils, provide early access to the fields, with the implementation of the necessary agricultural work in the most optimal agrotechnical terms. What is the key to the best yield.

The power unit of the tractor "T-501" is a six-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine "D-461-19" with a capacity of 280 horsepower and a torque reserve factor of 40 percent.

Specifications "T-501" in numbers

Overall dimensions - length: 6.2 m; width: 2.25 m; height - 3.2 m.
Caterpillar base - 2.1 m; track - 1.72 m.
Ground clearance - 450 mm.
Operating weight - 11.4 tons.
The specific pressure on the soil is 0.45 kgf/cm.

The tractor "T-501", as well as the Altai tractors described above, is equipped with a transmission with 8 forward gears and 4 reverse gears. The specific consumption of diesel fuel is, according to the manufacturer, 164 g/l.s*h.

There is a new tractor "T-501" from 4,600,000 rubles.

The manufacturer of tractors "T-402", "T-404", "T-501" is the plant "Altai Tractor" (trademark "Alttrak"). In 2009, this enterprise, after a long bankruptcy procedure, broke up into a large number of small producers, to whom the owner of the plant - RATM-Holding - sold or leased various production facilities of the Soviet giant plant. Sibir-Tekhnika, Lespozhmash, Lesmash, Altayagromash ... etc. All of them produce skidders based on the TT-4.

Of the tractors for agricultural purposes, only the T-402.1 is actually produced at this time, and then in very limited quantities. The rest of the models are "in standby mode" - there is no demand for them.

Several successor companies of the Altai Tractor Plant are engaged in the production of caterpillar tractors for the forestry industry (skidders). This and its modernized counterparts -, "MSN-10". One of them is AZSM Progress LLC, which has been operating since the late 1990s.

A distinctive feature of the skidder production of the Altai plant of self-propelled machines "Progress" is that almost all components, parts of mechanisms and systems of the tractor are made within the framework of one enterprise, one closed cycle. This allows us to hope for a prompt and qualified service, a quick and successful solution of all technical and organizational issues related to warranty and post-warranty service.

The main difference between the current analogues of the TT-4 skidder is, of course, a more comfortable cabin with a safety cage, improved heat, vibration and noise insulation. Higher illumination is provided by modern lighting devices.

Tractor "TT-4M" ("MSN-10") belongs to the fourth traction class. It is available with two transmission options: mechanical and hydraulic. Caterpillar tractor "TT-4M" ("MSN-10") is used as the base crawler chassis for the installation of a variety of technological equipment. It has all the properties necessary for work in the timber industry. High cross-country ability in difficult terrain on slopes up to 30 degrees, with a height of obstacles to be overcome up to 0.6 m and a ford depth of up to 0.8 m.

The tractor load capacity is 12 tons. The length and width of the mounting base can vary depending on the tasks and operating conditions, which makes the TT-4M (MSN-10) a universal platform for a wide range of applications.

If necessary, in addition to the winch, a bulldozer blade, wedge-rooting equipment, fire-fighting, crane and drilling equipment are installed on the skidder. There is a single-speed PTO - power take-off shaft. IN standard equipment this tractor is equipped with a six-cylinder diesel engine "A-01 MRSI" of the Altai Motor Plant with a capacity of 130 hp.

Technical characteristics of the tractor "TT-4M" ("MSN-10") in numbers:

Overall dimensions in transport position - length: 6.070 m, width - 2.7 m, height - 2.957 m.
Base - 2.88 m, track - 2050 m, ground clearance - 537 mm.
Operating weight with working equipment - 14.4 tons.
The maximum traction force is 132.2 kN (13480 kgf).
The largest mass of the skidding package - butts: 12 tons, tops - 15 tons.

The price of a new forestry tractor "TT-4M" / "MSN-10" starts from 4 million rubles and more, depending on the equipment.

Tractors of the Volgograd and Cheboksary Tractor Plants

The Volgograd Tractor Plant, which ordered to live long, left it as a legacy promising models caterpillar tractors, the production of which was transferred in 2009, within the framework of the Tractor Plants concern, to Cheboksary. These are tractors "VT-90" and ("VT" - "Volgograd Tractor"). Now they are called "Agromash-90TG" and "Agromash-150TG".

These two models, as well as the Agromash Ruslan developed in the early 2000s, make up the entire range of caterpillar tractors of the Tractor Plants concern. All of them are produced at the Cheboksary enterprise.

The caterpillar tractor "Agromash-90TG" belongs to the third traction class and is in fact, upgraded version tractor "DT-75". Modernization consists in replacing the driver's cab with a more modern one, introducing polymeric materials into the hood lining, and seriously working out the pneumatic system.

In addition to direct use in agricultural work, developers and manufacturers point to the effectiveness of the use of the Agromash-90TG tractor, equipped with bulldozer equipment, at construction sites.

The Agromash-90TG tractor is equipped with a four-cylinder A-41 diesel engine manufactured in Barnaul. (Earlier, Minsk D-245.5S2 and Finnish SISU 44DTA diesels were also installed on this tractor model). Gearbox - seven-speed with moving gears. Clutch - dry two-disc.

Hydraulic hinged system is separate-aggregate. Rear hinged device lever-articulated "NU-3", with the possibility of 2-point and 3-point adjustment Load capacity of the hinged system according to GOST 30746 - not less than 1.8 tons.

Technical characteristics of the tractor "Agromash-90TG" in numbers:

Overall dimensions: length (with attachment in transport position) - 4.7 m; width - 1.85 m without b / o, 2.6 m - with b / o; height - 3.1 m.
Operating weight - 7.1 tons.
Base - 1.612 m, track - 1.33 m.
Ground clearance - 370 mm.
Track width - 39 cm (simple), 67 cm (peat).
The average pressure on the soil is no more than 51 kPa.
The working volume of the engine is 7.43 liters. Operating power - 94 hp
The crankshaft speed at operating power is 1750 rpm.
Torque reserve factor - not less than 20%.

The new Agromash-90TG costs from 1,800,000 rubles.

Caterpillar agricultural tractor of general purpose, 3rd…4th traction class. It features confident traction power and extended load capacity. Easily aggregated with full spectrum modern mounted and semi-mounted equipment, trailed machines for plowing and pre-sowing tillage, with wide-cut tools, combined multi-operation units. Due to the low pressure on the ground, the tractor has cross-country ability, in the absence of slippage.

It is equipped with a D-442 diesel engine, the working volume of which is 7.3 liters, and the power is 150 horsepower (or 110 kilowatts). The specific fuel consumption at operating power is 230 G/kWh (169 g/l.s.h.).

Technical characteristics of "Agromash-150TG" in numbers

Overall dimensions, length x width x height: 5.400 m x 1.850 m x 3.120 m.
Weight 7.180 t.
Track base: 1,800 m; track: 1.330 m.
Ground clearance 380 mm.
Specific ground pressure: no more than 42 MPa.

The number of gears is 5 forward, 1 reverse. The mechanical transmission, using a forced lubrication system, minimizes power losses and provides high reliability technology. Due to the low caterpillar pressure on the ground, the Agromash-150TG tractor has an increased cross-country ability.

The modern comfortable cab of the machine operator also applies to characteristic features of this technique. The Agromash-150TG tractor differs from its counterparts in its low consumption of diesel fuel, per hectare of cultivated area.

The price of the new Agromash-150TG tractor is from 3,200,000 rubles.

A much newer model is the Agromash Ruslan caterpillar tractor (the first prototypes of this machine were produced in 2008). This is a powerful and high-performance tractor of the sixth traction class, designed to perform a full range of agricultural work on all types of soil, including medium and heavy, within any soil and climatic zones.

Many modern progressive engineering and technical solutions were embodied in the Agromash Ruslan tractor. In particular, the original layout with a triangular shape of the caterpillar bypass allows you to work without ballasting, provides a consistently high tractive effort, serious lifting capacity and uniformly low pressure on the soil.

Caterpillars are of a new type - rubber-reinforced, with a steel cord. Can also be used on paved roads. The speed is also greater than that of all caterpillar tractors - up to 30 km / h. original and strong point tractor "Agromash Ruslan" is torsion bar suspension, which provides an incredibly soft ride for a caterpillar base. The caterpillar of the Ruslan tractor has positive engagement: the movement is transmitted due to the engagement of the caterpillar with the drive wheel (metal sprocket), and not due to tension and friction.

The tractor is equipped with a 340-horsepower (250 kW) Cummins QSM11 diesel engine. This is a four-stroke six-cylinder liquid-cooled engine with turbocharging and charge air cooling. Specific fuel consumption - 227 g / (kWh). The engine complies with StageIII–Tier-3 European standards.

The hydromechanical 16-speed (+3 back) transmission is also new, developed by scientists from the Steel Research Institute, which is part of the Tractor Plants concern. It allows you to switch speeds under load (on the go) and without breaking the power flow. The Agromash Ruslan tractor also has an electronic hydraulic shift mechanism.

Tests of the tractor "Agromash Ruslan" showed that the use triangular bypass caterpillar mover allows the tractor to enter the field 2-3 weeks earlier in the spring (in conditions of high soil moisture), and also 2-3 weeks later in the autumn, in comparison with wheeled tractors.

Overall dimensions - length: 5.767 m, width: 2.645 m, height: 3.275 m.
Gross weight - 14.7 tons.

"Agromash Ruslan" is distinguished by excellent depreciation and quiet running. To create comfortable working conditions for the machine operator, the tractor cab is equipped with air conditioning and a soundproofing system, has a maximum glazing area and is equipped with a modern, specially designed seat with air suspension.

The cost of the new Agromash Ruslan tractor is more than 11 million rubles.

In addition to the specified caterpillar tractors, in production program Cheboksary plant "Promtractor" is a whole range of bulldozers for industrial use, produced under the brand name "Chetra":

- with a mass of 61.47 tons and engines with a capacity of 490 ... 520l.s. ("YaMZ-850.10" or "Cummins QSK19-C525").

"T40"- with a mass of 65.14 tons and 590 hp engines. ("Cummins QSK19-C650").

Bulldozer "Chetra T40"

They differ in size, power, performance and the size of the bulldozer blade.

Onega Tractor Plant LLC in Petrozavodsk continues to produce caterpillar logging, forestry and forest fire tractors. The production program of the enterprise includes more than 10 models of special vehicles for forestry.

Universal forestry machines (Onezhets-300BS, Onezhets-380) are produced on the Onezhets-300 base chassis; skidding choker tractors (); caterpillar log trucks ("Onezhets-350"); forest fire trucks ("Onezhets-310"); mulchers with brush cutters ("Onezhets-390"); caterpillar machines for chokerless skidding of forests (“Onezhets-330”); caterpillar tractors with dump bodies ("Onezhets-392"); drilling and crane installations ("Onezhets-395"); hydraulic manipulators ("Onezhets-335").

"Onezhets-390".

Caterpillar tractors of this family belong to the third traction class. They are currently equipped with four-cylinder 120-horsepower diesel engines "D-245.2S2" and six-cylinder 180-horsepower "D-260.9S2" of the Minsk Motor Plant. The cost of the new Onezhets skidder is from 4.15 million rubles.

If the situation with the production of industrial bulldozers and tractors for forestry is not completely hopeless, then the prospects for the production of agricultural tracked tractors in Russia remain bleak. This production has been unprofitable for many years, demonstrating extremely negative profitability. There is no demand for this equipment on the market, and each of the described models is produced in negligible quantities (maximum 20-30 units of equipment per year).

After the “shock transition to capitalism”, agricultural producers could not buy new caterpillar tractors for many years: there were no funds to buy new equipment. Today, many of them have recovered from the crisis, created profitable and developing farms. Now there are funds, but there is no desire to buy tracked vehicles.

Even the prosperous Minsk Tractor Plant, which launched several models of tracked tractors (MTZ-1502, MTZ-2103), sells them in scanty quantities. It remains to be hoped that the economic situation and the situation in the industry will still change. After all, there are promising, productive, competitive models of caterpillar tractors in Russia.