Drawings of Soviet tractors. Caterpillar tractors of the USSR

26.05.2019

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Among the large number of machines used in the national economy, tractors occupy one of the first places. They help mechanize processes in agricultural production, serve to perform loading and unloading works, for transport purposes, digging ditches, uprooting stumps and many other works.

The founder of our state, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, attached great importance to the tractor as the main source of mechanical energy in agricultural production.

Until the twenties, despite the fact that tractors of various types were already being produced, there were actually no theories for their design. Articles about tractors appeared in foreign and domestic journals, mostly descriptive. In 1927, Evgeny Dmitrievich Lvov's book "Tractors, design and calculation" was published, which became a desktop for engineers and scientists in our country and abroad. This book is original in that way. time, from a scientific point of view, questions of the theory and design of the tractor were interpreted. Therefore, E. D. Lvov is deservedly recognized as the founder of the new discipline "Tractor Theory".

Among other Soviet scientists who have enriched the science of tractors, a prominent place is occupied by Vasily Nikolaevich Boltinsky, who wrote the book Autotractor Engines, which deals with the theory and design of engines. internal combustion for tractors and cars.

Story domestic tractor industry goes back to the 18th century.

1791. The famous self-taught mechanic Ivan Petrovich Kulibin invented a three-wheeled "carriage scooter" with two driving and one steering wheels. In this stroller, the inventor applied whole line mechanisms and devices that are found in a modern tractor: gearbox, steering, roller bearings, brakes, flywheel, etc.

1837. Dmitry Andreevich Zagryazhsky created a mover that is fundamentally different from wheels. It should be considered that this mover was a prototype of the future caterpillar.

1879 Fedor Abramovich Blinov, a peasant from the village of Nikolskoye, Volsky district, Saratov province, received a patent for a "Wagon with endless rails for transporting goods along highways and country roads." This design is even larger than the Zagryazhsky propulsion unit, it approaches the design of the caterpillar drive of modern tractors.

1888 F. A. Blinov built a caterpillar tractor driven by two steam engines, and demonstrated it in 1889 at the Saratov, and in 1896 at the Nizhny Novgorod exhibitions.

A steam boiler, two steam engines, booth and tanks for fuel and water. The rotation from each machine was transmitted through gears to the drive wheels engaged with the track links.

Due to the imperfection of the design, the Blinov tractor did not become widespread, but it had a great influence on the further development of the domestic tractor industry, which was delayed due to the lack of a workable internal combustion engine.

1903 A talented student of F. A. Blinov, Yakov Vasilyevich Mamin, designed an internal combustion engine that ran on heavy fuel. In this engine, the designer made an additional chamber with a heat accumulator in the form of a plug-in copper igniter. The igniter was heated from an external source of heat before starting the engine, and then, for the rest of the time, the engine worked by self-ignition, using crude oil as fuel.

Mamin received a patent for the engine in 1903. This circumstance gives the right to assert that a compressorless high-compression engine operating on heavy fuel was first built in Russia.

1911 Ya.V. Mamin made a tractor with an 18 kW engine of his own design and gave it the name "Russian Tractor-2". After testing and a slight alteration, a tractor with a 33 kW engine was created. Until 1914, more than 100 such tractors were produced at the Balakovo plant.

In addition to the Balakovo plant, shortly before the First World War, several plants in Russia (in Rostov-on-Don, Kichkass, Barvenkovo, Kharkov, Kolomna, Bryansk, etc.) began to produce tractors. But their role in the history of pre-revolutionary tractor building is small. The tractor-building industry practically did not exist. In 1913, there were only 165 tractors in Tsarist Russia. Until 1917, about 1,500 tractors were purchased abroad and brought to Russia.

From the first days of Soviet power, the question of the development of domestic tractor construction has been sharply raised.

1918 At the Petrograd Obukhov Plant, the production of caterpillar-wheeled tractors, similar to the American Holt tractor, with a 55 kW engine, began. But because of the civil war, the plant was able to produce the first tractors only in 1921.

1919 Continuing work on the design of new tractor models, Ya. V. Mamin created the Gnome tractor with oil engine with a power of 11.8 kW and a two-speed gearbox providing speeds of 2.93 and 4.27 km/h.

Improving the design of his tractor, Ya. V. Mamin built in 1924 new tractor with an 8.8 kW engine in two versions: tractor "Karlik-1" (three-wheeled, with one forward gear, with a speed of 3 ... 4 km / h) and "Karlik-2" (four-wheeled, with one gear and reverse).

1920 On November 2, V. I. Lenin signed the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On a single tractor economy." This decree laid the foundation for the creation of a unified tractor economy in our country, the organization of repairs and the supply of spare parts, as well as the organization of testing stations, training courses for instructors, craftsmen and tractor drivers.

1922 At the Kolomna Plant, under the leadership of one of the founders of the domestic tractor industry and the founder of the science of tractors, Evgeny Dmitrievich Lvov, a tractor of the original design "Kolomenets-1" was developed and then manufactured. The tractor was also produced by the Bryansk plant.

In the same year, under the guidance of engineer A. A. Ungern, the Zaporozhets tractor was designed and then built at the Krasny Progress plant in Kichkass. In order not to use a differential that is difficult to manufacture, the designers limited themselves to one driving rear wheel. An 8.8kW two-stroke engine with an ignition ball ran on crude oil. The tractor had only one forward gear, developed a speed of 3.6 km / h, the power on the hook did not exceed 4.4 kW.

1923 At the Kharkov Locomotive Plant, they began to produce Kommunar caterpillar tractors with a 36.8 kW engine and a three-speed gearbox, which provided a speed of 1.8 to 7 km / h.

Almost all tractors produced at that time were technically imperfect, and their engines were low-powered and not economical enough. We needed a modern, economical tractor. And while the development of a domestic sample was being established, it was decided to turn to foreign experience. The choice fell on the simplest and cheapest American Fordson tractor.

1924 In Leningrad, the first tractor called "Fordson - Putilovets" rolled off the assembly line of the Krasny Putilovets plant. The tractor had a 14.7 kW carburetor engine running on kerosene, a three-speed gearbox, developed speeds from 2.3 to 10.8 km / h, and power on the hook reached 6.6 kW. It was produced until April 1932.

The developing agricultural production required more and more tractors. There was a need for the construction of specialized tractor-building plants.

1925 A tractor department was organized at NAMI, which in 1946 was transformed into the Scientific Research Tractor Institute (NATI).

1928 By decision Soviet government, approved in November by the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in Stalingrad began the construction of a plant (STZ) for the production of a wheeled tractor, the prototype of which was the American tractor International 15/30.

1929 The Council of People's Commissars decided to build a tractor plant in the city of Chelyabinsk in the Urals.

1930 On June 17, the first STZ-15/30 tractor with a carburetor engine running on kerosene was removed from the assembly line of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant. A three-speed gearbox made it possible to obtain speeds from 3.5 to 7.4 km / h. The power of the engine was 22 kW, and the power of the tractor on the hook was 11 kW. The wheels had steel rims with lugs.

1931 On October 1, the Kharkov tractor plant(KhTZ), which produced KhTZ-15/30 tractors similar to STZ-15/30 tractors. Both models were produced until 1937.

1932 On April 20, the Stalingrad Tractor Plant reached its design capacity: 144 tractors were assembled.

1933 On June 1, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, which produced powerful S-60 tracked tractors, went into operation. general purpose. The tractor was equipped with a 44.2 kW carburetor engine that ran on naphtha. A three-speed gearbox made it possible to obtain speeds from 3 to 5.9 km / h and develop hook power of 36.8 kW. The prototype of the tractor was the American Caterpillar tractor. The tractor was produced until March 31, 1937.

1934 At the Kirov Plant in Leningrad (the former Krasny Putilovets plant), instead of the Fordson-Putilovets tractor, the production of a more advanced Universal tractor began, the prototype of which was the American Farmall tractor. Tractor "Universal" had a kerosene-powered 16.19 kW engine and a three-speed gearbox, developed a speed of 3.4 to 7.2 km / h and hook power of 7.36 kW. The plant produced this model until 1940.

1937 Stalingrad and Kharkov Tractor Plants switched to the production of caterpillar tractors STZ-NATI and KhTZ-NATI for general purposes. These tractors had a 37 kW carburetor engine running on kerosene and a four-speed gearbox, which made it possible to obtain speeds from 3.82 to 8.04 km / h. The power on the hook was 25 kW. Since the models of tractors produced by both plants did not differ in design, they were called the combined brand SHTZ-NATI. KhTZ from 1938 to 1941, in parallel with the SKhTZ-NATI tractors, produced part of the KhTZ-T2G tractors with wood-burning gas generators.

Tractors SHTZ-NATI in 1938 on International exhibition in Paris received the highest award - "Grand Prix".

At the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in 1937, the production of C-65 caterpillar tractors (instead of C-60) for general purposes with a M-17 diesel engine with a power of 47.8 kW began. A three-speed gearbox provided a speed of 3.6 to 6.97 km / h. The power on the hook was 36.8 kW. The plant produced these tractors until 1941.

In May 1937, at the International Exhibition "Art and Technology modern life"In Paris, the S-65 tractor, assembled at a pilot plant, was awarded the highest award - the Grand Prix. The S-65 tractor was the first domestic diesel tractor. With this model, the transition of the USSR tractor fleet to diesel tractors began. Starting in 1938 , the tractor began to be exported.

1940 The USSR came out on top in the world in the production of caterpillar tractors. Over 40% of the world's output was accounted for by Soviet Union.

1942 The construction of the Altai Tractor Plant (ATZ) in Rubtsovsk began, where the equipment of the Kharkov Tractor Plant was evacuated. Eight months later (August 24) assembly line The plant produced the first ATZ-NATI tractors.

1943 A decision was made to restore the destroyed STZ and KhTZ plants and build new ones in Lipetsk (LTZ) and Vladimir (VTZ).

1944 On January 20, the Altai Tractor Plant produced the first thousand ATZ-NATI tractors, which it produced until 1952. In total, tractor factories in Stalingrad, Kharkov and Rubtsovsk produced 210,744 ASKhTZ-NATI tractors.

In December of this year, the ATZ produced the first prototype of the DT-54 tractor, which was a general-purpose caterpillar tractor with a 39.7 kW diesel engine. The tractor had a five-speed gearbox, providing a speed of movement from 3.59 to 7.9 km / h. The power on the hook was 26.5 kW. In 1949, STZ and KhTZ switched to the production of this tractor, and in 1952, ATZ. Tractors DT-54 were reliable in operation and easy to maintain and manage. They won recognition not only in our country, but also abroad. These machines were exported to 36 countries in Europe and Asia.

1945 The first stage of the newly built Vladimir Tractor Plant (VTZ) was put into operation. The plant resumed the production of wheeled tractors "Universal" and continued to produce them until 1955. In total, Vladimir and Kirov plants produced 209,006 of these tractors. Tractor "Universal" was the first Soviet tractor, exported in large quantities abroad.

1946 After the Great Patriotic War, instead of the S-65 tractor, the Kirov Plant, evacuated from Leningrad to the Urals, produced the S-80 tractor with a KDM-46 engine with a power of 59.9 kW. After 1958, the S-80 tractor was replaced by the T-100, T-100M tractors and other modifications.

1947 The first general-purpose tracked tractor KD-35 rolled off the assembly line of the newly built Lipetsk Tractor Plant, which had a 27.2 kW diesel engine, developed a speed of 3.81 to 9.11 km / h and had a hook power of 17.66 kW. The plant produced this model until 1956.

1953 On October 14, the first MTZ-2 wheeled tractor rolled off the assembly line of the Minsk Tractor Plant. pneumatic tires. The tractor engine had a power of 26.5 kW. A five-speed gearbox made it possible to obtain a speed of 4.56 to 12.95 km / h. The power on the hook was 17.66 kW. The plant constantly improved the quality and increased the number of tractors produced. Tractors "Belarus" received 19 medals at international exhibitions and fairs (16 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze). Since 1985, the plant began to produce a more powerful tractor - MTZ-100 with a diesel engine with a power of 73.6 kW.

1960 The production of tractors in the USSR surpassed the production of tractors in the USA or three European countries combined - England, France and the FRG.

1965 The March Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the 24th Congress, the CPSU set the task for Soviet tractor builders not only to increase the number of tractors produced, but also to significantly improve their design, quality, reliability, and quickly switch to the production of energy-saturated machines.

1977 Tractor builders of the Soviet Union produced the ten millionth tractor. The honor of assembling this anniversary tractor was given to the firstborn of the Soviet tractor industry - the Volgograd Tractor Plant.

1988 One hundred years since the invention of the world's first caterpillar tractor by Fyodor Abramovich Blinov.

1998 One hundred and ten years since the invention of the world's first caterpillar tractor by Fyodor Abramovich Blinov.

The present and future of agricultural production in Russia are inextricably linked with its equipment with high-performance modern technology.

The first Soviet five-year plans were a resounding success. Agriculture was one of the main elements. At the same time, Soviet production was developing at a tremendous pace in the USSR, in particular, modern tractors which were so necessary for developing agriculture. But what were they?

Wheel tractor "Universal 2"

Universal tractors were produced from 1934 to 1940 at the Krasny Putilovets Leningrad Plant and from 1944 to 1955 at the Vladimir Tractor Plant. The cars of the first series Universal-1 and Universal-2 differed in the design of the front axle. U-1 had front wheels offset to the center, on U-2 they were spaced apart on a beam front axle. Accordingly, the tractor had additional tie rods. The tractor was equipped with a 4-cylinder 22 hp kerosene engine. and transmission with three gears forward and one back. The operating speed range of the U-2 tractor was from 3.9 to 8.1 km/h with an operating weight of 2108 kg. It was the Universal-2 that became the first Soviet tractor to be exported. The total number of produced Universals is 211,500 pieces.

Wheeled tractor SHTZ-15/30

The most massive Soviet wheeled tractor of the first half of the 20th century, 390,500 copies were produced. It was produced at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant (since 1930) and the Kharkov Tractor Plant (since 1931) until 1937, and in the post-war period (1948-1950) at the Moscow Automobile Repair Plant. The design is based on one of the best wheeled tractors of the time McCormick-Deering 15/30 of the American company International Harvester. The kerosene 4-cylinder engine developed 31.5 hp. and allowed to work in the speed range from 3.4 to 7.4 km / h. The operating weight of the tractor is 3000 kg.

Caterpillar tractor STZ-3 (SHTZ-NATI)

After the cessation of production of the SKhTZ-15/30 wheeled tractor in 1937, the Stalingrad and Kharkov Tractor Plants switched to the production of the STZ-3 caterpillar tractor. It was the first mass-produced tractor, the design of which was completely developed by Soviet engineers. The tractor had a riveted frame, a chassis of four carriages with a balancing suspension with coil springs and a semi-enclosed cab. A 4-cylinder water-cooled kerosene engine developed 52 hp. on the shaft and 46 hp on drive pulley. The mass of the tractor was 3800 kg. After the evacuation of the Kharkov plant to the city of Rubtsovsk, STZ-3 was also produced at the Altai Tractor Plant (from 1942 to 1952). In Stalingrad and Kharkov, the production of STZ-3 was curtailed a little earlier, in 1949, when it gave way to the DT-54 tractor on the conveyor. The total number of cars produced is 191,000 pieces.

Caterpillar tractor S-65 Stalinets

The first Soviet diesel tractor, produced at the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant from 1937 to 1941. It was a further development of the S-60 design with a carburetor engine. The M-17 diesel engine developed 65 hp. and allowed the tractor with a gross weight of 10850 kg to reach a maximum speed of 6.95 km / h. Cars of later releases were equipped with a closed cabin. With the outbreak of World War II, most of the S-65 was withdrawn for the needs of the army and used as artillery tractors. In the German army, captured C-65s were also used to tow heavy guns. Presented at the Oldtimer Gallery S-65 during the retreat of the Red Army, it got stuck in one of the swamps in the Pskov region, where it lay at a depth of 7 meters to this day. In 2008, the tractor was removed from the swamp captivity and immediately went to Shamansky's workshop for restoration.

During its formation, the young Country of Soviets paid close attention to the development of tractor construction. After all, the agriculture of the still unstrengthened state needed an accelerated pace of mechanization. But their own factories, which would have produced tractors of the USSR, have not yet been built.

In 1920, V. I. Lenin, realizing the urgent need to increase the productivity of rural labor, signed a decree "On a single tractor farm." And two years later, the production of tractors in the USSR began. The first units were low-power and technically imperfect. However, thanks to the constant adoption of measures aimed at the development of this area, ten years later, a real breakthrough came in the construction of specialized industries.

Firstborn of Russia

Our country has always been rich in talents. She was famous for her inventors. Among them were those who worked in the field of creating equipment for agriculture.

The question of the mechanization of agriculture was raised as early as the 18th century. agronomist I. M. Komov. By the middle of the 19th century. D. A. Zagoyaksky and V. P. Guryev developed steam tractors designed for plowing. The first such unit on a caterpillar track was assembled and tested in 1888 by F. A. Blinov.

However official date appearance Russian tractor industry consider 1896. It was then that at the fair in Nizhny Novgorod, the assembled public was shown the world's first caterpillar steam tractor.

By the beginning of the 20th century. designer Ya. V. Mamin invented a non-compression engine that ran on heavy fuel. He was great for the job. Vehicle. The first tractor, in which an 18-kilowatt internal combustion engine was installed, was assembled in 1911. This unit was called very patriotically - "Russian". After modernization, a 33 kW engine appeared on this tractor. This gave him more power. Small-scale production of such tractors was mastered at the Balaklava plant. Piece by piece, this technique was produced in Kolomna and Bryansk, Kharkov and Rostov, Kichkass and Barvenkovo, as well as in some other settlements. However, the total number of tractors produced in Russia was so small that it could not have a significant impact on the state of affairs in agriculture. By 1913, there were 165 tractors in the country. However, at the same time, the Russian Empire actively imported agricultural machinery. Already by 1917, 1500 pieces were imported into the country.

"Kolomenets-1"

The principle of creating a single tractor economy, which was laid down by Lenin, could be realized not only through the production of "iron horses", but also through the adoption of a set of measures that contributed to the organization of a test and research base, as well as solving issues of organization and repair, opening various courses on training of masters and instructors.

The first tractors of the USSR were produced in 1922 at the Kolomna plant. The head of this project was E. D. Lvov. He is considered the founder of the Russian school of tractor building.

The first unit was named "Kolomenets-1". Without any doubt, he was a real symbol of the beginning of a new era in the country's agriculture.

"Zaporozhets"

These are also the first tractors of the USSR. Their release took place in 1922 at the Krasny Progress enterprise in Kichkass. However this model turned out to be imperfect. She had only one drive wheel - the rear. In addition, the Zaporozhets tractors were equipped with a low-power 8.8 kW engine, which was able to accelerate the “iron horse” to only 3.4 km / h. This tractor had one forward gear and hook power was 4.4 kW. Despite such low performance, this vehicle was still able to greatly facilitate the work of collective farmers.

"Dwarf"

The inventor Mamin did not depart from his affairs either. He went down in history by producing tractors in Russia and the USSR. After improving his own pre-revolutionary design, Mamin became the project manager for the creation of tractors of the Karlik family.

Their release began in 1924. Thus, agriculture received three wheeled tractors"Dwarf-1", equipped with one gear. Their speed developed up to 3-4 km/h. Produced and tractor "Karlik-2", equipped with a reverse.

"Kommunar"

At a time when the designers of the USSR were working on the creation of new, more advanced models, the government of the country organized the production of agricultural machinery under the license of foreign firms. So, in 1923, the Kharkov plant produced caterpillar tractors of the USSR, which were the heirs of the German Ganomag Z-50 units. As a rule, they were used for the needs of the army when transporting artillery pieces. These tractors served the country until 1945.

"Fordson-Putilovets"

All tractors of the USSR, which the country produced in the early twenties of the last century, were made either in small batches or single samples. This did not meet the needs of agriculture. The first tractor in the USSR, which was put into mass production, was produced in Leningrad in 1924. The workers of the Krasny Putilovets plant got down to business. These were the first wheeled tractors of the USSR, which rolled off the assembly line en masse.

As a model, Soviet designers took American model Fordson by Ford, which has been produced since 1917. These were the first tractors of the USSR (see photo below), which, due to their design, had low cost. In addition, these units were superior in their characteristics to "Kolomenets" and "Zaporozhets".

The Fordson-Putilovets models were equipped with a 14.7 kW carburetor kerosene engine and had a top speed of 10.8 km/h. Their power on the hook was 6.6 kW. In these tractors, the designers have provided a three-speed gearbox.

This model was produced until 1933. During this period, about 36-49 thousand units rolled off the assembly line. Of course, the vast majority of these tractors were sent directly to the fields of collective farms. However, the old tractors of the USSR proved to be excellent in construction, which experienced a shortage of motorized traction equipment. On the basis of Fordson-Putilovets, a jib crane was installed, which served to perform loading and unloading operations. Also, these tractors acted as tractors for trailed rippers.

"Universal"

In 1934, the production of a new model of tractors began at the Krasny Putilovets plant. The first mass-produced Fordson was replaced by the Universal. The model of the Farmol tractor, which was produced by the American company International, was taken as the basis for its design. In terms of its parameters, it slightly exceeded its predecessor. Its kerosene carburetor engine had a power of 16 kW, the operating weight was 2 tons, and the speed reached 8 km / h. Tractor "Universal" left the assembly line of the Leningrad plant until 1940. After that, its production was transferred to Vladimir. Here, at the tractor plant, these units were produced from 1944 to 1955.

Construction of new production facilities

Over time, it became obvious that in order to provide the collective farms with the necessary agricultural machinery, it was necessary to build special factories. In them production capacity should be merged with scientific design bureaus. The initiator of such a project was F. E. Dzerzhinsky. It was planned to equip new enterprises with the most advanced equipment. This would allow mass production of reliable and cheap models on caterpillar and wheel traction.

The history of USSR tractors as objects of large-scale production began in Stalingrad. After that, the capacities of the Leningrad and Kharkov plants. The largest enterprises appeared in Chelyabinsk, Barnaul, Minsk and other cities of the country.

Stalingrad plant

It was no coincidence that Stalingrad became the city in which the country built the first production facilities from scratch for the production of tractors. The city had a good strategic position, being at the crossroads of supplies of Ural metal, Baku oil and Donbass coal. In addition, there was a whole army of qualified work force. By the way, according to this indicator, the city overtook Taganrog, Kharkov, Voronezh, Zaporozhye and Rostov.

The decision to build a tractor plant in Stalingrad was made by the government in 1925. And five years later, the famous STZ-1 wheeled units left the assembly line of the new production. And after that, the plant produced many models of wheeled and tracked types. These are such USSR tractors as:

wheeled SHTZ 15/30 (1930);
caterpillar STZ-3 (1937);
caterpillar SHTZ-NAITI (1937);
tracked DT-54 (1949);
tracked DT-75 (1963);
tracked DT-175 (1986).

In 2005, the Volgograd Tractor Plant (former STZ) was declared bankrupt. VgTZ became the successor of the enterprise.

DT-54

Caterpillar tractors USSR (see photo below) are the most widespread. They were represented by a variety of models, significantly exceeding the number of wheeled ones.

A remarkable example of agricultural equipment is the DT-54 tractor. It was produced between 1949 and 1979. This model rolled off the conveyors of the Stalingrad and Kharkov, as well as the Altai plant. The tractor was filmed in many films. The most famous of them are "Kalina Krasnaya", "It was in Penkovka", "Ivan Brovkin in virgin lands". These tractors from the times of the USSR can be found as a monument in dozens of settlements.

The DT-54 model has a four-stroke four-cylinder in-line engine liquid cooling, rather rigidly mounted on the frame. The engine power of the unit is 54 liters. With. Its design includes a three-way five speed box gears connected by a cardan to the main clutch. The working speed of the tractor is in the range from 3.59 to 7.9 km/h. Its pulling force is 1000-2850 kg.

Tractor plant in Kharkov

In 1930, the construction of KhTZ began in the country, which was named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze. Production facilities were located fifteen kilometers east of Kharkov. The construction of this giant was carried out in just 15 months. The tractors of the USSR began to roll off the assembly line of the enterprise already on 09/01/1931. These were models borrowed from the Stalingrad plant - SHTZ 15/30.

However, the main task of the enterprise was to create a new domestic tractor"Caterpillar", with a capacity of 50 liters. With. Designers under the leadership of P.I. Andrusenko worked on solving this issue. They developed a diesel engine that could equip all tracked tractors of the USSR.
In 1937, the plant began production of a series of a new model, created on the basis of SHTZ-NAITI. It installed a more efficient and at the same time the most economical diesel engine.

After the start of the war, the company had to be evacuated to Barnaul. Later, the Altai Tractor Plant was established here. In 1944, after Kharkov was liberated, the production began to work on the former site. The legendary SHTZ-NAITI again entered the series.

The main models of USSR tractors produced at the Kharkov plant:

wheeled SHTZ 15/30 (1930);
caterpillar SHTZ-NAITI ITA (1937);
wheeled KhTZ-7 (1949);
tracked KhTZ DT-54 (1955);
tracked T-75 (1960);
tracked T-74 (1962);
tracked T-125 (1962).

In the 70s, the plant underwent a radical reconstruction without stopping the main production. After that, the production of wheeled three-ton T-150K and tracked T-150 was mastered. The first of them, in tests conducted in 1979 in the USA, showed the most best performance among well-known world analogues. This proved that the tractors of the USSR were in no way inferior to foreign models.

At the end of the eighties, KhTZ mastered the production of new technology brands KhTZ-180 and KhTZ-200. They have become 50% more productive previous models and 20% more economical.

T-150

Tractors produced in the USSR were distinguished by their reliability. The T-150 and T-150K high-speed universal units also had the same characteristic. They have earned good reputation due to its wide range of applications. In addition to agriculture, they were used in road construction and transport. And you can still find these models working in the fields, in difficult off-road conditions and in the transportation of goods.

The T-150 and T-150K are equipped with a 6-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine with a V-configuration and liquid cooling. The power of such a motor reaches 150 hp. With. The maximum speed is 31 km/h.

Tractor plant in Minsk

MTZ was founded on May 29, 1946. And until now, this plant is considered the most successful enterprise that has retained its production facilities since the Soviet era, producing vehicles under the Belarus brand.

Before the USSR ceased to exist, MTZ produced almost 3 million units of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Among them are brands such as:

caterpillar KD-35 (1950);
tracked KT-12 (1951);
wheeled MTZ-1 and MTZ-2 (1954);
tracked TDT-40 (1956);
wheeled MTZ-5 (1956);
wheeled MTZ-7 (1957).

In 1960, a large-scale reconstruction began at the Minsk plant. Simultaneously with the placement of new equipment, designers developed promising models. These were MTZ-50 tractors, as well as a more powerful unit with a hollow drive MTZ-52. Their serial production was launched, respectively, in 1961 and 1964.

Starting from 1967, the plant began to produce tracked modifications of the T-54V with various fillings. The enterprise also produced an unusual MTZ tractor.

The USSR needed cotton-growing equipment. In this regard, a modification of the MTZ-50X was developed. It was distinguished by twin front wheels, as well as increased ground clearance. Such models have been produced since 1969. The plant also supplied steep slopes MTZ-82K.

The next stage of the plant's activity was the development of the MTZ-80 line. Its mass production was launched in 1974. After that, special modifications of the MTZ-82N and MTZ-82R were developed.

In the mid-80s, the Minsk Tractor Plant mastered equipment with a capacity of more than a hundred Horse power. These are models such as MTZ-102, MTZ-142. At the same time, low-power mini-equipment was also leaving the assembly line of the enterprise, the design of which provided for an engine from 5 to 22 hp. With.

Tractor plant in Chelyabinsk

This enterprise has made a significant contribution to equipping agriculture with the necessary equipment for it. And during the war, the production of "self-propelled guns" and tanks was launched here.

The construction of the ChTZ was started in an open field, located far from the main highways. When designing the plant, the first production facilities of which were launched in 1930, the experience of similar US enterprises was taken into account.

06/01/1933 the first caterpillar tractor "Stalinets-60" rolled off the assembly line of ChTZ. In 1936, more than 61 thousand of them were already produced. Today, these tractors are considered obsolete. But in the 30s, in terms of their characteristics, they were almost twice as superior to the equipment produced by STZ and KhTZ.

Starting from 1937, ChTZ began to produce more than economical models S-65. A year later, this tractor received the highest award - the "Grand Prix" at an exhibition in Paris. You can also see the S-65 in the cinema. It was used during the filming of the famous film "Tractor Drivers".

In 1946, the plant underwent a radical reconstruction. Simultaneously with the modernization of equipment, the production of the S-80 began. In 1948, after the final restructuring of the enterprise, ChTZ produced from 20 to 25 units of equipment per day. In 1955, the design bureau of the plant began work on the creation of a more powerful tractor, model S-100. At the same time, the development of new options did not stop, which would increase the durability of the S-80.

Models of tractors produced by ChTZ during the USSR period are represented by the following tracked ones:

S-60 (1933);
S-65 (1937);
S-80 (1946);
S-100 (1956);
DET-250 (1957);
T-100M (1963);
T-130 (1969);
T-800 (1983);
T-170 (1988);
DET 250M2 (19789);
T-10 (1990).

Other businesses

Of course, the article does not list all the factories that produced tractors in the USSR and continue their activities after its collapse. These are companies such as:

Altai (Barnaul);
Onega (Petrozavodsk);
Uzbek (Tashkent);
Kirovskoe (Petersburg);
Pavlodar (Kazakhstan).

There are tractor factories in Moscow and in Bryansk, Lipetsk and Kolomna, as well as in other cities.

Since 1991, a new era has begun in the production of this technique. If before this period all tractor enterprises belonged to one ministry, then at the moment many of them began to be located on the territory of new states. In addition, most of the factories passed into private hands. I would like to believe that the history of the Russian tractor industry will continue to have a worthy continuation.

The day of November 4, 1950 was noted in the annals of the labor exploits of Belarusian tractor builders as the day the serial production of KD-35 tractors began.

Tractor "KD-35"

The first-born of the Minsk tractor builders enjoyed great and well-deserved success among the field workers. The KD-35 tractors were equipped with 4-cylinder diesel engines with an HP 37 power. the engine was remarkably economical. So, for one hectare of plowing under average conditions, he spent 13 kg of fuel. The fuel tank of the tractor contained fuel for 10 hours of uninterrupted operation. Prototypes of the machine plowed up to 6 hectares of land in 10 hours.
The tractor was produced by the plant for a short time, only 9 months, until August 1951. During this time, 406 cars rolled off the assembly line. The production of diesel and starting engines for KD-35 did not stop at the plant. They were supplied to the Lipetsk Tractor Plant. Subsequently, this engine was used on a wheeled universal row-crop tractor, on which factory designers had been working since 1948.

MTZ-1 and MTZ-2

The universal wheeled tractor "Belarus" was designed to work with mounted, semi-mounted and trailed agricultural machines. The design of the tractor was made in two modifications: MTZ-2 - for inter-row processing of low-stemmed crops with the same track of the front and rear wheels, and MTZ-1 - for processing high-stemmed crops with close front wheels. The operation of the tractor was provided for on wheels of two options: low-pressure rubber cylinders and wheels with a rigid steel rim with spurs. The tractor had an independent power take-off shaft drive, hydraulic system for lifting attachments, was equipped with a removable adjustable hitch.
The day of July 18, 1949 became significant for all tractor manufacturers. The first Belarusian wheeled tractor of a factory design came out of the gates of the experimental workshop. A prototype wheeled tractor subsequently became the basis for the creation production car MTZ-2.
In 1949, 7 prototypes were produced, which were subjected to lengthy factory tests.
The historical date for the plant staff was 1953, when on October 14 the assembly of MTZ-1 and MTZ-2 tractors, created by factory designers, was completed on the main conveyor. These machines determined the entire further specialization of the plant in the production of wheeled universal row-crop tractors.

KT-12 and KT-12A

In the spring of 1951, the MTZ team received a very important government task - to master the production of skidders, which were in great demand in the logging industry.
Gas generating tractor KT-12 - special tracked vehicle designed for hauling timber. It appeared in the USSR in the first post-war years. It had no analogues in any country in the world. Previously, skidding was carried out horse-drawn transport(on horseback), manual or mechanical winches. The KT-12 tractor was created by the designers of the Kirov Plant in Leningrad in collaboration with scientists from the Leningrad Forest Engineering Academy. The KT-12 tractor was produced at the Kirov plant until 1951. Now it was necessary to establish its production at the Minsk Tractor Plant. Only three months were given to resolve all organizational issues. So for short story of its existence, MTZ had to master the second (after KD-35) machine, and besides, it was not of its own design.
On August 15, 1951, the first batch of skidders KT-12 left the main conveyor of the tractor assembly shop. During the production process, the tractor was subjected to modernization aimed at improving the performance of the machine. In a short time, factory designers, by changing a number of components and parts, increased guarantee period machine operation by 1.5 times.

TDT-40

In the early 1950s, the Ministry of Forestry of the USSR stated that the KT-12A with its gas generator set did not meet the increased requirements.
Taking into account the shortcomings of the tractor, the ministry decided to abandon this machine altogether and raised the issue of creating a new, more reliable 60 hp skidder instead.
After analyzing the situation, the designers and management of MTZ recognized the feasibility of creating a more powerful skidder, however, they expressed the opinion that one powerful class of tractor for all zones in all logging operations would be uneconomical. It was necessary to design a skidder of medium power, which can be created on the basis of the KT-12A by installing the diesel engine of the Belarus wheeled tractor on it.
In 1954, they developed the design of such a tractor, assigning it the TDT-40 brand. The tractor was intended for the removal of whips directly from the cutting area. In addition to skidding the forest, it was indispensable for logging, for all kinds of transport work in off-road conditions. According to the results of operational tests in 1955, the interdepartmental commission stated that the TDT-40 tractor was very necessary for the USSR Ministry of Forest Industry and it was advisable to establish its production in a short time. By decision of the Ministry of Tractor and Agricultural Machine Building of the USSR, in May 1956, MTZ began mass production of TDT-40 diesel tractors. By the end of the year, their number reached 3430. In the same year, design work was completed and the first experienced diesels D-50 for a promising tractor. New engine exceeded the power of its predecessor by 10 hp, was smaller in size and 350 kg lighter.

TDT-54 and TDT-60

To work in the forests of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, more powerful skidders were required than the TDT-40. The project of such a tractor was commissioned by the Ministry of the Automotive and Tractor Industry to be developed by the designers of the Minsk Tractor Plant together with the Scientific Research Automotive Tractor Institute (NATI) according to the technical requirements of the USSR Ministry of Forest Industry. Initially, the tractor was given the TDT-54 brand. To increase productivity, a D-54 diesel engine with a power of 54 hp was used. tractor DT-54 of the Kharkov Tractor Plant.
After the TDT-54 skidder received the go-ahead from the state commission for mass production, a detailed analysis of each unit was made. As a result, it was decided to modernize most of its nodes. In addition, the D-54 diesel engine was boosted to a power of 60 hp. and as a result, the tractor received a new name TDT-60. Four of its prototypes in 1956 passed all control state tests under production conditions at the Vakhtan timber industry enterprise in the Gorky region.
The simultaneous production of two tractors MTZ-2 and TDT-40, completely different in design and purpose, put the plant in a difficult position. The plant was not able to simultaneously develop two different production: for the production of the MTZ-2 tractor, which is extremely necessary for agriculture, and the TDT-40 tractor, in which the Ministry of Forestry of the USSR was interested.
Feasibility studies have shown that the Minsk plant needs to specialize in the production of wheeled universal row-cultivator agricultural tractors.
The management of the plant made a proposal to the ministry - to stop the production of the TDT-40 tractor at MTZ, transferring it to a plant in Karelia, and the developed model TDT-60 to the Altai Tractor Plant. By the Decree of the Government of the USSR of January 30, 1956, for the production of tractors TDT-40, the Onega machine building plant in Petrozavodsk. Prior to that, it was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Forest Industry of the USSR. In 1957, without stopping the production of TDT-40 at MTZ, the development of the tractor began at the Onega Tractor Plant. In total, until 1958, MTZ produced 12,977 TDT-40 tractors. In 1957, the TDT-60 tractor was put into mass production at the Altai Tractor Plant. This ended the history of skidders at MTZ, where for 7 years they were produced in parallel with wheeled ones.

MTZ-5

Time passed, and with it the requirements for the produced MTZ-2 tractor grew. He had a low transport speed (13 km / h), an insufficient number of gears. The tractor began to lag behind in terms of fuel efficiency and material consumption. It was necessary to increase the reliability and resource of the machine. Summarizing the experience of operating MTZ-2 tractors, taking into account the state and level of tractor construction, the team of designers of the plant in 1955-1956. carried out work on a radical modernization of the machine. This made it possible not only to eliminate the existing shortcomings, but also to expand the scope of the machine, improve technical and economic indicators. This is how new models of the Belarus tractor appeared: MTZ-5 (1956 model). MTZ-5M and MTZ-5L (1957 samples). MTZ-5, having great versatility, had an independent power take-off shaft drive, a more powerful and economical engine, a hydraulic mounted system with remote cylinders.
MTZ-5S

In 1959, after the design improvements, the production of MTZ-5LS and MTZ-5MS tractors began. The letter "C" in the designation meant "high-speed". Engine power was increased to 48 hp. (instead of 45) by increasing the number of revolutions to 1600 rpm (instead of 1500). The operating speed range was set within 5-10 km/h. The number of working gears in the gearbox was increased from four to five. Otherwise fundamental differences there were no MTZ-5L and MTZ-5M tractors. The production of high-speed cars began in 1959.

MTZ-7

In 1958, the design was finalized, prototypes were made, tests were carried out and drawings for the MTZ-7 off-road tractor with four drive wheels were issued for pre-production. The first design of the tractor was developed using the front drive axle from the GAZ-67 military all-terrain vehicle, did not have an adjustable front wheel track and therefore did not provide tilled work. Due to the insufficient strength of the GAZ-67 bridge, the tractor did not pass the test. It was possible to solve the problem after the drive axle of the GAZ-63 car was installed on the tractor. The production of a cabin for Belarus tractors was started. The design of the removable cabin made it possible to use it on a tractor in full closed and in the form of an awning. With the use of such a cabin, the working conditions of the tractor driver have significantly improved.

MTZ-7M

In 1959, the MTZ-7M, MTZ-7MS and MTZ-7LS tractors were put into mass production, though not for long, since the main goal was to get more information about how good four-wheel drive tractors are in various climatic and soil conditions. In the same year, the plant manufactured 169 tractors, and in 1960 - 1277.
A total of 279 MTZ-7 tractors were produced. Their production was discontinued in 1961.

MTZ-50

Until 1959, MTZ had the capacity to produce only 18,000 wheeled tractors of the MTZ-2 type, 6,000 tracked skidders TDT-40 and 40,000 D-40 engines.
The serial production of the MTZ-5, MTZ-5M, MTZ-5L tractors was still underway, work was being done to modernize them, and in 1956 the designers basically designed a new diesel engine for the future MTZ-50 tractor. Great interest was shown in the creation of a new promising row-crop tractor not only at the plant, but also in the country. Technical project tractor was completed in 1957 and approved by the Leading Scientific Automotive Tractor Institute.
In 1958, the experimental workshop produced several prototypes of the tractor. According to the test results, the scientific and technical council of the VO "Soyuzselkhoztekhnika" recommended a wheeled universal tractor of class 1.4 "Belarus" MTZ-50 to serial production. The MTZ-50 tractor was equipped with a 55 hp diesel engine, the weight of the machine was reduced by more than 400 kg. A 9-speed gearbox was installed in the tractor transmission, providing a speed range ranging from 1.65 to 25 km/h.

MTZ-52

In 1959, according to the results of state tests, the design of the MTZ-50 tractor was finalized, the necessary documentation was issued and put into production preparation. On the basis of the MTZ-50 tractor, a modification of the all-terrain tractor with four driving wheels, the MTZ-52, was developed. due to lower slip losses, the fuel efficiency of the MTZ-52 tractor is higher than that of the MTZ-50 tractor at all operating limits.
On November 14, 1959, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a resolution "On the organization of specialized production of wheeled tractors, motorcycles and engines for them at the enterprises of the BSSR." One of the paragraphs of the document stated:
2. Oblige the Council of Ministers of the BSSR to ensure:
c) the production of tractors "Belarus" MTZ-50 starting from 1961 and tractors MTZ-52 starting from 1962, with the production of tractors of these brands being brought up to 75,000 units per year in 1965.
The Council of the National Economy of the BSSR, by its decision of December 19, 1961, decided:
3. For a non-stop transition to new model tractor, to provide for the phased introduction of the MTZ-50 tractor, for which: - to approve for production at MTZ for 1961-1962 the tractor of the transitional model MTZ-50 PL on the chassis of the MTZ-50 tractor with a serial D-48 PL engine, boosted to a power of 50 hp. With. - the production of MTZ-50 tractors with the D-50 engine should be started from the 4th quarter of 1962.
1960 The plant is under reconstruction. New equipment was installed in the workshops, obsolete ones were replaced. The design of the MTZ-50 tractor was finalized, the necessary documentation was issued and handed over to pre-production. On the basis of the MTZ-50 tractor, the team of plant designers developed a modification of the high-traffic tractor with four driving wheels MTZ-52. This machine complemented the basic model, expanded its scope for agricultural and transport work, especially in conditions high humidity soil.

MTZ-50X

In 1963, the development of the design was completed and prototypes of the MTZ-50 cotton-growing tractor were produced. The tractor is designed for cultivating and harvesting cotton in a four-row system of machines with a row spacing of 90 cm. The MTZ-50X tractor was fundamentally different from the MTZ-50 tractor in the design of the front axle - it had one steering wheel. The node has also been changed final drives with additional gearboxes. All the necessary tests of the tractor were completed in 1966, after which preparations for its mass production began by factory services. The production of the MTZ-50X tractor lasted eight years: from 1969 to 1977. Then the production was transferred to the Tashkent Tractor Plant.
On the basis of the MTZ-50 tractor, three caterpillar modifications were created, and the nodal unification with the MTZ-50 tractor was more than 62%. Caterpillar modifications were unified by 95-98%. In 1967, a version of the T-54V caterpillar tractor was put into production in two modifications: T-54V-C1 with a track width of 950 mm for cultivating vineyards with row spacings of 1.8 m or more and T-54V-C2 - with a track width of 85- mm for the cultivation of vineyards with a row spacing of 1.5 m.
In 1968, the production of the T-54L tractor began.

MTZ-80

In 1966, the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 606 was issued on the creation of a universal row-crop tractor with a power of 75-80 hp. traction class 1.4. designers created such a tractor by upgrading the MTZ-50 tractor, assigning it the MTZ-80/82 brand. In the design of this tractor, in addition to increasing power serial engine a significant number of improvements have been made.
In 1972, the state tests of the MTZ-80/80L tractor were completed (with electric starting and starting motor). Tests have shown that the number of machines and implements aggregated with the tractor has increased to 230 items. High speed(up to 35 km / h) made it possible to more rationally use the tractor for transport work.
In 1974, the plant began mass production of the MTZ-80. The tractor was conceived as a base tractor, taking into account the development on it of a new family of unified energy-saturated tractors, both wheeled and caterpillar. The main differences between the MTZ-80 tractor and the MTZ-50 tractor were as follows:
A reduction gear was installed in the gearbox, doubling the number of gears - 18 forward gears and 4 reverse gears;
Damping springs were introduced into the clutch, the design of the flywheel was changed - it became flat, which improved ventilation of the entire clutch compartment and cleaning the cavity from wear products of rubbing surfaces;
A creeper is introduced - a gear reducer that provides an extension of the speed range of the tractor. Its use allowed the tractor to move at speeds up to 1.3 km / h;
Changed and automatic differential lock rear axle. Now blocking could be carried out on the move of the tractor;
A change in the design of the rear PTO drive made it possible to obtain two speeds instead of one;
The hydraulic system has also been upgraded. It is equipped with a hydraulic grip weight(GSV), power and position controller. The carrying capacity of the system has been increased to 2000 kg (instead of 1500) by increasing the pressure in the system from 130 to 160 kg/cm2;
Minsky was engaged in the modernization of the engine engine plant. The engine had two modifications with electric start. The crankshaft speed was raised to 2200 rpm.

MTZ-82

MTZ-82 is almost identical to the 80th, but has four-wheel drive, like the MTZ-52. The experience of operating the MTZ-80 in various regions of the country revealed the need to create modifications of this machine, designed for a specific set of agricultural and other works. The most popular modifications of the MTZ-82 tractor were: the rice-growing MTZ-82R, the low-clearance MTZ-82N, and the steep MTZ-82K.

MTZ-100, MTZ-102

MTZ-100, MTZ-102 are identical to the MTZ-80 and MTZ-82 tractors, but they are equipped with a more powerful turbocharged diesel engine. Now, in my opinion, they are out of production and replaced by more modern models.

Array ( => Equipment, Tractors [~TAGS] => Equipment, Tractors => 59307 [~ID] => 59307 => Crawler tractors of the USSR. History of tractors in the USSR [~NAME] => Crawler tractors of the USSR. History of tractors in the USSR => 1 [~IBLOCK_ID] => 1 => 104 [~IBLOCK_SECTION_ID] => 104 =>

History of tractors in the USSR

Adopting foreign experience

STZ-1 (wheeled, 1930).

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

STZ-3 (caterpillar, 1937).

SHTZ-NATI (caterpillar, 1937).

DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-75 (tracked, 1963).

DT-175 (tracked, 1986).

Kharkov Tractor Plant

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

KhTZ-7 (wheeled, 1949).

KhTZ-DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-14 (tracked, 1955).

T-75 (tracked, 1960).

T-74 (tracked, 1962).

T-125 (tracked, 1962).

Gauge, m. - 1.7 / 1.8.

Mass, t. - 7.5 / 8.1.

Power, hp - 150.

Minsk Tractor Plant

KD-35 (tracked, 1950).

KT-12 (tracked, 1951).

TDT-40 (tracked, 1956).

MTZ-5 (wheeled, 1956).

MTZ-7 (wheeled, 1957).

Post-war history

S-60 (tracked, 1933).

S-65 (tracked, 1937).

S-80 (tracked, 1946).

S-100 (tracked, 1956).

DET-250 (caterpillar, 1957).

T-100M (tracked, 1963).

T-130 (tracked, 1969).

T-800 (tracked, 1983).

T-170 (tracked, 1988).

T-10 (tracked, 1990).

DET-250

Other manufacturers

[~DETAIL_TEXT] =>

In the USSR, close attention was paid to tractor construction. Agriculture needed speedy mechanization, and there were no own factories in the country. Realizing the need to increase labor productivity in the countryside, V. I. Lenin in 1920 signed the corresponding decree "On a single tractor farm." Already in 1922, small-scale production began domestic models"Kolomenets" and "Zaporozhets". The first tractors of the USSR were technically imperfect and low-power, but after two five-year plans a breakthrough came in the construction of specialized enterprises. Funny But Real Facts About The Toilet 5 Foundations Of A Strong Relationship What Does The Shape Of Your Nose Say About Your Personality?

"Russian" first-born Russia has always been famous for its inventors, but not all ideas could be put into practice. Back in the 18th century, the agronomist I. M. Komov raised the topic of the mechanization of agriculture. In the middle of the 19th century, V.P. Guryev, and then D.A. Zagryazhsky, developed steam tractors for plowing. In 1888, F. A. Blinov made and tested the first caterpillar steam tractor. However, the device turned out to be unnecessarily bulky. However, 1896 is officially considered the year of birth of the Russian tractor industry, when the world's first caterpillar steam tractor was publicly demonstrated at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

On the threshold of the 20th century, designer Ya. V. Mamin (a student of Blinov) invented a high-compression, non-compressor engine running on heavy fuel. It was more suitable than any other for use in wheeled tracked vehicles. In 1911, he also assembled the first domestic tractor with an 18-kilowatt internal combustion engine, which received the patriotic name "Russian". After modernization, a more powerful engine appeared on it - by 33 kW. Their small-scale production was established at the Balakovo plant - until 1914, about a hundred units were produced.

In addition to Balakovo, piece tractors were produced in Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvenkovo, Kichkas and a number of other settlements. But the total production of all tractors at domestic enterprises was so small that it had practically no effect on the situation in agriculture. In 1913, the total number of this equipment is estimated at 165 copies. On the other hand, foreign agricultural equipment was actively purchased: by 1917, 1,500 tractors were imported into the Russian Empire.

History of tractors in the USSR

At the initiative of Lenin, the development and production of mechanized agricultural machinery was given Special attention. The principle of a single tractor economy assumed not only the production of "iron horses", as the tractor was called, but also a set of measures to organize a research and testing base, organize the supply of spare parts and repairs, open courses for masters, instructors and tractor drivers.

The first tractor in the USSR was produced by the Kolomna Plant in 1922. The founder of the national school of tractor building, E. D. Lvov, became the project manager. wheeled vehicle received the name "Kolomenets-1" and symbolized the beginning of a new era in the countryside. Lenin, despite a serious illness, personally congratulated the designers on their success. 35 Wisest Jewish Sayings Why should you have sex as often as possible? This state of consciousness scares people the most

In the same year, the Krasny Progress enterprise produced the Zaporozhets tractor in Kichkas. The model was not perfect. Only one rear wheel was driving. A low-power two-stroke 8.8 kW motor accelerated the “iron horse” to 3.4 km / h. There was only one gear, forward. Power on the hook - 4.4 kW. But this vehicle also greatly facilitated the work of the villagers.

The legendary inventor Mamin did not sit idle. He improved his pre-revolutionary design. In 1924, the tractors of the USSR were replenished with models of the Karlik family:

Three-wheeled "Karlik-1" with one gear and a speed of 3-4 km / h.

Four-wheeled "Karlik-2" with reverse.

Adopting foreign experience

While the tractors of the USSR were “building up their muscles”, and Soviet designers were mastering a new direction for themselves, the government decided to start producing foreign equipment under license. In 1923, at the Kharkov plant, the caterpillar Kommunar, which was the heir to the German model Ganomag Z-50, was put into production. They were mainly used in the army for transporting artillery pieces until 1945 (and later).

In 1924, the Leningrad plant "Krasny Putilovets" (the future Kirovsky) mastered the production of a cheap and structurally simple "American" of the Fordson company. The old USSR tractors of this brand have proven themselves quite well. They were head and shoulders above both Zaporozhets and Kolomenets. Carburetor kerosene engine (14.7 kW) developed a speed of up to 10.8 km / h, power on the hook - 6.6 kW. Gearbox - three-speed. The model was produced until 1932. In fact, this was the first large-scale production of this technique.

Construction of tractor factories

It became obvious that in order to provide collective farms with productive tractors, it was necessary to build specialized factories that would combine science, design bureaus and production facilities. The initiator of the project was F. E. Dzerzhinsky. According to the concept, it was planned to equip the new enterprises with modern equipment and mass-produce cheap and reliable models on wheeled and caterpillar traction. Can you roll your tongue into a tube? Find out why A simple test: will short hair suit you? Charming photo shoot of the mother of quintuplets

The first large-scale production of tractors in the USSR was established in Stalingrad. Subsequently, the capacities of the Kharkov and Leningrad plants were significantly expanded. Large enterprises appeared in Chelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul and other cities of the USSR.

Stalingrad Tractor Plant

Stalingrad became the city where the first large tractor plant was built from scratch. Thanks to its strategic position (at the intersection of supplies of Baku oil, Ural metal and Donbass coal) and the presence of an army of skilled labor, it won the competition from Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. In 1925, a resolution was adopted on the construction of a modern enterprise, and in 1930 the legendary wheeled tractors of the USSR of the STZ-1 brand left the assembly line. In the future, a wide range of wheeled and tracked models was produced here.

The Soviet period includes:

STZ-1 (wheeled, 1930).

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

STZ-3 (caterpillar, 1937).

SHTZ-NATI (caterpillar, 1937).

DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-75 (tracked, 1963).

DT-175 (tracked, 1986).

In 2005, the Volgograd Tractor Plant (former STZ) was declared bankrupt. VgTZ became its successor.

Caterpillar tractors of the USSR in the middle of the 20th century became widespread, they surpassed wheeled ones in the number of models. An excellent example of general-purpose agricultural machinery is the DT-54 tractor, produced in 1949-1979. It was produced at the Stalingrad, Kharkov and Altai plants with a total of 957,900 units. He "starred" in many films ("Ivan Brovkin in the virgin lands", "It was in Penkovo", "Kalina Krasnaya" and others), installed as a monument in dozens of settlements.

The D-54 brand engine is in-line, four-cylinder, four-stroke, liquid-cooled, rigidly mounted on the frame. The number of revolutions (power) of the motor is 1300 rpm (54 hp). Five-speed three-way gearbox with main clutch coupled cardan transmission. Working speed: 3.59-7.9 km/h, pulling force: 1000-2850 kg.

Kharkov Tractor Plant

Construction of KhTZ them. Sergo Ordzhonikidze began in 1930, 15 kilometers east of Kharkov. In total, the construction of the giant took 15 months. The first tractor left the conveyor on October 1, 1931 - it was a borrowed model of the Stalingrad plant SHTZ 15/30. But the main task was to create a domestic tractor of the Caterpillar type with a capacity of 50 horsepower. Here, the team of designer P. I. Andrusenko developed a promising diesel unit, which could be put on all caterpillar tractors of the USSR. In 1937, the plant launched a modernized tracked model based on SKhTZ-NATI into a series. The main innovation was a more economical and at the same time more productive diesel engine.

With the outbreak of war, the enterprise was evacuated to Barnaul, where the Altai Tractor Plant was created on its basis. After the liberation of Kharkov in 1944, production was resumed at the same site - the legendary USSR tractors of the SHTZ-NATI model again went into series. The main models of HZT of the Soviet period:

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

SHZT-NATI ITA (caterpillar, 1937).

KhTZ-7 (wheeled, 1949).

KhTZ-DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-14 (tracked, 1955).

T-75 (tracked, 1960).

T-74 (tracked, 1962).

T-125 (tracked, 1962).

In the 70s, a radical reconstruction was carried out at KhTZ, but production did not stop. Emphasis was placed on the production of "three-ton" T-150K (wheeled) and T-150 (tracked). The energy-saturated T-150K on tests in the USA (1979) showed the best performance among world analogues, proving that the tractors of the USSR times were not inferior to foreign ones. In the late 80s, the KhTZ-180 and KhTZ-200 models were developed: they are 20% more economical than the 150th series and 50% more productive.

Tractors of the USSR were famous for their reliability. So the universal high-speed tractor T-150 (T-150K) has earned a good reputation. It has a wide range of applications: transport, road construction, and agriculture. It is still used to transport goods on difficult terrain, in field work (plowing, peeling, cultivation, etc.), in earthworks. Able to transport trailers with a carrying capacity of 10-20 tons. For the T-150 (K), a turbocharged 6-cylinder liquid-cooled V-configuration diesel engine was specially developed.

Specifications T-150K:

Width / length / height, m. - 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.

Gauge, m. - 1.7 / 1.8.

Mass, t. - 7.5 / 8.1.

Power, hp - 150.

Maximum speed, km / h - 31.

Minsk Tractor Plant

MTZ was founded on May 29, 1946 and is considered perhaps the most successful this moment an enterprise that has retained its capacities since the times of the USSR. At the end of 2013, over 21,000 people worked here. The plant holds 8-10% of the world tractor market and is strategic for Belarus. Produces a wide range of vehicles under the brand name "Belarus". By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, almost 3 million units of equipment had been produced.

KD-35 (tracked, 1950).

KT-12 (tracked, 1951).

MTZ-1, MTZ-2 (wheeled, 1954).

TDT-40 (tracked, 1956).

MTZ-5 (wheeled, 1956).

MTZ-7 (wheeled, 1957).

In 1960, a large-scale reconstruction of the Minsk plant began. In parallel with the installation of new equipment, the designers worked on the introduction of promising models of tractors: the MTZ-50 and the more powerful MTZ-52 with all-wheel drive. They went into the series, respectively, in 1961 and 1964. Since 1967, the tracked modification of the T-54V has been produced in various versions. If we talk about the unusual tractors of the USSR, then these can be considered modifications of the cotton-growing MTZ-50X with twin front wheels and increased ground clearance, which have been produced since 1969, as well as the steep MTZ-82K.

The next step was the MTZ-80 line (since 1974) - the most massive in the world, and special modifications of MTZ-82R, MTZ-82N. Since the mid-80s, MTZ has mastered the technique of over a hundred horsepower: MTZ-102 (100 hp), MTZ-142 (150 hp), and low-power mini-tractors: 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. With.

Caterpillar row-crop tractor is different compact size, ease of operation and repair. It was widely used in agriculture of the USSR and in the countries of the Warsaw Pact. Purpose - work with a plow and other attachments. Since 1950, a modification of the KDP-35 was produced, which was distinguished by a smaller track width, a wider track and increased ground clearance.

Enough powerful motor D-35, respectively, gave out 37 liters. with., the gearbox had 5 steps (one back, five forward). The engine was economical: the average consumption of diesel fuel per 1 ha was 13 liters. A tank of fuel was enough for 10 hours of work - this was enough to plow 6 hectares of land. Since 1959, the model has been equipped with a modernized power unit D-40 (45 hp) and increased speed (1600 rpm). Also increased the reliability of the chassis.

Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant before the war

Talking about the tractor of the USSR, it is impossible to get around the story Chelyabinsk plant, which made a significant contribution to the production of peaceful equipment, and during the Second World War it became the forge of tanks and self-propelled guns. The famous ChTZ was built in an open field away from highways with the help of picks, crowbars and shovels. The decision to build was made in May 1929 at the 14th Congress of Soviets of the USSR. In June 1929, Leningradsky GIPROMEZ began work on the design of the plant. ChTZ was designed taking into account the experience of American auto and tractor enterprises, mainly Caterpillar.

From February to November 1930, it was built and put into operation pilot plant. This happened on November 7, 1930. The founding date of ChTZ is considered to be August 10, 1930, when the first foundations of the foundry were laid. On June 1, 1933, the first caterpillar tractor of Chelyabinsk workers, the Stalinets-60, left for the readiness line. In 1936, more than 61,000 tractors were produced. Now it is a retro-tractor of the USSR, and in the 30s, the S-60 model was almost twice as superior in performance as its counterparts from the Stalingrad and Kharkov plants.

In 1937, having simultaneously mastered the production of S-60 diesel engines, the plant switched to the production of more economical S-65 tractors. A year later, this tractor was awarded the highest Grand Prix award at an exhibition in Paris, and was also used to film the cult Soviet film Tractor Drivers. In 1940, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was ordered to switch to the production of military products - tanks, self-propelled guns, engines, spare parts.

Post-war history

Despite the difficulties of wartime, tractor builders did not forget about their favorite business. The thought arose: why not use the experience of the Americans? After all, in the United States during the war, the production of tractors did not stop. The analysis showed that the best of the models American tractors is D-7. In 1944, the development of documentation and design began.

After 2 years, simultaneously with the reconstruction of the plant, on January 5, 1946, the first S-80 tractor was produced. By 1948, the restructuring of the enterprise was completed, 20-25 units of tracked vehicles were produced per day. In 1955, the design bureaus began work on the creation of a new, more powerful S-100 tractor and continued work to increase the durability of the S-80 tractor.

S-60 (tracked, 1933).

S-65 (tracked, 1937).

S-80 (tracked, 1946).

S-100 (tracked, 1956).

DET-250 (caterpillar, 1957).

T-100M (tracked, 1963).

T-130 (tracked, 1969).

T-800 (tracked, 1983).

T-170 (tracked, 1988).

DET-250M2 (caterpillar, 1989);

T-10 (tracked, 1990).

DET-250

At the end of the 50s, the task was set: to design and manufacture prototypes of a tractor with a capacity of 250 horsepower for testing. From the very first steps, the authors of the new model abandoned the traditional and well-known paths. For the first time in the practice of Soviet tractor construction, they created a hermetic and comfortable cab with air conditioning. The driver could drive a heavy car with one hand. The result was an excellent tractor DET-250. The Committee of the VDNKh Council of the USSR awarded the plant for this model with a Gold Medal and a Diploma of the 1st degree.

Other manufacturers

Of course, not all tractor factories are represented in the list. Tractors of the USSR and Russia were also produced and are being produced at the Altai (Barnaul), Kirov (Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TZ, in Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) and other cities.

Caterpillar tractors of the USSR. History of tractors in the USSR

In the USSR, close attention was paid to tractor construction. Agriculture needed speedy mechanization, and there were no own factories in the country. Realizing the need to increase labor productivity in the countryside, V. I. Lenin in 1920 signed the corresponding decree "On a single tractor farm." Already in 1922, small-scale production of domestic models "Kolomenets" and "Zaporozhets" began. The first tractors of the USSR were technically imperfect and low-power, but after two five-year plans a breakthrough came in the construction of specialized enterprises. Funny But Real Facts About The Toilet 5 Foundations Of A Strong Relationship What Does The Shape Of Your Nose Say About Your Personality?

History of tractors in the USSR

At the initiative of Lenin, special attention was paid to the development and production of mechanized agricultural machinery. The principle of a single tractor economy assumed not only the production of "iron horses", as the tractor was called, but also a set of measures to organize a research and testing base, organize the supply of spare parts and repairs, open courses for masters, instructors and tractor drivers.

The first tractor in the USSR was produced by the Kolomna Plant in 1922. The founder of the national school of tractor building, E. D. Lvov, became the project manager. The wheeled vehicle was called "Kolomenets-1" and symbolized the beginning of a new era in the countryside. Lenin, despite a serious illness, personally congratulated the designers on their success. 35 Wisest Jewish Sayings Why should you have sex as often as possible? This state of consciousness scares people the most

The legendary inventor Mamin did not sit idle. He improved his pre-revolutionary design. In 1924, the tractors of the USSR were replenished with models of the Karlik family:

Three-wheeled "Karlik-1" with one gear and a speed of 3-4 km / h.

Four-wheeled "Karlik-2" with reverse.

Adopting foreign experience

Construction of tractor factories

Stalingrad Tractor Plant

The Soviet period includes:

STZ-1 (wheeled, 1930).

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

STZ-3 (caterpillar, 1937).

SHTZ-NATI (caterpillar, 1937).

DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-75 (tracked, 1963).

DT-175 (tracked, 1986).

In 2005, the Volgograd Tractor Plant (former STZ) was declared bankrupt. VgTZ became its successor.

The D-54 brand engine is in-line, four-cylinder, four-stroke, liquid-cooled, rigidly mounted on the frame. The number of revolutions (power) of the motor is 1300 rpm (54 hp). A five-speed three-way gearbox with the main clutch is connected by a cardan drive. Working speed: 3.59-7.9 km/h, pulling force: 1000-2850 kg.

Kharkov Tractor Plant

Construction of KhTZ them. Sergo Ordzhonikidze began in 1930, 15 kilometers east of Kharkov. In total, the construction of the giant took 15 months. The first tractor left the conveyor on October 1, 1931 - it was a borrowed model of the Stalingrad plant SHTZ 15/30. But the main task was to create a domestic tractor of the Caterpillar type with a capacity of 50 horsepower. Here, the team of designer P.I. Andrusenko developed a promising diesel unit that could be installed on all caterpillar tractors of the USSR. In 1937, the plant launched a modernized tracked model based on SKhTZ-NATI into a series. The main innovation was a more economical and at the same time more efficient diesel engine.

SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).

SHZT-NATI ITA (caterpillar, 1937).

KhTZ-7 (wheeled, 1949).

KhTZ-DT-54 (tracked, 1949).

DT-14 (tracked, 1955).

T-75 (tracked, 1960).

T-74 (tracked, 1962).

T-125 (tracked, 1962).

Specifications T-150K:

Width / length / height, m. - 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.

Gauge, m. - 1.7 / 1.8.

Mass, t. - 7.5 / 8.1.

Power, hp - 150.

Maximum speed, km / h - 31.

Minsk Tractor Plant

MTZ was founded on May 29, 1946 and is considered, perhaps, the most successful enterprise at the moment, which has retained its capacities since the times of the USSR. At the end of 2013, over 21,000 people worked here. The plant holds 8-10% of the world tractor market and is strategic for Belarus. Produces a wide range of vehicles under the brand name "Belarus". By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, almost 3 million units of equipment had been produced.

KD-35 (tracked, 1950).

KT-12 (tracked, 1951).

MTZ-1, MTZ-2 (wheeled, 1954).

TDT-40 (tracked, 1956).

MTZ-5 (wheeled, 1956).

MTZ-7 (wheeled, 1957).

Crawler row-crop tractor is compact in size, easy to operate and repair. It was widely used in agriculture of the USSR and in the countries of the Warsaw Pact. Purpose - work with a plow and other attachments. Since 1950, a modification of the KDP-35 was produced, which was distinguished by a smaller track width, a wider track and increased ground clearance.

A sufficiently powerful D-35 engine, respectively, gave out 37 hp. with., the gearbox had 5 steps (one back, five forward). The engine was economical: the average consumption of diesel fuel per 1 ha was 13 liters. A tank of fuel was enough for 10 hours of work - this was enough to plow 6 hectares of land. Since 1959, the model was equipped with a modernized D-40 power unit (45 hp) and an increased speed (1600 rpm). Also increased the reliability of the chassis.

Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant before the war

Talking about the tractor of the USSR, it is impossible to get around the history of the Chelyabinsk plant, which made a significant contribution to the production of peaceful equipment, and during the Second World War it became a forge of tanks and self-propelled guns. The famous ChTZ was built in an open field away from highways with the help of picks, crowbars and shovels. The decision to build was made in May 1929 at the 14th Congress of Soviets of the USSR. In June 1929, Leningradsky GIPROMEZ began work on the design of the plant. ChTZ was designed taking into account the experience of American auto and tractor enterprises, mainly Caterpillar.

From February to November 1930, a pilot plant was built and put into operation. This happened on November 7, 1930. The founding date of ChTZ is considered to be August 10, 1930, when the first foundations of the foundry were laid. On June 1, 1933, the first caterpillar tractor of Chelyabinsk workers, the Stalinets-60, left for the readiness line. In 1936, more than 61,000 tractors were produced. Now it is a retro-tractor of the USSR, and in the 30s, the S-60 model was almost twice as superior in performance as its counterparts from the Stalingrad and Kharkov plants.

Post-war history

Despite the difficulties of wartime, tractor builders did not forget about their favorite business. The thought arose: why not use the experience of the Americans? After all, in the United States during the war, the production of tractors did not stop. The analysis showed that the best of the models of American tractors is the D-7. In 1944, the development of documentation and design began.

S-60 (tracked, 1933).

S-65 (tracked, 1937).

S-80 (tracked, 1946).

S-100 (tracked, 1956).

DET-250 (caterpillar, 1957).

T-100M (tracked, 1963).

T-130 (tracked, 1969).

T-800 (tracked, 1983).

T-170 (tracked, 1988).

DET-250M2 (caterpillar, 1989);

T-10 (tracked, 1990).

DET-250