The first Soviet five-year plans were a resounding success. Agriculture was one of the main elements. At the same time, the Soviet Union was rapidly developing Soviet production, in particular, modern tractors were created and produced, which were so necessary for developing agriculture. But what were they?
Wheel tractor "Universal 2"
Universal tractors were produced from 1934 to 1940 at the Krasny Putilovets Leningrad Plant and from 1944 to 1955 at the Vladimir Tractor Plant. The cars of the first series Universal-1 and Universal-2 differed in the design of the front axle. U-1 had front wheels offset to the center, on U-2 they were spaced apart on a beam front axle. Accordingly, the tractor had additional tie rods. The tractor was equipped with a 4-cylinder 22 hp kerosene engine. and transmission with three gears forward and one back. The operating speed range of the U-2 tractor was from 3.9 to 8.1 km/h with an operating weight of 2108 kg. It was the Universal-2 that became the first Soviet tractor to be exported. The total number of produced Universals is 211,500 pieces.
Wheeled tractor SHTZ-15/30
The most massive Soviet wheeled tractor of the first half of the 20th century, 390,500 copies were produced. It was produced at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant (since 1930) and the Kharkov Tractor Plant (since 1931) until 1937, and in the post-war period (1948-1950) at the Moscow Automobile Repair Plant. The design is based on one of the best wheeled tractors of that time McCormick-Deering 15/30 of the American company International Harvester. The kerosene 4-cylinder engine developed 31.5 hp. and allowed to work in the speed range from 3.4 to 7.4 km / h. The operating weight of the tractor is 3000 kg.
Caterpillar tractor STZ-3 (SHTZ-NATI)
After the cessation of production of the SKhTZ-15/30 wheeled tractor in 1937, the Stalingrad and Kharkov Tractor Plants switched to the production of the STZ-3 caterpillar tractor. It was the first mass-produced tractor, the design of which was completely developed by Soviet engineers. The tractor had a riveted frame, a chassis of four carriages with a balancing suspension with coil springs and a semi-enclosed cab. A 4-cylinder water-cooled kerosene engine developed 52 hp. on the shaft and 46 hp on drive pulley. The mass of the tractor was 3800 kg. After the evacuation of the Kharkov plant to the city of Rubtsovsk, STZ-3 was also produced at the Altai Tractor Plant (from 1942 to 1952). In Stalingrad and Kharkov, the production of STZ-3 was curtailed a little earlier, in 1949, when it gave way to the DT-54 tractor on the conveyor. The total number of cars produced is 191,000 pieces.
Caterpillar tractor S-65 Stalinets
The first Soviet diesel tractor, produced at the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant from 1937 to 1941. was further development S-60 designs with a carburetor engine. The M-17 diesel engine developed 65 hp. and allowed the tractor with a gross weight of 10850 kg to reach a maximum speed of 6.95 km / h. Late production cars were equipped with a closed cab. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, most of the S-65 was withdrawn for the needs of the army and used as artillery tractors. In the German army, captured C-65s were also used to tow heavy guns. Presented at the Oldtimer Gallery S-65 during the retreat of the Red Army, it got stuck in one of the swamps in the Pskov region, where it lay at a depth of 7 meters to this day. In 2008, the tractor was removed from the swamp captivity and immediately went to Shamansky's workshop for restoration.
Among the large number of machines used in the national economy, tractors occupy one of the first places. They help to mechanize processes in agricultural production, serve for loading and unloading operations, for transport purposes, digging ditches, uprooting stumps and many other works.
The founder of our state, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, attached great importance to the tractor as the main source of mechanical energy in agricultural production.
Until the twenties, despite the fact that tractors were already being produced various types, there were actually no theories of their construction. Articles about tractors appeared in foreign and domestic journals, mostly descriptive. In 1927, Evgeny Dmitrievich Lvov's book "Tractors, design and calculation" was published, which became a desktop for engineers and scientists in our country and abroad. This book is original in that way. time, from a scientific point of view, questions of the theory and design of the tractor were interpreted. Therefore, E. D. Lvov is deservedly recognized as the founder of the new discipline "Tractor Theory".
Among other Soviet scientists who have enriched the science of tractors, a prominent place is occupied by Vasily Nikolayevich Boltinsky, who wrote the book Autotractor Engines, which deals with the theory and design of engines. internal combustion for tractors and cars.
The history of domestic tractor building goes deep into the 18th century.
1791. The famous self-taught mechanic Ivan Petrovich Kulibin invented a three-wheeled "carriage scooter" with two driving and one steering wheels. In this stroller, the inventor used a number of mechanisms and devices that are found in a modern tractor: a gearbox, steering, roller bearings, brakes, flywheel, etc.
1837. Dmitry Andreevich Zagryazhsky created a mover that is fundamentally different from wheels. It should be considered that this mover was a prototype of the future caterpillar.
1879 Fedor Abramovich Blinov, a peasant from the village of Nikolskoye, Volsky district, Saratov province, received a patent for a "Wagon with endless rails for transporting goods on highways and country roads This design is even larger than the Zagryazhsky propulsion unit, approaching the caterpillar design of modern tractors.
1888 F. A. Blinov built crawler, driven by two steam engines, and demonstrated it in 1889 at the Saratov, and in 1896 - at the Nizhny Novgorod exhibitions.
A steam boiler, two steam engines, a booth and tanks for fuel and water were placed on a frame 5 m long. The rotation from each machine was transmitted through gears to the drive wheels engaged with the track links.
Due to the imperfection of the design, the Blinov tractor did not become widespread, but it had a great influence on the further development of the domestic tractor industry, which was delayed due to the lack of a workable internal combustion engine.
1903 A talented student of F. A. Blinov, Yakov Vasilievich Mamin, designed an internal combustion engine that ran on heavy fuel. In this engine, the designer made an additional chamber with a heat accumulator in the form of a plug-in copper igniter. The igniter was heated from an external heat source before starting the engine, and then, for the rest of the time, the engine worked by self-ignition, using crude oil as fuel.
Mamin received a patent for the engine in 1903. This circumstance gives the right to assert that a compressorless high-compression engine operating on heavy fuel was first built in Russia.
1911 Ya.V. Mamin made a tractor with an 18 kW engine of his own design and gave it the name "Russian Tractor-2". After testing and a slight alteration, a tractor with a 33 kW engine was created. Until 1914, more than 100 such tractors were produced at the Balakovo plant.
In addition to the Balakovo plant, shortly before the First World War, several plants in Russia (in Rostov-on-Don, Kichkass, Barvenkovo, Kharkov, Kolomna, Bryansk, etc.) began to produce tractors. But their role in the history of pre-revolutionary tractor building is small. The tractor-building industry practically did not exist. In 1913, there were only 165 tractors in Tsarist Russia. Until 1917, about 1,500 tractors were purchased abroad and brought to Russia.
From the first days of Soviet power, the question of the development of domestic tractor construction has been sharply raised.
1918 At the Petrograd Obukhov Plant, the production of caterpillar-wheeled tractors, similar to the American Holt tractor, with a 55 kW engine, began. But because of the civil war, the plant was able to produce the first tractors only in 1921.
1919 Continuing work on the design of new tractor models, Ya. V. Mamin created the Gnome tractor with oil engine with a power of 11.8 kW and a two-speed gearbox providing speeds of 2.93 and 4.27 km/h.
Improving the design of his tractor, Ya. V. Mamin built in 1924 new tractor with an 8.8 kW engine in two versions: tractor "Karlik-1" (three-wheeled, with one forward gear, with a speed of 3 ... 4 km / h) and "Karlik-2" (four-wheeled, with one gear and reverse).
1920 On November 2, V. I. Lenin signed the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On a single tractor economy." This decree laid the foundation for the creation of a unified tractor economy in our country, the organization of repairs and the supply of spare parts, as well as the organization of testing stations, training courses for instructors, craftsmen and tractor drivers.
1922 At the Kolomna Plant, under the leadership of one of the founders of the domestic tractor industry and the founder of the science of tractors, Evgeny Dmitrievich Lvov, a tractor of the original design "Kolomenets-1" was developed and then manufactured. The tractor was also produced by the Bryansk plant.
In the same year, under the guidance of engineer A. A. Ungern, the Zaporozhets tractor was designed and then built at the Krasny Progress plant in Kichkass. In order not to use a differential that is difficult to manufacture, the designers limited themselves to one leading rear wheel. An 8.8kW two-stroke engine with an ignition ball ran on crude oil. The tractor had only one forward gear, developed a speed of 3.6 km / h, the power on the hook did not exceed 4.4 kW.
1923 At the Kharkov Locomotive Plant, they began to produce Kommunar caterpillar tractors with a 36.8 kW engine and a three-speed gearbox, which provided a speed of 1.8 to 7 km / h.
Almost all tractors produced at that time were technically imperfect, and their engines were low-powered and not economical enough. We needed a modern, economical tractor. And while the development of a domestic sample was being established, it was decided to turn to foreign experience. The choice fell on the simplest and cheapest american tractor"Fordson".
1924 In Leningrad, the first tractor called "Fordson - Putilovets" rolled off the assembly line of the Krasny Putilovets plant. Tractor had carbureted engine with a power of 14.7 kW, running on kerosene, a three-speed gearbox, developed a speed of 2.3 to 10.8 km / h, the power on the hook reached 6.6 kW. It was produced until April 1932.
The developing agricultural production required more and more tractors. There was a need for the construction of specialized tractor-building plants.
1925 A tractor department was organized at NAMI, which in 1946 was transformed into the Scientific Research Tractor Institute (NATI).
1928 By decision of the Soviet government, approved in November by the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the construction of a plant (STZ) for the production of a wheeled tractor, the prototype of which was the American tractor International 15/30, began in Stalingrad.
1929 The Council of People's Commissars decided to build a tractor plant in the city of Chelyabinsk in the Urals.
1930 On June 17, the first STZ-15/30 tractor with a carburetor engine running on kerosene was removed from the assembly line of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant. A three-speed gearbox made it possible to obtain speeds from 3.5 to 7.4 km / h. The power of the engine was 22 kW, and the power of the tractor on the hook was 11 kW. The wheels had steel rims with lugs.
1931 On October 1, the Kharkov Tractor Plant (KhTZ), which produced KhTZ-15/30 tractors similar to STZ-15/30 tractors, went into operation. Both models were produced until 1937.
1932 On April 20, the Stalingrad Tractor Plant reached its design capacity: 144 tractors were assembled.
1933 On June 1, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, which produced powerful general-purpose S-60 caterpillar tractors, went into operation. The tractor was equipped with a 44.2 kW carburetor engine that ran on naphtha. A three-speed gearbox made it possible to obtain speeds from 3 to 5.9 km / h and develop hook power of 36.8 kW. The prototype of the tractor was the American Caterpillar tractor. The tractor was produced until March 31, 1937.
1934 At the Kirov Plant in Leningrad (the former Krasny Putilovets plant), instead of the Fordson-Putilovets tractor, the production of a more advanced Universal tractor began, the prototype of which was the American Farmall tractor. Tractor "Universal" had a kerosene-powered 16.19 kW engine and a three-speed gearbox, developed a speed of 3.4 to 7.2 km / h and hook power of 7.36 kW. The plant produced this model until 1940.
1937 Stalingrad and Kharkov Tractor Plants switched to the production of caterpillar tractors STZ-NATI and KhTZ-NATI for general purposes. These tractors had a 37 kW carburetor engine running on kerosene and a four-speed gearbox, which made it possible to obtain speeds from 3.82 to 8.04 km / h. The power on the hook was 25 kW. Since the models of tractors produced by both plants did not differ in design, they were called the combined brand SHTZ-NATI. KhTZ from 1938 to 1941, in parallel with the SKhTZ-NATI tractors, produced part of the KhTZ-T2G tractors with wood-burning gas generators.
Tractors SHTZ-NATI in 1938 on International Exhibition in Paris received the highest award - "Grand Prix".
At the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in 1937, the production of C-65 caterpillar tractors (instead of C-60) for general purposes with a M-17 diesel engine with a power of 47.8 kW began. A three-speed gearbox provided a speed of 3.6 to 6.97 km / h. The power on the hook was 36.8 kW. The plant produced these tractors until 1941.
In May 1937, at the International Exhibition "Art and Technology modern life"in Paris, the S-65 tractor, assembled on pilot plant, was awarded the highest award - "Grand Prix". The S-65 tractor was the first domestic diesel tractor. With this model, the transition of the USSR tractor fleet to diesel tractors began. Starting in 1938, the tractor began to be exported.
1940 The USSR came out on top in the world in the production of caterpillar tractors. Over 40% of the world's output was accounted for by Soviet Union.
1942 The construction of the Altai Tractor Plant (ATZ) in Rubtsovsk began, where the equipment of the Kharkov Tractor Plant was evacuated. Eight months later (August 24), the first tractors of the ATZ-NATI brand rolled off the assembly line of the plant.
1943 A decision was made to restore the destroyed STZ and KhTZ plants and build new ones in Lipetsk (LTZ) and Vladimir (VTZ).
1944 On January 20, the Altai Tractor Plant produced the first thousand ATZ-NATI tractors, which it produced until 1952. In total, tractor factories in Stalingrad, Kharkov and Rubtsovsk produced 210,744 ASKhTZ-NATI tractors.
In December of this year, the ATZ produced the first prototype of the DT-54 tractor, which was a general-purpose caterpillar tractor with a 39.7 kW diesel engine. The tractor had a five-speed gearbox, providing a speed of movement from 3.59 to 7.9 km / h. The power on the hook was 26.5 kW. In 1949, STZ and KhTZ switched to the production of this tractor, and in 1952, ATZ. Tractors DT-54 were reliable in operation and easy to maintain and manage. They won recognition not only in our country, but also abroad. These machines were exported to 36 countries in Europe and Asia.
1945 The first stage of the newly built Vladimir Tractor Plant (VTZ) was put into operation. The plant resumed the production of wheeled tractors "Universal" and continued to produce them until 1955. In total, Vladimir and Kirov plants produced 209,006 of these tractors. Tractor "Universal" was the first Soviet tractor, exported in large quantities abroad.
1946 After the Great Patriotic War, instead of the S-65 tractor, the Kirov Plant, evacuated from Leningrad to the Urals, produced the S-80 tractor with a KDM-46 engine with a power of 59.9 kW. After 1958, the S-80 tractor was replaced by the T-100, T-100M tractors and other modifications.
1947 The first general-purpose tracked tractor KD-35 rolled off the assembly line of the newly built Lipetsk Tractor Plant, which had a 27.2 kW diesel engine, developed a speed of 3.81 to 9.11 km / h and had a hook power of 17.66 kW. The plant produced this model until 1956.
1953 On October 14, the first MTZ-2 wheeled tractor rolled off the assembly line of the Minsk Tractor Plant. pneumatic tires. The tractor engine had a power of 26.5 kW. A five-speed gearbox made it possible to obtain a speed of 4.56 to 12.95 km / h. The power on the hook was 17.66 kW. The plant constantly improved the quality and increased the number of tractors produced. Tractors "Belarus" received 19 medals at international exhibitions and fairs (16 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze). Since 1985, the plant began to produce a more powerful tractor - MTZ-100 with a diesel engine with a power of 73.6 kW.
1960 Tractor production in the USSR surpassed the production of tractors in the United States or three combined European countries- England, France and Germany.
1965 The March Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the 24th Congress, the CPSU set the task for Soviet tractor builders not only to increase the number of tractors produced, but also to significantly improve their design, quality, reliability, and quickly switch to the production of energy-saturated machines.
1977 Tractor builders of the Soviet Union produced the ten millionth tractor. The honor of assembling this anniversary tractor was given to the firstborn of the Soviet tractor industry - the Volgograd Tractor Plant.
1988 One hundred years since the invention of the world's first caterpillar tractor by Fyodor Abramovich Blinov.
1998 One hundred and ten years since the invention of the world's first caterpillar tractor by Fyodor Abramovich Blinov.
The present and future of agricultural production in Russia are inextricably linked with its equipment with high-performance modern equipment.
Wheeled and caterpillar tractors are used to perform work in industrial, agricultural, mining and other areas. In agriculture, a caterpillar tractor is in demand, as it exerts the least pressure on the soil, due to the large area of \u200b\u200bcontact with the surface. In the USSR, the production of tracked vehicles was developed. Today, caterpillar tractors, unlike wheeled ones, are less popular. Below will be an overview of domestically produced tracked vehicles.
Tracked equipment device
The general arrangement of a caterpillar tractor differs from wheeled vehicles in the type of chassis. The leading parts are specialized tracks. This increases the vehicle's patency in difficult areas of rough terrain. Turning is carried out by braking one of the tracks, which allows you to deploy a multi-ton machine on the spot.
REFERENCE: The main disadvantage of the caterpillar undercarriage is that it has a negative effect on the asphalt surface. Therefore, specialized trawls are used to transport equipment.
Crawler tractors of the USSR
In the USSR, caterpillar tractors were in high demand. Agriculture is their main destination. Soviet tractors were different high reliability and ease of repair. They worked well for different temperature environment.
In 1937, Soviet designers developed the first caterpillar tractor. The development was jointly carried out by the engineers of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant and the Scientific Research Tractor Institute. The car was named STZ-NATI.
Compared to foreign counterparts, the Soviet caterpillar tractor is more adapted to various climatic conditions, and unpretentious in terms of fuel quality. Compared with wheeled vehicles, he had a higher cross-country ability and traction characteristics.
STZ-NATI had a carbureted four-cylinder power plant with a capacity of 52 Horse power s. The engine ran on kerosene and was liquid cooled. Water was used to fill the cooling system. The tractor is equipped with a three-way gear gearbox. Track links are made of high-strength steel.
INTERESTING: In 1947, the ten thousandth copy of the STZ-NATI tractor was manufactured at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant.
In the early 50s, the production of the DT-54 tractor began simultaneously at three tractor-building plants of the Soviet Union. The new caterpillar tractor of the USSR was created for use in agriculture, and differed significantly from its predecessor STZ-NATI.
The machine has the following characteristics:
- The weight of the equipped car is 5400 kilograms;
- Height from the ground to the top edge of the exhaust pipe - 2300 mm;
- Length with lifted hitch - 3660 mm;
- Width - 1865 mm;
- Track gauge between tracks 1435 mm;
- Pressure per square centimeter of earth - 410 g;
- Engine - four-cylinder, four-stroke diesel;
- Power plant power - 54 hp;
- Fuel consumption - 205 g per hp for one hour of work;
- Cooling system - liquid forced;
- Volume fuel tank- 185 liters;
- Max speed traffic - 7.9 km per hour.
launch diesel unit carried out using a single-cylinder gasoline starter. After starting the main motor, the starter switches off automatically. The production of the DT-54 tractor was stopped in 1979.
The model is one of the most mass-produced caterpillar tractors in the USSR. He received wide application in various climatic conditions, and is distinguished by its unpretentiousness. For all the time the car has been updated and modified more than once. Depending on the modification, the Soviet DT-75 was used in agricultural, municipal, industrial and other areas.
The basis of the tractor is a rigid frame consisting of two spars and cross beams. The cab and engine are mounted on the frame. To reduce vibration during operation, the power plant is mounted on elastic cushions. The weight of the mechanisms is evenly distributed on the frame, this allows the machine to move smoothly over uneven surfaces.
The chassis of the tractor includes:
- Balance carriages;
- Leading sprockets;
- Guide wheels (tensioners are installed on the wheels);
- Track rollers;
- Support rollers;
- Two tracks.
DT-75, in basic configuration, equipped with a four-cylinder diesel engine with an output of 80 horsepower. The power plant is equipped with forced water cooling. Water circulation is provided by a water pump. Consumption diesel fuel is 250 g/hp. for one hour of work. With a fuel tank volume of 315 liters, fuel consumption allows you to use the machine for a long time without refueling.
The power unit is started by a two-stroke gasoline engine with a capacity of 10 hp. In the cold season, for a normal start, the tractor is equipped with a pre-heater.
IMPORTANT: Some modifications are equipped with an SMD-18 engine, which is started by an electric starter.
Crawler best model Soviet tractor industry. Thanks to their high technical specifications, it has been widely used in various fields. The machine is distinguished by speed and cross-country ability.
The basis of the machine is a frame of two spars and transverse beams. The power unit of the tractor is fixed on the front of the frame. The engine is mounted on rubber cushions to reduce vibration in the driver's cab. The rear of the frame is rigidly connected to the gearbox. A cabin is installed above the gearbox.
The gearbox has four modes:
- Traction (slow);
- Worker;
- Transport;
- Reverse.
Each mode has 4 gears. Gear shifting is carried out by hydraulic couplings. This allows you to shift gears while driving without reducing engine speed. The purpose and general arrangement of the transmission of a caterpillar tractor differs from the wheeled version of the KhTZ. It is possible to turn on the gears separately for each truck, thanks to which you can turn the tractor in one place. The gearbox is equipped with a power take-off shaft (PTO) designed to transmit torque to attachments.
The T-150 is equipped with a six-cylinder diesel engine SMD60. The rated power of the power plant is 150 hp. The engine has a V-shaped arrangement of cylinders and mixed (water-oil) cooling. Combined engine start. An electric starter starts a gasoline starter that drives the main power unit. In the cold season, a pre-heater is provided to facilitate starting.
Russian tracked tractors
Today crawler tractors Russian production inferior in popularity to wheeled vehicles. Crawler tractors are less versatile than wheeled ones. They are more difficult to manufacture, and more expensive at cost. Below are several modern Russian-made models.
REFERENCE: Of all the tractors operating in Russian Federation, tracked vehicles account for 13%.
Tractor AGROMASH-90TG
Agromash-90TG is a traction class 3 machine. The tractor was created on the basis of the Soviet tractor DT-75. It is in high demand by farmers and construction companies. On construction sites, Agromash-90TG is used as a bulldozer.
The tractor has the following specifications:
- Machine weight - 7100 kilograms;
- Length with lifted hitch - 4700 mm;
- Width - depends on the configuration, and is 1850 mm without swamp equipment, with used equipment - 2600 millimeters;
- Height from the ground to the top edge of the exhaust pipe - 3100 mm;
- Base - 1612 mm;
- Track in the center of the tracks - 1330 mm;
- Clearance - 370 mm;
- Track width - regular 390 mm, marsh - 670 mm;
- Engine - four-cylinder diesel;
- The volume of the power plant -7.43 liters;
- Power - 94 hp;
- Rotation frequency crankshaft- 1750 rpm;
- Gearbox - seven-speed;
The hinged device Agromash-90TG is universal. There is a possibility of two-point and three-point adjustment. Due to this, the tractor is used with various agricultural equipment.
Cabin Agromash-90TG meets modern requirements. The device of the cabin makes it hermetic, which prevents dust from entering the cabin during operation. The noise level in the cabin does not exceed allowable norms, this reduces the degree of fatigue of the tractor driver during long-term work.
The Ruslan model was released in 2008. The tractor has high performance. The machine performs a wide range of work in agriculture, while not damaging the fertile soil layers.
A distinctive feature of the Ruslan model is chassis. Caterpillars are mounted on triangular rails. This makes it possible to obtain a high traction force. The tracks are made of reinforced rubber. Such material allows the tractor to move smoothly on different surfaces without damaging them.
Ruslan is equipped with a six-cylinder diesel engine. The power plant capacity is 340 hp. The motor is equipped with a turbocharger with forced cooling of the charge air. The cooling system is liquid. Diesel fuel consumption is 227 g per kW for one hour of operation. The engine complies with European standards.
"Ruslan" has hydromechanical box gear shifting. Number of gears - 16 forward and 3 in reverse. Gear shifting is possible on the go without reducing engine speed and losing power.
The car has a modern cab equipped with air conditioning and heating. The cabin is sealed. This prevents dust from entering and harmful substances to the salon. Panoramic glazing improves operator visibility during operation. The passenger compartment is equipped with an air-sprung tractor driver's seat. The controls allow you to adjust the seat for a person of any build.
Altai 130 is a modern caterpillar tractor manufactured in Altai. The machine belongs to the 4th traction class, and performs work in agriculture using attachments.
The main difference of the Altai 130 tractor is a comfortable cab. The tractor is controlled by a steering wheel instead of levers. The tractor driver's seat has an ergonomic back and armrests. The cabin is sealed and equipped with air conditioning, autonomous heater, audio system. The controls are located in close proximity to the operator's seat.
The machine is equipped with a six-cylinder turbocharged diesel power unit. The volume of the power plant is 16.75 liters. Power diesel plant- 140 hp It is more than enough for the intended use of the tractor with various equipment. The fuel consumption of "Altai 130" is 245 g/kW for one hour of operation.
The tractor "Altai 130" is equipped with a manual gearbox. There are 8 forward gears and 4 reverse gears. Torque from the power plant to the gearbox is transmitted using a dry-type double-plate clutch.
A dedicated monitor is located on the control panel. It transmits real-time video from three cameras for review. Such a system eliminates dead vision zones when driving a tractor.
Caterpillar agricultural tractor of Russian production. T-501 is the most powerful machine model range, produced by the Altai Tractor plant. The largest caterpillar tractor of the Altai Tractor plant can work with semi-mounted and mounted agricultural devices.
The machine is equipped with a 280 hp six-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. and has the following specifications:
- Length with hitch installed in transport position- 6200 mm;
- Width - 2250 mm;
- Height - 3200 mm;
- Caterpillar base - 2100 mm;
- Track in the center of the tracks - 1720 mm;
- Clearance - 450 mm;
- The mass of the equipped machine without attachments is 11400 kg;
- Surface pressure 0.45 kgf per cm2;
- Gearbox - mechanical;
- Number of gears (forward, backward) - 8, 4;
- Diesel fuel consumption - 164 g per hp for one hour of work.
T-501 has high cross-country ability in rough and swampy areas, and good traction characteristics. This allows you to cultivate soil with varying degrees of moisture. Keeping moisture in the soil in early spring helps to get a good harvest.
The model is produced at the St. Petersburg Tractor Plant. Basic modification made on wheels with tires low pressure. Additionally, it is possible to replace the wheels with specialized tracked modules. The tracks of the K744 tractor are made of reinforced rubber, thanks to which the machine can move along the asphalt surface without damaging it.
Kirovets K744 has 4 modifications, the main difference of which is the power of the power plant. The manufacturer installs an automated gearbox with leverless control on the tractor. Switching is carried out by the joystick and the buttons located on it. The gearbox has 16 forward gears and 8 reverse gears.
Tractor cab is different a high degree comfort and functionality. In the cockpit K 744 is installed on-board computer. It informs the operator about the operation of all systems and mechanisms. The controls are located in close proximity to the operator's seat. This arrangement allows the tractor driver to easily manage a multi-ton machine. T744 has proven itself well when performing any type of agricultural work in various climatic conditions.
From the above, it follows that since the time of the Soviet Union, the domestic tractor industry has been developing. Regardless of the fact that tracked vehicles are less in demand than wheeled ones, they are constantly being upgraded, and in many technical indicators are not inferior to foreign analogues the corresponding class.
Tractor!
Tractors and tractor equipment!
Tractor is a self-propelled (tracked or wheeled) machine designed to perform agricultural, road construction, earthmoving, transport and other works in an aggregate with trailed, mounted or stationary machines, mechanisms and devices.
The word "tractor" comes from the English word "track". The track is the main element from which the caterpillar is assembled.
The history of the appearance of the tractor.
tractor inventors.
The first tractor-like machines began to appear in the 19th century and were steam powered.
The invention of the Englishman John Gitkot can be considered the first steam caterpillar tractor in the world.
In 1832, John Gitkot received a patent, and in 1837 he built a machine with steam engine for plowing and draining English swamps.
In 1850, English inventor William Howard began using a locomobile to plow agricultural land.
In 1858, the American W. P. Miller invented and built a caterpillar tractor, with which, in 1858, he participated in the agricultural exhibition of the city of Marysville, California, USA, and received an award for the original invention (patent dated 1859 US N23853 Warren P. Miller).
In 1892, John Froelich of Clayton County, Iowa, USA, invented, patented, and built the first petroleum-powered tractor.
But all these inventions did not receive much further development.
The first recognized practical tracked vehicle, despite its size, became inventor Alvin Orlando Lombard's Lombard Steam Log Hauler in 1901.
The photo shows a caterpillar tractor - Lombard Steam Log Hauler. 1901.
Inventors of the tractor in Russia.
In Russia, the first application for a "carriage with movable tracks", that is, for a caterpillar track, was made in 1837 by a Russian peasant, later the staff captain of the Russian army, Dmitry Zagryazhsky. Here is how Dmitry Zagryazhsky described his invention:
“Near each ordinary wheel on which the carriage rolls, an iron chain is circled, stretched by hexagonal wheels located in front of the ordinary one. The sides of the hexagonal wheels are equal to the chain links; these chains replace to some extent railway, presenting to the wheel always a smooth and hard surface" (from a privilege granted in March 1837).
The first Russian steam caterpillar tractor was built by a native of the village of Nikolskoye, Volsky district, Saratov province, peasant Fyodor Abramovich Blinov.
In 1879, Fyodor Blinov received a patent ("privilege") for "a wagon with endless rails for transporting goods on highways and country roads." The construction of the prototype was completed by Blinov in 1888.
Finished steam engine small dimensions did not yet exist, and Fyodor Blinov himself assembled it from sheet iron and pipes of a steamer that burned down near Balakovo. Then he made the same second machine. Both of them did forty revolutions per minute. Each of them was controlled separately. The speed of the tractor corresponded to the speed of the bulls - three miles per hour. Thus, the device was powered by two steam engines (one for each "caterpillar") with a capacity of 10-12 horsepower each.
Fedor Blinov demonstrated his wagon with endless rails in 1889 in Saratov, and in 1897 at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.
However, the Blinov tractor, as well as other steam-powered tractors, also did not become in demand either in industry or in agriculture, and things did not go beyond the prototype of tractors in the Russian Empire.
Tractor with an internal combustion engine.
In 1896, Charles W. Hart and Charles Parr developed a two-cylinder gasoline engine. By 1903, their firm had built 15 gasoline-powered tractors.
Dan Alborn's 1902 IVEL three-wheeled tractor was the first practical one. The IVEL tractor was a light and powerful machine that could be used for agricultural and other work. About 500 of these tractors were assembled.
The photo shows an IVEL wheeled tractor.
Tractor! Tireless worker!
Since the beginning of the 20th century, tractor technology began to play a large role in the agriculture of many countries. Tractors began to be mass-produced, new more advanced models were produced.
Within 10-15 years, in the USA and Western Europe, the tractor took over approximately 80-90% of all arable work on farms.
In addition, the tractor engine was used to power various agricultural machines (for this it was equipped with a special pulley). Threshers, mowers, mills, sawmills, butter churns, straw cutters and other auxiliary mechanisms could be connected to it.
The tractor also took over more than half of the harvesting work. In the future, thanks to the creation of various trailers the scope of the tractor has expanded several times.
Development of tractor construction in Russia.
In Russia, the importance of tractors for the country and its economy was appreciated only by the Soviet government, almost immediately after the 1917 revolution.
Despite the difficult years of foreign intervention for the Land of Soviets, starting from 1918, at the direction of V. I. Lenin, preparations for the production of tractors began to be carried out.
In 1919, the inventor Ya. V. Mamin created the Gnome tractor with an 11.8 kW oil engine.
The photo shows the tractor "Gnome". 1919.
The production of tractors was recognized as so important that on this issue a Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of April 1, 1921 was issued on the recognition of agricultural engineering as a matter of extreme national importance.
In 1922, tractors "Kolomenets-1" designed by E. D. Lvov began to be produced.
The photo shows the tractor "Kolomenets-1". 1922.
In 1922-1923, the Zaporozhets tractor was created under the guidance of engineer L. A. Unger.
The photo shows the Zaporozhets tractor. 1923.
In 1924, the Kommunar caterpillar tractor (a copy of the German Hanomag WD Z 50 tractor) began to be produced at the Kharkov Locomotive Plant.
The photo shows the Kommunar tractor.
In 1924, the production of "Karlik" tractors designed by Ya. movement of 3-4 km / h) and "Karlik-2" (four-wheeled, with one gear and reverse).
The photo shows the tractor "Karlik-1". 1924.
From 1924 to 1932, the Krasny Putilovets Leningrad plant mastered and produced about 50 thousand Fordson-Putilovets tractors, and since 1934, the Universal tractor (a copy of the Farmall F-20 tractor of the American company International Harvester) began to be produced at this plant with kerosene engine and metal wheels. "Universal" was the first domestic tractor exported abroad.
The photo shows the Fordson-Putilovets tractor. 1924.
The photo shows the tractor "Universal". 1934.
The first Soviet tractors "Gnome", "Kolomenets-1", "Karlik", "Zaporozhets", "Kommunar" were produced in relatively small batches, but they taught a lot, brought up the first cadres of tractor builders and rightfully entered the history of domestic tractor building.
The further development of the country required a large number tractor equipment, in connection with this, it was decided to build large specialized tractor plants.
Using the currency received from the sale of grain, with the help of American and European engineers and the supply of several hundred equipment foreign companies, were built: in 1930, the Stalingrad Tractor Plant (produced STZ-15/30 tractors (McCormick Deering 15-30, International Harvester), in 1931 the Kharkov Tractor Plant in (produced KhTZ tractors similar to STZ tractors), in 1933 Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (produced S-60 caterpillar tractors (Caterpillar Sixty).
The photo shows the STZ-15/30 tractor. 1930.
The photo shows a KhTZ tractor. 1931.
The photo shows the S-60 tractor. 1933.
During the ten pre-war years, Soviet domestic industry produced about 700,000 tractors for agriculture. General release domestic tractors accounted for 40% of their world production.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Altai Tractor Plant was built.
In the postwar years, tractor factories were built in the USSR in Minsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Chisinau, Tashkent, Pavlodar.
The first new post-war model of a wheeled tractor - KhTZ-7 - appeared in 1950.
This small-sized tractor was accepted for production at the same time at the Kharkov Tractor Plant and the Kharkov Tractor Assembly Plant. The machine with an operating weight of 1.4 tons was equipped with a 12 hp gasoline engine.
The maximum speed reached 12.7 km / h. From pre-war models, this tractor differed more comfortable conditions the labor of a tractor driver - he was supposed to have a soft seat with a back. The wheels had pneumatic tires. The cabin was open. The tractor used a hydraulic mounted system.
The photo shows the KhTZ-7 tractor.
The design of the KhTZ-7 tractor was further developed in the DT-14 and DT-20 models, produced by the Kharkov tractor plant in 1956-1958 and in 1958-1969, respectively. The DT-14 tractor differed from its predecessor mainly in a single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine with a power of 14 hp. On the DT-20 weighing 1.5 tons, there was already a 20-horsepower single-cylinder diesel engine. DT-14 was a transitional version and was produced for a short time. But DT-20 during its production was replicated in the amount of about 250 thousand units. Among the construction and road “professions”, the DT-14 also listed a bulldozer “back to front” and a sweeper brush.
In the early 1950s, mass production of wheeled tractors Belarus began in the USSR.
Work on the first-born - the MTZ-2 universal row-crop tractor - was started by the designers of the Minsk Tractor Plant in 1948 according to the terms of reference of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture, and already in 1949 the first prototype was ready.
After comprehensive testing of prototypes in 1953, mass production of MTZ-2 tractors began. The first Belarusian car weighed 3.25 tons and was equipped with a 4-cylinder D-36 diesel engine with a power of 37 hp. and a 5-speed gearbox, the maximum speed reached 13 km / h. MTZ-2 was equipped with pneumatic tires. The cab was missing.
In the photo, the Belarus MTZ-2 tractor.
At the Minsk Tractor Plant from the very beginning there was continuous work to improve the design of manufactured tractors.
In 1956, the MTZ-5 tractor appeared, on which a 40-horsepower D-40K engine was used.
In 1958, several prototypes of the new Belarus MTZ-50 tractor were produced, according to the test results of which it was recommended for mass production.
The MTZ-50 tractor was equipped with a 50-horsepower engine, the operating weight of the machine was reduced by more than 100 kg. A 9-speed gearbox was installed in the transmission, providing a speed range ranging from 1.65 to 25 km / h. The tractor received a metal cab, and its design has also changed.
The photo shows the tractor Belarus MTZ-50.
The production of Belarus tractors has been carried out simultaneously at two plants - Minsk Tractor and Yuzhny Machine-Building - since 1953. Production at YuMZ went on increasing from year to year, by 1961 the annual output exceeded 35 thousand tractors. In 1959, the 100,000th tractor rolled off the UMZ assembly line. The production volumes at MTZ were even more impressive: in 1961, the 200,000th tractor was assembled, and 2 years later, the 300,000th.
With the advent of the first tractors, Belarus factories - manufacturers of construction and road equipment started production of various special vehicles based on them. Moreover, from year to year, from model to model, the nomenclature of construction and road cars became wider and wider. So, on the basis of MTZ-2, the first hydraulic excavator in the USSR with a rigid boom suspension was created. Bulldozers, trench excavators, drilling machines, planners, scarifiers, snow plows, and sweepers were also produced on its chassis. Tractors of the MTZ-5 family were supplemented with new types of equipment: drilling and crane, snow removal - rotary milling and plow-brush, loading. This whole train of equipment was transferred to the next model MTZ-50 / MTZ-52. However, the most common type of equipment on Belarusian tractors was excavator.
In the period of 1950-1960s, a new generation of Vladimir tractors appeared.
In 1956, instead of the Universal tractor, the VTZ installed the DT-24 model on the conveyor. This car was equipped with a 2-cylinder diesel engine liquid cooling with a power of 24 hp, its mass was 2.59 tons. The maximum speed reached 19 km / h.
In 1958, another tractor, the DT-28 Vladimirets, got onto the conveyor. DT-28 became less metal-intensive, and it received a more powerful engine - a 28-horsepower 2-cylinder diesel engine. Tractor speed increased to 25 km/h.
Since 1961, for more than 10 years, the Vladimirsky plant has been manufacturing exclusively cotton-growing tractors. For the entire period of production, about 50 thousand DT-24 tractors and 82.5 thousand DT-28 tractors were assembled at VTZ.
The photo shows a tractor DT-24.
In the second half of the 1950s, the Kharkov Tractor Assembly Plant (later - Kharkov plant tractor self-propelled chassis, KhZTSSH) begins production of small-sized tractor chassis of the original layout - the front of the machine was a tubular frame, behind it was a cab, the engine was at the back. The first model - DSSH-14 - was released in 1956. It used a 14-horsepower diesel engine, unified with the engine of the DT-14 tractor. The operating weight of the tractor was 1.67 tons. The 6-speed gearbox provided a maximum speed of 13.7 km / h. A dump platform could be installed on the tractor. The cabin was open.
The photo shows the tractor DSSH-14.
Two years later, the plant switches to the production of an improved DVSSH-16 tractor. The weight of the tractor was reduced by 200 kg, the speed increased to 17.2 km/h. Further design changes led to the appearance in 1961 of the T-16 model. This tractor used a 2-cylinder diesel engine D-16 with a power of 16 hp. The maximum speed reached 19.6 km / h. The carrying capacity of the platform was 750 kg. Operating weight decreased to 1.43 tons.
The photo shows the DVSSH-16 tractor.
In the early 1960s, new generation tractors appeared at three enterprises at once - at the Lipetsk and Kharkov Tractor Plants, as well as at the Leningrad Kirov Plant.
The Lipetsk Tractor Plant, which produced caterpillar tractors at that time, was given the task of mastering the production of wheeled vehicles. In 1958, the designers created the T-25 tractor, which, after fine-tuning, received the designation T-30 and was accepted for mass production in 1960. On the basis of this tractor, more than powerful model T-35. However, the T-40 tractor, which was a further development of the design of the T-30 and T-35 tractors, went into mass production in 1961. Along with Belarus tractors, the Lipetsk T-40 became another bestseller in the domestic tractor industry: for the entire period of production - from 1961 to 1995 - about 1.2 million T-40 tractors were manufactured different modifications. The T-40 tractor with an operating weight of 2.75 tons was equipped with a 4-cylinder diesel engine air cooling D-37M, which developed a power of 40 hp. A 7-speed gearbox made it possible to work in a speed range from 1.62 to 26.7 km / h. The T-40 had a closed metal cockpit.
The photo shows a T-40 tractor.
In the 1960s, the Kharkov Tractor Plant created a fundamentally new model tractor T-125. Its design was unconventional for that time - wheels the same size, an articulated frame that made it possible to dispense with the traditional steering mechanism (the wheels turned due to the “folding” of the frame). The T-125 used a 130-horsepower AM-03 diesel engine, the transmission had 16 forward gears and 4 reverse gears, the front axle drive was switchable. Between 1962 and 1967 the tractor was produced in small batches. About 200 copies of the T-125 that saw the light of day underwent comprehensive tests in real-life conditions.
The photo shows a T-125 tractor.
In parallel with the Kharkov TZ, work on an energy-saturated all-wheel drive tractor with an articulated frame was also carried out at the Leningrad Kirov Plant.
In 1961, in the shortest possible time, the designers developed the most powerful wheeled tractor K-700 Kirovets in the USSR at that time, and in 1962 the plant produced the first batch of K-700 tractors.
The K-700 tractor was equipped with an 8-cylinder YaMZ-238NB turbocharged V-engine with a power of 200 hp, the operating weight was 12 tons. Manual transmission provided 16 forward gears and 8 reverse gears. The maximum speed of the tractor reached 30.8 km/h when moving forward and 27.8 km/h when moving backward. The tractor was equipped with a spacious all-metal cab with efficient system heating and ventilation. In 1964, 1200 tractors were manufactured, by 1971 the annual output exceeded the 11,000 mark. In total, until 1975, when the first model of Kirovets was discontinued, 105 thousand tractors rolled off the assembly line of the plant.
The photo shows the K-700 tractor.
In 1966, the Kharkov TK prepared for production a small-sized tractor T-25, which replaced the previous model DT-20. The novelty was distinguished by: a 2-cylinder air-cooled diesel engine with a capacity of 20 hp, an increased number of gears in the transmission (8 forward and 6 reverse instead of the previous 6 and 5, respectively), thus, the speed range expanded from 5-17.7 km / h to 1.8-21.6 km/h. Due to the new cooling system, the front of the tractor received a cladding without blinds.
The T-25 was produced in Kharkov until 1972, after which its production was transferred to the Vladimir Tractor Plant.
The photo shows a T-25 tractor.
At the Kharkov Tractor Plant in 1972, mass production of the high-speed energy-saturated tractor T-150K was launched, which was a further development of the T-125 design. A 165-horsepower SMD-62 diesel engine was used on the new model.
The photo shows a T-150K tractor.
The second half of the 1970s and the 1980s for the Soviet tractor industry are characterized as a period of ongoing modernization of previously produced models.
As a result of the enormous work of many design teams, by the end of the 20th century, tractor equipment in Russia and abroad became more advanced in technology, powerful, reliable and diverse in purpose.
Tractors from different countries and different firms may differ in design, but their essence does not change - this is a reliable assistant and a tireless worker!
Modern tractors.
Tractors and a variety of tractor equipment for various purposes have changed the world around us, and have themselves become an important part of this world.
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The tractors of the USSR were the first machines, the release of which was given great importance. Special equipment was supplied to collective farms, whose task was to fulfill the food program. The first tractors ensured high labor productivity in agricultural work. Despite low power they did their job well. Tractor drivers in the union were revered people, were considered literate and educated.
In the early 20s of the 20th century, the Leningrad plant "Krasny Putilovets" began to produce Russian tractor. The basis of the design Soviet car served american model which is in high demand abroad. Therefore, Fordson is the prototype of subsequent wheeled Soviet tractors. The designers of the plant were required to improve the foreign model as soon as possible.
The car was frameless, with a transversely mounted 4-cylinder engine. Crude oil served as fuel. It weighed about 2 tons, developed a speed of up to 3 km / h. It was used mainly for agricultural work and for moving goods. This was the beginning of the mass production of wheeled tractors.
The first tractor in the USSR was produced in 1923. It was universal machine demanded by collective farms and industrial enterprises. Soviet tractors largely determined the success of the first five-year plans, whose task was to boost the national economy. All models of special equipment were used to perform a wide range of work:
- plowing fields;
- towing heavy loads at sawmills;
- in the construction of roads and buildings;
- in public utilities.
Mini tractors were produced in small batches, since their design was constantly improved.
Starting from 1923, for 6 years at the tractor plant in Kolomna, the production of Kolomnets 1 tractors was carried out. It was almost a complete analogue of the American Mogul. But Soviet designers abandoned several components of the foreign machine and thereby facilitated the design of the Russian one. This provided her with a higher speed.
The Kolomna model had a frame frame, was equipped with a two-stroke single-cylinder engine with a capacity of 25 liters. With. The power plant was placed vertically, the radiator cooling system was replaced by a cooling tower. A total of 500 cars of this model were produced.
In 1923, the production of Zaporozhets tractors was launched at the Krasny Progress plant. It was a lightweight model, specially designed to work with a double-furrow plow. Distinctive feature machine is that it was made from inexpensive and affordable materials. The engine ran on crude oil. To start, it was necessary to heat the ignition head. The car had 3 wheels - 2 front and 1 rear. The unit could reach a speed of no more than 3.6 km / h.
Dwarf
In the early 1920s, the talented Russian inventor Ya. V. Mamin developed two tractors - the Gnome and the Dwarf. Unlike foreign models, they were light and maneuverable machines, easy to assemble and repair. The design of the Karlik included an unparalleled high-compression single-cylinder engine invented by Mamin.
Despite the light weight (up to 1.4 tons) and low power of 12 liters. s., the Dwarf had more traction power than foreign tractors, and surpassed even the American Fordson in this indicator. All this created a high demand for this model, and for 4 years the Vozrozhdenie plant produced Dwarfs 1 daily.
In 1924, the production of the Fordson-Putilovets tractor began at the Krasny Putilovets plant. The government decided to produce cars based on the American Fordson model, but adapted to Russian conditions. This reduced the time required to develop a domestic model.
Fordson-Putilovets became the basis for all wheeled special equipment. The car was equipped with four wheels, the rear of which were leading. In the front was vertical installed engine. The operator's seat was located above the rear axle.
The peculiarity of the model is that it has no frame structure. This technique was used for the first time in world engineering. In this way, several advantages have been achieved:
- lighter weight;
- maneuverability;
- savings on materials of manufacture;
- higher travel speed.
A four-stroke four-cylinder carburetor-type engine provided 20 horsepower. With. The car was controlled by a gearbox with three gears: two forward and one reverse.
station wagon
In the early 30s of the last century, the Kirov Plant in Leningrad began production of the Universal tractor, which was powerful for those times. The machine was developed with the aim of mechanizing the sowing and processing of tilled crops. The prototype was the American Farmall. But in development Russian car the design of the foreign was so changed that the Universal is considered an independent model. And at the same time, two of its modifications were designed at once, and after a while the third and fourth:
- "U-1" - for processing high-bone row crops.
- "U-2" - for low stems.
- "U-3" - for inter-row processing.
- "U-4" - for harvesting cotton.
The characteristics of the Universal tractor made it possible to use it as a traction equipment. In the mid-30s, these machines were produced at two plants at once: Kirov and Vladimir Tractor.
T-150
The T-150, produced by the Kharkov and Minsk Tractor Plants, became the most powerful and fastest agricultural machine of the 60s of the 20th century. The leading designers and inventors of the Soviet Union were engaged in the development of this technique. They solved the problem of mass supply of modernized special equipment to replace obsolete models.
Tractor specifications:
- power - 170 l. With.;
- crankshaft speed - 2100 per minute;
- minimum turning radius - 6.5 m;
- ground clearance - 400 mm;
- pulling force - 6000 kgf.
The car was equipped with petrol six-cylinder engine with a turbocharger SMD-60, the launch of which was carried out by an electric starter. Starting in 1971, more powerful engines began to be installed on the T-150: YaMZ-236, 236NE, 238M2. Tractor transmission is hydromechanical with 2-disk clutch and pneumatic drive. The skeleton is semi-frame, the gearbox is of a mechanical type.
Crawler tractors of the USSR
Since the mid-60s of the last century, research has been actively conducted in Russia on the effectiveness of the use of wheeled tractors in agriculture.
As a result, conclusions were drawn that it is more profitable and safer to operate a track-based machine.
Unlike wheeled ones, they do not cause large soil compaction, resulting in a 25% reduction in yield. Have tracked models and other benefits:
- higher permeability on loose and viscous soils;
- reduced risk of slipping;
- higher traction characteristics.
In this regard, it was decided to switch the country's largest tractor-building plants to the production of machines based on caterpillars. By the 80s of the 20th century, the collective farms and state farms of Russia were fully equipped with this type of equipment.
The technique of this type is represented by the following models.
Kommunar
Kommunar is the first model of a caterpillar tractor, which was produced by KhTZ (Kharkov Tractor Plant) from 1924 to 1931. During the Great Patriotic War, this technique was used as a traction for artillery pieces. In total, 3 modifications of the basic model were developed:
- G-50;
- G-75;
- Z-90.
Technical characteristics of the Kommunar tractor:
- weight - 8.5 tons;
- power - 50 l. With.;
- maximum speed - 7 km / h;
- three-speed gearbox (2 forward and 1 reverse).
Dt-54
In the 50s of the last century, the production of the first diesel caterpillar tractor D-54 was launched. Its release was carried out by the three largest factories in the country: Stalingrad, Kharkov and Altai. This powerful machine used for all types of work where endurance, cross-country ability, high tractive effort were required.
D-54 was equipped with a 5-speed mechanical box gears, developed a speed of up to 5.7 km / h, had a traction power of 2000 kgf.
Dt-75 - the most massive caterpillar tractor of the USSR
D-75 is a general-purpose special equipment produced in Russia since 1973. The first cars were equipped diesel engines with a capacity of 75 liters. With. The tractor has a frame structure, in the original version it was equipped with an automobile-type cab with a height-adjustable seat.
Starting from the modification of the D-75M, the height and equipment of the cabin regularly underwent changes in the direction of increasing comfort.
For operation in regions with severe climatic conditions, the possibility of a cold start of the engine is provided. The design of the machine allows you to attach side-type semi-mounted equipment to it. This makes it possible to use the tractor as a concrete paver and loader. Thus, the range of tasks performed by special equipment has been expanded. It included drilling, road and construction works. To this day, tractors of this model are in demand agriculture and industry, are actively exploited in a variety of conditions.
