Wheeled and caterpillar tractors of the USSR. Tractors and tractor equipment! The history of the development of tractor equipment

The tractors of the USSR were the first machines, the release of which was given great importance. Special equipment was supplied to collective farms, whose task was to fulfill the food program. The first tractors ensured high labor productivity in agricultural work. Despite low power they did their job well. Tractor drivers in the union were revered people, were considered literate and educated.

In the early 20s of the 20th century, the Leningrad plant "Krasny Putilovets" began to produce Russian tractor. The basis of the design Soviet car served american model which is in high demand abroad. Therefore, Fordson is the prototype of subsequent wheeled Soviet tractors. The designers of the plant were required to improve the foreign model as soon as possible.

The car was frameless, with a transversely mounted 4-cylinder engine. Crude oil served as fuel. It weighed about 2 tons, developed a speed of up to 3 km / h. It was used mainly for agricultural work and for moving goods. That's how it started mass production wheeled tractors.

The first tractor in the USSR was produced in 1923. It was a universal machine that was in demand by collective farms and industrial enterprises. Soviet tractors largely determined the success of the first five-year plans, whose task was to boost the national economy. All models of special equipment were used to perform a wide range of work:

• plowing fields;
• towing heavy loads at sawmills;
• in the construction of roads and buildings;
• in public utilities.

Mini tractors were produced in small batches, since their design was constantly improved.

Starting from 1923, for 6 years at the tractor plant in Kolomna, the production of Kolomnets 1 tractors was carried out. It was almost a complete analogue of the American Mogul. But Soviet designers abandoned several nodes foreign car and thereby facilitated the design of the Russian. This provided her with a higher speed.

The Kolomna model had a frame frame, was equipped with a two-stroke single-cylinder engine with a capacity of 25 liters. With. power plant placed vertically, the radiator cooling system was replaced by a cooling tower. A total of 500 cars of this model were produced.

In 1923, the production of Zaporozhets tractors was launched at the Krasny Progress plant. It was a lightweight model, specially designed to work with a double-furrow plow. Distinctive feature machine is that it was made from inexpensive and affordable materials. The engine ran on crude oil. To start, it was necessary to heat the ignition head. The car had 3 wheels - 2 front and 1 rear. The unit could reach a speed of no more than 3.6 km / h.

Dwarf

In the early 1920s, the talented Russian inventor Ya. V. Mamin developed two tractors - the Gnome and the Dwarf. Unlike foreign models, they were light and maneuverable machines, easy to assemble and repair. The design of the Karlik included an unparalleled single-cylinder engine high compression, invented by Mamin.

Despite the light weight (up to 1.4 tons) and low power of 12 liters. s., the Dwarf had more traction power than foreign tractors, and surpassed even the American Fordson in this indicator. All this ensured a high demand for this model, and for 4 years the Vozrozhdenie plant produced Dwarfs 1 every day.

In 1924, the production of the Fordson-Putilovets tractor began at the Krasny Putilovets plant. The government decided to produce cars based on the American Fordson model, but adapted to Russian conditions. This reduced the time required to develop a domestic model.

Fordson-Putilovets became the basis for all wheeled special equipment. The car was equipped with four wheels, the rear of which were leading. In the front was vertical installed engine. The operator's seat was located above the rear axle.

The peculiarity of the model is that it has a frameless design. This technique was used for the first time in world engineering. In this way, several advantages have been achieved:

• lighter weight;
• maneuverability;
• savings on materials of manufacture;
• higher travel speed.

A four-stroke four-cylinder carburetor-type engine provided 20 horsepower. With. The car was controlled by a gearbox with three gears: two forward and one reverse.

station wagon

In the early 30s of the last century, the Kirov Plant in Leningrad began production of the Universal tractor, which was powerful for those times. The machine was developed with the aim of mechanizing the sowing and processing of tilled crops. The prototype was the American Farmall. But in development Russian car the design of the foreign was so changed that the Universal is considered an independent model. And at the same time, two of its modifications were designed at once, and after a while the third and fourth:

1. "U-1" - for processing high-bone row crops.
2. "U-2" - for low stems.
3. "U-3" - for inter-row processing.
4. "U-4" - for harvesting cotton.

The characteristics of the Universal tractor made it possible to use it as a traction equipment. In the mid-30s, these machines were produced at two plants at once: Kirov and Vladimir Tractor.

T-150

The T-150, produced by the Kharkov and Minsk Tractor Plants, became the most powerful and fastest agricultural machine of the 60s of the 20th century. The leading designers and inventors of the Soviet Union were engaged in the development of this technique. They solved the problem of mass supply of modernized special equipment to replace obsolete models.

Tractor specifications:

• power - 170 l. With.;
• crankshaft speed - 2100 per minute;
• minimum turning radius - 6.5 m;
• ground clearance - 400 mm;
• traction force - 6000 kgf.

The car was equipped with a six-cylinder petrol engine with a turbocharger SMD-60, which was launched by an electric starter. Starting in 1971, more powerful engines began to be installed on the T-150: YaMZ-236, 236NE, 238M2. Tractor transmission is hydromechanical with 2-disk clutch and pneumatic drive. The skeleton is semi-frame, the gearbox is of a mechanical type.

Crawler tractors of the USSR

Since the mid-60s of the last century, research has been actively conducted in Russia on the effectiveness of the use of wheeled tractors in agriculture.

As a result, conclusions were drawn that it is more profitable and safer to operate a track-based machine.

Unlike wheeled ones, they do not cause large soil compaction, resulting in a 25% reduction in yield. Tracked models have other advantages:

• higher permeability on loose and viscous soils;
• reduced risk of slipping;
• higher traction characteristics.

In this regard, it was decided to switch the country's largest tractor-building plants to the production of machines based on caterpillars. By the 80s of the 20th century, the collective farms and state farms of Russia were fully equipped with this type of equipment.

The technique of this type is represented by the following models.

Kommunar

Kommunar is the first model of a caterpillar tractor, which was produced by KhTZ (Kharkov Tractor Plant) from 1924 to 1931. During the Great Patriotic War, this technique was used as a traction for artillery pieces. In total, 3 modifications of the basic model were developed:

• G-50;
• G-75;
• Z-90.

Technical characteristics of the Kommunar tractor:

• weight - 8.5 tons;
• power - 50 l. With.;
• maximum speed - 7 km / h;
• three-speed gearbox (2 forward and 1 reverse).

Dt-54

In the 50s of the last century, the production of the first diesel caterpillar tractor D-54 was launched. Its release was carried out by the three largest factories in the country: Stalingrad, Kharkov and Altai. This powerful machine used for all types of work where endurance, cross-country ability, high tractive effort were required.

D-54 was equipped with a 5-speed mechanical box gears, developed a speed of up to 5.7 km / h, had a traction power of 2000 kgf.

Dt-75 - the most massive caterpillar tractor of the USSR

D-75 - special equipment general purpose produced in Russia since 1973. The first cars were equipped with 75 hp diesel engines. With. The tractor has a frame structure, in the original version it was equipped with a cab automotive type with height adjustable seat.

Starting from the modification of the D-75M, the height and equipment of the cabin regularly underwent changes in the direction of increasing comfort.

For operation in regions with severe climatic conditions the possibility of cold start of the engine is provided. The design of the machine allows you to attach semi-mounted equipment to it side type. This makes it possible to use the tractor as a concrete paver and loader. Thus, the range of tasks performed by special equipment has been expanded. It included drilling, road and construction works. To this day, tractors of this model are in demand by agriculture and industry, and are actively used in a variety of conditions.

Not to say that I would be a true fan of the tractor. But I respect every heavy equipment, and I have separate warm feelings for tractors. He is beautiful, rumbles pleasantly and has many benefits: for example, you can follow him on a bicycle and ride forty kilometers an hour without stress. In general, I love the tractor. Therefore, an unplanned visit to the Tractor History Museum in Cheboksary caused me a special thrill. Here I was lucky twice: firstly, we were not going to stop by the capital of Chuvashia, but we had to visit it on the way from Nizhny Novgorod on one trifling business case, and secondly, we ended up in a museum that had not yet been officially opened, and we were allowed to the wording "okay, come in, since you've arrived." We went in and were pleasantly surprised. In contrast to the Nizhny Novgorod technical museums, which were rather based on enthusiasm, which we walked around in droves during that trip, here good financial injections were clearly added to the enthusiasm: they obviously invested quite a lot in the interior. Actually, a rather big sign on the facade of the museum spoke about the non-poverty of the museum. And the interior is finished quite modernly, reproductions of old Soviet posters with tractors hang in the lobby, everything is decorated in a restrained and pleasant way.

The exposition is to match: slender, neat, well-lit shelves with exhibits - from the tools of ancient farmers to futuristic sketches, light boxes, shelves with models, books, albums, and a lot of historical material, photographs and posters. Too bad our spontaneous visit didn't include excursions; a detailed story of the guide would add cognitive value to this cultural trip.

Museum dioramas deserve special mention. Nicely made, good quality. Covering times from the distant past to the present and even the future. Here, for example, "The evolution of the plow and traction force":

Fragment of the interior of the forge:

Closer to our times. Locksmith workshop:

"In the Diamond Quarry"

"In the ancient forests". Pathetic name :)

(Un)probable future. "Cetra Tractor on Mars"

A separate song - models and layouts. There is an incredible amount of them here! In the first halls devoted to history, there are not so many of them, but towards the end of the exhibition, rows of shelving are waiting, densely packed with the most different models- not only tractors, but also excavators, bulldozers, cranes, dump trucks, combines. Real abundance in 1:43 scale! There are so many “models” that I couldn’t photograph them all, and grumbling about the blatant lack of spirituality in relation to visitors, I limited myself to a panorama, into which all the racks still did not fit.

But the most "delicious" is found at the end. In the last hall, it would be more accurate to call it a hangar - a large, spacious, bright hangar, there is a collection of real tractors, from ancient rarities to modern models. Two dozen wheeled and tracked vehicles, beautifully restored and painted in elegant colors. A feast for the eyes!

The oldest exhibit is the Fordson-Putilovets, the first-born of the Soviet tractor industry, copied from the American Fordson F, produced in the USA since 1917. Fordson was one of the most popular, simple and cheap light tractors in the world at that time. "FP" was produced at the Putilov plant in Leningrad from 1924 to 1932. It was the first tractor in the world to have a frameless design and the first to be mass-produced.

The simplicity of design, ease of operation, low cost and low metal consumption made the Putilovets the most popular Soviet tractor of its time, and its production was constantly increasing, reaching tens of thousands of units per year. But the simplicity and cheapness of the design had a downside. Far from perfect was the ignition system, which gave the factory workers a lot of trouble. Repair of some components of the structure was difficult. The 20-horsepower engine lacked power, and under heavy work conditions, it overheated due to the design features of the lubrication system. Ford's design was designed for a much more gentle operation in medium-sized farms, and not for shock work on collective farm fields. Finally, the absence of fenders on the rear wheels turned into inconvenience for the driver: not only could they easily throw mud at him, the open spurs of the wheels could inflict injury on him (Apparently, this drawback was subsequently eliminated. museum exhibit there are wings, they are also found in some historical photographs).

In the early 30s of the XX century, Putilovets was replaced by a more technically advanced STZ (SKhTZ) -15/30. The history of its appearance is curious. Already in 1925, when the production of "FP" in Leningrad had just begun, the authorities started talking about the need to build a specialized plant for the production of tractors. Since there was practically no experience of own tractor building in the USSR, they again decided to take a foreign design as a basis, but this time on a competitive basis. Five young engineers were given the task, at their own discretion, to take as a basis the project of any foreign tractor and present it to the commission for protection. In the summer of 1926, the commission chose the International 10/20 project of the American firm McCormick Deering. A year later, an industrial assignment was approved for the construction of a plant in Stalingrad with an annual production of 10,000 tractors of this type, and a year later it was decided to double the design capacity of the plant.

Tractor McCormick Deering International 10/20:

But in the meantime, the McCormick Deering International 15/30 tractor won the first place at the international testing competition, and the factory project was redesigned again: now it was supposed to produce 40,000 International 15/30 tractors annually! The first STZ-15/30 left the gates of the largest tractor plant in 1930, and the STZ reached its design capacity only in 1932, having overcome "childhood illnesses" with great difficulty. By this time, the production of a tractor of the same design was also established at the Kharkov plant, where it received the designation SHTZ-15/30.

The design of the STZ-15/30 was more advanced than the Putilovets. More powerful engine(30 hp), lubrication system with oil pump and filter, oil air cleaner. The engine was started manually, with a "crooked starter", and the collective farmers in their own way deciphered the abbreviation KhTZ: "hell start the tractor." On the assembly line, 15/30 lasted until 1937, when both plants that produced it were redesigned to produce the STZ-NATI caterpillar tractor. In 1948-50, the tractor was produced by the Second Automobile Repair Plant in Moscow. In total, almost 400,000 of these tractors were produced.

"Fordson-Putilovets" and STZ-15/30 were suitable for arable work, but were not suitable for tilled. For a row-crop tractor, the wheel arrangement must exactly correspond to the distance between the rows, which varies by one and a half meters for different crops. A row-crop tractor, in addition, must be reliable in control and not “scour” when moving from side to side, and the height of the ground clearance must take into account the height of the cultivated plants - and this is only a small part of the basic requirements for such machines. In the early 1930s, designers tried to create a row-crop tractor based on the Putilovets and STZ-15/30, but tests showed that such measures were indispensable, and the specialists of the Scientific Auto Tractor Institute (NATI) were instructed to develop a row crop.

Again, the American McCormick Farmall was taken as the basis, as the most successful design of that time. When adapting the universal american car to Soviet realities, engineers faced a number of problems. For example, it turned out that it was not possible to create a universal tractor suitable for processing all crops cultivated in the Union. Therefore, for the first time in world practice, two modifications of the tractor were simultaneously developed at once - three- and four-wheeled (U-1 and U-2). In the 1940s, the U-3 and U-4 appeared to work with cotton.

Museum U-2:

The tractor, largely unified with the STZ-15/30, was named "Universal" and was mass-produced from 1934 to 1940 at the Krasny Putilovets Leningrad plant. From 1944 to 1955, the pioneer among domestic row-crop tractors was produced at the new tractor plant in Vladimir. By the way, "Universal" became the first Soviet tractor, which was exported abroad.

The three-wheeled U-4, designed for the installation of cotton pickers, received pneumatic tires for the first time in the USSR:

At the end of the 30s, the question arose of the production of a medium tractor, which would take an intermediate position between the low-powered STZ-15/30 and the heavy STHZ-NATI with a power of 52 hp. The history of the appearance of such a model stretched for a decade and a half - the first prototypes of a machine of this class were developed back in 1932-33. at the Kharkov Tractor Plant, but they soon took over the production of the STHZ-NATI already mentioned above, and continued the development of a medium-power tractor at the Kirov Plant, where from 1936 to 1939 they created eight modifications based on the Caterpillar R-2. But soon started Patriotic War interrupted design research until 1943, when specialists were recalled from the front and entrusted with the development of a medium caterpillar tractor, which could be used both as an arable and row-crop tractor, and a plant in Lipetsk was reconstructed for the production of a tractor. In December 1944, the first batch of K-35s with a ZIS-5T gasoline engine was sent to the Crimea and the North Caucasus. Modified according to the test results in the second half of 1946, they were tested in Armavir, after which they were approved for mass production, and the creators of the K-35 were awarded two state awards - for the tractor and separately for its diesel engine. In 1950, a modification of the KDP-35 appeared - "Kirov Diesel Row".

KD-35 was produced, except for Lipetsk, at the Minsk MTZ and in Brasov (Romania). It turned out to be a long-liver: it was produced until 1960, and many of its units were used on the T-38 / T-38M that replaced it on the conveyor until 1973.

The T-38 eliminated all the shortcomings of the KDP-35. The designers increased the reliability and service life of the undercarriage, used centralized lubrication of the rollers, which reduced their maintenance time by several times, increased the smoothness of the ride, and improved stability. To perform general-purpose work, a second, wide pair of caterpillars was attached to the tractor.

The first Soviet small-sized tractor, KhTZ-7, produced from 1950 to 1956 in Kharkov. Designed for light agricultural work in vegetable growing and horticulture with trailed and mounted agricultural implements. It had a 12-horsepower gasoline engine. The design made it possible to adjust the ground clearance, track width, work in reverse mode, for which the position of the controls and the driver's seat changed. Through the power take-off shaft drive pulley it was possible to bring stationary cars. The rear wheels could be filled with water to increase traction.

In my opinion, KhTZ-7 is one of the most beautiful exhibits of the museum.

KhTZ-7 evolved into diesel DT-14, and that, in turn, into DT-20. Produced from 1958 to 1969. The DT-20 was very versatile - it also had adjustable ground clearance and track width, the driver's workplace was transformed to work with front-line agricultural machines on reversing, and even wheelbase could change.

Perhaps the most dandy coloring can boast of one of the two presented in the museum "Vladimir" T-28. If the first, inconspicuous blue gray, modestly nestled in the corner behind one of the Universals, then the second one stands in the very center of the hall and attracts attention with a bright and contrasting purple-yellow color. Stilyaga, not otherwise! The time of its release just coincided with the heyday of this youth subculture in the Union: 1958-1964. The design of the T-28, which became further development T-24 was so successful that "Vladimirets" was awarded the first prize and the Grand Gold Medal of the World Exhibition in Brussels.

In 1946, in Minsk, on the basis of the 453rd aviation plant, a new tractor-building enterprise was created - the Minsk Tractor Plant, MTZ. Starting with the assembly of plows first, and then starting engines, the plant soon began production of KD-35 tractors. And since 1953, the MTZ-1 and MTZ-2 of their own design went into the series. A few years later, as a result of a thorough modernization, the MTZ-50 tractor appeared, one of the most successful and widespread tractor designs in the USSR. It's no joke - constantly changing, "fifty dollars" rolled off the assembly line for 23 years - from 1962 to 1985, after which it was produced for some time in limited quantities for export, and in the 90s, having experienced another reincarnation, returned to the market under the brand name "Belarus- 500". The total number of produced MTZ-50s is more than 1,250,000 pieces.

The tractor was equipped with a 55 hp diesel engine, the transmission had 9 forward speeds and 2 rear ones.

Several modifications were produced. For example, all-wheel drive MTZ-52, leading front axle which is activated automatically depending on road conditions.

And this is the cotton-growing version of the MTZ-50X with a double front wheel. Produced jointly with the Tashkent Tractor Plant.

An experimental tractor of the Lipetsk Tractor Plant with all driven steered wheels, a central cab, an engine located above the front axle. permanent drive was front, the rear axle was connected automatically when the front wheels slipped. The tractor did not go into the series.

Crawler high power DT-74, designed for agricultural, land reclamation and road construction works. Produced at the Kharkov plant from 1960 to 1984.

The most massive caterpillar tractor in the USSR is the DT-75, which has gained fame for its good performance and low cost compared to its counterparts. It has been produced in various modifications since 1962 to this day - of course, constantly being modernized - in Volgograd, from 1968 to 1992 it was also produced in Pavlodar under the brand name "Kazakhstan". Those of the modifications in which the enlarged fuel tank was located to the left of the driver's cab, and she herself was shifted to the right of the longitudinal axis of the tractor, received the nickname "postman". This cabin appeared in 1978. The museum DT-75, painted in authentic red, has a “postman's” cabin. The tractor was awarded the Gold Prize at the Leipzig International Fair in 1965.

DT-75M early release with old cab:

And this, in my opinion, is the main show-stopper of the entire museum: the arable tracked "Altai" T-4, produced at the Altai Tractor Plant from 1964 to 1970, and until 1998 as the T-4A. In the museum, apparently, there is a transitional model - with a new cabin from the T-4A, but an old-style engine hood. T-4 (A), common in the virgin lands of Siberia and Kazakhstan, were powerful and adapted for hard work on irrigated soils. They were not very pleasant in operation - the caterpillar design was unreliable, the tractor was difficult to maintain, and in summer and autumn, due to the low (only 9 km / h) speed, the T-4s were idle, because they were not suitable for work of this period.

But all this is not so important. The most important thing is what exactly this museum "Altai" is. It is, in fact, cut along. As in a visual aid, in a drawing in a textbook or on a poster, the interior of the tractor, its components and parts are shown in section; you can look inside and get an idea of ​​\u200b\u200btheir device. Well, how can you not admire?!

Two modern "babies" come from Kurgan. Quite familiar to the city dweller is the “multi-purpose utility construction machine” MKSM-800 ...

And a KMZ-12 mini-tractor. Both machines are designed to work with a variety of attachments- from cargo forks to concrete mixers.

But on the open area of ​​the museum are the largest exhibits. Here is another veteran of Soviet construction projects, the Chelyabinsk "weaving" T-100. On board it is written S-100, although the cockpit with a beveled "forehead" is clearly from the "teshki"; Wikipedia tells us that "the T-100 tractor was often traditionally called the S-100." Produced from the mid 60s to the late 70s. In 1968 he received gold medal at an international exhibition.

ChTZ T-170, a descendant of the "hundred part", which went into series in 1988. By this time, its design was already quite outdated compared to foreign counterparts. For example, friction clutches were inherited from the Stalinist S-80 of the 1946 model. The advantages of the T-170 include simplicity of design and low cost compared to analogues.

The most important giant of the exposition is the heavy industrial tractor Chetra T-330, "Cheboksary". The firstborn of the Cheboksary Tractor Plant appeared in the mid-1970s and was then a completely modern unit. A rare solution for bulldozers used on it is a cab shifted forward, which improves visibility. The dimensions of the tractor are really impressive: length - 10.4 meters, height - more than 4! And it looks impressive: in front - a bulldozer blade with a human height, behind a predatory sting hangs a ripper. Brutal handsome man!

Excellent museum. A pleasant combination of love for your work and financial support. Not every technical museum is so lucky. In addition to the traditional exposition, they say, there is also an interactive part - virtual tours of the country's factories and 3D design modeling for everyone. With all this, ticket prices are quite democratic: an adult ticket costs 25 rubles, photography, it seems, another 50. Only the situation with the website is not entirely clear: it looks clearly unfinished. But this, perhaps, is not a very significant "fly in the ointment." Considering that this museum is the only one of its kind, it definitely becomes a must-visit.

1. T-28 - a brand of wheeled tractor produced by the Vladimir Tractor Plant from 1958 to 1964

2. DT-20 is a brand of wheeled tractor produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant from 1958 to 1969

3. HTZ-7 - a universal garden tractor, produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant from 1950 to 1956. The first Soviet small tractor

4. T-5 (I did not find information about the model)

5. T-38 - a universal row-crop caterpillar tractor produced from 1958 to 1973 (taking into account the modification of the T-38M) by the Vladimir and Lipetsk Tractor Plants

6. KD-35 - row-crop caterpillar tractor produced from 1947 to 1960 by the Lipetsk Tractor Plant, since 1950 by the Minsk Tractor Plant and since 1951 by the Brasov Tractor Plant (Brashov, Romania). KD stands for "Kirov diesel"

7. DT-75 - caterpillar agricultural tractor for general use. The most massive caterpillar tractor in the USSR (today more than 2.7 million copies). In 2008, the Volgograd Tractor Plant celebrated the 45th anniversary of the start of production of the DT-75. Tractor purchased good reputation thanks to the successful combination of good operational properties(simplicity, efficiency, maintainability) and low cost compared to other tractors in its class

8. LTZ-120 - wheeled universal row-crop tractor. LTZ - Lipetsk Tractor Plant

9. SKhTZ 15/30 is a brand of wheeled tractor produced since 1930 by the Stalingrad Tractor Plant and since 1931 by the Kharkov Tractor Plant. 390 thousand tractors were produced. Production ceased in 1937

11. T-150 and T-150K brands of universal high-speed tractors manufactured by the Kharkov Tractor Plant. The T-150 tractor has a caterpillar drive, and the T-150K has a wheeled one. Historically, the wheeled version (T-150K) of the tractor was made later and based on the caterpillar, but it became much more widespread.

13. Homemade tractor and T-16 (in the background). T-16 was often used in the housing and communal sector

14. DT-54 - caterpillar agricultural tractor for general use. The tractor was produced from 1949 to 1963 by the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, from 1949 to 1961 by the Kharkov Tractor Plant, from 1952 to 1979 by the Altai Tractor Plant. Total built 957900 units

15. T-74 - a Soviet caterpillar tractor with a traction class of 3 tons, produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant. Created by upgrading tractors DT-54, T-75. The tractor is designed to perform agricultural and transport work in regions with a temperate climate. Produced from April 1962 to November 24, 1983

16. MTZ-50 "Belarus" - a brand of general purpose wheeled tractors manufactured by the Minsk Tractor Plant from 1962 to 1985

17. T-4, T-4A, T-4AP - brands of caterpillar tractors produced by the Altai Tractor Plant. The T-4 tractor was produced from 1964 to 1970

18. Fordson-Putilovets - a wheeled tractor produced at the Krasny Putilovets plant in Leningrad since 1924 under license from the Ford company. It was a copy of the American Fordson-F tractor.

The day of November 4, 1950 was noted in the annals of the labor exploits of Belarusian tractor builders as the day the serial production of KD-35 tractors began.

Tractor "KD-35"

The first-born of the Minsk tractor builders enjoyed great and well-deserved success among the field workers. The KD-35 tractors were equipped with 4-cylinder diesel engines with an HP 37 power. the engine was remarkably economical. So, for one hectare of plowing under average conditions, he spent 13 kg of fuel. Fuel tank tractor contained fuel for 10 hours of uninterrupted operation. Prototypes of the machine plowed up to 6 hectares of land in 10 hours.
The tractor was produced by the plant for a short time, only 9 months, until August 1951. During this time, 406 cars rolled off the assembly line. The production of diesel and starting engines for KD-35 did not stop at the plant. They were supplied to the Lipetsk Tractor Plant. Subsequently, this engine was used on a wheeled universal row-crop tractor, on which factory designers had been working since 1948.

MTZ-1 and MTZ-2

The universal wheeled tractor "Belarus" was designed to work with mounted, semi-mounted and trailed agricultural machines. The design of the tractor was made in two modifications: MTZ-2 - for inter-row processing of low-stemmed crops with the same track of the front and rear wheels and MTZ-1 - for processing tall crops with close front wheels. The operation of the tractor was provided for on wheels of two options: low-pressure rubber cylinders and wheels with a rigid steel rim with spurs. The tractor had an independent power take-off shaft drive, a hydraulic system for lifting attachments, was equipped with a removable adjustable hitch.
The day of July 18, 1949 became significant for all tractor manufacturers. The first Belarusian wheeled tractor of a factory design came out of the gates of the experimental workshop. A prototype wheeled tractor subsequently became the basis for the creation production car MTZ-2.
In 1949, 7 prototypes were produced, which were subjected to lengthy factory tests.
The historical date for the plant staff was 1953, when on October 14 the assembly of MTZ-1 and MTZ-2 tractors, created by factory designers, was completed on the main conveyor. These machines determined the entire further specialization of the plant in the production of wheeled universal row-crop tractors.

KT-12 and KT-12A

In the spring of 1951, the MTZ team received a very important government task - to master the production of skidders, which were in great demand in the logging industry.
The KT-12 gas generator tractor is a special caterpillar machine designed for skidding forests. It appeared in the USSR in the first post-war years. It had no analogues in any country in the world. Previously skidding was carried out by horse-drawn transport (on horses), manual or mechanical winches. The KT-12 tractor was created by the designers of the Kirov Plant in Leningrad in collaboration with scientists from the Leningrad Forest Engineering Academy. The KT-12 tractor was produced at the Kirov plant until 1951. Now it was necessary to establish its production at the Minsk Tractor Plant. Only three months were given to resolve all organizational issues. So for short story of its existence, MTZ had to master the second (after KD-35) machine, and besides, it was not of its own design.
On August 15, 1951, the first batch of skidders KT-12 left the main conveyor of the tractor assembly shop. During the production process, the tractor was subjected to modernization aimed at improving the performance of the machine. In a short time, factory designers, by changing a number of components and parts, increased guarantee period machine operation by 1.5 times.

TDT-40

In the early 1950s, the Ministry of Forestry of the USSR stated that the KT-12A with its gas generator set did not meet the increased requirements.
Taking into account the shortcomings of the tractor, the ministry decided to abandon this machine altogether and raised the issue of creating a new, more reliable 60 hp skidder instead.
After analyzing the situation, the designers and management of MTZ recognized the feasibility of creating a more powerful skidder, however, they expressed the opinion: one powerful class tractor for all zones in all logging operations will be uneconomical. It was necessary to design a skidder of medium power, which can be created on the basis of the KT-12A by installing the diesel engine of the Belarus wheeled tractor on it.
In 1954, they developed the design of such a tractor, assigning it the TDT-40 brand. The tractor was intended for the removal of whips directly from the cutting area. In addition to skidding the forest, it was indispensable for logging, for all kinds of transport work in off-road conditions. According to the results of operational tests in 1955, the interdepartmental commission stated that the TDT-40 tractor was very necessary for the USSR Ministry of Forest Industry and it was advisable to establish its production in a short time. By decision of the Ministry of Tractor and Agricultural Machine Building of the USSR, in May 1956, MTZ began mass production of TDT-40 diesel tractors. By the end of the year, their number reached 3430. In the same year, design work was completed and the first experienced diesel engines D-50 for a promising tractor. New engine exceeded the power of its predecessor by 10 hp, was smaller in size and 350 kg lighter.

TDT-54 and TDT-60

To work in the forests of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, more powerful skidders were required than the TDT-40. The project of such a tractor was commissioned by the Ministry of the Automotive and Tractor Industry to be developed by the designers of the Minsk Tractor Plant together with the Scientific Research Automotive Tractor Institute (NATI) according to the technical requirements of the USSR Ministry of Forest Industry. Initially, the tractor was given the TDT-54 brand. To increase productivity, a D-54 diesel engine with a power of 54 hp was used. tractor DT-54 of the Kharkov Tractor Plant.
After the TDT-54 skidder received the go-ahead from the state commission for mass production, a detailed analysis of each unit was made. As a result, it was decided to modernize most of its nodes. In addition, the D-54 diesel engine was boosted to a power of 60 hp. and as a result, the tractor received a new name TDT-60. Four of its prototypes in 1956 passed all control state tests under production conditions at the Vakhtan timber industry enterprise in the Gorky region.
The simultaneous production of two tractors MTZ-2 and TDT-40, completely different in design and purpose, put the plant in a difficult position. The plant did not have the opportunity to simultaneously develop two different productions: for the production of the MTZ-2 tractor, which is extremely necessary for agriculture, and the TDT-40 tractor, in which the USSR Ministry of Forestry was interested.
Feasibility studies have shown that the Minsk plant needs to specialize in the production of wheeled universal row-cultivator agricultural tractors.
The management of the plant made a proposal to the ministry - to stop the production of the TDT-40 tractor at MTZ, transferring it to a plant in Karelia, and the developed model TDT-60 to the Altai Tractor Plant. By the Decree of the Government of the USSR of January 30, 1956, the Onega Machine-Building Plant in Petrozavodsk was transferred to the Ministry of Tractor and Agricultural Engineering of the USSR for the production of tractors TDT-40. Prior to that, it was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Forest Industry of the USSR. In 1957, without stopping the production of TDT-40 at MTZ, the development of the tractor began at the Onega Tractor Plant. In total, until 1958, MTZ produced 12,977 TDT-40 tractors. In 1957, the TDT-60 tractor was put into mass production at the Altai Tractor Plant. This ended the history of skidders at MTZ, where for 7 years they were produced in parallel with wheeled ones.

MTZ-5

Time passed, and with it the requirements for the produced MTZ-2 tractor grew. He had a low transport speed(13km/h), insufficient number of gears. The tractor began to lag behind in terms of fuel efficiency and material consumption. It was necessary to increase the reliability and resource of the machine. Summarizing the experience of operating MTZ-2 tractors, taking into account the state and level of tractor construction, the team of designers of the plant in 1955-1956. carried out work on a radical modernization of the machine. This made it possible not only to eliminate the existing shortcomings, but also to expand the scope of the machine, improve technical and economic indicators. This is how new models of the Belarus tractor appeared: MTZ-5 (1956 model). MTZ-5M and MTZ-5L (1957 samples). MTZ-5, having great versatility, had an independent power take-off shaft drive, more powerful and economical engine, hydraulic hinged system with remote cylinders.
MTZ-5S


In 1959, after the design improvements, the production of MTZ-5LS and MTZ-5MS tractors began. The letter "C" in the designation meant "high-speed". Engine power was increased to 48 hp. (instead of 45) by increasing the number of revolutions to 1600 rpm (instead of 1500). The operating speed range was set within 5-10 km/h. The number of working gears in the gearbox was increased from four to five. Otherwise, there were no fundamental differences from the MTZ-5L and MTZ-5M tractors. Production high-speed cars started in 1959.

MTZ-7

In 1958, the design was finalized, prototypes were made, tests were carried out and drawings for the MTZ-7 off-road tractor with four drive wheels were issued for pre-production. The first design of the tractor was developed using the front drive axle from the GAZ-67 military all-terrain vehicle, did not have an adjustable front wheel track and therefore did not provide tilled work. Due to the insufficient strength of the GAZ-67 bridge, the tractor did not pass the test. It was possible to solve the problem after the drive axle of the GAZ-63 car was installed on the tractor. The production of a cabin for Belarus tractors was started. The design of the removable cabin made it possible to use it on a tractor completely closed and in the form of an awning. With the use of such a cabin, the working conditions of the tractor driver have significantly improved.

MTZ-7M

In 1959, the MTZ-7M, MTZ-7MS and MTZ-7LS tractors were put into mass production, though not for long, since the main goal was to get more information about how good four-wheel drive tractors are in various climatic and soil conditions. In the same year, the plant manufactured 169 tractors, and in 1960 - 1277.
A total of 279 MTZ-7 tractors were produced. Their production was discontinued in 1961.

MTZ-50

Until 1959, MTZ had the capacity to produce only 18,000 wheeled tractors of the MTZ-2 type, 6,000 tracked skidders TDT-40 and 40,000 D-40 engines.
The serial production of the MTZ-5, MTZ-5M, MTZ-5L tractors was still underway, work was being done to modernize them, and in 1956 the designers basically designed a new diesel engine for the future MTZ-50 tractor. Great interest was shown in the creation of a new promising row-crop tractor not only at the plant, but also in the country. Technical project tractor was completed in 1957 and approved by the Leading Scientific Automotive Tractor Institute.
In 1958, the experimental workshop produced several prototypes of the tractor. According to the test results, the scientific and technical council of the VO "Soyuzselkhoztekhnika" recommended a wheeled universal tractor of class 1.4 "Belarus" MTZ-50 to serial production. The MTZ-50 tractor was equipped with a 55 hp diesel engine, the weight of the machine was reduced by more than 400 kg. A 9-speed gearbox was installed in the tractor transmission, providing a speed range ranging from 1.65 to 25 km/h.

MTZ-52

In 1959, according to the results of state tests, the design of the MTZ-50 tractor was finalized, the necessary documentation was issued and put into production preparation. On the basis of the MTZ-50 tractor, a modification of the tractor was developed high cross with four driving wheels - MTZ-52. due to lower slip losses, the fuel efficiency of the MTZ-52 tractor is higher than that of the MTZ-50 tractor at all operating limits.
On November 14, 1959, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a resolution "On the organization of specialized production of wheeled tractors, motorcycles and engines for them at the enterprises of the BSSR." One of the paragraphs of the document stated:
2. Oblige the Council of Ministers of the BSSR to ensure:
c) the production of tractors "Belarus" MTZ-50 starting from 1961 and tractors MTZ-52 starting from 1962, with the production of tractors of these brands being brought up to 75,000 units per year in 1965.
The Council of the National Economy of the BSSR, by its decision of December 19, 1961, decided:
3. For a non-stop transition to a new tractor model, provide for the phased introduction of the MTZ-50 tractor, for which: - approve for production at MTZ for 1961-1962 the tractor of the transitional model MTZ-50 PL on the chassis of the MTZ-50 tractor with a serial D-48 engine Submarine, boosted to a power of 50 hp - the production of MTZ-50 tractors with the D-50 engine should be started from the 4th quarter of 1962.
1960 The plant is under reconstruction. New equipment was installed in the workshops, obsolete ones were replaced. The design of the MTZ-50 tractor was finalized, the necessary documentation was issued and handed over to pre-production. On the basis of the MTZ-50 tractor, the team of plant designers developed a modification of the high-traffic tractor with four driving wheels MTZ-52. This machine has added base model, expanded the scope of its application in agricultural and transport work, especially in conditions of high soil moisture.

MTZ-50X

In 1963, the development of the design was completed and prototypes of the MTZ-50 cotton-growing tractor were produced. The tractor is designed for cultivating and harvesting cotton in a four-row system of machines with a row spacing of 90 cm. The MTZ-50X tractor was fundamentally different from the MTZ-50 tractor in the design of the front axle - it had one steering wheel. The node has also been changed final drives with additional gearboxes. All the necessary tests of the tractor were completed in 1966, after which preparations for its mass production began by factory services. The production of the MTZ-50X tractor lasted eight years: from 1969 to 1977. Then the production was transferred to the Tashkent Tractor Plant.
On the basis of the MTZ-50 tractor, three caterpillar modifications were created, and the nodal unification with the MTZ-50 tractor was more than 62%. Caterpillar modifications were unified by 95-98%. In 1967, a version of the T-54V caterpillar tractor was put into production in two modifications: T-54V-C1 with a track width of 950 mm for cultivating vineyards with row spacings of 1.8 m or more and T-54V-C2 - with a track width of 85- mm for the cultivation of vineyards with a row spacing of 1.5 m.
In 1968, the production of the T-54L tractor began.

MTZ-80

In 1966, the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 606 was issued on the creation of a universal row-crop tractor with a power of 75-80 hp. traction class 1.4. designers created such a tractor by upgrading the MTZ-50 tractor, assigning it the MTZ-80/82 brand. In the design of this tractor, in addition to increasing power serial engine a significant number of improvements have been made.
In 1972, the state tests of the MTZ-80/80L tractor were completed (with electric starting and starting motor). Tests have shown that the number of machines and implements aggregated with the tractor has increased to 230 items. The high speed (up to 35 km/h) made it possible to more rationally use the tractor for transport work.
In 1974, the plant began serial production of the MTZ-80. The tractor was conceived as a base tractor, taking into account the development on it of a new family of unified energy-saturated tractors, both wheeled and caterpillar. The main differences between the MTZ-80 tractor and the MTZ-50 tractor were as follows:
A reduction gear was installed in the gearbox, doubling the number of gears - 18 forward gears and 4 reverse gears;
Damping springs were introduced into the clutch, the design of the flywheel was changed - it became flat, which improved ventilation of the entire clutch compartment and cleaning the cavity from wear products of rubbing surfaces;
A creeper is introduced - a gear reducer that provides an extension of the speed range of the tractor. Its use allowed the tractor to move at speeds up to 1.3 km / h;
The automatic locking of the rear axle differential has also undergone a change. Now blocking could be carried out on the move of the tractor;
A change in the design of the rear PTO drive made it possible to obtain two speeds instead of one;
The hydraulic system has also been upgraded. It is equipped with a coupling weight hydraulic increaser (GSV), a power and position regulator. The carrying capacity of the system has been increased to 2000 kg (instead of 1500) by increasing the pressure in the system from 130 to 160 kg/cm2;
The engine was modernized by the Minsk Motor Plant. The engine had two modifications with electric start. Rotation frequency crankshaft was raised to 2200 rpm.

MTZ-82

MTZ-82 is almost identical to the 80th, but has four-wheel drive, like the MTZ-52. The experience of operating the MTZ-80 in various regions of the country revealed the need to create modifications of this machine, designed for a specific set of agricultural and other works. The most popular modifications of the MTZ-82 tractor were: the rice-growing MTZ-82R, the low-clearance MTZ-82N, and the steep MTZ-82K.

MTZ-100, MTZ-102

MTZ-100, MTZ-102 are identical to the MTZ-80 and MTZ-82 tractors, but they are equipped with a more powerful turbocharged diesel engine. Now, in my opinion, they are out of production and replaced by more modern models.

It needed speedy mechanization, and there were no own factories in the country. Realizing the need to increase labor productivity in the countryside, V. I. Lenin in 1920 signed the corresponding decree "On a single tractor farm." Already in 1922, small-scale production of domestic models "Kolomenets" and "Zaporozhets" began. The first tractors of the USSR were technically imperfect and low-power, but after two five-year plans a breakthrough came in the construction of specialized enterprises.

"Russian" first-born

Russia has always been famous for its inventors, but not all ideas have been put into practice. Back in the 18th century, the agronomist I. M. Komov raised the topic of the mechanization of agriculture. In the middle of the 19th century, V.P. Guryev, and then D.A. Zagryazhsky, developed steam tractors for plowing. In 1888, F. A. Blinov made and tested the first caterpillar steam tractor. However, the device turned out to be unnecessarily bulky. However, officially the year of birth Russian tractor industry 1896 is considered to be the year when the world's first steam caterpillar tractor was publicly demonstrated at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

On the threshold of the 20th century, designer Ya. V. Mamin (a student of Blinov) invented a high-compression, non-compressor engine running on heavy fuel. It was more suitable than any other for use in wheeled tracked vehicles. In 1911, he also assembled the first domestic tractor with an 18-kilowatt engine. internal combustion, which received the patriotic name "Russian". After modernization, a more powerful engine appeared on it - by 33 kW. Their small-scale production was established at the Balakovo plant - until 1914, about a hundred units were produced.

In addition to Balakovo, piece tractors were produced in Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvenkovo, Kichkass and a number of others. settlements. But the total production of all tractors at domestic enterprises was so small that it had practically no effect on the situation in agriculture. In 1913, the total number of this equipment is estimated at 165 copies. On the other hand, foreign agricultural machinery was actively purchased: by 1917, Russian empire 1500 tractors were imported.

History of tractors in the USSR

At the initiative of Lenin, the development and production of mechanized agricultural machinery was given Special attention. The principle of a single tractor economy assumed not only the production of "iron horses", as the tractor was called, but also a set of measures to organize a research and testing base, organize the supply of spare parts and repairs, open courses for masters, instructors and tractor drivers.

The first tractor in the USSR was produced in 1922. The founder of the national school of tractor building, E. D. Lvov, became the project manager. The wheeled vehicle was named "Kolomenets-1" and symbolized the beginning new era in the village. Lenin, despite a serious illness, personally congratulated the designers on their success.

In the same year, the Krasny Progress enterprise produced the Zaporozhets tractor in Kichkas. The model was not perfect. There was only one leader rear wheel. low power two stroke motor overclocked by 8.8 kW " iron horse» up to 3.4 km/h. There was only one gear, forward. Power on the hook - 4.4 kW. But this vehicle also greatly facilitated the work of the villagers.

The legendary inventor Mamin did not sit idle. He improved his pre-revolutionary design. In 1924, the tractors of the USSR were replenished with models of the Karlik family:

• Three-wheeled "Karlik-1" with one gear and a speed of 3-4 km / h.
• Four-wheeled "Karlik-2" with reverse.

Adopting foreign experience

While the tractors of the USSR were “building up their muscles”, and Soviet designers were mastering a new direction for themselves, the government decided to start producing foreign equipment under license. In 1923, at the Kharkov plant, the caterpillar Kommunar, which was the heir to german model"Ganomag Z-50". They were mainly used in the army for transporting artillery pieces until 1945 (and later).

In 1924, the Leningrad plant "Krasny Putilovets" (the future Kirovsky) mastered the production of a cheap and structurally simple "American" of the Fordson company. The old USSR tractors of this brand have proven themselves quite well. They were head and shoulders above both Zaporozhets and Kolomenets. The carburetor kerosene engine (14.7 kW) developed a speed of up to 10.8 km / h, the power on the hook was 6.6 kW. Gearbox - three-speed. The model was produced until 1932. In fact, this was the first large-scale production of this technique.

Construction of tractor factories

It became obvious that in order to provide collective farms with productive tractors, it was necessary to build specialized factories that would combine science, design bureaus and production facilities. The initiator of the project was F. E. Dzerzhinsky. According to the concept, it was planned to equip new enterprises with modern equipment and mass-produce cheap and reliable wheeled and tracked models.

The first large-scale production of tractors in the USSR was established in Stalingrad. Subsequently, the capacities of the Kharkov and Leningrad plants were significantly expanded. Large enterprises appeared in Chelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul and other cities of the USSR.

Stalingrad Tractor Plant

Stalingrad became the city where the first large tractor plant was built from scratch. Due to the strategic position (at the intersection of supplies of Baku oil, Ural metal and Donbass coal) and the availability of a qualified army work force he won the competition from Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. In 1925, a resolution was adopted on the construction of a modern enterprise, and in 1930 the legendary wheeled tractors of the USSR of the STZ-1 brand left the assembly line. In the future, a wide range of wheeled and tracked models was produced here.

The Soviet period includes:

• STZ-1 (wheeled, 1930).
• SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).
• STZ-3 (caterpillar, 1937).
• SHTZ-NATI (caterpillar, 1937).
• DT-54 (tracked, 1949).
• DT-75 (tracked, 1963).
• DT-175 (tracked, 1986).

In 2005, the Volgograd Tractor Plant (former STZ) was declared bankrupt. VgTZ became its successor.

DT-54

Caterpillar tractors of the USSR in the middle of the 20th century received widespread, in the number of models they surpassed the wheeled ones. An excellent example of general-purpose agricultural machinery is the DT-54 tractor, produced in 1949-1979. It was produced at the Stalingrad, Kharkov and Altai plants with a total of 957,900 units. He "starred" in many films ("Ivan Brovkin in the virgin lands", "It was in Penkovo", "Kalina Krasnaya" and others), installed as a monument in dozens of settlements.

The D-54 brand engine is in-line, four-cylinder, four-stroke, liquid-cooled, rigidly mounted on the frame. The number of revolutions (power) of the motor is 1300 rpm (54 hp). A five-speed three-way gearbox with the main clutch is connected by a cardan drive. Working speed: 3.59-7.9 km/h, pulling force: 1000-2850 kg.

Kharkov Tractor Plant

Construction of KhTZ them. Sergo Ordzhonikidze began in 1930, 15 kilometers east of Kharkov. In total, the construction of the giant took 15 months. The first tractor left the conveyor on October 1, 1931 - it was a borrowed model of the Stalingrad plant SHTZ 15/30. But the main task was to create a domestic tractor of the Caterpillar type with a capacity of 50 Horse power. Here, the team of designer P. I. Andrusenko developed a promising diesel unit, which could be put on everything caterpillar tractors THE USSR. In 1937, the plant launched a modernized series tracked model based on SHTZ-NATI. The main innovation was a more economical and at the same time more productive diesel engine.

With the outbreak of war, the enterprise was evacuated to Barnaul, where the Altai Tractor Plant was created on its basis. After the liberation of Kharkov in 1944, production was resumed at the same site - the legendary USSR tractors of the SHTZ-NATI model again went into series. The main models of HZT of the Soviet period:

• SKhTZ 15/30 (wheel, 1930).
• SHZT-NATI ITA (caterpillar, 1937).
• KhTZ-7 (wheeled, 1949).
• KhTZ-DT-54 (tracked, 1949).
• DT-14 (tracked, 1955).
• T-75 (tracked, 1960).
• T-74 (tracked, 1962).
• T-125 (tracked, 1962).

  

  In the 70s, a radical reconstruction was carried out at KhTZ, but production did not stop. Emphasis was placed on the production of "three-ton" T-150K (wheeled) and T-150 (tracked). The energy-saturated T-150K on tests in the USA (1979) showed the best performance among world analogues, proving that the tractors of the USSR times were not inferior to foreign ones. In the late 80s, the KhTZ-180 and KhTZ-200 models were developed: they are 20% more economical than the 150th series and 50% more productive.

  T-150

  Tractors of the USSR were famous for their reliability. So the universal high-speed has earned a good reputation. It has a wide range of applications: transport, road construction, and agriculture. It is still used to transport goods on difficult terrain, in field work (plowing, peeling, cultivation, etc.), in earthworks. Able to transport trailers with a carrying capacity of 10-20 tons. For the T-150 (K), a turbocharged 6-cylinder liquid-cooled V-configuration diesel engine was specially developed.

  Specifications T-150K:

  • Width / length / height, m. - 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.
  • Gauge, m. - 1.7 / 1.8.
  • Weight, t. - 7.5 / 8.1.
  • Power, hp - 150.
  • Maximum speed, km / h - 31.

  Minsk Tractor Plant

  MTZ was founded on May 29, 1946 and is considered, perhaps, the most successful enterprise at the moment, which has retained its capacities since the times of the USSR. At the end of 2013, over 21,000 people worked here. The plant holds 8-10% of the world tractor market and is strategic for Belarus. Produces a wide range of vehicles under the brand name "Belarus". By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, almost 3 million units of equipment had been produced.

  • KD-35 (tracked, 1950).
  • KT-12 (tracked, 1951).
  • MTZ-1, MTZ-2 (wheeled, 1954).
  • TDT-40 (tracked, 1956).
  • MTZ-5 (wheeled, 1956).
  • MTZ-7 (wheeled, 1957).

  In 1960, a large-scale reconstruction of the Minsk plant began. In parallel with the installation of new equipment, the designers worked on the introduction of promising models of tractors: the MTZ-50 and the more powerful MTZ-52 with all-wheel drive. They went into the series, respectively, in 1961 and 1964. Since 1967, the tracked modification of the T-54V has been produced in various versions. If we talk about the unusual tractors of the USSR, then these can be considered modifications of the cotton-growing MTZ-50X with twin front wheels and increased ground clearance, which have been produced since 1969, as well as the steep MTZ-82K.

  

  The next step was the MTZ-80 line (since 1974) - the most massive in the world, and special modifications of MTZ-82R, MTZ-82N. Since the mid-80s, MTZ has mastered the technique of over a hundred horsepower: MTZ-102 (100 hp), MTZ-142 (150 hp), and low-power mini-tractors: 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. With.

  KD-35

  Crawler row-crop tractor is compact in size, easy to operate and repair. It was widely used in agriculture of the USSR and in the countries of the Warsaw Pact. Appointment - work with a plow and other hinged equipment. Since 1950, a modification of the KDP-35 was produced, which was distinguished by a smaller track width, a wider track and increased ground clearance.

  A sufficiently powerful D-35 engine, respectively, gave out 37 hp. with., the gearbox had 5 steps (one back, five forward). The engine was economical: average consumption diesel fuel per 1 ha was 13 liters. A tank of fuel was enough for 10 hours of work - this was enough to plow 6 hectares of land. Since 1959, the model has been equipped with a modernized power unit D-40 (45 hp) and increased speed (1600 rpm). Also increased the reliability of the chassis.

  Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant before the war

  Talking about the tractor of the USSR, it is impossible to get around the history of the Chelyabinsk plant, which made a significant contribution to the production of peaceful equipment, and during the Second World War it became a forge of tanks and self-propelled guns. The famous ChTZ was built in an open field away from highways with the help of picks, crowbars and shovels. The decision to build was made in May 1929 at the 14th Congress of Soviets of the USSR. In June 1929, Leningradsky GIPROMEZ began work on the design of the plant. ChTZ was designed taking into account the experience of American auto and tractor enterprises, mainly Caterpillar.

  From February to November 1930, it was built and put into operation pilot plant. This happened on November 7, 1930. The founding date of ChTZ is considered to be August 10, 1930, when the first foundations of the foundry were laid. On June 1, 1933, the first caterpillar tractor of Chelyabinsk workers, the Stalinets-60, left for the readiness line. In 1936, more than 61,000 tractors were produced. Now it is a retro-tractor of the USSR, and in the 30s the S-60 model was superior in performance to its analogues of Stalingrad and Kharkov plants almost double.

  In 1937, having simultaneously mastered the production of S-60 diesel engines, the plant switched to the production of more economical S-65 tractors. A year later, this tractor was awarded the highest Grand Prix award at an exhibition in Paris, and was also used to film the cult Soviet film Tractor Drivers. In 1940, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was ordered to switch to the production of military products - tanks, self-propelled guns, engines, spare parts.

  Post-war history

  Despite the difficulties of wartime, tractor builders did not forget about their favorite business. The thought arose: why not use the experience of the Americans? After all, in the United States during the war, the production of tractors did not stop. The analysis showed that the best of the models American tractors is D-7. In 1944, the development of documentation and design began.

  

  After 2 years, simultaneously with the reconstruction of the plant, on January 5, 1946, the first S-80 tractor was produced. By 1948, the restructuring of the enterprise was completed, 20-25 units were produced per day tracked vehicles. In 1955, the design bureaus began work on the creation of a new, more powerful S-100 tractor and continued work to increase the durability of the S-80 tractor.

  • S-60 (tracked, 1933).
  • S-65 (tracked, 1937).
  • S-80 (tracked, 1946).
  • S-100 (tracked, 1956).
  • DET-250 (caterpillar, 1957).
  • T-100M (tracked, 1963).
  • T-130 (tracked, 1969).
  • T-800 (tracked, 1983).
  • T-170 (tracked, 1988).
  • DET-250M2 (caterpillar, 1989);
  • T-10 (tracked, 1990).

  DET-250

  At the end of the 50s, the task was set: to design and manufacture prototypes of a tractor with a capacity of 250 horsepower for testing. From the very first steps, the authors of the new model abandoned the traditional and well-known paths. For the first time in the practice of Soviet tractor construction, they created a hermetic and comfortable cab with air conditioning. The driver could drive a heavy car with one hand. The result was an excellent tractor DET-250. The Committee of the VDNKh Council of the USSR awarded the plant for this model with a Gold Medal and a Diploma of the 1st degree.

  Other manufacturers

  Of course, not all tractor factories are represented in the list. Tractors of the USSR and Russia were also produced and are being produced at the Altai (Barnaul), Kirov (Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TZ, in Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) and other cities.