What is the name of the back of the car? What are the names of the parts of the machine: information for beginners

The world's first car with gasoline engine was patented back in 1885 by the brilliant German engineer Karl Benz. It's amazing, but even today the car consists of the same basic parts as a hundred years ago - this is the body, chassis and engine. Let's take a closer look at what the car consists of and its main parts.

In one small article it is difficult, of course, to describe detailed device car, so we will only cover the basics that every car enthusiast should know.

At the end of it educational material you will find a short video tutorial about the car's structure, describing the main parts that it consists of and their functions.

It is also worth noting that ignorance common device car and the principle of operation of its main components and assemblies, leads to increased costs for machine repairs and maintenance.

General device of the car

Main constituent parts in the design of the car, as we wrote above, are:

1. Engine;
2. Body;
3. Chassis;
4. Electrical equipment.

All of them are made up of many individual elements, parts, components and assemblies.

Engine is the heart of the car. It is a source of mechanical energy and sets our car in motion. Most widespread in the automotive industry received internal combustion engines and diesel engines. However, in last years Electric and hybrid vehicles are gaining more and more popularity.

car chassis deserves special attention. It is a set of mechanisms whose tasks include the transmission of torque from power unit(engine) to the drive wheels, the movement of the car and its control. These groups of mechanisms are called transmission, chassis and driving mechanism.

• car transmission serves to transmit torque from the engine to the drive wheels, thereby allowing you to change the torque in magnitude and direction. Transmission of a two-axle car with a front engine and a drive to rear wheels usually consists of such mechanisms: clutch, gearbox, cardan gear, main gear, differential and axle shafts.
• Chassis of the car consists of a frame or load-bearing body, front and rear axles, suspension (springs and shock absorbers), wheels and tires. More about the types and types of car suspensions.
• car control mechanism consists of steering and braking system (with drum and disc brakes). It allows you to change the direction and speed of the car, stop it and hold it in place.

In addition to the above units, assemblies and mechanisms, absolutely all cars are equipped with electrical equipment, consisting of sources and consumers of electric current.

Vehicle electrical equipment starts and enables the engine to work, illuminates and heats the interior of the car, allows you to move around without problems dark time days and in bad weather, supports anti-theft system, take care of our safety on the road, turns the car into a concert hall or even a cinema, and performs many other useful and very important functions.

Video lesson: what a car consists of

Any passenger car is built on the basis of the body, and this is the largest part of the car, which performs many functions. The special body structure allows the car to withstand the stress of driving and absorb impact energy in the event of an accident. Also, this part of the machine serves as the base on which all functional parts and assemblies are mounted. Manufacturers cars produce the most various options bodies, which makes each model unique in its outward signs. However, the same manufacturers adhere to the basic parameters in the manufacture, which characterize the type of body and its version.

Main types

Before disassembling what the body consists of passenger car mobile, you need to highlight the main types of its execution. Cars series production available in the following basic types:

• sedan;
• hatchback;
• wagon.

There are other types, but these three are the main and most common.

The sedan body type is the most popular. serial sedan has four doors for passengers, an engine compartment and a luggage compartment. This type of body is the most optimal for carrying passengers and small luggage.

Hatchback is a car with two doors for passengers, engine compartment and luggage compartment, not shared with the salon. This type has restrictions on the transported cargo, and is also not very convenient for transporting passengers. However, this implementation has its advantages. Cars in this type of body have a lower weight and dimensions, which has a positive effect on its efficiency in terms of fuel consumption.

Station wagon cars are designed for heavy loads. The luggage compartment of such cars is characterized by an increased volume, which does not prevent the interior from remaining in full size. The station wagon device makes it possible to further expand the luggage compartment by folding the rear passenger seats.

Material and manufacturing technology

Body modern passenger car It is made of high-strength steel, which goes through several stages of processing. The small thickness of the metal used makes it possible to significantly reduce the overall weight of the machine, which has a positive effect on its dynamics and economy. Despite the small thickness of steel, the body structure is designed in such a way that it is both light and strong.

On most modern cars body parts are fastened together spot welding. This allows you to ensure the reliability of the connection of elements and reduce the number of edges and sharp corners which are most vulnerable to corrosion. In perspective Automotive industry will apply laser welding of parts. This approach minimizes the presence of bulges and depressions at the seams, and the body structure will become simpler and more reliable.

General body structure

To figure out what the body of a car consists of, you should consider the main parts that are included in its device. For a simpler understanding, the device of the car body can be divided into three compartments. What is the body made of? General scheme the location of the parts is as follows:

• motor zone - designed to locate the power unit and additionally performs the function of passive vehicle safety;
• passenger part - needed to accommodate passengers and vehicle controls;
• luggage compartment - used for luggage;

Consider what each of these elements consists of in more detail.

The motor part consists of the following main parts:

• front upper and lower crossbars;
• front spars;
• lower cross member for engine location.

Scheme engine compartment It is designed in such a way that in the event of a collision, the spars and the front beam take over the impact energy. Deforming, they reduce the load on the passenger compartment. This design increases the chances of the driver and passengers to protect themselves from injury in an accident.

The layout of the parts of the passenger compartment of a passenger car is as follows:

• lower front beam under the windshield;
• front and rear cross members of the roof;
• side roof spar;
• front, side and rear racks;
• thresholds;
• bottom;
• reinforcing structures of the bottom.

In other sources, the names of body parts may differ slightly, but this does not change the essence of the matter. The above scheme allows in general terms understand what the body consists of and what its structure is.

All parts of the passenger compartment of a passenger car have the necessary rigidity, which provides secure fastening facing and functional details. In addition, the design of the passenger part is made in such a way as to provide maximum passive protection in the event of side collisions.

The luggage compartment of a passenger car consists of a rear panel and fenders. The layout of this compartment is designed in such a way that its device allows you to withstand loads from useful luggage, as well as provide passive safety in the event of an impact to the rear of the vehicle.

The structure of the car body depends on the model, manufacturer and other details. However, in most mass-produced machines, the layout body parts about the same. There is only a sharp difference sports cars and prototypes of conceptually new models produced in quantities of several units. The body of such machines may have a different design.

The invention relates to the field of transport engineering. The front part of the car contains the load-bearing elements of the bumper and the hood lock, firmly interconnected, energy-absorbing structure. The energy-absorbing structure rests on the one side on the bearing element of the bumper, and on the other hand, on the bearing element of the hood lock and contains a plurality of ribs and transverse strips. The ribs are located between the bearing element of the hood lock and the bearing element of the bumper and are oriented in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle. Cross bars connect the ribs to each other. The lower transverse bar is adjacent to the bearing element of the bumper. Efficient protection of pedestrians is achieved. 9 w.p. f-ly, 4 ill.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the front part of the car, containing the bearing elements of the bumper and the hood lock, firmly connected to each other. These two parts, in general, contribute significantly to the rigidity of the front end. car body and are designed to absorb significant deformation energy in the event of a collision with another vehicle. This leads to the fact that in a collision with a pedestrian, they, in general, are not significantly deformed. In order to protect also the pedestrian, it is required to provide more easily deformable sections in front of these two bearing elements, which are deformed in the event of a collision with the pedestrian and can absorb the energy of the collision.

From DE 102005020413 A1, a front part of a motor vehicle is known, in which the radiator grille rests on a bumper support element and on an element located in front of it. Since the radiator grille itself is rigid, it has been proposed to provide a flexible bar at its upper edge with a flexible undercut portion having a bellows effect, which compresses in the event of a collision with a pedestrian and thereby allows the rigid radiator grille to pivot. Due to the small dimensions of this edge section compared to the entire radiator grille, it is difficult to give it the ability to absorb energy corresponding to legal requirements to the protection of pedestrians.

Commitment to provide effective protection pedestrians has led to the creation of front end structures in which the bearing element of the hood lock is shifted back relative to the bearing element of the bumper, and the edge of the hood protruding beyond the bearing element of the hood lock is deformed relatively easily, moving in the event of a collision with a pedestrian and slowing it down. At the same time, it turned out that the hood at the beginning of the deformation is fed quite easily and that as the deformation progresses, the resistance to it increases greatly. To improve the protection of pedestrians, it would be desirable to reduce the dependence of the deformation resistance on the degree of deformation.

The objective of the invention is to create a front part of the car, which simple means provide effective protection for pedestrians and solve or at least reduce one or another of the described problems.

This problem is solved due to the fact that in the front part of the car, containing the bearing elements of the bumper and the hood lock, firmly connected to each other, an energy-absorbing structure is provided, based on the bearing element of the bumper on the one hand, and on the bearing element of the hood lock on the other hand and containing ribs located between the bearing elements of the lock of the hood and bumper and oriented essentially in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle. Since the ribs are oriented substantially in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle, they are also substantially parallel to the impact force acting on them in the event of a collision with a pedestrian. Due to this orientation, the ribs have a significant rigidity, especially at the beginning of their deformation, so that even with a slight deformation of the front of the vehicle, they begin effective braking of the pedestrian. Due to the collapse of the ribs during the impact, energy is continuously consumed, so that even during the deformation process, effective braking of the pedestrian continues.

The ribbed structure is particularly preferably used at the front of a vehicle, the bonnet lock carrier of which is offset rearward relative to the bumper carrier.

The edge section of the hood projecting forward beyond the bearing element of the lock of the hood is advantageously supported by the energy-absorbing structure, so that a pedestrian hitting it is braked not only due to the rigidity of the edge section of the hood, but also due to the underlying ribs.

In order to provide continuous resistance to deformation of the energy-absorbing structure during the entire deformation process, the energy-absorbing structure advantageously comprises transverse strips connecting the ribs to each other. They, in turn, can dissipate energy due to deformation or stiffen individual ribs, connecting them with neighboring ribs.

In order to uniformly direct the pressure of the cowl into the energy-absorbing structure, it is expedient if one of the transverse bars supports the front edge portion of the cowl.

In order to stabilize the energy-absorbing structure, it is further expedient that at least one of the transverse strips rests against one of the load-bearing elements - the load-bearing element of the bonnet lock or the load-bearing element of the bumper.

This cross bar can be fixed to the support element, preferably by means of a push-in connection.

In order to effectively direct the impact force acting on the ribs into the carrier elements, it is expedient if the ribs in the longitudinal section protrude beyond the line connecting the carrier elements of the bonnet lock and the bumper.

The entire energy-absorbing structure can be made entirely of plastic.

Other features and advantages of the invention are given in the following description of examples of its implementation with reference to the accompanying drawings, which depict:

Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an energy absorbing structure for the front of a vehicle in the first embodiment;

Fig. 2: schematic longitudinal section of the front part with the energy absorbing structure of Fig. 1;

Fig.3: similar to Fig.1 view of the energy-absorbing structure in the second variant;

Fig.4: similar to Fig.2 section of the front part with energy-absorbing structure of Fig.3.

Shown in figure 1 in perspective view the energy-absorbing structure is a molded plastic. It contains transverse strips 1-4 located along the width of the car, connecting vertical ribs 5, mainly in the amount of 8 to 12 pieces. The upper transverse bars 1-3 are tilted forward like a canopy, and the uppermost transverse bar 1 has a thrust shoulder 6 intended for mounting on the front side of the bearing element 7 of the hood lock (figure 2). Locking trunnions 8 molded on the rear side of the thrust shoulder 6 secure the thrust shoulder 6 in the respective holes of the bearing element 7 of the hood lock.

As can be seen in figure 2, the sloping main surface 9 of the transverse strip 1 essentially follows the outer contour of the car body, which in the area in front of the bearing element 7 of the bonnet lock is made convex. The main surface 9 extends at a short distance under the front edge portion 11 of the engine hood 10 protruding behind the bearing element 7 of the bonnet lock.

The transverse strips 2, 3 support with their front edge the horizontal protrusions 12 of the bowl-shaped bumper lining 13 molded from plastic. Since the ribs 5 are oriented parallel to the direction of movement and the cross bars 2, 3 are located behind the projections 12, the energy-absorbing structure does not impede the nature of the flow of cooling air passing between the projections 12, so that the efficiency of the radiator (not shown) located behind the energy-absorbing structure is not impaired.

Facing 13 of the bumper is fixed on its carrier element 14, which, like the bearing element 7 of the bonnet lock, is located across the entire width of the front of the vehicle and is firmly connected to the rigid frame by means of crash boxes (not shown).

The lower transverse bar 4 of the energy-absorbing structure also rests on the bearing element 14 of the bumper, which is fixed with the help of locking pins 15.

If, in the event of a collision with a pedestrian, he hits the front of the car, then a force acts on the edge section 11 of the hood along the arrow 16 in figure 2. Since the hood is not supported by the edge section 11 lying in front of the carrier element 7, this edge section 11 is rather easily pliable in itself. However, a slight deformation is sufficient to bring the edge portion 11 into contact with the upper cross bar 1 of the energy absorbing structure and direct the impact force into the energy absorbing structure. As a result, the ribs 5 are subjected to a force parallel to their main surfaces. In this direction, the load-bearing capacity of the ribs 5 is high, so that the pedestrian is effectively stopped even if the front part is slightly deformed.

The impact force is distributed inside the ribs 5 on both bearing elements 7, 14, as indicated in figure 2 by dashed arrows. The rear section of the ribs is loaded in tension upon impact. Therefore, the ribs can essentially only be fed, and they deviate to the side in the front section essentially in front of and above the dash-dotted line connecting the carrier elements 7, 14 and form folds. In this front section, the ribs 5 are interconnected by cross bars 2, 3, so that the lateral deflection of one rib 5 is transmitted by the cross bars 2, 3 to adjacent ribs. Even if the hood 10 is only locally collapsed as a result of the impact, the resulting deformation is distributed over the entire energy-absorbing structure, so that an effective delay is achieved regardless of the location of the impact.

Practical tests have shown that using the described energy-absorbing structure, the duration of the delay process of the hip impactor released into the front of the car, measured as the half-width of the delay force curve, was more than doubled from about 10 to 22 ms, and the peak value of the delay force was almost halved from about 9 to about 5 kN.

Figures 3 and 4 show a second embodiment of the invention, which differs from the variant in figures 1 and 2 mainly in that the lowest transverse bar 4 is extended forward and provided with an apron 18 hanging forward, which covers the bumper carrier 14 and located in front of it. layer 17 foam. In other words, here the functions of the bumper lining 13 and the energy-absorbing structure are combined in one integral plastic molding that bridges the gap between the bumper carrier 14 and the bonnet lock carrier 7. The tabs 12 are no longer needed. The impact properties of this front part are the same as those of the front part in figures 1 and 2. Assembly is simplified due to the absence of a bulky structural part.

List of reference positions

1-4 - cross bars

6 - thrust shoulder

7 - bearing element of the hood lock

8 - fixing pin

9 - main surface

10 - engine hood

11 - edge section

12 - ledge

13 - bumper lining

14 - bearing element of the bumper

15 - fixing pin

16 - arrow

17 - foam layer

18 - apron

1. The front part of the car, containing the bearing element (14) of the bumper and the bearing element (7) of the hood lock, firmly interconnected, the energy-absorbing structure (1-5), based on one side on the bearing element (14) of the bumper, and on the other sides - on the carrier element (7) of the hood lock, and containing a plurality of ribs (5) located between the carrier element (7) of the hood lock and the carrier element (14) of the bumper and oriented essentially in the longitudinal direction of the car, as well as transverse strips (1-4), connecting the ribs (5) to each other, and the lower transverse bar (4) is adjacent to the bearing element (14) of the bumper.

2. The front part according to claim 1, characterized in that the bearing element (7) of the bonnet lock is displaced rearward relative to the bearing element (14) of the bumper.

3. The front part according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the hood (10) has a front edge section (11) protruding forward beyond the bearing element (7) of the hood lock and supported by an energy-absorbing structure (1-5).

4. The front part according to claim 3, characterized in that the edge section (11) of the hood (10) in the longitudinal section protrudes beyond the line connecting the bearing element (7) of the hood lock and the bearing element (14) of the bumper.

5. The front part according to claim 3, characterized in that one of the transverse strips (1) supports the front edge portion (11) of the hood (10).

6. The front part according to claim 1, characterized in that the upper (1) of the transverse strips (1, 4) is adjacent to the bearing element (7) of the hood lock.

7. The front part according to claim 1, characterized in that the transverse bar (1, 4) is fixed on the carrier element (7, 14) by means of a plug-in connection (8, 15).

8. The front part according to claim 1, characterized in that the ribs (5) in the longitudinal section protrude beyond the line connecting the bearing element (7) of the bonnet lock and the bearing element (14) of the bumper.

9. The front part according to claim 1, characterized in that the energy-absorbing structure (1-5) is made in one piece of plastic.

10. The front part according to claim 1, characterized in that the energy-absorbing structure (1-5) is combined with the bumper lining (13) covering the supporting element (14) of the bumper into one structural unit.

Similar patents:

The invention relates to the design of the front part of the car, which contains a supporting structure (1, 5, 6), on which the radiator (14) is fixed, and the bumper holder (11) is located in front of the radiator (14) in such a way that it leans back in the event of a collision to the radiator (14).

The invention relates to the field of aircraft. Fuselage aircraft contains a nose section with a control cabin and a front landing gear, a middle section with wing attachment elements, a tail section with a jet engine and empennage. Between the middle and tail parts there is a connecting link and a lattice truss bent in an arc, the lattice area of ​​which is greater than the area of ​​the suction nozzle jet engine. The connecting link is made solid/hollow. Pipelines, electric cables are laid through the connecting link to ensure the operation of the jet engine and rotary elements of the tail. The invention is aimed at improving the safety of the aircraft. 4 w.p. f-ly, 7 ill.

The invention relates to the field of transport engineering. The vehicle mounting device has one flow cross section for fluid communication between the cooling device and the atmosphere, which contains the mounting piece. The mounting part for body parts to be connected, such as trim elements, headlight housings for headlight units, has first and second fastening devices. The first fastener is located on the side of the body. The second fastener is located on the side of the part to be joined. The body parts to be connected are located on the mounting part. An air intake grille is provided as a body part to be connected, so that the cooling device is fluidly connected to the atmosphere. EFFECT: improved passage of air flow through the air intake. 10 z.p. f-ly, 3 ill.

The group of inventions relates to block options for vehicle, containing the bumper lining, the air intake grille 5 and the upper shock absorber 7, and the vehicle. The upper shock absorber has a sequence of internal vertical 21 and horizontal 19 ribs located between the front surface and the rear surface of the shock absorber 7. The ribs 21 alternate with the horizontal ribs and are spaced apart. The upper shock absorber 7 comprises at least one zone 29 of reduced thickness, and at least one hole 25 located at the level of one of the horizontal ribs 19 in such a way that the intake grille 5 is fixed on the upper shock absorber 7 at the level of this zones 29 of reduced thickness on at least one horizontal rib 19 by passing the fastening means 27 through said hole 25. Preferably, the width of the hole 25 is less than the width of the horizontal rib 19. The bumper 3 is provided with a rounded profile to meet the requirements in a collision with a pedestrian. 3 n. and 6 z.p. f-ly, 4 ill.

The group of inventions relates to the field of transport engineering. The front bumper of the vehicle contains an air intake grille, on which a finishing bar is installed. The lattice consists of a set of intersecting vertical and horizontal rails. One of the horizontal rails forms a support for the horizontal trim strip. The support has a cross-section having a general S-shape, forming a recess in the upper part and a convex zone in its lower part. The plank, which has a common C-shape in cross section, is located on the convex zone. The bar is held on the support on one side by the upper edge wedged in the recess, and on the other hand by snap-in means designed to engage the lower edge of the bar with the base of the convex zone. The bar contains end parts forming ledges in back direction. End parts are closed in front by adjacent finishing details. motor vehicle contains the mentioned front bumper. Achieves versatility of use within one model range. 2 n. and 5 z.p. f-ly, 4 ill.

The group of inventions relates to the field of transport engineering. According to the first variant, the radiator grill contains inner and outer grilles, connecting and fastening parts. The fixing part attaches the inner and outer grilles to the vehicle body. The connecting part contains the first and second fastening parts and a fixing grip. The first fastening part is made on the inner grid. The locking grip is made on the inner grille and faces the first fastening part. The second fastening part is made on the outer grille. The fixing grip has a flexible part. According to the second variant, the first fastening part has a positioning hole located in a place corresponding to the positioning hole of the vehicle body. According to the third variant, the second fastening part has a positioning boss inserted into the positioning hole. According to the fourth version, the second fastening part has a first outer peripheral edge of a non-circular shape, which comes into contact with the side wall of the first fastening part. EFFECT: increased accuracy of assembly of the radiator grille. 4 n. and 11 z.p. f-ly, 17 ill.

The invention relates to the field of transport engineering

A modern car is crammed with many lotions and upgrades.. In this article we will try to understand the insides of the car, namely, its device and design. Which parts are for comfort, which are necessary for driving, and which are for safety. Below is a list of components into which all devices and car body parts can be divided:

1. The supporting structure of the vehicle.
2. Transmission.
3. Electrical equipment.
4. Engine.
5. Vehicle control system.

General information about the device of the car

Car carrier system

It is the skeleton of the car, to which all the details are subsequently attached. It is on it that the service life of the car depends, and it is on the carrier system that all the loads that the car is subjected to during movement fall. Hence the price ratio, if we determine the cost of all vehicles at 100%, then 50% will fall on this system. Conventionally, it can be divided into several types:

1. Frame carrier system. The advantage of this system is the simplicity of both production and repair. In addition, the frame carrier system allows you to produce chassis, different modifications of the car.
2. Body carrier system. This system allows you to reduce the weight of the car, lower the center of gravity, and therefore increase stability when driving. Of course, she also has a drawback - this is a rather poor isolation of noise from the outside.
3. Frame-body system. Applies exclusively to buses. Consists of interconnected parts of the frame and body. It is quite simple to repair and manufacture.

Importance of transmission

The next element we will look at is the transmission. This power transmission, which interconnects the engine with the driving wheels of the car. There are several types of transmission: mechanical (most common), electric, hydrostatic and combined. For example mechanical transmission consider the work various nodes included in its composition:

1. Clutch. The main task is the soft connection of the flywheel, input shaft gearboxes. The clutch consists of the following composite basket and clutch disc, as well as the release bearing.
2. Transmission. It is designed to convert torque and then transfer it to cardan shaft. The engine is reinforced by secondary shaft. Among the gearboxes there is a division into a mechanical and automatic type.
3. Cardan shaft (for vehicles with rear wheel drive), transmitting torque from the output shaft to the final drive.
4. Connection of differential and main gear represents the so-called bridge, which transmits the power of the engine to the wheels through the axle shafts.
5. Half shaft ( drive shaft) - a metal rod with a clutch device with a differential and a CV joint.
6. Equal Hinge angular velocities(SHRUS) supplies rotational force to the drive wheels.
7. The distributing mechanism distributes the forces of the engine to the drive wheels. This unit is used in a car with a 4 * 4 wheel formula.

Scheme of electrical equipment of the car - VAZ 2109

Vehicle electrical equipment

Next comes the electrical equipment, which is a set electrical appliances and devices that provide normal work engine. Electrical energy is needed to start the car, ignite the combustible mixture, lighting, signaling, additional equipment. The composition of electrical equipment includes sources and consumers of current. The sources of electrical equipment are:

1. Generator - serves to convert the mechanical energy received from the engine into electrical energy;
2. Voltage regulator - performs the function of a stabilizer, keeps on constant level the voltage generated by the alternator at varying speeds crankshaft engine;
3. Rechargeable battery (accumulator) - is necessary for converting chemical energy into electrical energy.

Current consumers are:

1. Starter - serves to ensure the rotation of the crankshaft with the frequency necessary to start the engine;
2. Ignition system - in the course of its operation, it ignites the fuel in the cylinders in the order of the engine operating mode;
3. The lighting system is an auxiliary service that ensures the operation of the car in low visibility conditions;
4. Alarm system - serves to ensure the safety of the car.

The next thing we'll look at is the engine. It is a complex of mechanisms that convert the thermal energy of the fuel burning in its cylinders into mechanical energy. The engine is divided according to many parameters. First, by type of fuel: gasoline and diesel. Secondly, according to the ignition of the combustible mixture: from an electric spark and from compression. Thirdly, according to the number of cylinders: 2, 3, 4, 5, as well as 6 and 8 cylinders and multi-cylinders. Fourth, according to the location of the cylinders: in-line and V-shaped. The working process of engines consists of intake, compression, power stroke and exhaust strokes.

Mechanisms and engine systems

Distribute the following mechanisms and engine systems. The working process of the engine is mainly carried out due to the operation of the crank mechanism. Opening and closing the intake and exhaust valves engine is produced by a gas distribution mechanism. The oil supply to the rubbing parts of the engine produces lubrication system. Cooling of very hot engine parts occurs due to special system cooling, which removes heat. Power system prepares combustible mixture for the engine and provides an exit from the engine of the fulfilled gases. Ignition of fuel and working mixture in the engine cylinders is due to the ignition system.

Chassis operation

Chassis is a complex of devices, the interaction of which moves the car along the road. This includes the wheels, as well as the rear and front suspension. Through the wheels, the vehicle is connected to the road. The main tasks of the wheels are to move on the surface and change the direction of movement. Wheels are distinguished by the type of construction (disk, diskless, spoke) and by purpose (leading, steered, combined, supporting). The wheels of the car can be with deep rims or fittings, according to appearance resembling discs and spokes. These same rims are required for installation pneumatic tire. It is due to the hub that the wheel is attached to the bridge and its ability to rotate. Due to the suspension, there is an elastic connection between the wheels and the carrier system. The suspension has two functions. The first is to increase the safety of the car, and the second is the smooth running of the car.

suspension types

Pendants are divided into the following types:

1. Dependent suspension is when the wheels of one of the axles are interconnected with each other by means of a rigid beam. Therefore, when moving, they are interconnected.
2. Independent suspension is when the wheels of one of the axles are not connected to each other, but are suspended independently of each other, and therefore the movement of any of the wheels does not cause the movement of the other. common parts of all pendants are:
3. Elements that provide elasticity;
4. Elements that distribute the direction of force;
5. Extinguishing element;
6. Elements stabilizing lateral stability;
7. Fasteners.

Suspension work

Let's consider them in more detail. The elements that provide elasticity between the bumps in the road and the car body are, so to speak, a buffer. This includes springs, springs, torsion bars. The stiffness of the springs is constant and variable. The springs visually represent several metal plates mutually interconnected, and they are also quite elastic in properties. Torsins externally look like a metal pipe, and rods are located inside.

Force Distribution Devices

Devices that distribute the direction of force, in turn, perform several tasks. First, attaching the suspension to the body of the car. Secondly, the transfer of force to the car body. Thirdly, the correct location of the wheels in relation to the body in the horizontal and vertical planes. The task of the damping element is to counteract the elements of elasticity, or to be more precise, to smooth out the elasticity. Stabilization devices of transverse elasticity distribute the lateral load of the car when changing the trajectory of movement. All components of the suspension are attached to the body base and to the supporting parts of the wheels.

Vehicle control system

The system itself is understood as a set of devices and mechanisms designed to change the speed of a car and change the direction of movement. Hidden under the diverting devices is nothing more than steering used for normal driving. The speed change system, in turn, refers to the braking system, which is the main safety unit for the driver and passengers. The steering system includes:

1. Steering wheel;
2. A steering shaft with a cross, which on one side has pins for fixing the steering wheel, and on the other, pins for attaching to the steering column;
3. Steering column, a device assembled in one housing, which includes a worm drive gear and a driven gear, steering rod, consisting of a tip and a pendulum.

Steering gear operation

Let us consider in more detail the steering mechanism in operation: during the rotation of the steering wheel, the rotation increases worm mechanism column, which, in turn, begins to rotate the driven gear, which puts the steering arm into operation. It is attached to the middle steering rod, and the other end of the rod is connected to the pendulum arm. It is mounted on a support and has a rigid attachment to the car body. Side rods depart from the bipod with the pendulum. The tips are connected to the hub. The steering arm, when turned, sends force directly to the side rod and the middle arm. The middle lever, in turn, gives rise to the action of the second lateral thrust, as a result of which the hubs turn, and, consequently, the wheels along with them. The main task of the braking system is the ability to control the speed of the car.

Braking systems

There are three options for the braking system: working, parking, spare. The main unit of control of the car and keeping it safe is the service brake system. To avoid arbitrary movement of the car during long parking on sections with a slope of the road use parking brake(handbrake). Relatively young is the spare brake system used for braking due to a malfunction of the service brake system. Due to the fact that the use of the handbrake while driving is excluded, the driver, using the lever of the spare system, easily blocks the wheels, and the vehicle stops.

The principle of operation of the brake system

This braking system may be a separate unit or part of the service braking system. The vehicle braking system is based on the effect of friction. It is due to friction between a moving and stationary part that a phenomenon such as braking occurs. Below we will consider directly the process of the brake. During the braking process, a friction effect occurs between brake pads And brake disc or brake drum which is in motion. As a result brake systems it became customary to divide into disk and drum. In our time, it has become accepted to use the result of the symbiosis of these braking systems, namely, their combination. Although, it may be different, it all depends on the decision of the designers.

Here, in principle, and all the main devices and designs of the car. Of course, you can still mention and remember a lot of little things and details, but it is the above-mentioned devices and structures that are the main ones in a car.

The body, which, unlike the frame, allows you to reduce the weight of the machine. A large number of cars have load-bearing body, which takes on the load coming to the car.

What are the body types

• SUVs have an unloaded body - having an elastic connection with the frame. This body perceives loads only from the transported cargo and passengers.
• There is also a semi-supporting body, which is rigidly connected to the car frame, which makes it possible to strengthen this structure.

The service life of the car, its comfort and attractiveness is determined by the body structure. Hence the conclusion that consumer qualities car and car body are a single whole.

Car body structure

The frame or body is the basis of the body to which the rest of the components and assemblies of the car are attached. The body is represented by a welded rigid structure, which consists of elements.

Car body structure:
1 - front spar; 2 - front shield; 3 - front desk; 4 - roof; 5 - rear pillar; 6 - rear wing; 7 - trunk panel; 8 - middle rack; 9 - threshold; 10 - central tunnel; 11 - base; 12 - mudguard.

- If the car is rear-wheel drive, then nodes are located there. The tunnel strengthens the rigidity of the floor and protects the elements located there from adverse effects. Often there is a niche for a spare tire in the floor and side members go along the base, they are welded.

- In the front are - front panel, front shield, front spars, fenders and mudguards. The engine and suspension are mounted on the front spars. Wings can be removable and non-removable, depending on the body structure.

— back combine the rear spars, rear panel, rear floor and mudguards.

- The sidewall of the body includes an inner and outer panel. The outer panel includes rear, middle, front pillars and a threshold with a rear wing. The inner panel is presented in the form of rack amplifiers.

- The roof of the body is reinforced with cross members and has a one-piece structure. The body door is represented by two panels on which the lock and door hinges are mounted. Also, at the bottom of the door there are holes for the exit of water.