Drive axles of three-axle vehicles ZIL
The three-axle ZIL-131 car, with a drive to all axles, uses a sequential drive of the rear drive axles with a through drive shaft in the first axle.
In the rear axles, a double main gear is used, located in the crankcase, cast from ductile iron. The final drive housing, which has a side hatch closed with a lid, is bolted to the top of the cast banjo-type rear axle housing using a horizontally located flange. A puller bolt is wrapped in the crankcase cover, used to press out the pin of the rear axle suspension reaction rod. The lower opening of the rear axle housing is closed with a cover welded to the housing. The cavity of the crankcase of the rear axle communicates with the atmosphere through a breather.
In the first rear axle, the main gear drive shaft with a small bevel gear fixed to it is made through and mounted in front on a cylindrical roller bearing in the crankcase tide, and in the rear - on two tapered roller bearings, the housing of which is fixed in the flange in the crankcase and closed with a cover. At both outer ends of the shaft, the flanges of the cardan joints of the cardan drive of the drive axles are fixed on slots with nuts. The shaft ends are sealed with self-clamping glands and mud deflectors are welded on the hinge flanges. At the second axle, at the rear protruding end of the drive shaft, instead of a flange, a spacer sleeve is installed and the shaft is closed with a blind cover. Otherwise, the design of both rear axles is the same.
To adjust the meshing of the bevel gears, shims are supplied under the flange of the rear shaft bearing housing, and shims are installed between their inner rings to adjust the tightening of the bevel bearings.
The small bevel gear engages with the large gear pressed onto the key on the intermediate shaft, made together with the small spur gear. The shaft is installed in the internal partition of the crankcase on a cylindrical roller bearing. The outer end of the shaft rests on a double-row tapered roller bearing, the housing of which, together with the cover, is bolted to the flange in the crankcase wall. Gaskets for adjusting the engagement of bevel gears are supplied under the housing flange, and shims are supplied between its inner rings to adjust the tapered roller bearing.
A small spur gear with helical teeth engages with a large gear bolted to differential cups mounted in the main gear case housings on tapered roller bearings. The bearings are fixed in the sockets with caps on the studs. Adjusting nuts are screwed into the sockets on the sides to adjust the tightening of the bearings. The nuts are secured with stoppers. On the differential crosspiece, four satellites are installed on bronze bushings, which engage with the side gears mounted on the splines of the inner ends of the leading axle shafts. Thrust washers are placed under the bearing surfaces of satellites and side gears.
Fully unloaded drive axle shafts are connected by their flanges with studs and nuts with tapered bushings to drive wheel hubs cast from steel. Each hub is mounted on two tapered roller bearings on a tubular pin, the flange of which is bolted together with the brake shield to the flange of the tip welded to the semi-axial sleeve of the rear axle beam. The bearings are fixed on the trunnion with an adjusting nut 44, fixed with a lock washer and a lock nut. On the inner side of the hub there is a self-clamping stuffing box and the hub is covered by an outer felt stuffing box fixed in the oil deflector.
A cast iron brake drum with a wheel disk is attached to the hub flange on studs with nuts. The air supply hose 49 from the centralized tire pressure control system is attached to the fitting wrapped in a trunnion. The fitting communicates with the help of a sealing sleeve 35 with a channel drilled in the axle shaft. The air inlet sealing coupling consists of an annular body, to which two covers with self-clamping rubber seals are tightly attached, tightly covering the ground neck of the axle shaft on both sides of the outlet of the air channel, ensuring that, when the axle shaft rotates, air flows into its channel from the hose. The coupling is closed in the undercut of the trunnion with a stamped cover attached to the trunnion with bolts. The semi-axis in the flange of the tip of the semi-axial sleeve is sealed with an oil seal. The internal cavity formed by the flanges communicates with the atmosphere through a breather.
A tire valve body is wrapped into the end of the axle shaft, which is connected by a hose to the valve tube of the wheel tire chamber. The tap and hose are covered with a protective cover.
Oil is poured into the crankcase of each rear axle through a hole closed with a plug 6 on the upper wall of the final drive crankcase. The same hole is a viewing hole and is used to check the meshing of the bevel gears. Oil is poured up to the level of the control hole. The oil is drained through the lower hole on the cover of the rear axle beam and through the hole on the rear wall of the final drive housing. All openings are closed with plugs. The oil level in the rear axles during operation is checked with a special dipstick included in the tool kit. The feeler gauge is inserted into the hole in the crankcase after the rear bolt of the main gear housing flange is unscrewed.
The main gear of the front drive axle has the same arrangement as the main gear of the rear axles, but its shafts are located in the same plane with the axle shafts, and therefore the main gear housing has a different shape and is attached to the front axle housing with a flange located in a vertical plane.
Rice. 1. Driving axles of the ZIL-131 car
The outer end of the drive shaft with a small bevel gear is installed in the crankcase on two tapered roller bearings, and the inner end is on a roller bearing; cylindrical bearing. Oil is poured into the crankcase of the front drive axle through the control hole located in front in the beam cover, closed with a stopper. The oil is drained through a hole located in the lower part of the front axle beam.
The outer end of each semi-axle is connected by means of a ball-type equal angular velocity joint to the wheel drive shaft mounted in the pivot pin on a bronze bushing. The knuckles are made as one piece with the axle shaft and the drive shaft. Thrust washers are placed under the fists. A flange is installed on the splines of the end of the drive shaft, connected on studs with nuts to the wheel hub.
The front wheel with hub, bearings, seals and air supply system to the tire has basically the same arrangement as the rear wheel.
The stub axle flange is bolted to the split housing. The housing is mounted on tapered roller bearings on pivot pins, welded in a spherical tip, attached on studs with nuts to the end of the semi-axial sleeve of the front axle beam. On the inside, a double self-clamping axle shaft seal with a guide cone is fixed in the tip. Adjusting shims are installed under the journal bearing caps. To fill the oil into the body and drain it, the spherical tip has holes closed with plugs. A stuffing box sealing device is fixed on the body of the rotary pin from the outside, covering the spherical tip.
For cars ZIL -157 and ZIL -157K - three-axle high cross-country ability, the rear axles in the design of the central part are similar to the drive axle of the GAZ-63 car and have a single final drive, consisting of two bevel gears, and a differential with four satellites. The main gear is installed in the crankcase, which has a connector in the longitudinal vertical plane.
Tapered roller bearings of the small bevel gear shaft are adjusted by spacers or washers installed between the inner races of the bearing. The engagement of the gears is regulated by gaskets installed under the flange of the bearing housing.
Each drive semi-axle is flanged on studs with nuts to the hub cover. The cover, together with the wheel disk and the brake drum, is studded to the hub flange. In addition, the cover is attached to the hub with screws.
The hub is mounted on a trunnion on two tapered roller bearings reinforced with an adjustable nut, a lock washer and a lock nut. From the inner edge of the hub, an inner rubber self-clamping gland and an outer felt seal are installed.
The trunnion with a sleeve pressed into it is attached to the flange of the semi-axial sleeve. There is a channel in the trunnion wall, to which the hose of the centralized tire pressure control system is connected from the outside. A sealing coupling for air supply is fixed in the hub cover, consisting of a housing in which two self-clamping oil seals are fixed with covers; the coupling is connected by means of a fitting to the air supply pipe to the wheel tire. The tube is equipped with a stopcock; the crane body is fixed on the wheel disk.
The main gear, differential and crankcase of the front drive axle have the same device as the same devices of the rear axle. The end of each semi-axle of the front axle is connected to the wheel drive shaft by means of a ball-type equal angular velocity joint.
Driving axles of cars ZIL-157 and ZIL-157K
The drive shaft is mounted in a trunnion on the bushing and is connected with studs to the hub cover using a flange. The design of the trunnion, hub with bearings, air supply channels to the tire is the same as the design of similar devices of the rear drive axles.
The trunnion flange is attached to a split housing mounted on tapered roller bearings on pivot pins fixed in the spherical tip of the semi-axial sleeve. Adjusting shims are installed under the bearing caps. An stuffing box sealing device is fixed on the trunnion body from the outside.
Rice. 3. The first drive axle of the car ZIL -133
The three-axle ZIL-133 car has rear drive axles with a through shaft, which eliminates the need to install a transfer case and simplifies the design of the driveline. The main gear in both drive axles is hypoid.
In the first drive axle, the drive shaft (Fig. 3) is connected to the drive shaft of the second axle through an interaxle differential, which, if necessary, can be locked using a clutch. The clutch is controlled using a pneumatic diaphragm working chamber located on the main gear housing and controlled by a special valve from the general pneumatic system of the vehicle. The crane handle is located in front of the driver.
The rotation from the input shaft to the lower shaft with a small bevel gear of the hypoid gear is transmitted using gears. The upper gear is mounted freely on the shaft and is connected to it through the center differential mechanism. The lower gear is tightly fixed on the lower shaft. The transmission takes place through an intermediate gear mounted on bearings on an axle fixed in the crankcase.
The large bevel gear of the hypoid gear is mounted on a differential box mounted on bearings in the housings of the final drive housing. From the differential, with the help of fully unloaded axle shafts, the force is transmitted to the drive wheels, the hubs of which are mounted on the ends of the semi-axial sleeves of the rear axles on tapered roller bearings.
TO Category: - Vehicle Chassis
Produced by the Likhachev Moscow Automobile Plant since 1986. The body is an army-type wooden platform with a folding tailgate, folding benches for 16 seats are mounted in the grilles of the side walls, there is an average removable bench for 8 seats, installation of arches and an awning is provided. Cabin - triple, located behind the engine, the driver's seat - adjustable in length, height, inclination of the pillow and backrest.
The main trailer SMZ-8325 (army).
Vehicle modification:
- ZIL-131NA - a car with unshielded and unsealed electrical equipment;- ZIL-131NS and ZIL-131NAS - HL version for cold climate (up to minus 60°С).
On request, ZIL-131N vehicles can be produced in the form of a chassis without a platform for mounting various bodies and installations.
From 1966 to 1986 the ZIL-131 car was produced.
Engine.
Mod.ZIL-5081. For basic data, see car ZIL-431410. To heat the engine, a P-16B heater with a heat output of 15600 kcal / h is installed on the car.Transmission.
Clutch - sealed, single-disk, with peripheral springs and damper, drive - mechanical. Gearbox - data see ZIL-431410 car, additionally equipped with a ventilation system to overcome the ford. Transfer case - Two-stage, with a front axle clutch, transmitted. numbers: I-2.08; II-1.0. Gear shifting - lever; drive of inclusion of the forward bridge - electropneumatic. Transfer case power take-off - UP TO 44 kW (60 hp). The cardan transmission consists of four cardan shafts: gearbox - transfer case, transfer case - front axle, transfer case - middle axle, middle axle - rear axle. The main gear of the drive axles is double with a pair of bevel gears with spiral teeth and a pair of spur gears with oblique teeth. The gear ratio is 7.339. Front axle - with constant velocity joints.Wheels and tires.
Wheels - disc, rim 228G-508, fastening - on 8 studs. Tires - with adjustable pressure 12.00 - 20 (320 - 508) mod. M-93 or 12.00R20 (320R508) mod. KI-113. Air pressure in tires with a mass of the transported cargo of 3750 kg: nominal - 3 kgf / cm. sq., minimum - 0.5 kgf / cm. sq.; with a mass of the transported cargo of 5000 kg - 4.2 kgf / cm. sq.Suspension.
dependent; front - on two semi-elliptical springs with rear sliding ends and shock absorbers; rear - balancing on two semi-elliptical springs with six jet rods, the ends of the springs are sliding.Brakes.
Working brake system - with drum mechanisms, (diameter 420 mm, lining width 100 mm, unclamp - cam), single-circuit (without separation along the axes) pneumatic drive, parking and spare drum brakes are installed on the secondary row of the transfer case. The drive is mechanical. The trailer brake drive is single-wire.Steering.
The steering gear is a screw with a ball nut and a piston-rack, meshing with the gear sector of the bipod shaft, with a built-in hydraulic booster, transmitted. number 20, oil pressure in the amplifier 65-75 kgf / cm.Electrical equipment.
Voltage 12 V, acc. battery - 6ST-90EM, generator - G287-B with voltage regulator RR132-A, starter - ST2-A, ignition system - "Iskra", shielded, non-contact transistor.Winch.
Drum type, with a worm gear, drive - cardan shaft from the power take-off mounted on the gearbox, Maximum tractive effort - 5000 kgf, working cable length - 65 m. Fuel tanks 2x 170 l, gasoline A-76;cooling system - 29l;
engine lubrication system - 9l, all-weather up to minus 30°С - oils M-6/10V (DV-ASZp-YuV) and M-8V, at temperatures below minus 30°С oil ASZp-6 (M-4/6V);
power steering - 3.2 l, all-weather grade R oil;
gearbox (without power take-off) - 5.1 l, all-weather oil TSp-15K, at temperatures below minus 30 ° C oil TSp-10;
transfer case - 3.3 l, see gearbox oils;
final drive axle housings 3x5.0 l, see gearbox oils;
winch gearbox housing - 2.4 l, see gearbox oils;
shock absorbers - 2x0.45 l, liquid AZH-12T.
Mass of aggregates
(in kg):Power unit assembly - 650;
gearbox - 100;
transfer box - 115;
drive axles: front - 480, middle and rear - 430 each;
frame with buffers and towing device - 460;
springs: front - 54, rear - 63;
wheel complete with tire - 135;
winch with cable - 175;
cabin - 290;
plumage (facing, wings, mudguards, steps) - 110;
platform (without arcs and awning) - 720.
SPECIFICATIONS
The figures below are for a vehicle with a GVW of 10,185 kg and a road train with a trailer with a GVW of 4,150 kg.
| Max, vehicle speed | 85 km/h. |
|---|---|
| The same, road trains | 75 km/h |
| Vehicle acceleration time up to 60 km/h | 50 s. |
| The same, road trains | 80 s. |
| Vehicle run-out from 50 km/h | 450 m |
| Max. climbable vehicle | 60 % |
| Same, road train | 36 % |
| Braking distance of a car from 50 km/h | 25 m |
| The same, road trains | 25.5 m |
| Control fuel consumption, l/100 km, at a speed of 60 km/h: | |
| car | 35.0 l. |
| road trains | 46.7 l. |
| Watering depth with a hard bottom at nominal air pressure in tins: | |
| without preparation | 0.9 m |
| with preliminary preparation (ZIL-13 1N car) lasting no more than 20 minutes | 1.4 m |
| Turning radius: | |
| on the outer wheel | 10.2 m |
| overall | 10.8 m |
Car ZIL-131NV 6x6.1
The truck tractor has been produced by the Likhachev Moscow Automobile Plant since 1983 on the basis of the ZIL-131N car. Designed for towing special semi-trailers.Modification - ZIL-131NVS version HL for cold climates (up to -60°C).
SPECIFICATIONS
| Weight per fifth wheel coupling: | |
|---|---|
| 3700 kg. | |
| 4000 kg. | |
| 5000 kg. | |
| Curb weight (without winch) | 5955 kg. |
| Including: | |
| to the front axle | 2810 kg. |
| on the trolley | 3145 kg. |
| Full mass | 10100 kg. |
| Including: | 6870 kg. |
| to the front axle | 3230 kg. |
| on the trolley | |
| Permissible total weight of the semi-trailer: | |
| on all types of roads and terrain | 500 kg. |
| on improved pound roads | 1000 kg. |
| on asphalt roads | 1200 kg. |
| Max, road train speed | 75 km/h |
| Saddle-coupling device | semi-automatic, with three degrees of freedom. |
| Semi-trailer brake drive | single wire |
Army ZIL-131 managed to become a legend of the Soviet and Russian automotive industry. This car showed that in Russia, no matter how they scolded the auto industry, they knew how to make cars and know how. ZIL131 is still in demand in various areas of the national economy.
ZIL-131 was released half a century ago, replacing the outdated ZIL-157. And in 1986, its first modifications appeared. Initially, the machine was developed for the needs of the Soviet Army.
Due to its high cross-country ability and carrying capacity for that time, which reached 5 tons on an asphalt road and 3.5 tons on an unpaved road (for ZIL-5301 this figure is only 3 tons), the truck found application in the national economy. ZIL-131 overcomes a ford 1.4 meters deep and is able to climb uphill at an angle of 30o.
Read an article about a modern car used in the armed forces - Kamaz Punisher.
Description
The first ZIL-131 cars were intended to move not only goods, but also people, so folding benches for 16 seats were mounted in a plank body with a folding tailgate, and one eight-seat bench was separate.
On the sides, dismantled arches for an awning were provided, which made it possible to shelter people and cargo in case of bad weather. In this form, with side bodies, the first cars were produced and immediately entered service with the army, came to collective farms, to large construction sites.
Army airborne vehicles were supplied with:
- observation hatch. It was located on the right in the cab roof;
- blackout headlights and a spotlight on the left;
- windshield reinforcement in the form of an average pillar;
- fasteners for vehicles.
The cars were equipped with a special kit, which included:
- drill nests for weapons,
- night-vision device,
- box for documents and cards,
- dosimeters;
- tool for engineering and earthworks;
- fire fighting equipment and first aid kit.
Slightly modernized, airborne vehicles with a winch and a platform above the top of the cabin, additional lighting, and marked with special signs, provided the missile systems with special equipment, reloaded and delivered equipment.
On the video - a comparison of diesel and gasoline ZIL-131.
Specifications
The car is conditionally divided into three main components:
An engine is a set of components that make a car move.
A chassis is, to put it simply, a trolley with wheels, or something that carries out movement.
The body is a functional filling of the car. The purpose of the car depends on the content of the body. For example, on one chassis, changing the body, you can assemble dozens of different cars - from dump trucks to buses.
ZIL-131, together with a winch, weighs 6.8 tons, with the maximum allowable load, its weight reaches 10.5 tons. Thus, the carrying capacity of the machine is 3.5 tons. ZIL-131 also works with a trailer, the permissible weight of which is 4 tons.
If the machine will work with a significant overload, it will quickly fail.
In this form, in detail about the ZIL-131:
Engine
The car is equipped with an eight-cylinder ZIL-131 engine with carburetor fuel supply. The power of the internal combustion engine is 150 horsepower. The working volume of a four-stroke engine is 6 liters. The highest engine speed is 3100, the maximum torque at 1800-2000 rpm is 402N / m.
Cylinders measuring 100 mm in diameter, are located at an angle of 90o, and work in the following order − 1−5−4−2−6−3−7−8.
The cylinder block of an overhead valve internal combustion engine, made of cast iron, consists of:
- easily removable sleeves, in the upper part of which there are inserts that are resistant to acidic environments, in the lower part there are rubber o-rings.
- oval pistons made of aluminum alloy,
- two aluminum cylinder heads with plug-in seats,
- piston rings, 3 of which are compression, made of cast iron, and 1 oil scraper, steel.
The engine runs on A-76 gasoline, the fuel is forced, diaphragm, sealed pump. Fuel consumption per 100 km at a speed of 40 km / h is 40 liters (this is 10 liters more than that of ZIL-431410).
Chassis
The chassis consists of basic elements, the action of which is aimed at transferring forces from the engine to the wheels. This:
- transmission,
- chassis,
- control.
All-wheel drive transmission with a 6x6 wheel formula in ZIL 131 is represented by:
- mechanical, with 5 gears and two synchronizers, gearbox;
- transfer case with two gears.
The razdatka, consisting of a lever, a coupling spring, a rod, clamps, a locking device and rods, is mounted on the longitudinal beams of the frame and secured with bolts.
The transfer gears are switched by a lever that has three positions: direct gear - the position of the lever back, downshift - the lever forward and neutral places the handle in the middle.
- a hinge of equal angular velocities, which transmits uniform rotation independent of the angle between the connected axes, and ensures the transmission of torque when turning up to 70 degrees relative to the axis.
- single-disk dry clutch with an elastic damper of torsional vibrations;
- double final drive;
- conical, with four satellites, differential;
- 4 cardan shafts;
- three bridges. The front axle is leading and driven, the middle and rear axles ZIL-131 are leading. The gearboxes of the front and rear axles are installed above the axle housing and are fixed with flanges installed horizontally.
Chassis
The frames are made by stamping and connected to channel spars and crossbars by riveting. A hook is mounted at the back for towing other, machines with less cross-country ability.
- front and rear suspension. The first suspension is mounted on a pair of longitudinal springs. The front ends of the springs are fixed to the frame with pins inserted into the forged lugs. This is the oldest and classic suspension design. The rear suspension is balanced, distributing the load between the rear and middle axles. This type of suspension is typical for three-axle machines.
- double-acting hydraulic shock absorbers mounted on the front suspension;
- double final drive with a pair of bevel and a pair of cylindrical gears.
The wheels on the ZIL-131 are disc, special, with a collapsible ring and rim. Tires are also special, eight-layer, size 12.00-20 with lugs. Here, special mention should be made of the wheels. Initially, the rim was fastened with bolts, and after 1977, wheels with a solid rim and lock rings began to be installed.
Thanks to this innovation, drivers breathed a sigh of relief, now they do not need to unscrew the bolts seized by rust, or worse, bolts frozen in the cold.
And finally, the truck control system, which includes hydraulic power steering and braking system. The hydraulic power steering together with the steering unit is located in the crankcase. The action of the power steering is based on the operation of a vane pump, which is started from the crankshaft by a wedge gear. The pump is equipped with an oil cooler.
The steering mechanism is a screw with a nut on rotating balls and a rack, part of which is serrated.
The brakes on the ZIL 131 are disc brakes, with internal pads, with an air drive on the workers, and a mechanical drive on the parking brakes. The brake system is designed in such a way that when they are turned on, the brakes of the trailer or semi-trailer attached to the machine are also activated.
Applications
ZIL-131 trucks were actively used not only within the USSR, but were also exported to the Warsaw Pact countries and other friendly states. The truck with a solid margin of safety and enhanced traction was able to operate at air temperatures from -40 to + 50 ° C, on any roads.
At that time, there was no concept - an SUV, because there were practically no good roads, so the designers developed cars taking into account the low road traffic. ZIL 131 was the main transport for the delivery of army cargo and personnel up to 24 people, served as a tractor for artillery pieces, two-ton cargo trailers of the SMZ-8325 type.
Airborne models ZIL-131 were adapted for transportation by An-22, An-124 and Il-76 cargo aircraft.
All military ZIL-131 models from the first days of production were equipped with shielded electrical equipment, three-stage air filtration and sealed units, which made it possible to use them in all army formations, and in critical road and weather conditions (as well as MAZ-5551).
Later, fuel and oil tankers, tankers were produced on the ZIL131 chassis, and fire engines were developed. For mobile laboratories, radar installations and radio stations, closed-type bodies were created - vans. Special vehicles for airfields were also produced.
- transportation of active chemicals;
- decontamination of gases and toxic compounds;
- disinfection of the area, as well as the decontamination of poisonous and contaminated substances that have fallen on military weapons, equipment, with special liquid solutions in the event of a chemical or bacteriological attack.
The station was intended for the needs of the Army. The special equipment of the ARS-14 station consists of:
- two pumps: manual and mechanical self-priming,
- pipeline,
- sleeves, adapters and manifolds.
During operation, the liquid is pumped by a pump from a reservoir, tank or other container and is supplied to the places to be processed.
The ARS-14 design was used to create fire engines.
Sleeve car AR-2
A hose car delivers a team of firefighters, pressure fire hoses with a total length of up to 5 km and three different sections (150, 170, and 77 mm) and a fire extinguishing agent (water or foam) to the fire site. Structurally, the machine is adapted for extinguishing fires. The built-in pump delivers a powerful jet of water or fire-fighting foam through a special barrel.
The price of a fire truck based on the ZIL-131 chassis ranges from 350-600 thousand rubles.
Fuel trucks and tank trucks
On the basis of ZIL 131, tankers, fuel and oil tankers were produced. Refueling vehicles were equipped with a self-priming pump, initial filters, valves, valves, and pipelines. Sleeves were laid in boxes on the side of the tank.
The tanker control cabin was located between the tank and the driver's workplace. The level indicator controlled the amount of fuel, which turned on light or sound signals when the allowable amount was exceeded.
KUNG ZIL 131
The first KUNG ZIL 131 vans appeared in 1970. Kung - a unified body, sealed, closed on all sides. Cars with such vans have been and continue to be used as mobile laboratories, mobile medical facilities and for other research purposes.
On the ZIL-131 chassis with a KUNG van, mobile radio stations, radio communications equipment, and observations were placed.
Vans were also used for recreation and living in the field. They controlled the troops. All bodies of this type are equipped with living conditions, ventilation and heating systems, and lighting. The heating devices provided filters for air purification.
Depending on the equipment, and the functions assigned to the KUNG ZIL-131, a separate van weighs from 1200 to 1800 tons.
Now 3IL131 with a KUNG-type van can be bought for an amount from 150 to 350 thousand rubles. How much KUNG costs without a car depends on its equipment and year of manufacture. You can work or live in a fully equipped van.
Maintenance workshop
The MTO AT mobile auto repair shop is another area of application for a van body on the ZIL-131 chassis. The mobile workshop consisted of the following elements:
- chassis ZIL-131;
- a winch located in front and bolted to the buffer and the front cross member of the frame;
- body frame-metal KM131 or K131 (van);
- special technological equipment, tools and devices for car maintenance.
Separate workshops were developed for the repair of tracked vehicles, for the technical repair of four-axle vehicles, which were equipped in accordance with the needs of these vehicles.
The front axle of cars of the ZIL family of models 431410 and 133GYA is controlled continuous with fork-type steering knuckles. Beam 21 of the bridge is steel stamped I-section, with holes at the ends for connection using pivots with steering knuckles. The design difference between the axles of ZIL vehicles of models 431410 and 133GYa lies in the track width of the front wheels (due to the length of the beam): for the ZIL-431410 car - 1800 mm, for the ZIL-133GYA car - 1835 mm.
Due to the increased load on the front axle in the ZIL-133GYA car (large mass of the power unit), the cross section of the beam on this car is 100 mm. The cross section of the beam on the ZIL-431410 car is 90 mm.
The pins of the steering knuckles are fixed motionless in the lugs of the beam with wedges included in the flat on the pin. Given the one-sided wear of the pivots during operation, two flats were made on them in order to increase the service life. The pins are at a 90° angle, allowing them to be rotated. Lubricated bronze bushings pressed into the steering knuckles provide long service life of the assembly.
The steering knuckle (trunnion) is a part of the front axle, complex in configuration and responsible for its intended purpose, is the basis for installing the wheel hub, brake mechanism and turning levers. The fist is made with high accuracy of geometric dimensions for fastening mating parts.
The load from the car on each front wheel is transferred to the support bearing, which has a lower washer made of graphitized bronze and a steel upper washer with a cork collar that protects the bearing from dirt and moisture. The necessary axial clearance between the eye of the beam and the steering knuckle is provided by shims. With a correctly selected gap, a probe with a thickness of 0.25 mm is not included in it.
The thrust bolts of the steering knuckles allow you to set the required angle of rotation of the steered wheels: for the ZIL-431410 car - 34 ° to the right and 36 ° to the left, and for the ZIL-133GYA car - 36 ° in both directions.
Two levers are attached to the left knuckle in conical holes: the upper one for the longitudinal and the lower one for the transverse steering rods. The right steering knuckle has one tie rod lever. Segmented keys 8x10 mm in size fix the position of the levers in the tapered holes of the steering knuckles, and the levers are secured with castellated nuts. The tightening torque of the nuts must be between 300 ... 380 Nm. Nuts from turning are locked with cotter pins. The connection of the swivel arms with the tie rod forms a steering trapezoid, which ensures a coordinated turn of the steered wheels of the vehicle.
The steerable wheel drive includes steering knuckle levers, longitudinal and transverse steering rods.
In the process of driving a car on uneven sections of the road, turning the steered wheels, the parts of the steering drive move relative to each other. The possibility of this movement both in vertical and horizontal planes and reliable transmission of forces at the same time ensures the hinged connection of the drive units.
The design of the hinges on all ZIL vehicles is the same, only the lengths of the rods and their configuration are different, which is due to the layout of the hinges on the car.
Longitudinal steering rod is made of steel pipe measuring 35 X 6 mm. Thickenings are made at the ends of the pipe for the installation of hinges in them, consisting of a ball pin and two crackers, covering the ball head of the pin with spherical surfaces, and a team with a support. Retaining rivets fix crackers from turning. The spring support is at the same time a limiter for the movement of the internal cracker. The parts are fixed in the pipe with a threaded plug, which is fixed from turning with cotter pin 46, and are protected from contamination by a cover with a gasket.
The hinge spring ensures the constancy of gaps and forces, and also softens the shocks from the steered wheels when the car is moving. A bolt, a nut with a cotter pin secure the traction pin in the bipod.
The unit operates normally if the requirements specified in the instruction manual are met by tightening the screw plug to the stop with a force of 40 ... 50 Nm with the obligatory unscrewing of the plug (until the cotter pin groove coincides with the holes in the rod). Compliance with this requirement provides the necessary turning torque of the ball pin no more than 30 Nm. With a tighter tightening of the plug, an additional torque will act on the ball pin, which occurs even with the smallest relative rotations of the hinge. According to the results of bench tests of a hinge with a tightly tightened plug, it was found that in this case the endurance limit of the ball pin is reduced by six times compared to the endurance limit of the hinge, adjusted in accordance with the operating manual. Incorrect adjustment of the tie rod joints can lead to premature failure of the ball studs.
The tie rod for ZIL vehicles of models 431410 and 133GYa is made of a steel pipe 35 x 5 mm in size, and for the ZIL-131N vehicle it is made of a steel bar with a diameter of 40 mm. At the ends of the rods there are left and right threads, on which tips are screwed with hinges placed in them. A different direction of the thread ensures the adjustment of the convergence of the steered wheels by changing the total length of the rod - either by rotating the rod with fixed tips, or by rotating the tips themselves. To rotate the tips (or pipes), it is necessary to loosen the coupling bolt that fixes the tip on the rod. wheel axle trunnion car
The ball pin is rigidly fixed in the conical hole of the swivel arm, and the castle nut is locked against turning with a cotter pin.
The spherical surface of the pin is clamped between two eccentric bushings. The compression force is created by a spring resting against a blind cover. The cover is attached to the handpiece body with three bolts. The spring eliminates the effect of hinge wear on the overall operation of the assembly. During operation, adjustment of the unit is not required.
Tie rod joints are lubricated through grease fittings. Sealing cuffs protect the hinges from the release of lubricant and contamination during operation.
In connection with the increased vehicle speeds, reliable stabilization of the steered wheels, i.e., the ability of the vehicle to maintain a straight line and return to it after a turn, is important for ensuring safety.
The parameters that affect the stabilization of the steered wheels are the transverse and longitudinal angles of the wheels relative to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. These angles are provided in the manufacture of the front axle beam by the ratio of the position of the axis of the hole for the king pins relative to the platform for attaching the springs, steering knuckles - by the geometric ratio of the axes of the holes for the pivots and for the wheel hub. For example, the pivot holes in the beam lugs are made at an angle of 8° 15" to the spring platform, the pivot holes in the steering knuckles are made at an angle of 9° 15" to the hub axis. Thus, the pivots are tilted to the required angle (8°) and the necessary camber of the wheels (at an angle Г) is taken into account.
The transverse inclination of the kingpin determines the automatic self-return of the wheels to rectilinear motion after a turn. The cross slope angle is 8°.
The longitudinal inclination of the kingpin helps to maintain the rectilinear movement of the wheels at significant vehicle speeds. The pitch angle depends on the base of the vehicle and the lateral elasticity of the tires. Below are the pitch angle values for the various models.
During operation, the longitudinal and transverse inclinations of the pivots are not regulated. Their violation may be in case of wear of the pivots and its bushings, or deformation of the beam. A worn kingpin can be rotated 90° once or replaced. Worn bushings must be replaced, a deformed beam must be straightened or replaced.
One of the parameters for ensuring the best conditions for rolling the steered wheels of a vehicle in a vertical plane is wheel toe-in equal to the difference in distances (mm) between the edges of the rims in front and behind the wheel axle. This value should be positive, provided that the rear distance is greater.
Toe-in is adjusted during operation by changing the length of the tie rod. For cars of the ZIL-431410 family, it is set within 1 ... 4 mm, for the ZIL-133GYa car - 2 ... 5 mm. The minimum value is set at the factory.
Since the steering trapezoid is not an absolutely rigid structure and there are gaps in the hinges, a change in the loads acting in the trapezoid leads to a change in the wheel toe.
The use of modern methods for setting the toe-in of the front wheels and the accuracy of measuring it during operation is of great practical importance, since this parameter significantly affects the durability of tires, fuel consumption and wear of the steering gear joints.
Measuring the toe of the front wheels is a fairly accurate operation, since the distance is measured within 1600 mm with an accuracy of 1 mm, i.e. the relative measurement error is approximately 0.03%. For measurement, the GARO ruler is usually used, which gives a lower measurement accuracy due to the gaps in it between the pipe and the rod and the inability to set the ruler at the same points due to the design of the tips.
The best accuracy when measuring wheel toe-in is obtained when measuring on optical stands "exact" and electric stands, in which cathode-ray tubes are used.
When checking and installing the convergence of the steered wheels, it is recommended to carry out preliminary preparatory work:
balance the wheels of the car;
adjust the wheel hub bearings and wheel brakes so that the wheels rotate freely when a torque of 5 ... 10 Nm is applied to them.
To adjust the toe-in of the wheels, it is necessary to release the coupling bolts of the tie rod ends and set the required value by rotating the pipe. Before each control measurement, the coupling bolts of the handpieces must be screwed in as far as they will go.
Front wheel hubs and brake discs are mounted on the steering knuckles.
The hubs are placed on two tapered roller bearings. For ZIL trucks, only bearing 7608K is used. It is distinguished by an increased thickness of the small collar of the inner ring and a reduced length of the roller. The outer ring of the bearing has a barrel shape of several microns on the working surface. To protect the inner cavity of the hub and bearing from contamination, a cuff is installed in the bore of the hub. The outer bearing is closed by a hub cap with a gasket.
When carrying out assembly and disassembly work with the hub, care must be taken not to damage the working edge of the cuff.
The hub is the bearing element for the brake drum and wheel. On the ZIL-431410 car, two flanges are made on the hub. Wheel studs are attached to one of them with bolts and nuts, and a brake drum is attached to the other. On the ZIL-133GYa car, the hub has one flange, to which a brake drum is attached on one side with studs, and a wheel on the other.
It should be borne in mind that the brake drums are processed at the factory complete with hubs and can only be disassembled in case of emergency. Moreover, it is necessary to put marks on the relative position of the drum and the hub (for their subsequent assembly without disturbing the balance and alignment).
The installation of the hub on the trunnion is carried out as follows. Using a mandrel resting against the inner ring, press the inner bearing onto the trunnion shaft, then carefully place the hub on the trunnion until it stops in the inner bearing, put the outer bearing on the trunnion shaft and press it onto the shaft using a mandrel resting against the inner ring of the bearing, then screw the nut-washer onto the shaft. Attention should be paid to the need to thoroughly impregnate the bearings before installing them on the shaft with grease.
When installing the hub, it is necessary to ensure free rolling of the rollers in the bearing, which is achieved by tightening the inner nut-washer 3: tighten the nut until it stops - until the hub starts braking by the bearings, rotate (2-3 turns) the hub in both directions, then turn the nut - the washer in the opposite direction by V4 - 1/5 of a turn (until it coincides with the nearest hole of the lock ring pin). Under these conditions, the hub should rotate freely, there should be no transverse vibrations.
To finally fix the hub, install a lock ring with a washer on the pin and tighten the outer nut with a wrench with a lever of 400 mm to failure and lock the nut by bending the edge of the lock washer on one face of the nut. The protective cap with gasket is attached to the hub with bolts with spring washers without the use of significant forces. The hubs are removed from the trunnion in the reverse order with the obligatory use of mod pullers. I803 (see 9.15), ensuring uniform movement of the hub and the outer bearing on the shaft, having a fit from a gap of 0.027 mm to an interference of 0.002 mm.
The inner bearing is seated on the shaft with a clearance of 0.032 mm and an interference of 0.003 mm. If necessary, it is compressed using two mandrels.
It is strictly forbidden to hit with a sledgehammer when removing the hub from the trunnion. Impacts applied to the end of the brake drum, or to the outer flange (for ZIL-431410 vehicles) of the wheel stud fastenings, deform the flange and destroy the brake drum.
On the hub, it is necessary to inspect the outer rings of the bearings and, if worn, replace them with new ones. The rings are installed in the hub with an interference fit: for the inner bearing 0.010 ... 0.059 mm; for outer 0.009 ... 0.059 mm.. Taking into account this tightness, the rings are easily removed from the hub using a beard and a hammer using special cutouts in the hub in the zone of the rings.
Mechanisms of driving axles of the ZIL-131 car
The main gear is double, one pair - bevel gears with spiral teeth, the second pair - spur gears with oblique teeth, the total gear ratio is 7.33.
The main gears of the middle and rear axles are the same in design and location, their crankcases are attached to the axle beams with horizontal flanges. The main gear of the front axle has the same device, but is attached to the axle beam with a vertical flange.
Rice. 1. Hinges of equal angular velocities:
1, 2, 8 - fists; 3 - leading balls; 4 - finger; 5 - centering ball; 6 - outer axle shaft; 7-fork; 9 - disk; 10 - inner half shaft
Rice. 2. Scheme of the device and operation of the gear differential:
a - the car goes in a straight line, the satellites do not rotate, the drive wheels rotate at the same speed; b - the car moves in a curve, the speeds of the driving wheels are different, the satellites rotate around their axes; 1 - driven gear; 2 - drive gear; 3 - satellite; 4 - side gear; 5 - half shaft
The main gear consists of a crankcase with a cover, an input shaft with a bevel gear and bearings, a driven bevel gear, a driving spur gear with a shaft, a driven spur gear.
The crankcase is bolted to the axle beam; two of them are located inside the crankcase (they can be accessed through the side cover). The filler hole, closed by a plug, is located on top of the crankcases of the middle and rear axles, the drain hole with the plug is in the axle housing, the plug of the additional drain hole is in the final drive housing. Checking the oil level is carried out using a special pointer available in the driver's tool kit; this pointer is inserted into the hole for one of the bolts securing the final drive housing to the axle beam. The oil level during filling can also be checked through the control hole, which is located in the axle housing. The crankcase is ventilated through a breather. At the front axle, the control filler hole is located in the cover of the axle beam, and the drain hole is in the lower part of the axle beam.
The drive shaft rotates on one roller cylindrical and two tapered bearings. Metal gaskets are installed between the flanges of the bearing cup and the crankcase.
Rice. 3. Rear axle of the car ZIL-Sh:
1 - breather; 2-axle; 3 - driven bevel gear; 4- shaft of the leading cylindrical gear; 5 - leading bevel gear; 6 - filler plug; 7, 31 - driving and driven cylindrical gears; 8 - main gear housing; 9, 34 - shims; 10 - bearing cup; 11 - bearing cap; 12 - differential cup; 13 - side gear; 14 - block of glands for air supply; 15 - brake drum; 16, 17 - hub seals; 18 - lock washer; 19 - locknut; 20 - tire crane; 21 - axle shaft flange; 22 - adjusting nut; 23 - screw; 24 - hub; 25 - hairpin; 26 - platter; 27 - trunnion; 28 - brake drum; 29 - drain plug; 30 - satellite; 32 - input shaft; 33 - shims
Rice. 4. Lubrication of the main gear of the car ZIL -131;
The driving spur gear is made integral with the shaft, which rotates on cylindrical roller and double-row tapered bearings. Gaskets are located between the bearing cup and the crankcase. The driven spur gear is a ring gear that is attached to the differential cups.
During the operation of the main gear, the torque changes in both pairs of gears in magnitude, and in the bevel pair, in addition, in direction.
The main gear is lubricated by splashing; there are channels in the walls of the crankcase for the passage of oil to the bearings. 5 liters of oil are poured into the crankcases of the main gears of all axles.
Adjustment of the conical bearings of the drive bevel gear shaft is carried out when an axial clearance appears in them and is carried out by selecting shims of the required thickness located between the inner rings of the bearings. The correctness of the adjustment is checked by the force required to rotate the shaft in the bearings. This force, determined using a dynamometer hooked to the shaft flange, should be in the range of 1.3-2.7 kgf.
The double-row tapered bearing of the spur gear is installed with a matched adjusting ring and does not require additional adjustment.
The lateral gap between the teeth of the bevel gears should be 0.15-0.45 mm at the widest part of the tooth, which corresponds to the rotation of the input shaft flange by 0.18-0.54 mm when measured at the radius of the bolt holes and with the driven gear stationary . The specified clearance is adjusted by moving the drive and driven gears by changing the number of shims.
