Machines and mechanisms in garden and park construction. Teaching materials for the discipline "Mechanization of work in green building" for professional training Green economy worker educational and methodological material

05.03.2020

Transmission

Green Building Handbook.

The handbook provides information on the main issues of green

construction.

The principles of selection of plants, forms of green spaces,

agricultural technology for landscaping streets and residential areas, creating tree

arrays, hedges, vertical gardening, lawns and flower beds and

drawing up design estimates, on measures and methods of mechanization

labor-intensive work and achieve savings in green building.

The book is intended for engineers and technicians involved in green

construction, gardeners, landscape architects, students of higher and

secondary educational institutions of relevant specialties.

Tables 34. Bibliographies 49.

Foreword

Section I. Forms of green spaces

Chapter I. Principles of plant selection

Ecological

Typological

Systematic

Decorative

Chapter II. Tree and shrub plantations.

Massifs of forest nature and groves

Groups of trees and shrubs

Free standing tree (tapeworm)

Hedges and curly haircut

Vertical gardening

tree plantations on the streets

Chapter III. Decorative lawns

Classification and meaning of ornamental lawns

Classification of lawn grasses

Zoning lawn grasses

Chapter IV. Floral decoration

Agrobiological characteristics of perennial herbaceous flowers

plants

Use of flower perennials in green devices

Curb device

Flower meadows and flower carpets

Ground cover flower carpets

Alpine gardens and retaining walls

Section II. Agrotechnics of the device of green spaces

Chapter 1. Preparing the territory for landscaping

Chapter II. Planting trees and shrubs

Planting seedlings and small seedlings

Planting standard seedlings

Planting tree seedlings on city streets

Planting and decoration of woody climbing plants

Chapter III. Transplantation of large trees

Age and general condition of transplanted trees

Assortment of trees for replanting in adulthood and time

Transplant preparation

Digging, transport and planting techniques

Chapter IV. Lawn Agrotechnics

Soil preparation for lawns

Seeding rates for lawn grass seeds and principles of grass mixtures

Seeding and turfing of ornamental lawns

Planting perennials

Chapter V. Arrangement of paths and platforms

Section III. Green space care

Chapter I. Care of trees and shrubs

Watering trees on city streets

Fertilizing trees and shrubs

tree pruning

Shrub pruning

Preservation of old trees

Preservation of trees when changing terrain

Protection of trees from mechanical damage, pests and diseases

Chapter II. Tree and lawn care

Wood care

Care of tree and shrub groups

Destruction of weeds on lawns

lawn mowing

Lawn grass fertilization

Artificial watering of lawns and mechanical processing of turf

Lawn repair

Chapter III. Useful animals and birds in gardens and parks

Useful animals

Beneficial insects and nematodes

Helpful Birds

Artificial nests

Bird feeding

Section IV. Decorative qualities of trees, shrubs and

perennials

Chapter I. Longevity of Trees and Shrubs

Lifespan and sizes of trees in green devices

Life expectancy and size of shrubs in green devices

Chapter II. Flowering trees and shrubs

Chapter III. Decorative properties of trees

Hardwood crown shapes

Forms of coniferous crowns

The structure and nature of the foliage of hardwoods

Coniferous trees with a special color of needles

Flowering time of decorative flowering trees

The time of blooming and falling leaves

Chapter IV. Decorative properties of shrubs

The structure and nature of the foliage of deciduous shrubs

Flowering time of ornamental flowering shrubs

The time of blooming and falling foliage of shrubs

Chapter V. Decorative properties of perennials

The structure and forms of leafing of perennials

leaf wilting time

Carpet deciduous-decorative perennials

Beautifully flowering perennials for various growing seasons

Characteristics of individual types of perennials

Section V. Organization and economics of green building

Chapter I. Long-term planning for greening cities and workers

settlements

Drawing up a long-term plan for integrated landscaping

The main indicators of the long-term plan for integrated landscaping

Perspective landscaping plans for selected businesses

Chapter II. Design and organization of green building

Design assignment

Budgeting

Project for the organization of work on the construction of facilities

Chapter III. Organization of labor and management at green enterprises

construction and economy

Chapter IV. Mechanization of labor-intensive green building processes

Machines and tools for the mechanization of landscaping in the landscape gardening

au pair

Chapter V. Reserves and ways of saving in green building

Savings from smart design

Savings achieved in the process of green building and maintenance

plantations

FOREWORD

Urban greening is the most important component in the overall complex

urban planning and urban economy. Parks, gardens, boulevards, squares in

largely determine the planning structure of the city, are

indispensable elements of its cultural landscape, contribute to

creation of the best sanitary and hygienic and microclimatic conditions

the lives of workers.

Creation and maintenance of urban green spaces

numerous construction and repair and construction departments, offices

and trusts of green economy, nurseries, combines and state farms of decorative

cultures, as well as departments landscaping the territories of their

industrial enterprises and institutions.

A large detachment of specialists is engaged in planting greenery in cities.

The purpose of this book is to provide them with the necessary reference material for

the main issues of green building and economy.

Green building objects cannot achieve the completeness

which is characteristic of structures and buildings, therefore, design,

arrangement of green spaces and care for them constitute a single process -

lengthy and complex. This process combines architecture and gardening.

park art, agricultural technology, agrochemistry and soil science, mechanization and

economy. All of these issues are covered to some extent in the handbook.

The handbook consists of five sections. The first is about the principles

selection of plants and forms of green spaces. Here are

biological and aesthetic characteristics of various forms of wood-

shrub plantings, vertical gardening, lawns, flower beds and

terrain and other conditions.

The second section combines information about the planning of sites,

soil preparation, plant placement methods, planting agrotechnics

trees, shrubs and perennials, advice is given on the arrangement

park paths and playgrounds.

The third section contains the rules and norms of fertilization, watering, pruning

trees and shrubs, lawn care, recommendations for the protection of trees and

shrubs from mechanical damage, diseases and pests. Here

tells about animals, insects and birds useful in gardens and parks,

describes how to make and hang artificial nests,

feeders and drinkers.

The fourth section provides information about the decorative qualities

plants - longevity of trees and shrubs, leaf structure

various species, features of the structure of the crown and color of the bark, forms and

flowering time, etc. This information will be useful primarily in gardening

park art.

Questions of planning, organization of labor, mechanization of work and

the fifth section is devoted to the economy of green building and economy

directory.

The handbook is based on the experience of green building in the USSR, and

also the work of scientific institutions - research institutes,

botanical gardens, stations. Bloom calendar included

(section IV), compiled by a candidate of agricultural sciences

G.E. Misnik.

Section I. FORMS OF GREEN PLANTS

CHAPTER I. PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION OF PLANTS

The abundance of various and, especially, exotic plants cannot

make a beautiful park or garden. Conversely, excessive saturation

rare trees and shrubs leads to bad taste, creates

discord and annoying variegation.

The composition of green spaces should be simple, reasonable, based

on strict observance of harmonic and biological unity in the selection

plants.

There are several principles for selecting plants.

Ecological

Ecology - the study of the relationship of plants with the environment. According to

to this doctrine, every plant form is the imprint of those

geographic and climatic conditions in which the formation took place

of this type. That is why plants are so well adapted to places

of their habitat and harmonize so well with them: willows and poplars with aspic

floodplain meadows, pine with sand dunes, tamarix with semi-desert,

Crimean strawberry tree with rocks.

Deprived of their usual conditions, trees and shrubs change dramatically

growth form, size and color of foliage, lose their decorative qualities,

wither or die. Therefore, when choosing plants, it is necessary

take into account the extent to which the area where green construction is being carried out, in its own way

climate, soil and topography corresponds to the area of natural

the growth of these plants.

The nature of the relief affects the distribution and development of plants even

on the plains, where there are small depressions and hills. special

it acquires importance in mountainous and hilly areas. Shady northern and

the eastern slopes of mountains and hills have a more even thermal regime and

high relative humidity; firs grow well here,

spruces and beeches. Sunny southern and southwestern slopes are characterized by sharp

temperature fluctuations and intensive evaporation and are most suitable for

pine, juniper, oak, hornbeam, ash.

Depending on the richness and degree of soil moisture, the slopes

can be divided into two parts: the upper, slightly moistened due to runoff

water and depleted due to soil washout, and lower, more moist and

enriched with soil particles washed off the upper part. At the top

drought-resistant, undemanding species are planted - pine, hornbeam, oak. IN

bottom - ash, beech, linden, walnut.

Willows, poplars,

alder, elm. Due to the consistency of the nature of plantings with the nature

environment, plants develop well and form compositions,

in harmony with the natural landscape.

Typological

Typological or phytocenotic principle (phytocenology -

the doctrine of the joint growth of plants) is based on the fact that trees and

shrubs, as they develop, enter into

relationships that either help them grow or hinder their growth.

Favorable conditions for the development of plants often occur when

when artificial plantations in their composition approach

natural natural groups - phytocenoses. Therefore, the basis

plantings of green devices should be made up of local tree species,

grouped in their natural combinations.

As for introduced breeds, they should be used for

decorative finishing of edges and ceremonial places.

Examples of grouping plants according to the typological principle:

> spruce forests - clean; mixed with fir; with pine; with birch and aspen; With

oak, linden and hazel;

> pine forests - clean; with an undergrowth of broom, caragana or gorse; With

birch and juniper undergrowth; with maple and

hazel undergrowth; with oak, Norway maple and undergrowth of

> larch forests - clean; with an undergrowth of honeysuckle, wild rose and

meadowsweet; with spruce and fir;

> oak forests - clean with grass cover; difficult with satellites:

linden, maple, bird cherry, pear, hazel, viburnum, euonymus;

> birch forests - clean with grass cover; mixed with pine and

maple; mixed with spruce; with undergrowth from

juniper; with flowering bushes: chu-bushnik, honeysuckle,

wild rose;

> linden plantations - clean; with viburnum, pride, dogwood; With

horse chestnut and Norway maple.

Systematic

Trees and shrubs belonging to the same genus

there is much in common in the shape of the crown, the nature of branching, leafing,

trunk shape, texture, and color of the bark. Combination in joint plantings

trees of different species, but of the same genus, emphasizes and enhances

their common decorative qualities, creates an artistic unity. Yes, among

birch warty or downy birch of any other species, at least in-

troduced from very distant places, do not look alien.

Concentration on one specific area of a large garden or park

the number of forms of the same plant genus increases the colorfulness

landscape, and the unity of the layout of plantations and the structure of various varieties

creates a decorative effect of great strength and expressiveness. Probably

therefore rose gardens, lilac monogardens or syringarias and other monocultural

gardens are so popular everywhere. The purpose of the arrangement of such gardens

consists not only in showing the best decorative qualities of certain

plants, but also in their best combination.

Decorative

This principle is applied when landscaping small. squares and gardens, and

also plots adjacent to administrative and public buildings.

Plants are considered here as decoration material suitable for

creating coordinated colorful spots like a panel in a monumental

painting.

In colorful compositions of flowering plants, they usually deal with

various combinations of flower colors with green leaves and stems.

The flowers themselves at different stages of development - in buds, half-blown -

have different colors. Therefore, in the composition of flowering plants, it is important not to

only a combination of flower color, but also the shape, size and number of them, and

also the general structure of the bush and the texture of its leaves.

Through accurate phenological observations, bouquets and

layouts from living flowering branches and stems, typical combinations are revealed

plants that make the most pleasant impression. In practice

ornamental gardening, more often than others, there are combinations of salvia and

cineraria, nasturtiums and mignonettes, forget-me-nots and tulips, white lily and blue

Siberian irises, jasmine and delphinium.

An example of successful combinations is dogwood and violets, forsythia and

muscari, lilac, tree peon and daisy, viburnum buldenezh and

grassy peony. The flowering time of these plants almost always coincides and all

the composition is automatically repeated from year to year.

CHAPTER II. TREE AND SHRUBS PLANTS

The composition of tree and shrub plantations, the forms of their arrangement and

placement on the territory depends on what purpose and

the architectural and planning solution has a created green object -

park, forest park, garden, square.

Methods of using plant material are varied, but in

Basically, they can be reduced to the following forms: forest massifs,

groves, groups of trees and shrubs, solitary trees - tapeworms, alleys,

bosquets, green walls, screens, hedges, borders, vertical

landscaping. Massifs of forest nature and groves

Woody massifs of a forest nature are used in large parks and

forest parks in order to recreate the natural forest landscape with all

its inherent features (Fig. 1). Such green areas often serve

a barrier from winds, dry winds, drifts and a filter for air purification. For

their creation usually requires a significant area: from 1 to 4 hectares in parks and

dozens of hectares in forest parks.

Rice. 1. An array of forest character-oak forest in the park Alexandria, Belaya

Depending on the dominant tree species, forest areas

subdivided into: coniferous (dark coniferous and light coniferous) and deciduous

(wide and small-leaved).

In creating such arrays, the main place is occupied by trees,

determining the vegetation environment and capable of forming plantings

forest type in the area. They are called edifiers.

(builders). For the taiga and broad-leaved zones of the European part of the USSR

edifiers are:

> for dark coniferous plantations - common spruce (Picea excelsa

Link.), Siberian spruce (Picea excelsa Ldb.), comb fir (Abies

alba Mill), Siberian fir (Abies sibirica Ldb.), Siberian cedar (Pinus

sibirica Rupr.), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.);

> for light coniferous plantations - Siberian larch (Larix

sibirica Rupr.), European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), pine

common (Pinus silvestris L.);

> for broad-leaved plantations - summer oak (Quercus robur L.),

common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), small-leaved linden (Tilia

> for small-leaved forests - warty birch (Betula verrucosa

Ehrh.), downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), aspen (Populus

Edifiers are the backbone of most of our parks. Concerning

exotic tree species, although they have a high

decorative, but most often inferior to domestic breeds in

stability, durability and ability to form wood arrays.

The only exceptions are some breeds, for example, fir

Douglas, black Austrian pine, Weymouth pine, yellow pine,

virgin juniper, red oak, black walnut. They are good

acclimatized in new conditions for them and in some cases

can become the main ones in the creation of forest plantations.

Classical examples of the forest landscape are arrays of

dense spruce stands in Pavlovsky Park near Leningrad, complex

forests in the Arkhangelsk park near Moscow, centuries-old oak forests in the famous

Ukrainian parks Sofievka, Alexandria, Kachanovka, Sharovka.

In their composition, forest tracts are pure, composed of

trees of the same species, and mixed, if others are added to the main

rocks, and according to the structure they are divided into single-tier, when the canopy of crowns

located approximately in the same plane, and multi-tiered, when the crown canopy

located at different heights. As a result, it is necessary to distinguish between breeds

first, second and subsequent tiers, the main breeds with numerical

superiority in array, and related.

When choosing the main breeds, attention should be paid to the nature

trunk and foliage density, since it is these qualities that determine the appearance

created array. Spruce, fir, beech, hornbeam with dark trunks and dense

leaves form gloomy shady plantations. Pine, birch,

larch, ash, acacia, honey locust, walnut with transparent crowns form

sunny light plantings. Associated breeds allow you to improve

forest environment and emphasize the decorative qualities of the main breed by

contrast or harmony in form and color. For example, spruces shade white

trunks and light crowns of birches, ash trees emphasize the heavy monumentality

oak forests, Siberian cedar creates a pleasant contrast with light greenery and

openwork crowns of larches.

The tiered structure allows you to diversify large arrays of one and

the same breed. So, a vast birch forest can be significantly

revive if you introduce in several places the second tier of spruce, fir or

juniper. The dark foliation and clear contours of the Gothic forms of these

rocks favorably emphasize the subtlety of the crown pattern and the tenderness of birch foliage. IN

In another case, one part of the plantation may consist of pure birch, and

the other is made of birch with a second tier of mountain ash and bird cherry.

As a result, the main breed will appear before us in various and

new combinations that do not violate the overall unity of the plantation.

Birch plantations are arranged: clean on a grassy lawn; With

undergrowth of viburnum and honeysuckle, or rose hips and park roses, or with

undergrowth and edge of jasmine; with a second tier of spruce and fir or

juniper; from birch and pine in the first tier and various types

broom and caragana in the undergrowth.

On soils such as degraded chernozem or dark gray forest

loams, complex multi-tiered oak forests are well formed. First tier

here it is oak with an admixture of linden, maple, ash, elm,

and sometimes - hornbeam and birch; second tier - field maple, hornbeam, wild apple tree and

wild pear, occasionally bird cherry; the third tier is an undergrowth of hazel, pride,

honeysuckle, hawthorn.

The composition and nature of oak forests may vary depending on the availability

or the absence of certain tiers and the predominance of certain breeds in them.

One can trace an almost endless series of groupings from complex

multi-tier oak forests to pure with a single-tier forest stand.

Thanks to the openwork of the crowns, the copper-red color of the bark of tall, clean

and even trunks, a rare arrangement of trees and the predominance

silver-white color in the soil cover, pine forests are light,

spacious and sunny. The feeling of sunshine is well emphasized

golden flowers of such drought-resistant shrubs as broom, gorse,

caragana, cinquefoil.

On more fertile sandy soils, you can create complex

multi-tiered forests with a well-developed continuous undergrowth, abundant and

varied forest cover. In forestry, they are commonly referred to as

suborami.

The most characteristic for complex pine forests is the following composition: pine forest

linden (the first tier is pine, the second is linden), hazel pine forest (the first tier is

pine, second -: Norway maple, third - hazel undergrowth), pine forest

oak (the first tier is pine, the second is oak, Norway maple, the third is

hazel, euonymus and other shrubs), pine with spruce (first tier - pine and

birch, the second - spruce).

Larch is even more photophilous than pine. Her rare openwork crown

transmits so much light that pure larch forests are the most

light from all types of forest plantations. Rapid growth in the early years

longevity, high decorative qualities make larch one of the

the most valuable trees for green building. Larch for the winter

sheds foliage and this somewhat reduces its decorative qualities, but on the other hand

makes the most resistant of all conifers to smoke and pollution

air and most decorative in the autumn, when the larch forest

is painted in golden and straw-yellow tones in the spring, when it

dresses with a haze of tender greenery of new needles.

Larch forests are usually arranged as herbs and shrubs.

Herbal larch: the first tier is a larch with an admixture of birch and

pines, the second tier - a powerful grass cover of beautifully flowering

perennials (kupyr, meadowsweet, larkspur). Shrub larch:

the first tier is larch, the second is an undergrowth of forsythia, wolf bast and

other early flowering shrubs.

From spruce, homogeneous single-layer stands are usually created, but D is more

in the southern part of the forest zone there are also complex spruce forests - linden and

In the linden spruce forest, the first tier is spruce with an admixture of birch and

aspens, the second-linden. In oak: the first tier is spruce with an admixture of oak, linden,

maple and the second - an undergrowth of spindle tree, viburnum, pride.

Groves are created in parks with a limited area (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. A grove of black pine with an edge of Cossack juniper in

Park Askania-Nova, Ukrainian SSR.

Groves are large groups of trees (50-100 trunks) or small

woody massifs (0.25-0.5 ha), consisting mostly of one

tree species: oak, birch, linden, maple, ash, pine, spruce, fir. Compound

a significant number of trees of the same species

gives the grove peculiar features. Groves of conifers - pines, spruces, firs,

cedar - are an excellent backdrop for smaller groups of hardwoods

Birch, maple, mountain ash and other trees and shrubs.

Groups of trees and shrubs

Just as groves form a transition from wooded areas to

tree groups, and groups of trees and shrubs form a transition from

groves to open spaces (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Loose pine group in Askania-Nova park.

Unlike forests and groves, in tree groups there is a large

value is acquired by the individual properties of each tree, therefore

here the most elegant breeds are selected in terms of the shape of the crown, the pattern of the branches

and leafing.

Tree groups are, as it were, outposts of forests and groves

in open space. Therefore, the main species that make up the forest

array must also be present in the surrounding tree groups.

In addition, the nature of the terrain itself significantly affects the choice of rocks. So,

in wet water meadows in the river valley, willow will be most appropriate,

poplar, elm, alder, and on dry plateaus near oak forests - wild pear, apple, maple

field, hornbeam, linden and other companions of oak.

In terms of their composition, wood groups can be pure,

composed of one breed, and mixed of several breeds. Often

groups of trees are surrounded by shrubs.

The composition and structure of tree groups largely depend on ecology,

biology and decorative qualities of the main breed. For example, most

dark coniferous tree species - spruce, fir, hemlock, false hemlock - form

dense plantations. With proper care peripheral trees here

the branches of the lowest part of the trunk are preserved, due to which there is no

the need for shrubbery. But light coniferous - larches,

Scotch pine - form translucent through groups and in

in some cases, they need to be mixed with hardwoods and

in the creation of a shrubby edge. Approximately the same type of groups form

deciduous trees with compound leaves - walnut, ash, false locust, honey locust,

sophora, etc.

For tree species capable of propagating by shoots and root

offspring, a denser arrangement of trunks in a group is characteristic, often

they form a "nest" of several stems (Fig. 4). In pursuit of the light

the peripheral trunks of such a nesting group deviate to the side; V

whereby the whole group forms a large green tent. nesting

groups can also be obtained by layering propagation of branches

peripheral instances. For this, the side branches of thuja, cypress,

firs, firs are pinned and rooted, and when the layers are strengthened - lateral

their branches are again pinned and rooted. The result is a powerful

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Machines and mechanisms used in landscape construction

Grabenko Evgeny Alexandrovich

Lecture number 1. Energy

Engine- a mechanism that converts energy into mechanical work. An electric motor converts electricity into mechanical work. An internal combustion engine converts thermal energy into mechanical work.

Engines are on gasoline and diesel. A gasoline engine is called a carburetor. Carburettors come in two-stroke and four-stroke. The diesel engine does not have an ignition system, as diesel fuel ignites spontaneously under pressure. The diesel engine has a high pressure pump (up to 80 atmospheres). Most forestry machinery is powered by an internal combustion engine.

Machines and mechanisms are of two types: with active working bodies (shear shears, milling machines, fellers, harvesters, etc.) or with passive working bodies.

auger landscaping plow

Lecture number 2. Tractor

Tractor classification:

1. By engine type: gasoline and diesel;

2. By type of chassis: wheeled and tracked;

3. By the presence of the frame: frame, semi-frame and frameless;

4. By purpose: special (grape harvesting, forestry, cotton harvesting, rice harvesting), general purpose (corresponding to various areas of the national economy) and industrial (high power tractors that are used in quarries, road construction, etc.);

5. By traction class (traction force - the ability of the tractor to move the maximum load in the first low gear on a horizontal plane):

1) 0.6 (6 kN - pulling force): T25, T30. Used for landscape gardening;

2) 1.4 (14 kN): T50, MTZ80, MTZ82;

3) 3 (30 kN): DT75, TDT75, LHT75, T150K;

4) 4 (40 kN): LHT100, TT4, T150);

5) 10 (100 kN): T100, T130, T170. Used to move soil, etc.

All caterpillar tractors are frame; all wheeled - semi-frame; motoblocks (mini tractors) - frameless.

Lecture number 3. Machines and mechanisms for fertilization

fertilizers- chemicals intended to be introduced into the soil and improve its soil and plant properties.

Fertilizers are mineral and organic.

mineralfertilizer- a product that is obtained at specialized chemical plants. Basically, mineral fertilizers contain the main set of substances (ROS): nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.

organicfertilizer- a product of decay of organic matter of natural origin.

There are 3 ways to apply fertilizer:

1. Presowing. Fertilizers are applied before sowing;

2. Sowing. Fertilizers are applied at the time of sowing;

3. Top dressing. When there are already shoots or the plants themselves.

All types of application require different machines.

Agrotechnical requirements for machines:

they must equally well sow mineral fertilizers both in the form of granules and in the form of powder;

fertilizer must be applied to a certain depth.

It is necessary to take into account the physical and mechanical properties of soils:

hygroscopicity - the ability of a substance to absorb moisture from the surrounding air;

angle of repose - the angle formed by a bulk substance, if it is poured onto a flat surface;

coefficient of friction - allows you to reduce or increase the effort in the delivery of fertilizers;

density, on which bulk density depends.

Fertilizer Machine Classification:

1. According to the method of application. Pre-sowing, pre-sowing, subcortex;

2. By type of fertilizer. For loose (mineral), liquid (organic), bound organic fertilizers (peat, manure, compost);

3. By type of energy source. Tractor, car, aviation;

4. According to the method of connecting the machine to the energy source. Trailed (weight on own chassis), mounted (all weight on the chassis of the power tool), mounted, self-propelled.

Schematic diagram of the fertilizer machine:

Fertilizer machine consists of:

1. Bunker (there are vault destroyers (tedders) inside - they do not allow fertilizers to cake);

2. Feeder (supplies fertilizer from the hopper to the next device). The feeding device can be in the form of chain-slat, belt and screw conveyors. There is also a vibration feeder;

3. Spreading device - delivers fertilizer to the place of its application. There are three types: disk) horizontal - for pre-sowing application), plate (located vertically and partially inside the hopper - for pre-sowing application and can be used for top dressing), drum (horizontally located - for bound organic fertilizers).

For liquid fertilizers - manure liquid (humic acids) special mechanisms are used.

Lecture number 4. Machines and implements for tillage

Soil treatment is of two types: basic and additional. For the main plows are used. For additional harrows, cultivators, etc. Milling cutters are used for both basic and additional processing.

In landscape gardening landscapes, soil weediness is less than in forestry landscapes. Machines for landscape gardening should be more maneuverable, less overall, be aggregated on power tools with a wheel drive.

Additional processing is carried out after the main one. Objective: to improve soil and plant properties and reduce further costs for growing crops. It includes: breakdown of stakes after the main one, rolling, ridge formation, cultivation, harrowing.

Plows are classified according to:

1. Appointment. There are general purpose (in all types of farming), special plows (they specialize in certain areas (forest, plantation, digging);

2. By type of working bodies. Limeshny, disk, screw;

3. By the type of thrust. Horse, tractor;

4. According to the method of connection with the tractor. Trailed, mounted, semi-mounted;

5. According to the number of hulls (applies to small plows). Single-hull and multi-hull;

6. By the speed of tillage. Normal (1.4 m/s) and high-speed (above 2.2 m/s).

Plows for landscape gardening should be low-capacity, compact, maneuverable, cultivate the soil to a given depth, etc.

Technological properties of soils - these are the properties that envy its workability.

Soils with large particles - sandy (light) - have a bad effect on the mechanisms, gradually grinding them down (a constant replacement of the main working bodies is necessary).

Soils with fine particles - clay (heavy) - absorb moisture well, which causes sticking to the main working bodies when they dry out, crack and harden. Works well under normal humidity conditions.

Types of basic tillage:

1. Cultural. It is carried out with a lime plow with a skimmer in the fall.

2. Vzmet. It is carried out with a lime plow without a skimmer in the fall.

3. Peeling. It is carried out to a shallow depth (10-12 cm) in summer or autumn.

4. Plowing with soil deepening. It is carried out with a small plow with an additional loosening share behind the main body of the plow (15-20 cm lower).

5. Non-moldboard. It is carried out on soils subject to erosion processes without turning the formation.

6. Tiered. Moves layers by swapping them.

7. Plantage. Plowing to a great depth (up to 1m). in landscape gardening it is used when soils are heavy and it is necessary to improve aeration and plant durable crops.

8. Plowing with seam turnover. It is carried out on well-drained soils.

Lecture number 5. plows

Plows are limeshny, disk and auger.

Lime plows.

They have the ability to plow to a certain depth due to its specific design features.

Limesh plows consist of: a frame, an energy tool (connected to the frame by means of a universal suspension), a disc or shank knife, a skimmer, the main body of the plow, a deepening share, a field wheel with a screw mechanism. The coupling system of the plow with the power tool and the field wheel are additional organs of the lime plow.

Disc or cutting knife. The task is to cut off a layer of soil evenly (on soddy soils). Shank knife - can be installed at different angles of entry into the soil (blunt or sharp). Sharp is used on clean soils. The blunt deepens the soil. The circular knife rotates. Obstacles are not terrible. It is located on the shaft on which the bearing is fixed. Due to the complex design, the cost of the plow itself increases.

The skimmer is a smaller copy of the plow. Used in cultural plowing.

The main body - loosens the arable layer of soil. It is connected to the frame by means of a rack. Consists of a plowshare (knife - the main working part of the main body of the plow). Shares come in various shapes: chisel-shaped (used on clean soils), trapezoidal (used on stony soils) and swept (plow with two mouldboards).

Deepening share - mounted on the main body of the plow and plowing with soil deepening. Looks like an unrefined plow.

Field wheel with a screw mechanism - allows you to create the required plowing depth. The wheel, rolling over the surface of the soil, prevents the plow from lowering. The screw mechanism allows you to vary the raise or lower of the field wheel. If the field wheel is lowered, the plowing depth is reduced, and if it is raised, the plowing depth is increased.

The design of lime plows can be universal and special.

Orchard plows allow you to shift the axis of the plow relative to the axis of motion of the tractor.

Disc plows.

It consists of: a knife, a skimmer (common with a lime plow), a frame, a working body - a disk (spherical - this increases the contact area). It is installed at an angle to the surface and at an angle of attack (blunt (slump) or sharp (tossed)).

Designed to work on weedy soils. Each disc is mounted on an independent suspension with a spring.

Scoring or digging machines (refer to lime plows). Root pruning or material sampling. They have a horizontal plowshare. Produces the desired size of the root part of the plant with the field wheel.

Soil cutters.

Classified by:

1. Appointment. Garden, forest (in weedy areas), swamp (for working on peatlands), tilled (on agricultural land);

2. The principle of action. Longitudinal milling (marsh), transverse action (forest and tilled), vertical milling (cutting planting pits);

3. Type of working bodies. Knife (simple (used for soddy soils on forest cutters), spiral and hook-shaped (used on clean soils on tilled cutters)) and augers;

4. According to the method of connection with the traction means. Mounted, semi-mounted, trailed.

The principle of operation of cutters: these are tools with active working bodies. The cutter is connected to the power tool by means of a cardan shaft, which is attached to the power take-off shaft of the power tool. Reducer - a set of gears, each of which increases the torque. Produces a change in the plane of rotation of the shafts and a difference in the speed of rotation.

Apparatus for chemical plant protection

The chemical method consists in the destruction of pests using chemicals. This method is used very widely and is considered the most effective. The chemical method, in combination with a system of agrotechnical, organizational and economic measures, makes it possible to largely protect forest plantations from pests and diseases. Pesticides for chemical control are used in the following form:

spray liquids - solutions, suspensions, emulsions, extracts;

powders for pollination;

fumigation gases.

A solution is a liquid in which a solid is completely dissolved, for example, an aqueous solution of copper sulphate, salts, etc.

Suspension is a mechanical mixture of a dry powder and a liquid substance in which the powder does not dissolve, but is in suspension, for example, a mixture of chalk or lime powder in water.

An emulsion is a mechanical mixture of liquids of different density (specific gravity) and viscosity, such as a mixture of oil and water, kerosene and water, soap and water, etc.

An extract is an extract from poisonous plants and animal organisms. Anabasin and nicotine are extracts of poisonous plants (chamomile, tobacco).

The working fluid is a mixture of pesticides with water in a certain concentration. When spraying, pesticides are applied to infected objects in the form of a working liquid, and when dusting, pesticides are applied to slain plants in the form of a dry powder.

When fumigating the soil, an easily evaporating pesticide is introduced into it, which, evaporating, saturates the upper horizon of the soil with vapor or enters the root system of plants and destroys the pests in them.

Classification of machines and devices. Machines and apparatus for pest control of plantings are classified into the following types and methods of their aggregation: sprayers - used to control pests and diseases with the help of a poisonous liquid. They are knapsacks with a capacity of up to 20 liters; tractor (trailed and mounted) and aviation. Trailed sprayers work in conjunction with tractors, mounted sprayers can be hung on the tractor's hitch system or mounted on it.

Sprayers mounted on an airplane or helicopter are called aerial sprayers;

pollinators - are used to control pests and diseases with the help of dry poisonous powder or dust. They are knapsack, tractor (trailed mounted) and aviation;

aerosol generators - used to control pests and diseases using a poisonous fog created by thermomechanical or mechanical methods.

They are knapsack, automobile and aviation;

combined - can be used both as sprayers and dusters.

They are tractor (mounted, trailed);

fumigators - are used to supply a poisonous, easily evaporating liquid into the soil.

They are manual and mechanical (tractor). Mechanical fumigators, as a rule, are installed on the working bodies of tillage machines (ploughs, cultivators);

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Introduction

Lecture plan

Means of mechanization of work in landscape gardening

Tractors and power tools

Means of mechanization of work in landscape gardening

In order to intensify work on the creation and maintenance of garden and park facilities, a number of machines and mechanisms are used in the landscape gardening economy, which significantly increase labor productivity and reduce the labor intensity of production processes. To date, the fleet of machines and mechanisms is constantly increasing and improving in the direction of specialization of landscape gardening. In landscape gardening, small-sized equipment is increasingly being used, along with machines used in road construction and agriculture. Widely applicable machines for preparing areas for landscaping and maintenance of facilities. For earthworks, bulldozers, motor graders, excavators are used. Machines for replanting large trees, units for sowing lawn seeds, applying fertilizers, and watering plantations have been introduced into the production of works.

Means of mechanization are applicable to perform labor-intensive basic work. The final "finishing" and design of landscape gardening facilities is carried out by skilled workers using manual mechanisms.

Tractors and power tools

Tractors are the main basic machines used in the creation of landscape gardening facilities. With tractors, interchangeable mechanisms, machines and tools are aggregated (hung or hitched) to perform all types of gardening and park work.

When creating landscape gardening objects, the following are used:

Wheeled tractors of medium and low power;

Caterpillar tractors used as road-building machines in the creation of new facilities, as well as in tree-decorative nurseries, state farms of ornamental gardening.

When maintaining green spaces on objects that are small in size, of complex configuration, especially in residential buildings, there is a variety and specificity of the technological operations performed. This leads to special requirements for the selection of machines. In difficult conditions of the urban environment, it is possible to use mainly small-sized machines and mechanized tools.

These tools include small-sized tractors (Fig. 8.1), walk-behind tractors (Fig. 8.2), power units, motor tools (motor cultivators, motor rippers, motor cutters, motor mowers, etc.).

Rice. 8.1. General view of a small tractor: 1- engine; 2- clutch;

3 - gearbox; 4 - gear shift handle; 5 - reverse lever;

6 - steering; 7- seat; 8 - connecting shaft; 9- main gear

rear axle; 10- differential; 11- power take-off shaft; 12- rear wheel drive shift lever; 13 - rear wheel; 14 - final drive; 15- front wheel

Rice. 8.2. General view of the walk-behind tractor: 1- control handle; 2- clutch control lever;

3 - throttle lever; 4- reverse lever; 5- gear lever; 6, - steering rod;

7-PTO engagement lever; 8 - gas tank; 9 - air filter; 10- engine;

11 - wheels; 12 - PTO hitch; 13- rack; 14-trailer

Depending on the mass and engine power, small-sized tractors and walk-behind tractors are divided into three types: light, medium, heavy. According to the design of the chassis, small-sized tractors are divided into:, wheeled, wheeled-caterpillar And caterpillar. A variety of these tractors can be considered self-propelled carts (microchassis). Motoblocks and motor tools have a single-axle wheeled propeller and are used for tillage, grass mowing and other work.

Most small tractors have a traditional layout similar to "big" tractors, with large rear wheel drive and smaller front (drive and non-drive) wheels, and an articulated design with all drive wheels the same size. A distinctive feature of the layout schemes of motoblocks and motor tools is the location of the engine.

The following schemes are distinguished:

The engine is installed console. The crankshaft of the engine is coaxial with the drive shaft of the transmission and is perpendicular to the axis of the drive wheels. It is rigidly connected to the transmission and is a single unit. Relative to the running wheels, the engine is moved forward or backward - the European layout;

The engine is mounted on a special bracket. Associated with a V-belt transmission, which simultaneously acts as a clutch, - Japanese layout;

The engine is an easily removable power module. The crankshaft is located vertically. The module connects with various technological modules - traction, mowing, pumping and etc.

In table. 8.1 shows the type of small tractors and walk-behind tractors.

PROBLEMS OF MECHANIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN URBAN GARDENING AND PARK SERVICES

A. A. 30L0TAREVSKYI, Associate Professor of the Department of Mechanization of the Moscow State University of Education and Science, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences

Despite certain financial difficulties, urban housing construction, although not at the same pace, continues to grow. In this regard, issues of environmental protection and the creation of favorable conditions for the life and recreation of the urban population are still relevant. One of the important measures to improve the environment is the improvement and planting of greenery in populated areas.

Green spaces are an integral part of the improvement of cities and towns. They play an important role in the architectural design of cities, in the sanitary and hygienic improvement and improvement of the living conditions of the urban population.

Plantations purify the air of the city, retaining up to 80% of dust and up to 50% of harmful gases in the atmosphere. In summer heat, the air temperature among plantations is 4-8 °C lower than the temperature in open areas. Trees and bushes increase the relative humidity of the air by 15-30%, reduce the noise of the city by 15-25% and have a beneficial effect on air disinfection and ionization.

Parks, gardens, boulevards and squares largely determine the planning structure of the city and are an indispensable element of its cultural landscape.

However, urban conditions do not always favor the development of green spaces. Soils here are often littered with construction or household waste, compacted and polluted with gases and solid particles. This puts forward a number of specific requirements for the agricultural technology of growing plants and the means of mechanization used to equip it.

The use of machines increases not only labor productivity, but also the quality

work, agrobiological and decorative effect of technological operations.

Works in urban landscaping can be divided into three main groups: growing planting material and flowers, creating new green areas (construction of plantings), caring for urban green spaces.

For the mechanization of these works, technical means are used that are specially created for landscaping work, as well as borrowed from other sectors of the national economy, mainly from agricultural and forestry construction.

Technological operations related to the work of the first two groups are quite fully equipped with machines manufactured by the domestic industry for the needs of construction, agriculture and forestry. So, with the help of bulldozers, plots are prepared for planting trees, shrubs and lawns; agricultural mounted plows and cultivators are widely used in ornamental plant nurseries for tillage and weed control; bucket excavators are used for digging holes for planting trees, and trench excavators are used for planting shrub fences, etc.

However, it is difficult to mechanize urban green space maintenance with construction, agricultural or forestry machines, which is explained by the specific conditions in which these machines must be operated: the size of cultivated areas is small; soil density fluctuates widely - for example, the density of paths and areas formed by the movement of pedestrians in places not provided for by the project is 5-7 times higher than the density of the rest of the lawn; the soil is littered

various kinds of hard objects, etc. Therefore, special requirements are imposed on them: small dimensions, allowing

fit into the boundaries of cultivated areas; high maneuverability and maintenance of working capacity during maneuvering; the ability to cultivate soils of various densities and contamination with solid objects; ease of machine control.

In addition, machines must operate with minimal energy consumption, since the tightness of the operational areas of urban landscaping does not allow the use of large-sized base chassis and powerful engines.

Improvement of mechanized work on the construction of green areas is carried out through the use of qualitatively new types of planting materials, which allow either to obtain the necessary sanitary and decorative effect immediately, or to significantly reduce the number of technological operations.

In the construction of lawns, in this case, a ready-made turf cover is used, which is grown in advance in specially designated places, cut into strips there and rolled into rolls. Sod rolls are brought to the landscaped area and unfolded. To cut the turf, either special machines equipped with a vibrating knife or staples-knives mounted on a tractor are used. A turf carpet can also be grown between synthetic sheets. Then the turf roll is unrolled, the film is removed and the lawn is ready for use.

An immediate effect can also be obtained when transplanting large-sized trees with a clod of earth into pre-prepared pits specially created for this purpose by machines.

A reduction in the number of technological operations when creating lawns on horizontal surfaces, as well as on steep slopes, can be achieved using the so-called hydroseeding.

Reducing the scope of work, frequency and repetition of technological operations

achieved through the use of various plant growth retardants, such as herbicides when mowing lawns and cutting shrubs.

The most labor-intensive urban maintenance operations can be mechanized using the following machines:

1) high capacity lawn mower;

2) lawn mower of average productivity;

3) brush lawn cleaner;

4) mounted fertilizer distributor;

5) mounted harrow;

6) stationary sprinkler;

7) lawn soil aeration machine;

8) high performance sprayer;

9) knapsack sprayer-duster with a mechanical drive of the pump-fan;

10) a mechanical tower based on a light tractor with a set of mechanized tools for processing the crown and trunk of trees;

11) a manual motorized tool for loosening the soil of near-stem holes of trees and shrubs;

12) hydraulic drill system;

13) high capacity machine for pruning bushes;

14) manual motorized tool for pruning bushes;

15) manual motorized tool with a saw blade;

16) a machine with a set of mounted and trailed implements for cleaning garden paths and areas in summer and winter;

17) vacuum car for care of garden tools;

18) vibratory roller.

Today, in the urban green economy, there is a wide variety of both domestic and foreign machines and mechanisms. Domestic, as a rule, produced by non-specialized enterprises, do not always answer

meet the requirements of urban green economy. Foreign machines have fairly high technological performance, but their cost is higher, and their use in our conditions is not always

appropriate. Below (see table) are the main technological requirements for the choice of machines and mechanisms for the maintenance of green spaces in urban environments.

Basic technological requirements for the choice of machines and mechanisms for keeping

green spaces

Name of the technological operation Multiplicity of the operation per vegetation Qualitative indicators of the operation Type of machine or weapon mechanizing the operation Name and size range of the main parameter

1. Trimming and mowing plants

1.1. Lawn mowing 18 The height of the cut grass stand is 3-6 cm. The uneven height of the cut stems at different points of the lawn should not differ by more than 5%. The heights of the cut planes of two adjacent stems must not differ by more than 5%. Lawn mower with horn-drum cutterbar Working width 0.5 m Working width 1.5 m

1.2 Forming pruning of trees 1 The maximum height of formed trees is 8 m. The maximum diameter of cut branches is 30 mm. The maximum radius of the cropped crown is 2 m. A manipulator based on a self-propelled chassis with a set of attachments for processing crowns and stems of trees and cutting shrub hedges Height of processed trees - up to 8 m

1.3. Sanitary pruning of trees 1 The maximum diameter of the cut branch is 100 mm. The maximum diameter of the cut trunk - up to 300 mm |

1.4. Sealing of hollows and mechanical damages 1 The maximum diameter of a hollow is 20 mm. The maximum diameter of the hollow is up to 500 mm. Maximum hollow depth - up to 300 mm

1.5. Overgrowth removal 1 Maximum branch diameter - up to 10 mm

1.6. Shearing hedges 4 The number of stems uncut after processing - 0%. The maximum diameter of the stems is 6 mm

1.7. Pruning and thinning of single shrubs and in groups 2 The number of stems uncut after processing - 0%. Maximum diameter of stems - 6 mm Manual electric brush cutter Gripper - 0.8 m

Table continuation

2. Distribution of technological materials

2.1. Treatment of trees with pesticides 2 The height of treated trees is up to 25 m. The degree of spraying of liquid poison is at least 120 microns (for residential buildings); not less than 50 microns (for parks and squares) Pump-fan sprayer Height of treated trees up to 25 m

2.2. Treatment of shrubs with pesticides 2 The height of treated trees is up to 8 m. Shrubs - up to 1.8 m. The height of the treated trees is more than 25 m Knapsack motorized sprayer Jet ejection range - up to 8 m

2.3. Treatment of lawns and flower beds with herbicides 2 Liquid herbicide of the required concentration must not be carried outside the treated area of the lawn Herbicide spreader Working width 0.8 m

2.4. Watering of lawns and flower beds 12 The size of droplets doyaedya - no more than 200 microns. Irrigation irregularity coefficient - 0.9

2.5. Application of water, solutions of growth stimulants and mineral fertilizers to the root system of trees and shrubs 1 (fertilizers) 4 (irrigation) Maximum depth of liquid application - 1 m. Maximum irrigation water consumption - 60 l/tree or 30 l/bush Equipment for injection of liquid into the root-inhabited volume of plants Depth of injection up to 1 m

2.6. Application of dry powdered and granular mineral fertilizers into the zone of the root system of trees and shrubs 1 Depth of application of a portion of fertilizers - 0.7 m. Maximum dose of applied fertilizer 0.8 kg Equipment for applying dry mineral fertilizers to the root volume of plants 7 m

3. Cleaning of technological surfaces

3.1. Cleaning tree and shrub areas near the trunks from leaves and debris 3 Content of leaves and debris in the cleared area -0% Concentrator - leaf loader Capture width up to 6 m. Loading arm - up to 20 m

3.2. Collection of leaves, debris and cut grass from the surface of lawns 12 The content of leaves on the cleaned surface is 0%. The content of the cut green mass remaining after the passage of the machine is up to 10% Leaf harvester Capture width -1.3 m

3.3. Shifting the snow mass from the surface of the paths to the shoulder 15 The surface must be completely cleared of fresh snow Mounted snow plow and brush Working width -1.4 m

3.4. Throwing snow mass from the paths to the roadside 10 Throwing range of freshly fallen snow 2-8 m Mounted rotary milling equipment Capture width -1.4 m

End of table

3.5. Washing the crowns of trees and shrubs 3 The layer of dust must be completely removed from the surface of the leaves. The remaining inclusions of dust particles in the pores of the leaves must be moistened

4. Tillage and soil

4.1. Loosening near-stem areas of trees and shrubs. Loosening the soil of flower beds 3 The maximum loosening depth is 50 mm. The maximum diameter of soil clods is 6 mm. The degree of mixing of soil layers - 85% Small-sized soil cutter Capture width -0.4-0.8 m

4.2. Lawn soil aeration 2 Laying depth up to cm. Piercing intensity - up to 100 punctures/m2. Puncture diameter - up to 14 mm Hinged soil aerator Capture width -1.4 m. Weight - up to 500 kg

4.3. Trimming lawn edges 3 The thickness of the cut soil layer is up to 500 mm. Deviation from a straight line when trimming -20 mm per 1 m of path Lawn trimmer Cutting width - up to 100 mm

4.4. Compaction of dirt garden paths and areas 1 The degree of compaction after the 2nd pass - 250%. Compaction irregularity -5% Vibratory roller Working width -1.2 m

According to the drive method, all plant care machines can be divided into two categories:

1) machines, the working bodies of which are hinged to the base chassis, for example, a light small-sized tractor;

2) machines, the engine of which is attached to a set of working equipment.

Such a classification makes it possible to unify the drive of the machine, which reduces the cost of work and improves the performance of the machines.

Machines belonging to the first category, as a rule, serve plantings growing along landscaped paths or the paths themselves.

Machines belonging to the second category of work are used in places where machines of the first category cannot work - on the surface of lawns, in cramped conditions, with selective processing of landscaping objects, etc.

The issues of complex mechanization of technological processes of landscaping work have received their practical development

only in the seventies and are the subject of further development.

Improving the design of machines for urban gardening and the processes of their application is carried out in the direction of:

The use of new progressive designs that significantly reduce the total weight of the machine. For example, the use of an air cushion as a support for lawn mowers makes it possible to reduce the weight of the machine by 3-16 times, depending on the width of its grip;

Reducing the noise level of working machines by using small-sized four-stroke internal combustion engines, electric and inertial engines;

Automation of labor-intensive technological processes. Currently, automated systems for watering lawns and trees and shrubs are being developed. There is information about patented designs of automated lawn mowers that use position sensors that fix the boundary between mowed and unmowed lawn grass.

	Introduction
	Machinery and mechanisms for the mechanization of tillage and plant care
	Machines and mechanisms for the mechanization of sowing and planting.
	Machines and mechanisms for the mechanization of fertilizer application.
	Machines and mechanisms for the mechanization of irrigation
	Machines and mechanisms for mowing lawns and mowing grass
	Machines and mechanisms for the formation and trimming of crowns of trees and shrubs
	Mini-equipment for the mechanization of household plots
	Topic 8. Machines for preparatory excavation and soil preparation
	Machines and mechanisms for the mechanization of pest and disease control