Nikola Tesla - legendary creator in the field of electrical and radio engineering, creator alternating current. In his honor, in 2003, a company was opened for the production of cars that run on electricity.
Specifications
Founder of the automotive Tesla were Elon Musk, JB Strobel and Mark Tarpenning. First of all, the founders of the company needed to develop powerful electric motor and batteries to power the drive wheels. It took almost 3 years to create the first prototype of the car.
First Tesla electric car Roadster was presented on July 19, 2006. The presentation of the car was successful, but the sporty electric car had a number of shortcomings. 2009, the 5-door Model S was presented, the engines of which are installed on vehicles to this day with minor modifications.
Technical characteristics of the Tesla electric vehicle power unit:
Maintenance and operation
Maintenance of the power unit begins with the diagnosis of the performance of the electric motor, which is directly connected to electronic unit driving. If errors are found, then the wizards find the immediate cause. Service and Maintenance Tesla engines should be carried out at a certified station, since only they have necessary equipment for all repair and diagnostic and recovery operations.
Faults and repairs
Repairs, like maintenance, should be carried out on special equipment from specialists. Basic and frequent malfunctions is a rapid loss of battery life. The first Tesla models had too little energy, and therefore there was a high probability of "getting stuck" on the track.
Another fact is a malfunction in the autopilot system. This problem caused the death of American citizen Joshua Brown in 2016. Investigation of the causes of the accident showed that the autopilot does not see the transverse traffic. This bug is under improvement.
funny facts
Whatever a person does, another person is able to change and modernize it. Same with the secret ones. automotive technology. Jason Hughes is a big fan of Tesla and the company's electric vehicles. But he likes not only to ride such electric vehicles, but also to know how they work. Jason is a fairly well-known figure in the Tesla fan community. For example, it was he who managed to extract some data about a new model of an electric car from the updated firmware of a car. More specifically, we are talking about the discovery of the entry "P100D" in Tesla firmware 7.1.
But now he has achieved much more. He was able to get a rear wheel drive Tesla Model S, and learned how to manage it. Where the drive came from, Hughes does not say, but this is not so important. Much more importantly, he was able to gain complete control over all the functions of this node.
The first step in this complex project was to power up the drive while sniffing the CAN bus to detect individual control commands. It took about 12 hours, but in the end, the motor was able to turn. The master had to tinker - not only did the data of the engine work have to be decrypted, but Jason also wrote special software to control his work. At this stage, it was only a matter of getting the engine running. It took him another 3 hours to intercept and decrypt the CAN commands.
After that, things got easier - Hughes managed to find a complete package of control commands. For example, he was able to connect a water cooling system, and put it into action while the drive was running (in a certain mode of operation, the system declared a speed of 188 kilometers per hour). The engine was also able to be put into power generation mode. The energy recovery system introduced by Tesla engineers allows you to use the car's engine as a generator during braking. Now James can set various parameters for powering the engine and generating energy for it at its discretion.
As a result, he even managed to create his own control board rear wheel drive. Interestingly, the motor was removed from the car with firmware 7.1, which included a number of security circuits to prevent tampering with normal work systems. But Jason managed to get around these obstacles.
The most difficult task was to make the engine obey the commands of a homemade controller, but this, too, turned out to be within the power of the craftsman. According to him, he literally collected his board from garbage. In order to protect the engine, the master used a relatively low amperage. This isn't the first time Tesla's Model S engine has been hacked. Eleven months earlier, another hack, Jack Rickard, also managed to make an electric motor obey commands from a controller of his own invention. But here we are talking about using only the engine and the controller.
It is worth remembering that the updated model of the Tesla Model S electric car comes with a 70 kWh battery, which actually has a capacity of 75 kWh, but part of the battery, so to speak, is software-locked. The company has been selling these cars for a month, and only now it became known. How can the owner of such a machine get 5 extra kWh? It's very simple - pay $3250 for "unlock".
The upgrade process is completely software-based, and is performed "over the air". Employees of the company need physical access to the car only to change the Tesla Model S 70 badge to the Tesla Model S 75 badge (done at the service center). The company's idea is simple, albeit a little strange - to allow Tesla Model S 70 buyers to pay $ 3,000 less than Tesla Model S 75 buyers. And the hardware for both models is exactly the same. The company reasoned that not everyone needed the increased battery capacity, and those who did not need it were allowed to pay less. The difference in the distance that both models can drive autonomously is about 35 km.
By the way, not so long ago, for the same Tesla Model S, a special software, which allows the driver to control the car with the help of the "power of thought". With mental commands, you can make the car drive a little forward or turn on reverse gear. In this case, the signals of the electrical activity of the brain are read using a special helmet. Signals are analyzed special program, after which they are transferred to on-board computer to drive a vehicle.
Conclusion
The Tesla engine is a representative of electrical automotive engines, which is the most powerful electric motor in the world. Maintenance and repairs are carried out only in the conditions of a car service. This will help you avoid trouble.
An important factor in the growth of TSLA shares on Nasdaq was the way the electric motor works.
How does a Tesla electric motor work?
Tesla roadster uses three-phase asynchronous electric motor with variable voltage. Unlike some other motors that use permanent magnets, the Roadster's engine is based on a magnetic field generated entirely by electricity.
The Tesla electric motor has a rotor and a stator. The rotor is a steel sleeve through which copper plates are passed, allowing current to flow from one side of the rotor to the other. Electricity is not supplied directly to the rotor. Current occurs when a conductor of copper plates passes through a magnetic field, which is created by an alternating current in the stator. The rotation of the bushing sets the wheels in motion.
The stator is a thin steel plate through which a copper wire winding is passed. Through it, electricity is supplied to the engine from the power module. Wires are divided into three types according to the number of phases of electricity, which can be imagined as waves of sinusoidal oscillations, a smooth combination of which ensures an uninterrupted supply of electricity.
The alternating current in the copper winding of the stator creates a rotating magnetic field and induces a flow of particles in the rotor. The current generates a second magnetic field in the rotor, which follows the moving stator field. The result of this process is torque.
When the driver presses the gas pedal, the power module places the stator field behind the rotor field. As a result, the rotor has to slow down in order for its field to reach the level of the stator field. The direction of the current in the stator is reversed and energy begins to flow through the power module back into the battery. This is called energy regeneration.
The motor acts either as a generator or as an engine, depending on the actions of the driver. When you press the gas pedal, the power module senses the need for torque. If the pedal is pressed to 100%, the available torque is fully selected, and if not, then partially. If not throttled, the engine will be used to recover energy. It becomes a motor only when the power module sends the right amount of AC current to the stator, which generates torque.
The Tesla motor is adapted to work on high speed, but even this requires heat dissipation. For this purpose, cooling plates are made, through which the fan drives the air.
The traction motor is very small, about the size of a watermelon, and is as light as possible thanks to the use of aluminum. The power module delivers up to 900 amps of current to the stator, the winding of which is made of significantly more copper than in a conventional motor. The copper wires are insulated with special polymers that provide heat transfer and durability when driving in extreme conditions.
Unlike conventional induction motors, which use aluminum as a conductor, copper plays this role in the Roadster electric motor. It is more difficult to work with, but it has less resistance, so it conducts current better.
Electric cars are often advertised as being more cost-effective and cost-effective to maintain, mainly because electric motors are much simpler than other motors. They may also have significantly more long term services than their gas counterparts. Consider the features of the Tesla electric motor.
Aim high
Tesla CEO Elon Musk said the ambitious goal is to keep Tesla's powertrains running for a million miles. It is also understood that they will almost never have to be subjected to wear.
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On the way to this goal, the company has introduced several improved Tesla batteries, inverters and electric motors. Now the car manufacturer is introducing another updated device.
Tesla recently announced that it is launching a series of new improved performance S and Model X motor models. These Tesla electric motors can only be used on new vehicles that are built to date. Installed in new equipment updated version rear engine Tesla.
Tesla Model S five-door premium electric car official premiere in the fall of 2009, at a car show in Frankfurt, however, only as a prototype, but was first shown to the public back in March at a press conference in Los Angeles. Mass production The machine started in the first half of 2012, and already in June it began to be shipped to the first customers.
In 2014, the Americans upgraded the Escu, adding several all-wheel drive versions, increasing engine power and introducing a new interface for the multimedia complex.
The Tesla Model S looks beautiful and expressive, and it is unmistakably guessed in the stream, although from some angles it resembles other cars. A deliberately aggressive front end with an evil look of xenon optics, a long and swift silhouette with an actively sloping roofline, "muscular" wheel arches and retractable door handles, powerful feed with beautiful LED lights and a massive bumper - outwardly, the electric car is fully consistent with its premium status. And at the same time, it is in no way inferior to eminent competitors with conventional engines.
The electric liftback experienced another update in April 2016, and this time the main changes were in the exterior design - the appearance of the five-door was retouched in the spirit of the Model X crossover and the Model 3 three-volume.
The front end of the car has changed most noticeably - the large black plug imitating the radiator grill has disappeared from it, giving way to a thin bar with the brand logo, and instead of bi-xenon optics, LED has appeared. From other angles, the “American” has completely retained its outlines.
By their own overall dimensions"eska" belongs to the European class "E": its length fits into 4976 mm, width - 1963 mm, height - 1435 mm, and wheelbase- in 2959 mm. Ground clearance electric vehicle is 152 mm, however, when installing the optional air suspension, its value varies from 119 to 192 mm.
The interior of the Tesla Model S is a real delight, because it is built around a 17-inch interactive console, located in the center of the front panel, which manages all the main functions of the car. This decision made it possible to abandon the scattering of buttons, leaving only a couple of classic toggle switches on the dashboard - opening the glove box and turning on the emergency gang. The tidy is represented by another color screen, only smaller, and the classic multifunctional “steering wheel” looks the most mundane, sporty truncated at the bottom. The interior of the electric car is tailored with premium materials that combine leather, aluminum and wood.
At the front, in the California “esque”, comfortable and supple chairs with well-developed lateral support and a sufficient set of electrical adjustments are installed. rear seats in the car, they are less hospitable - the sofa has a flat pillow and shapeless backs, and the sloping roof presses on the heads of tall passengers.
As a result of restyling in 2016, the interior of the car remained the same in terms of design, but acquired new materials and finishes.
With the practicality of the Tesla Model S full order: with a five-seater arrangement, the volume cargo compartment is 745 liters, and with the second row seats folded down - 1645 liters.
There is also an additional trunk in the front of the electric car, but its capacity is much more modest - 150 liters.
Specifications. The “stuffing” is the main “highlight” of the “eski”, because the machine is driven by an asynchronous (induction type) three-phase electric motor (there are several of them on all-wheel drive versions) of alternating current, the return of which depends on the modification, combined with a single-stage gearbox and a set lithium-ion batteries in quantities from 5040 to 7104 pieces.
- 60 installed 306-strong Electrical engine, delivering 430 Nm of torque over the entire range, which provides the car with acceleration to the first "hundred" after 5.5 seconds and 210 km / h top speed. Batteries with a capacity of 60 kW / h allow it to travel up to 375 km on a single charge.
- For modification with index " 75 "A power plant with a capacity of 320 "horses" is provided, the output of which is 440 Nm of peak thrust, powered by 75 kW / h batteries. It takes 5.5 seconds for such an electric car to start accelerating to 100 km / h, its “maximum” is limited to 230 km / h, and its “range” exceeds a little over 400 km.
- Under the Tesla Model S 60D there are already two electric motors with a total power of 328 horsepower (525 Nm of torque), making the liftback all-wheel drive. This version it exchanges the first “hundred” in 5.2 seconds, peaking up to 210 km / h, and on “one tank” it is able to cover at least 351 km thanks to 60 kW / h batteries.
- "Eska" marked " 75D"has in its arsenal a pair of electric motors, jointly generating 333" mares "and 525 Nm of torque. Such characteristics make the “green” car a real sports car: it “shoots” to the first “hundred” after 5.2 seconds, and it stops speeding up only when it reaches 230 km / h. Fully charged batteries with a capacity of 75 kW / h provide the five-door with a decent range - 417 km.
- The next variant of the Tesla Model S in the hierarchy 90D equipped with two electrical units, the total potential of which is 422 “horses” and 660 Nm of available torque. The electric car rushes to conquer the second “hundred” in 4.4 seconds and gains a maximum of 249 km / h. Thanks to batteries of 90 kW / h, the car overcomes 473 km of track on a “full tank”.
- The version called " 100D"Driven by front and rear electric motors, which together give out 512" horses "and 967 Nm of torque potential. The first "hundred" of such a five-door submits in 3.3 seconds, and the "maximum speed" does not exceed 250 km / h. Batteries for 100 kW / h provide her with a "range" of 430 km.
- "Top" solution Tesla Model S P100D equipped with two power plants: rear electric motor develops 503 horsepower, and the front one - 259 "mares" (total return - 762 "horses" and 967 Nm of peak thrust). Such characteristics "catapult" the car from standstill to 100 km / h after 2.5 seconds and allow it to accelerate to 250 km / h. On fully charged batteries with a capacity of 100 kW / h, the electric car covers about 613 km.
For ultimate charging of lithium-ion Tesla batteries Model S requires more than 15 hours from a regular 220V household network, depending on the modification. When using a NEMA 14-50 connector, this cycle is reduced to 6-8 hours, and on special Supercharger stations(you will not find such in Russia) - up to 75 minutes.
The California electric car is built around a flat "winged metal" battery storage unit, to which aluminum subframes and bodywork are attached. In running order, the "eska" weighs from 1961 to 2239 kg, and its mass is distributed along the axles in a ratio of 48:52 (for the all-wheel drive P85D - 50:50).
“In a circle” an independent chassis is installed on the machine: in front - double wishbones, rear - multi-link layout. An air suspension is available as an option.
All Model S wheels applied disc brakes(diameter 355 mm at the front and 365 mm at the rear) with four-piston Brembo and ABS calipers, and its steering system expressed rack and pinion mechanism with electric amplifier.
Options and prices. IN Russian Tesla The Model S is not officially for sale, however, " secondary market» You can buy such an electric car at a price of 4.5 million rubles. In Germany, the car can be purchased at a price of 57,930 euros (~3.68 million rubles at the current exchange rate), but including taxes, its cost rises to 69,020 euros (~4.39 million rubles).
Standard "American" is equipped with eight airbags, xenon headlights, 17-inch touchscreen multimedia system, digital panel instrumentation, power accessories, ABS, ESP, two-zone air conditioner, factory audio system, LED rear lights and many other equipment.
Tesla Model 3 will use the latest modification batteries from the Tesla Gigafactory
Tesla is going to install batteries in its new Tesla Model 3 electric vehicles, which are now being produced at the Gigafactory in Nevada. New power units, as the company promises, will be more powerful and efficient. The converter was designed from the ground up, previous models, which worked in the same Tesla Model S, are not used. Everything is new here, including the semiconductor elements of the system. The company's engineers managed to reduce the number of unique inverter elements by about 25%, which makes the design cheaper.
In addition, Model 3 received a 435-horsepower electric motor. This was announced by the technical director of Tesla. This is even more than the BMW M3, which has a three-liter six-cylinder twin-turbo engine (maximum - 431 hp). Thanks to powerful motor the slowest modification of the model can accelerate to 96 kilometers per hour in just 6 seconds. The older model with advanced Ludicrous Mode will take just 4 seconds to accelerate to this speed. 
Inverter Electronics (IGFET)
The company's engineers have been working on the creation of a new Model 3 inverter with a capacity of 320 kW for several months. The inverter design uses TO-247 insulated gate bipolar transistors. These electronic components were used in the design of the inverter for Tesla Model X and Tesla Model S. Production of inverters has already started, and production lines for other components have also been launched, as the company plans to deliver about 500,000 electric vehicles by 2018.
Without recharging new model will be able to drive from 340 to 400 kilometers, which is very good. Initially, a version with a power reserve of 340 kilometers will be supplied to the market, after which a model with a battery capacity of 80 kWh will appear. With this battery, the electric car will be able to cover 480 kilometers. In addition, the novelty receives an autopilot. And although he will not turn the electric car into a robotic car, the assistance to the motorist will be quite serious.
Now the company is already testing its new electric car. For example, recently just such a model was photographed in one of service centers companies. By appearance it is no different from the demo.
Shipping Model 3 to customers will begin no earlier than the end of 2017. Pre-orders for an electric car were received several times more than planned - by this moment more than 375 thousand. It is unclear whether Tesla Motors is capable of handling such a load without missing deadlines. It is possible that there will be delays. Model X problems were still in the first quarter - instead of 4500 electric vehicles, the company was able to deliver 2400. Nevertheless, Elon Musk promises to gradually increase production capacity so that customers of all electric vehicle models receive their vehicles just in time.
