catalytic converter or - important detail exhaust system vehicle, which serves to reduce the emission of harmful combustion products into the atmosphere fuel mixture. There are a lot of tales circulating on the Internet that supposedly from one removed “filter”, under certain influences, you can get several grams of precious metal! But is it really so? Is it possible to decompose the used part and pull them out from there, preferably with your own hands? Let's think today...
For me personally, it has never been a secret that the catalyst inside is covered with “precious materials”, but how many of them are there, and is it really possible to get them at home, so that later, let’s say, to hand over or resell? Also, what is the purpose of this activity? I propose to start devices.
What is a catalyst made of?
Inside the case this device located metal or ceramic construction, which consists of many cells. From above they are covered with a thin layer of metal.
This design of the spare part contributes to an increase in the surface area that is in contact with exhaust gases. As a result of the presence of a special catalytic layer on this surface, chemical reactions occur that transform harmful gases in environmentally friendly.
The metal that covers the honeycombs is an alloy of precious metals: platinum, rhodium and palladium, which have a fairly high cost. Let's just say that they exceed the cost of gold at least twice.
“Oh, cool” - you say, he ran to break his used filter! Guys, it's not that simple.
Is it possible to extract precious metals from a catalyst?
As a result of the content of these substances, quite reasonable question- Is it possible to extract these metals from this node of the automobile exhaust system?
The modern chemical industry allows you to do this. It should only be noted that such methods are quite complex, require many skills, as well as considerable material costs. Therefore, it is very difficult and impractical to independently extract such substances.
Recovery of platinum and rhodium
One of the most common ways to separate rhodium and platinum from honeycomb is to leach it using special liquid oxidizing mixtures. However this method has a number of shortcomings. First of all, this is that in addition to precious substances, the catalysts also contain aluminum oxides, which prevent the complete removal of platinum.
Such a procedure for a positive result involves repeated leaching and subsequent washing of the device to completely extract the precious mixture, and therefore requires additional material costs. In addition, even in this case, it is not always possible to extract all the platinum.
More modern way is such that the basis for the transfer of the metal into a soluble state.
This will be done by pre-wetting the part in hydrochloric acid. This process is carried out under heating to circulate a mixture of vapors and gas.
The advantages of this method include ease of implementation and the ability to get the maximum possible for each specific model catalyst amount of precious metal. And thanks to the use of modern oxidizing agents, it is possible to wash the particles of a substance many times with the help of such a solution.
Palladium recovery
In order to separate palladium, you can use chemical methods that apply to platinum as well. But in this case, it is very rare to end up with a pure metal without any impurities. In order to extract such a substance, the galvanic method or electric arc heating is also sometimes used.
The most effective way, using which you can get the purest palladium, is to increase the temperature of the metal to 500 degrees and its simultaneous fluorination. As a result of such a process, palladium fluoride is obtained, when cooled to a temperature of about 100 degrees, it is split using mineral acid.
Using this technology, you can get almost all the palladium that is in automotive catalysts.
IN modern industry there are some other effective ways extraction of precious materials from spent catalysts. Usually they make it possible to obtain pure metals.
Their disadvantage is the need to immediately a large number catalysts for processing, since for the sake of a small amount it makes no sense to start the process. In addition, in this case, there are considerable material costs for the purchase of all the necessary catalysts.
Does it make sense to extract the metal yourself?
Thus, in each catalyst of any vehicle there is a small amount of precious metals that participate in chemical reactions, turning harmful combustion products into harmless gases.
It is quite possible to separate such substances from exhausted catalysts with certain knowledge and skills, but it should be remembered that when self-fulfillment such a process is unlikely to produce a pure metal. And besides, we should not forget that one catalyst contains so much precious substance that if it is sold, it will not be possible to recoup all the costs of its production.
If you roughly estimate how many of these materials are obtained, you can understand that these are really crumbs! Even if you have sufficient chemical skills, know how to mix and how to wash off this layer from the “catalyst honeycomb”, then the result will really disappoint you. If you estimate roughly, then from one filter, it turns out about 0.05 - 0.1 grams. If you translate this into money, then it is only about 120 - 200 rubles! But you will spend about a thousand reagents, maybe more!
Therefore, to separate expensive metals from such automotive parts for the purpose of making money, it is advisable only on an industrial scale, when several tens, and maybe hundreds of such filters can be simultaneously processed at once.
The Porsche Cayenne, the debut SUV from the Stuttgart manufacturer, was introduced in the fall of 2002, and almost instantly it managed to win the hearts of not only Porsche fans, but also just luxury car lovers around the world.
Characteristics of the first generation Porsche Cayenne
The development of the Cayenne was carried out by the joint efforts of Porsche engineers with Volkswagen specialists based on the VW Touareg chassis. The designers were faced with the task of designing an all-terrain vehicle, by the appearance of which one could immediately recognize its belonging to the Porsche sports family. TO characteristic features Cayenne can be attributed to the "Porsche" drop-shaped headlights, integrated front bumper with powerful air intakes, cast seventeen or eighteen inch wheels, dressed in low profile tires. Various versions Porsche Cayenne externally differed from each other in minor details. In particular, the top Cayenne Turbo could be recognized by a more expressive hood with additional stampings for turbochargers and a double central air intake.
The first generation of the Stuttgart SUV had the following dimensions: wheelbase- 2855 mm, length - 4780 mm (version Cayenne Turbo was three millimeters longer), width - 1928 mm, height - 1700 mm, standard ground clearance- 217 mm.
It is worth noting that even on secondary market for first generation vehicles Porsche Cayenne the cost is quite high and ranges, depending on the year of manufacture, configuration and condition of the car, from 750 thousand rubles to 1 million 900 thousand rubles.
Porsche Cayenne engines
Ruler power units first Porsche generations Cayenne included:
- 3.2-liter V-shaped six-cylinder gasoline engine with 250 hp. and a maximum torque of 310 Nm. The maximum speed that the engine could provide was 214 km / h, and acceleration to hundreds took 9.1 seconds. Fuel consumption in urban conditions reached 17.8 liters per 100 kilometers, while on the highway it dropped to 10.6 liters. This motor was equipped with the base Porsche Cayenne;
- 4.5-liter V-shaped eight-cylinder gasoline engine with 340 hp and a maximum torque of 420 Nm, allowing you to accelerate to 100 km / h in 7.2 seconds at top speed 242 km/h Fuel consumption was 20.9 liters per 100 kilometers in city driving and 11.2 liters on the highway. This power unit was equipped with a modification of the Cayenne S;
- 4.5-liter V-shaped eight-cylinder gasoline engine, whose power was 450 hp and maximum torque - 620 Nm. It accelerated the car to hundreds in 5.6 seconds, and the maximum speed was limited to 266 km / h. Fuel consumption varied from 11.9 to 21.9 liters per 100 kilometers, depending on driving conditions. This engine was equipped with the Porsche Cayenne Turbo;
- boosted 4.5-liter V-shaped eight-cylinder gasoline engine with a capacity of 521 hp and a torque of 720 Nm. This power unit was installed on the Porsche Cayenne Turbo S and provided a 5.2-second acceleration to 100 km/h with a top speed of 270 km/h.
In 2008 all the lineup received new engines equipped with a system direct injection fuel. So, the standard Cayenne was still driven by a six-cylinder engine, but its volume increased to 3.6 liters, and power - up to 290 hp. Under the hood of the remaining modifications were eight-cylinder engines with a volume of 4.8 liters with a capacity of 385 hp. up to 542 hp
In 2009 appeared diesel version SUV, equipped with a 3.0-liter turbocharged unit with a capacity of 240 hp. and a maximum torque of 550 Nm. This modification of the Porsche Cayenne specifications allowed to accelerate to hundreds in 8.3 seconds, and the maximum speed was 214 km / h. The main advantage of this version over gasoline is much more low consumption fuel: 11.6 liters per 100 kilometers when driving in the city and 7.9 liters on the highway. The engines were aggregated with a six-speed manual or automatic transmission.
Porsche Cayenne high-tech chassis
The first generation Porsche Cayenne was fully equipped independent suspension classic scheme: front - on double wishbones, rear - multi-link. There were two versions of the suspension: standard spring, which was installed on the base Cayenne and Cayenne S, as well as adjustable pneumatic, which allows you to change the ride height in the range from 157 to 273 mm, which was equipped with the Cayenne Turbo (for the first two modifications it was available as an option ).
SUV received all-wheel drive transmission, which at standard road conditions distributes engine torque between the front and rear wheels rear axle in the ratio of 38 to 62, respectively. Thanks to this, the Cayenne retains the driving style characteristic of the brand's rear-wheel drive models. However, if slippage occurs, the electronics that control the multi-plate clutch react instantly, transferring up to 100 percent of the torque to the wheels of one of the axles. This system, developed by Stuttgart engineers, was called "Porsche Traction Management". It functions based on indicators such as speed, lateral acceleration, steering angle, accelerator pedal position, calculating the required degree of blocking of the axles and even each wheel individually.
Another system responsible for the behavior of the car on the road is "Porsche Stability Management" (or simply PSM), which regulates exchange rate stability. Based on information received from various sensors, this system determines whether the actual trajectory of movement coincides with the given one, and, if necessary, slows down individual wheels, thereby contributing to the stabilization of the car. Also, PSM can interfere with the work electronic system engine control, changing the torque as the situation on the road changes. The system also provides invaluable assistance in case of need. emergency braking. So, with a sharp release of pressure on the gas pedal, "Porsche Stability Management" leads brake system into a state of high alert, increasing the pressure in it and bringing brake pads to the discs, with the result that when you press the brake pedal, the time required for a complete stop is significantly reduced.
When switching the lever located on the center console and responsible for managing off-road performance Cayenne, in mode low gears, PSM performs automatic reconfiguration of all subsystems, significantly improving off-road safety. With the same lever, a hard lock can be performed center differential when one of the wheels slips. Optionally for the Porsche Cayenne, it was possible to purchase a special off-road package that allowed you to completely lock the rear cross-axle differential, as well as turn off the stabilizers. roll stability(which, however, were automatically turned on at speeds above 50 km / h).
Characteristics of the second generation Porsche Cayenne
The debut of the second generation of the Stuttgart SUV took place at the Geneva auto show in 2011. The car has visually become a little wider, longer and more “muscular” than its predecessor, in addition, its appearance has become more dynamic due to an increase in the angle of inclination of both the windshield and rear window, as well as a more sloping roof. Due to the use of a large amount of aluminum in the body structure, new Porsche Cayenne has become lighter compared to the previous generation by an average of 200 kilograms.
As noted above, the second generation Cayenne has changed quite significantly in size: the wheelbase has increased by 40 mm - up to 2895 mm, length - by 66 mm - up to 4846 mm, width - by 10 mm - up to 1938 mm, height - by 5 mm - up to 1705 mm. At the same time, the ground clearance decreased by 7 millimeters - up to 210 mm.
The cost of the base Porsche Cayenne 2nd generation is 3 million 150 thousand rubles, and the top version of the Turbo S will cost at least 8 million 100 thousand rubles.
Engines
The range of power units installed on the second generation Porsche Cayenne consists of:
Petrol engines:
- 300-horsepower 3.6-liter six-cylinder V-motor with a maximum torque of 400 Nm, providing acceleration to hundreds in 7.8 seconds at a maximum speed of 230 km / h. It is installed on basic version SUV and consumes 15.9 liters per 100 kilometers in the city and 8.4 liters on the highway;
- A 400-horsepower 4.8-liter eight-cylinder V-shaped engine with a maximum torque of 500 Nm, installed on the Cayenne S. This unit provides a car acceleration to hundreds in 5.9 seconds, and electronically limits the maximum speed at around 258 km / h. Fuel consumption in urban mode is 14.5 liters per 100 kilometers, in suburban mode - 8.2 liters;
- A 420-horsepower 4.8-liter V-shaped eight-cylinder engine with a maximum torque of 515 Nm, capable of accelerating an SUV to 100 km / h in 5.7 seconds at a top speed of 261 km / h. This engine installed on the Cayenne GTS version and consumes an average of 10.7 liters of fuel per 100 kilometers;
- A 500-horsepower 4.8-liter turbocharged eight-cylinder V-engine with a maximum torque of 700 Nm, allowing a maximum speed of 278 km / h, despite the fact that 100 km / h on the speedometer runs already 4.7 seconds after the start. This engine is installed on the Cayenne Turbo and consumes 16.2 liters per 100 kilometers in the city and 8.8 liters on the highway;
- The 550-horsepower 4.8-liter turbocharged eight-cylinder V-twin engine with a maximum torque of 750 Nm, which is equipped with the Cayenne Turbo S. With an average fuel consumption of 11.5 liters per 100 kilometers, it allows the SUV to accelerate to 100 km / h in just 4.5 seconds, and the maximum speed is limited at around 283 km / h;
Diesel engines:
- 3.0-liter six-cylinder V-engine with 245 hp and a maximum torque of 550 Nm. Porsche Cayenne Diesel, on which it is installed, reaches speeds of up to 220 km / h, and accelerates to the first hundred in 7.6 seconds. Fuel consumption when driving in the city is 8.7 liters per 100 kilometers, on the highway - 6.6 liters;
- 4.1-liter V-shaped eight-cylinder engine with 382 hp. and a maximum torque of 850 Nm, which ensures acceleration to 100 km/h in 5.7 seconds at a top speed of 252 km/h. The engine is installed on the Cayenne S Diesel version and consumes 10 liters of fuel per 100 kilometers in the city and 7.3 liters on the highway;
Hybrid engine:
- 3.0-liter with a maximum torque of 580 Nm, which is installed on the Cayenne S Hybrid and allows the car to accelerate to 242 km / h, gaining the first hundred in just 6.5 seconds. Fuel consumption 333-horsepower gasoline engine, paired with a 47-horsepower electric motor, is 8.7 liters per 100 kilometers in the city and 7.9 liters outside.
The power units are paired with a six-speed manual box gears or eight-speed automatic Tiptronic S.
Transmission
I must say that German engineers took into account the fact that this car in the vast majority of cases, it is operated on city roads or on the highway, while even a primer, not to mention serious off-road, rarely appears under its wheels. The second generation Porsche Cayenne has characteristics more similar to a sports car than an SUV.
First of all, it is worth noting cardinal changes, which occurred with the transmission, which only in hybrid and diesel modifications of the car remained truly all-wheel drive and has an interaxle self-locking differential. For the rest of the Porsche Cayenne, by default, almost one hundred percent of the traction is transferred to rear wheels, and the redistribution to the front occurs only if necessary due to the multi-plate clutch, which is controlled by electronics. The car is lost and forced blocking center differential, and low gear mode. By giving up permanent all-wheel drive Significant weight savings have been achieved, as well as power losses have been reduced.
