With complex weather conditions the visibility of the driver is limited, and in such conditions, not only beginners, but also experienced drivers need to follow some rules and recommendations in order to avoid unpleasant situations on the road. As a rule, the correct technical condition of the car helps to cope in such difficult conditions: lighting devices, windshield wipers, properly selected tires, etc.
Driving in the rain
If you are driving a car in the rain, the first thing to do is to slow down and increase the distance with the leader. The biggest danger of driving in the rain is the occurrence of hydroplaning, that is, poor traction of the wheel with the road. In such a situation, the controllability of the car worsens and the braking distances. Therefore, slow down and avoid overtaking, sharp turns and braking.
Before driving through a puddle, be sure to slow down. First, splashes of water and dirt, falling on Windshield, will limit your visibility, and secondly, there may be deep holes or stones under the water. After the car passes large puddles, the water that gets on brake pads leads to poor braking. Therefore, after passing through a puddle, you should lightly apply the brakes to dry the pads.
If you are caught in heavy rain, then in addition to the parking lights, you can turn on. Try not to brake hard or change lanes. In such weather, it is better not to overtake, but side glass raise it all the way, otherwise an overtaking or oncoming car may splash you, and you may lose control of the steering for a few seconds. During a heavy thunderstorm, do not stop near lonely and old trees, they can break off and fall right on your car.
In heavy fog
Driving in heavy fog requires more skill from the driver than in rain. With fog, visibility is greatly reduced and the perception of speed and distance to objects is distorted. You may think that the oncoming car is far away, but in fact it is much closer, so increase the distance. In fog, all colors except red are distorted, so the red color of a traffic light is visible equally well in any weather.
If you get into the fog, you must reduce the speed to half the visibility of the distance, that is, if the visibility is within 40 m, then the speed should not exceed 20 km / h. It is not recommended to turn on high-beam headlights, this leads to poor visibility and tires the driver's eyesight. It is better to use low beam together with fog lights, yellow light Such headlights have the ability to penetrate deeper into the fog and increase the visibility distance. In heavy fog, it is recommended to get closer to the windshield. Of course, such a constant ride will be very tiring, but this should be done periodically.
If the road you are driving on has markings, it is better to follow the limiting right side lines. Do not press too hard against the curb or sidewalk, otherwise you may run into parked car or a person. Keep the driver's window open - this will help you better listen to the road. If you are going to overtake, use an additional sound signal.
During ice or snowfall
Under such conditions, the greatest danger is the increase in braking distance, so the distance to the front transport should be as wide as possible. Avoid hard braking, acceleration or sudden change of lane. Such maneuvers during snowfall or ice will inevitably lead to a skid and an emergency.
Majority imported cars equipped automatic system braking (ABS). If your car does not have such a system, then you can achieve a similar effect by a mechanical method. To do this, you need to press the brake pedal intermittently, then pressing in, then releasing. This method of braking will significantly shorten the path.
The most dangerous sections of the road during ice are turns and intersections. When approaching the intersection, it is imperative to slow down, because, firstly, the driver who is moving in the crossed direction may not have time to slow down, and secondly, due to the constant braking of cars in this section, the road turns out to be the most slippery. So that you do not skid when cornering, you should turn very smoothly steering wheel and don't slow down when cornering.
In the bright sun
Experienced drivers know that the bright light from the sun can be a serious hindrance on the road. Sunlight is especially disturbing in the mornings, evenings and at night. winter period when the rays fall almost parallel to the road. Driving against the sun can not only be very tiring for the driver, but also be unsafe. From the reflected rays of the sun, the road begins to shine, and all vehicles are seen as black silhouettes. If it is not possible to avoid driving into the sun, lower the sun visor.
If you are driving on a road where the surroundings cast a shadow, you are passing a so-called "light fence" where there is a rapid change of light and shadow. This phenomenon can cause eye fatigue quickly and you will not notice small obstructions, stones, holes, etc. In this case, it is recommended to wear glasses to smooth out the contrast or squint a little and lean back.
If the sunlight falls from behind, then it is difficult to distinguish the colors of the traffic light and all the rear light signals the vehicle in front. It is very difficult to determine which lamp is on and which is not. In this case, try to keep the shadow from your car covering the rear signal lights of the front vehicle. It will be much easier for you to navigate.
- In difficult weather conditions, drive onto the road only in extreme situations. If not necessary, it is better not to use the car.
- Before leaving, always check the operation of instruments, windshield wipers, brakes, rear-view mirrors, etc. for proper operation.
- Replace a damaged or cracked windshield as soon as possible. Cracks in the glass can distort objects or limit visibility.
- If there are stickers or hanging toys on the glass, it is better to remove them.
Only the maximum observance of all precautionary measures and the implementation of simple recommendations can protect you and others from unpleasant emergencies in adverse weather conditions.
TO Category:
Car maintenance
Operation features vehicles in difficult climatic conditions
On the vast territory of our country, the operation of cars is carried out in various climatic and road conditions. Such conditions, significantly different from the conditions of the middle zone of our country, are desert-sandy terrain, mountainous terrain and areas with a very cold and cold climate.
Efficient use of the car in various climatic conditions largely depends on special training them to these conditions.
Desert sandy area. The peculiarities of operating a car in a desert-sandy area include: a small percentage of roads with improved coverage, the absence of water in large areas, heat air, its increased dryness, solar radiation, high concentration of dust in the air, remoteness of settlements.
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As a result of the increased content of dust in the ambient air, the abrasive wear of all mechanisms, assemblies and systems of the vehicle increases significantly.
With an increase in ambient air temperature to 40-45 ° C, the engine power decreases by 10-15% due to a decrease in the cylinder filling factor as a result of a decrease in air charge density.
The efficiency of the cooling system is reduced, and the temperature of the coolant can reach 110 = ~ 120 ° C, which leads to intense carbon formation in the combustion chamber and on the valves,
Intensive boiling of the coolant and frequent topping up of water lead to the rapid formation of scale, which impairs heat dissipation and leads to engine overheating,
High air temperature in engine compartment engine causes the destruction of electrical insulating materials, increased evaporation of the electrolyte in the battery, intensive oxidation of oils.
Viscosity gear oils with increasing temperature, it significantly decreases, which contributes to their leakage through the seals.
The elasticity of tires, oil seals, brake diaphragms, cuffs, drive belts, upholstery materials, plastic parts; colors fade, etc.
When preparing the vehicle for operation in a desert-sandy area, it is necessary to complete the list of works provided for in the Operating Instructions for this area.
Mountain landscape. Road and climatic conditions of mountainous areas significantly affect the performance of vehicles, their units and mechanisms. Thus, the engine power when lifting a car for every 1000 m above sea level decreases by 10-13% due to a drop in the filling factor of the cylinders as a result of air rarefaction. environment. Overheating of the cooling system requires frequent topping up of coolant, leading to the formation of scale with all the negative consequences,
The effectiveness of the brakes is reduced by 1.5-2 times due to a decrease in compressor performance, an increase in air consumption for braking during long descents, and a decrease in the coefficient of friction brake pads due to rising temperature brake drums up to 280-300 аС and brake linings up to 350-400 еС on long descents,
The tortuosity of the roads in terms of leads to intensive wear of steering parts, clutch mechanism, gearboxes and tires,
Tire wear also increases significantly due to the transfer of large torques to the drive wheels on climbs, frequent braking on descents, a large number of turns with small radii, increased temperature regime tire performance.
When preparing vehicles for operation in mountainous areas, it is necessary to carry out the list of works provided for in the given area by the Operating Instructions,
Areas with very cold and cold climates. Vehicle operation at low temperatures ah is the most complex and difficult. Regions with a cold and very cold climate cover the vast majority of the country's territory (about 56%). The minimum air temperature here reaches - 60-65°С. The duration of the winter period is 200-300 days a year. The wind speed reaches 30 m/s. This climate is characterized by frequent heavy snowfalls and blizzards. The depth of the snow cover exceeds 50 cm. The road network is poorly developed.
Low ambient temperatures make starting difficult carburetor engines due to an increase in engine oil viscosity, lean working mixture due to an increase in fuel viscosity and air density, deterioration of sparking. Diesel engines are deteriorating diesel fuel through pipelines and through filters, the energy intensity of batteries is reduced,
The performance of the vehicle transmission units is also significantly reduced, which significantly depends on the viscosity of the oils used in them. Often, the viscosity of the oil increases so much that the engine power becomes insufficient to turn the shafts and gears in the transmission units,
The seal deteriorates at low temperatures brake system, the rigidity of the brake diaphragms increases, the accumulation of condensate in the moisture-oil separator filter, pipelines and air cylinders increases. Freezing, condensate forms ice plugs, which causes brake failure.
As a result of an increase in the viscosity of the oil in the hydraulic booster, which leads to a decrease in its pumpability through calibrated holes, filter elements and pipelines and worsens the operating conditions of the spool mechanism and valves, the steering performance decreases.
Significantly reduced at low temperatures, the reliability of tires and other rubber products due to the loss of their elasticity and the formation of cracks on their surface. Non-frost-resistant rubber becomes brittle at -50°C.
Plastic products lose plasticity, their fragility and brittleness increase.
In the winter period of operation, the driving conditions of the car deteriorate significantly as a result of strong winds and snowfalls, visibility decreases sharply, driving becomes difficult, especially on slippery and broken roads. As a result, the speed of movement and the productivity of the rolling stock of road transport are reduced.
To ensure the reliability of vehicles at low temperatures, it is necessary to carefully prepare them in accordance with the recommendations of the Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock. Maintenance cars, including a set of works on insulation of the cab hood - floor, ceiling, doors - using felt or foam rubber, installation of second glasses (windshields, doors and rear windows),
Dnepropetrovsk State University
internal affairs
Department of "Tactical and special training"
Essay
on the topic of: „Driving in difficult road conditions”
Completed:
cadet 301 year
police officer
Krut S.Yu.
Checked:
teacher
department of tactical and special training
Makarevich V.V.
Dnepropetrovsk, 2007
Plan
Introduction
1. Slippery road.
2. Movement on water.
3. Driving on a bad road
4. Long road
Literature
Introduction
About 1/3 of all traffic accidents occur on wet, icy or snowy roads. Such roads have deteriorated grip conditions. This means that the likelihood of wheels slipping on the road surface, as well as their withdrawal to the side, increases. Under these conditions, the car often becomes uncontrollable.
The slipperiness of the road is characterized by the coefficient of adhesion. The normal coefficient of adhesion of asphalt concrete pavements ranges from 0.6-0.8. Under the influence of meteorological conditions, road surfaces lose their qualities, the coefficient of adhesion decreases to dangerous limits. The friction coefficient of 0.4 is adopted as the minimum allowable in terms of traffic safety.
Depending on the state pavement stopping way may vary by 3-4 times. Thus, the stopping distance at a speed of 60 km/h on a dry asphalt concrete surface will be about 37 m, on a wet one - 60 m, on an icy road - 152 m.
The driving speed also affects the grip of the tires with the road, since when high speed aerodynamic lift forces begin to appear, which reduce the force of pressing the car to the road.
1. Slippery road.
Slippery roads are not only in winter. This phenomenon is observed when a binder acts on the surface of the asphalt concrete pavement on hot days or morning hours moisture is deposited from the air or frost in cold weather. When it starts to rain, a mixture of water, tire and pavement wear material, and petroleum products forms on the roadway. The result is an excellent lubricant. Therefore, in a drizzling light rain, the road is more slippery than in a heavy downpour.
Slippery can be a cobblestone road, especially when wet, a road during leaf fall, or an ordinary dry road polished by thousands of cars moving along it.
It is important for the driver to learn how to determine (feel) such a dangerous road for driving and change the mode and tactics of movement in a timely manner. An analysis of accidents with passenger taxis conducted by NIIAT revealed that 49.6% of them occurred on wet, dirty or slippery road. The main mistake of the drivers was not taking into account the slipperiness of the road and the wrong choice of speed.
It is clear that slippery sections of the road should be avoided as far as possible, trying to go around them, or use special tricks driving. Let's take a closer look at what dangerous areas should try to avoid.
Avoid areas that have oily oil stains. A road that is oily or covered with fresh binders (for example, fresh, freshly laid asphalt) is very slippery. Seek every opportunity to bypass such a site. In hot weather, the oil stain on the road is clearly visible, go around it.
Try to avoid sections of the road hidden under water. There are various dangers underwater. In addition, after driving through a deep puddle, the brake pads may get wet and the brakes may fail, the engine may stall, etc.
Move along the track. If you can clearly see the track laid by other vehicles, move along it. In a rut, the grip of the tires with the road is better.
When the road is covered with melting ice, avoid driving in heavy traffic lanes. On lanes with more traffic, the ice melts faster, and therefore driving on such lanes is safer than where there are few cars, therefore, the ice crust on the road surface lasts longer.
You also need to be wary of areas with unmelted ice found in the shade of trees or buildings. Keep in mind that ice in such sun-sheltered areas melts more slowly, and in the evening it freezes again faster, even if it thawed a little during the day.
Be especially careful when approaching bridges or overpasses. There, the ice crust on the road appears earlier than everywhere else, and disappears later. In these zones heightened danger Avoid sudden movements with the steering wheel, gas, brake.
Do not overtake unless absolutely necessary. Better stay in your lane. Even simple change lanes on a slippery road threatens trouble, and overtaking - even more so. This maneuver is dangerous even in good road conditions, and becomes extremely risky with poor traction.
Drive around sandy and snowdrifts, drifts, dirt or damp leaves. Damp leaves make the road surface as slippery as ice. If you, say, try to brake on a road covered in wet leaves, you will almost certainly lose control of your car.
If you need to stop, look for a place on the road that is free from the dangers listed above: ice, snow, leaves, sand. If there are no such sections, say, when driving on a country road in winter, it would be preferable to stop on dry packed snow. If there have been frequent stops before you, the snow can be polished to a state of ice. Beware of this. And stopping and further starting from this place will be very difficult.
Don't stop on climbs. It is better to stop before the start of the ascent or behind it. Remember that hill starting in conditions bad clutch is a difficult and dangerous business.
When there is no end to the ups and downs, it is better to stop on the descent. It will be easier for you to move.
If driving on a slippery road cannot be avoided, then try to determine the degree of its slipperiness. To do this, you can use several methods: visually, braking, changing the fuel supply, depressing the accelerator pedal. A person with normal vision will almost always see a slippery surface, but will not always be able to appreciate how dangerous it is. If the road is clear, you can try to assess the slipperiness by sharply pressing the brake pedal. In other conditions, you should check the grip of the wheels by sharply depressing the throttle control pedal. If the drive wheels break into a slip, then the road is quite slippery, and when driving on it, the following recommendations should be followed.
Drive at a reduced speed, increasing the margin of safety on all sides of your vehicle. large stock safety is necessary due to the fact that on such a road you need much more space in order to have time to stop. Earlier we talked about the need to maintain a 2-second distance in relation to the leader. But this applies to normal road conditions, dry pavement. What if it's raining? To be on the safe side, add 2s. In the snow - another 2 s, so now it will be 6 s. On an icy road, where the braking distance is the longest, add another 2 seconds - you get 8 seconds.
Try to keep the speed constant, use the pedal very carefully, smoothly, softly. None unnecessary movements. Reduce your speed before turns and intersections well in advance. Crossroads, when the road is slippery, are especially dangerous for two reasons: there is a threat of collision with other vehicles, the drivers of which, moving in the crossed direction, did not calculate the speed and lost control; the surface near the intersection can be especially slippery due to the constant braking of cars.
Maintain a constant speed while climbing. You need to select the appropriate gear and speed in advance so as not to change them on the climb itself. The calculation must be very accurate so as not to add gas during the ascent.
On icy descents, brake with the engine by engaging second gear at the top. If you press the brake, then out of the car you get a sled with former value several thousand rubles. The same thing can happen with a sharp turn of the steering wheel: the car was driving straight ahead and will continue to go.
At front wheel drive cars although rare, it happens that the front wheels on a slippery slope begin to slip; try to take a lift in reverse often this helps.
It is dangerous to change gears on a slippery slope, this must be done before climbing. You also need to be careful with gas, otherwise slipping and even slipping back will begin. If the road is clear and no one sees the “shame”, it is better, carefully slowing down, to go down and try to take the climb again, taking into account the mistakes of the first time. In other cases, carefully roll back to the side of the road, slow down, placing an emphasis under any wheel, and think about how to live on. Most likely, try to lay a track of sand and dry cement, a bag of which you have thriftily put in the trunk since autumn.
What to do if you need to brake urgently on ice? Beginners usually press the brake pedal all the way: on the ice, the wheels instantly lock to the skid, and ... the car successfully slides over the ice on frozen wheels, like on skates, and even does not obey the steering wheel. Therefore, it is impossible to slow down on the skid.
For an emergency stop on a slippery road, three methods of braking can be used: brake with gas, intermittent and stepped braking.
You noticed an obstacle late, you need to slow down, and there is ice under the wheels. Driving experience is minimal. Try to gently but firmly apply the brake and gas at the same time. Then the torque supplied by the engine to the wheels will prevent them from blocking and skidding, and braking will be more effective than when braking to skidding. But remember: if the engine starts to stall from such violence over it, you need to loosen the force of the foot on the brake.
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Our specialized regional support teams can quickly get information about your problems and quickly identify them. We strive to resolve all problems promptly and as soon as possible. We are also able to provide general support for repair, calibration, complaints, service contracts, parts and warranty claims.
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Clean and dry compressed air can be achieved using equipment for accurate dew point measurement. A stable dew point measurement also prevents overdrying and saves energy.
Humidity control in hazardous areas
Humidity control plays essential role in many areas where flammable or explosive materials such as fuels, chemicals, explosives. Such rooms are designated as hazardous areas due to the presence of a potentially explosive atmosphere. To ensure the safe conduct of work in these areas, specially designed and certified measuring equipment is required.
Lubricants and hydraulic systems
Vaisala's unique moisture-in-oil technology provides real-time, continuous monitoring of the oil's water activity and directly determines the tolerance limit for excess moisture in the oil. Unlike traditional sampling methods, which require you to wait days or weeks before receiving test results, Vaisala's continuous measurement technology helps ensure equipment reliability on an ongoing basis.
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Precise control of the humidity of the drying air is essential to optimize the drying process. Humidity and temperature conditions may vary. In many drying processes, especially in the pharmaceutical industry, the exhaust air can be high content evaporated solvents and chemicals. This necessitates the use of very stable measuring instruments. In most harsh environments, the outlet of a fluidized bed dryer is considered a hazardous area where intrinsically safe instrumentation must be used.
Movement in winter. In winter, the operation of cars is much more complicated due to low air temperature, snow cover, and ice. The road is covered with rolled snow, the coefficient of adhesion of tires to the road decreases, the possibility of side skidding when cornering and during braking increases. Icy areas are often the cause of accidents. The car makes it difficult for the mechanisms and systems that provide traffic safety, change physical properties fuel, lubricants, coolant, working conditions worsen power transmission and running gear. In addition, it violates normal work pneumatic systems, condensate forms ice plugs in the air ducts, causing freezing and jamming of parts of the brake systems.
At severe frosts frosting occurs on the cab windows, when mild frosts and precipitation on the road, an ice cover or black ice forms, the road becomes slippery. The car in these conditions, even without moving forward, may begin to shift into a ditch or into the oncoming lane when one of the wheels slips. slippery areas most often formed at bends, near bus stops and in front of traffic lights.
Under these conditions, timely and high-quality seasonal and periodic maintenance of the car is especially important. Special attention they pay attention to the correct adjustment of the brakes, the compliance of working oils and technical fluids with the working conditions, the insulation of the car and engine cabs. Heating means, garages and warm parking lots are prepared in advance.
When vehicles are moving in winter conditions drivers are advised to follow following rules: move off smoothly without wheel slip; brake the engine; avoid braking on turns and curves; overcome snowdrifts using inertia; do not stop cars on slopes on a slippery road; to increase the stability of the car on a slippery road, use a differential lock mechanism; on icy conditions, avoid frequent gear changes and slow down in advance when cornering.
When the vehicle is stopped and the wheels are stuck in loose snow, you should drive back along the laid track, moving in reverse. Difficult sections are overcome by constant speed without shifting gears. When driving in ice, small-link chains and tires with spikes are used. The spikes are rods with a cap 5-8 mm in diameter and 12-20 mm long. In the absence of chains and tires with spikes, it is necessary to move off on a slippery road in second gear, releasing the clutch pedal very smoothly and also gently pressing the throttle pedal. Slippery sections of the road are overcome at a low constant speed.
When skidding, do not slow down, but you need to smoothly release the pedal throttle valve and turn the steering wheel in the direction of skidding the rear of the car.
At front wheel drive car, For example
VAZ-2109, when skidding, they act differently: they do not slow down the engine, but add “gas”, increasing the traction forces on the driving front wheels.
The driver must work out the exit from the skid by training, which can be carried out on traffic-free areas and sections of the road where there are no pedestrians and vehicles.
Movement in dark time days. When driving on the road, the headlights create a light strip, outside of which there is practically no visibility, so vehicles on the side of the road may not get into the light zone and remain invisible, especially when there are turns on the road section. In addition, at night it is difficult to perform any turn, since its boundaries are not visible and it is difficult to determine the entire curvature.
Night work must be preceded by driver and vehicle training. To do this, carefully check the operation of all light and signal devices, and the tool is placed so that, if necessary, it can be quickly found. They study the upcoming route on the map or according to the scheme, specifying the presence of bridges, ascents, descents, and other features of the road.
During movement, especially in the pre-morning hours, drowsiness appears. In this case, short warm-up stops outside the cab are useful. Cheerful music or some pungent smell, for example, a branch of wormwood, cologne, perfume, helps to drive away sleep. Fresh air is also helpful.
Some psychologists recommend that the driver talk to himself when driving at night. The phrases spoken aloud “crossroads ahead”, “slow down”, “oncoming car” and others, in their opinion, provide sufficient attention to the driver.
The speed of movement in the dark should be less than in daytime. Particular attention must be paid to the headlights: they must be correctly adjusted and when driving at night, when driving oncoming traffic, the driver must switch to dipped headlights at least 150 m from the oncoming vehicle. If the road does not have external lighting, you should move with your neighbor or high beam headlights, when the road is illuminated from the outside, you should move with the side lights or dipped headlights on. When stopping and parking on unlit roads at night, the vehicle must turn on parking lights or at a distance of 25-30 m, an emergency stop sign should be displayed.
If blinded by headlights or other light sources, the driver must slow down or stop without changing lanes.
Driving in rain and fog. The movement of vehicles in rain and fog presents a certain difficulty for drivers. Under these conditions, there are features that cannot be ignored: slipperiness of the road increases, visibility worsens, roadsides become soft. The layer of clay or soil applied to the road is dissolved by water and a very slippery layer is formed on the road. Therefore, in the rain, it is necessary, first of all, to reduce the speed of the vehicle and increase attention. Caution must be exercised primarily when driving and crossing with dirt roads. On a slippery road, it is dangerous to start driving up a steep hill until the vehicle in front has reached the top of the hill.
At long drive through the puddles and heavy rain braking efficiency is reduced due to the fact that water also penetrates to the brake pads. As a result, the value of the coefficient of friction of the working surfaces of the brake friction pairs decreases. In this case, the brakes are dried by pressing the brake pedal in a safe area several times until effective braking appears. In heavy rain, turn on the headlights, and if necessary, stop the vehicle.
When the vehicle is moving to high speed By wet road sometimes there is a "hydroplaning" effect, leading to accidents. More often this effect is manifested at a speed of 60 km / h and a layer of water on the road with a thickness of 5-8 mm. The essence of the phenomenon lies in the fact that the contact patch of the tire with the road is reduced due to the appearance of a water wedge, and at a critical speed a layer of water appears between the tire and the road and the car becomes uncontrollable. In order to avoid an accident, you must reduce the speed of the car.
Fog poses a great danger when vehicles are driving on the road. The most dangerous is dense fog, when the outlines of the road disappear, the sounds are muffled and it seems that some shadows are moving towards them, which, as they approach, take the form of a car. Thick fog not only reduces the visibility range, but also impairs the driver's ability to navigate in space. In addition, due to the physiological peculiarities of human vision, when driving in fog, oncoming vehicles appear to be more elongated, which can affect the driver's reaction. Fog lights help the driver in this situation, which, when correct adjustment highlight the minimum amount of fog above the road and allow you to see the traffic situation.
Fog lights installed in front of the car, and behind - fog lights. In dense fog, you should move closer to the side of the road and navigate along the edge of the roadway.
Movement on mountain roads. Technical specifications modern roads built in mountainous areas, allow fairly high speeds of vehicles. However, on the roads lower categories sometimes very difficult conditions for safe movement are created.
It is difficult and dangerous to drive on mountain roads without certain skills; theoretical, psychological and technical training of the driver and car is needed. First of all, one should clearly understand the features of driving on mountain roads, analyze the influence of these features, their consequences and the effectiveness of the measures taken by the driver and his actions.
On mountain roads, traffic conditions become more difficult, they have steeper slopes and descents, smaller turning radii, serpentines, an insignificant length of horizontal sections, less visibility, fewer places for safe stopping, and maneuvering is difficult. Blockages, landslides, erosion, rockfalls are possible here, there is a possibility of a rapid change in weather conditions (rain, fog, snow, cloudiness). In such conditions, the driver gets tired faster, there is huge pressure on the assembly units of the car and, above all, on the components, mechanisms and systems that ensure traffic safety,
Have a car on mountain roads change technical specifications: with an increase in altitude above sea level, engine power decreases, the boiling point of water in the cooling system decreases, braking efficiency decreases due to heating of the brake drums, grease from wheel hub bearings with significant heating of the brake drums. Due to the rarefaction of the air, the compressor performance decreases, and the receivers big expense may be out of air. The use of auxiliary brakes allows you not to use the service brake on long descents, which increases traffic safety.
Works intensively in mountainous areas steering, driving without power steering is unacceptable here (the condition of the steering gear parts should be carefully checked). On steep climbs and descents, it is forbidden to drive with the clutch or gear disengaged, and the distance between cars must be increased.
When driving on mountain roads, the driver may have altimeterism, an illusory perception of distance, slopes, deterioration of health due to increased stress, height difference. Sometimes a climb on a mountain road can be perceived as a descent and vice versa, which the driver is convinced of by the operation of the engine.
At an altitude of more than 3000 m, breathing becomes difficult due to a lack of oxygen, oxygen starvation leads to headaches, decreased visual acuity and hearing, fatigue, and at an altitude of more than four and a half thousand meters it is impossible to work without a special oxygen mask.
The driver must prepare in advance for driving on mountain roads, check the technical condition of the car.
Technical condition the car should not cause any doubts, first of all, the brakes and steering must be in good order, adjusted, the effectiveness of their operation must be checked.
Driver Responsibilities
The driver is obliged to check the serviceability and completeness of the vehicle and constantly monitor its technical condition, as well as to ensure that he and the passengers are fastened with seat belts. Not allowed buckle up children under 12 years old, master of driving instruction, when vehicle the trainee manages, as well as drivers and passengers of communication vehicles, operational services and taxis.
The driver is not allowed to transfer control of the car to persons who do not have the appropriate certificate of a certain category. Being the owner of the car or having a power of attorney for the right to dispose of it, he has the right to transfer control in his presence to another person who has an appropriate certificate with him.
In case of a traffic accident, the drivers who committed it leave the cars in place until the arrival of traffic police officers, turn on the emergency light signaling and, if necessary, accept all possible measures to provide first aid to the injured. In some cases, in the absence of victims and minor material damage, drivers, by mutual agreement in assessing the circumstances, may arrive at the nearest traffic police post to draw up the relevant documents.
An indispensable condition is the respectful attitude of drivers to all participants without exception. traffic and their responsiveness to requests for help. The situation on the road largely depends on their actions and behavior, which can change at any moment and then, for example, a turn signal not given in time can have serious consequences. Experienced drivers, driving a car in front of an obstacle, knowing that they will slow down, press the brake pedal in advance, signaling to those behind that this car is starting to slow down and is ready to stop.
It is not allowed to drive a vehicle in a sick or tired state, and even more so in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication.
In case of violation of traffic rules, drivers are fined, and in case of bodily injury caused to the victim as a result of a road traffic accident, criminal liability is applied.
