Traffic rules, like any field of knowledge, has its own system of terms. In the Rules, everything is formalized, ordered and accessible. But because of the "dryness" and clarity, it is sometimes difficult to figure out how, for example, "parking" and "stop" differ. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the basic terms so that an ordinary student of a driving school can understand everything from the very beginning. In particular, you need to understand what the road is and what it consists of.

The concept of "road"

The traffic rules of Ukraine state that an automobile road (road) is a part of the territory created for the movement of various kinds of vehicles, as well as pedestrians, together with all the structures deployed on it (viapasses, bridges, pedestrian crossings, overpasses) and means of organizing and streamlining road traffic, at the same time limited in width by sidewalks or the edge of the right of way.

From the first part of the definition, it follows that a road will be considered a territory that has been specially equipped, that is, the necessary infrastructure has been created and traffic has been organized on this surface. The road can be urban, suburban, artificial, namely, an artificially created surface - an overpass, an overpass, a bridge. The road may be temporary, created for seasonal driving. Such a road is called a trench made by a grader or bulldozer in the snow. From the second part of the definition it follows that it is necessary to give definitions of such concepts: carriageway, sidewalk, roadside, dividing strip, tram tracks. It is these terms that define the elements of the road.

This is interesting!The first roads appeared as early as the 4th millennium BC. The oldest road in Europe is located in the UK and is called the Sweet Track. In Switzerland, they discovered a part of the road, which is paved with decks in 1700 BC. In a similar way, roads began to be decorated in Holland, but 200 years later. The "mother" of modern roads is considered to be a stone road almost 1 m thick, created in 312 BC. the ancient Romans.

Definition in the Rules: a carriageway is a component of a road that is intended for the movement of non-rail vehicles. There may be several carriageways on the road, and they are separated by lanes (separating lanes) among themselves.

Beginners who have just got behind the wheel mistakenly think that the road is part of the paved land on which vehicles travel. But then what is a roadway? This term refers to an asphalted section, that is, a section of the road reserved for off-rail transport.

Cars move along the roadway, which, in turn, is divided into traffic lanes. According to the SDA, a lane for traffic is a longitudinal lane with a width of at least 2.75 m on the carriageway, marked or not marked by road markings and reserved for non-rail transport. That is, only one car can drive in one lane.

Often, special road signs are used to indicate lanes, but special road signs can also be used. In combination, these selection methods are used at intersections to highlight the number of lanes on the roadway.

If there are no markings and signs, then the driver will have to independently determine the number of lanes. Section 11 of the Rules of the Road says that the driver must calculate the number of lanes for traffic, referring to the dimensions of vehicles, the width of the carriageway, the safe distance between cars. That is, the definition is made approximately, despite the fact that it is so required by traffic rules.

According to the SDA, a dividing strip is a part of the road that is allocated constructively or with the help of narrow and wide solid lines, separating neighboring carriageways. The median strip is needed to delimit traffic flows (with opposite directions) for safe driving. This element is mandatory for the motorway, since the probability of hitting the oncoming lane is minimal.

As for the selection, it can be constructive, that is, the dividing strip is made in the form of a reinforced concrete, metal and other kind of structure. In addition, the selection can be logistical, that is, using solid bars.

Do not confuse the dividing line with a double solid marking. If the interval between the solid lines matches the width of any of them, then it is a double solid line. If the distance is greater, then this is the dividing line.

The traffic rules say that you can’t stop on the dividing strip and you can’t move along it. If there is a sidewalk on the strip, then pedestrians can move along it.

A shoulder is a road element marked out structurally or with the help of a solid marking line, adjacent directly to the outer edge of the carriageway, being on the same level with it and not intended as a place for the movement of cars and other vehicles, except in cases that provide for traffic rules.

The Rules also state that parking and stops can be made on the side of the road, pedestrians can walk along it, bicycles, mopeds can ride on it if there are no special paths, as well as sledges. Often, the roadside is isolated in such a way that it does not merge with the roadway, that is, it is covered with gravel, crushed stone, sand, etc. On large highways, there are markings along the edge of the carriageway to mark the shoulder. Not all roads have curbs.

The traffic rules say that a pedestrian crossing is an engineering structure or a section of the carriageway, which is intended for pedestrians so that they can cross the road. To highlight and designate pedestrian crossings, markings, special road signs and pedestrian traffic lights are used.

If the pedestrian crossing is not highlighted, then it is calculated from the intervals between signs or traffic lights. At intersections, in the absence of any signs, traffic lights and markings, the width of the sidewalk or shoulder is used.

A pedestrian crossing is called regulated if the traffic on it is regulated by a traffic light or by a traffic controller. Otherwise, the transition is called unregulated. If the traffic lights work on a yellow signal or are off, then the crossing is also unregulated.

The SDA gives the following definition of a sidewalk: a sidewalk is an integral part of the road, which is allocated for the movement of pedestrians. The sidewalk adjoins the carriageway or is separated from it by means of a lawn. In some cases, traffic and parking are allowed on the sidewalks.

The tram track is an element of the road for the movement of rail transport. It is limited in width and is distinguished either by road markings or by the pavement of a tram line. The movement of rail transport is regulated by Section 11 of the SDA.

What is a road? A road is a set of a number of elements or terms, each of which has clear boundaries, a clear definition and purpose. Any self-respecting driver should know and remember the constituent parts of the road to ensure the safest possible ride for himself, for other drivers, and for pedestrians.

The central concept of traffic rules is the road. How else can it be in the Rules of the Road?

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Road" - a strip of land or a surface of an artificial structure, equipped or adapted and used for the movement of vehicles. The road includes one or more carriageways, as well as tram tracks, sidewalks, shoulders and dividing lanes, if any.

Fitness for movement is one of the main criteria of the road. An embankment, a dam, an asphalted, concreted, paved area of ​​the earth's land, etc., along which vehicles (hereinafter referred to as the TS) move, is the road.

But artificial structures (overpasses, overpasses, bridges) that are used to move vehicles are also expensive.

Two narrow strips of trampled grass going into a field? And this is the road.

And even if in a fierce winter a local tractor driver lays a “winter road” right across the field with the help of his bulldozer (so that it would be shorter to go to his beloved to meet), then this will also be a road. Let it be temporary (until the spring thaw), but - the road!

And what about the ice crossing. There is no such concept in the traffic rules, but there is a definition that this is also a road. No wonder it is indicated by road signs.

And even brushwood or logs thrown into a swampy peat bog turn into a path - a road in a swamp.

And on all these numerous road options, there are (or, as they say, “work”) the Rules of the Road.

So, a road is a section prepared and intended for the movement of a vehicle.

It includes (as can be seen from the second part of the quote) the following main elements:

1. carriageway (one or more), which is divided into traffic lanes;
2. dividing line (if any);
3. curbs (if any);
4. sidewalks (if any);
5. tram tracks (if available).

We will talk about these elements of the road.

roadway

Very often, confusion occurs with the concepts of "carriageway" and "road". The road is often understood as the same asphalt along which vehicles move.

This is mistake! The same asphalt is only part of the road. Namely, the carriageway.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Carriageway" - an element of the road intended for the movement of trackless vehicles.

And it turns out that it is not the road that has the asphalt surface, but its carriageway.

And not asphalt is the criterion of the roadway, but the movement of trackless vehicles. The roadway can be framed with a different coating - rubble stone, paving stones, crushed stone - or simply have a soil base.

But this is a roadway, which was created specifically for the movement of trackless vehicles. The tram is not one of them.

traffic lane

Solely for the convenience of movement, the carriageway is divided by longitudinal marking lines into special sections - traffic lanes (or traffic lanes).

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Lane"- any of the longitudinal lanes of the carriageway, marked or not marked with markings and having a width sufficient for the movement of cars in one row.

In order not to “get lost” on a wide roadway, the driver needs some kind of guideline when driving. Such a landmark is a traffic lane, the width of which is sufficient for unhindered and safe movement.

But what to do in winter when the markings are indistinguishable?

Or is it not applied to the roadway at all?

In this case, the driver is obliged to independently determine his position, which he occupies on the carriageway. And this is done like this: the roadway is divided by a longitudinal line strictly in the middle; the section on the right is ours, on the left is the oncoming lane.

And the final touch - how many vehicles can pass simultaneously in one section of the road. The number of vehicles capable of doing this will indicate the number of lanes.

Therefore, lanes for the movement of vehicles are necessarily present on the roadway. The driver just needs to find them.

dividing line

There are sections of roads in the middle of which you can find an original design - a dividing strip.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Dividing Line"- an element of the road, allocated constructively and (or) using markings 1.2.1, separating adjacent carriageways and not intended for the movement and stopping of vehicles.

Judging by the definition, the median is a "dead" section of the road, which is strictly prohibited for the movement, stopping and parking of the vehicle.

Why is there a dividing line? To ensure traffic safety! The dividing lane delimits, separates the traffic flows of opposite directions, making it difficult (or making it impossible) to enter the oncoming traffic lanes. That is why the highway (the fastest section of the road!) Must necessarily have a median strip (or fences in the middle of the road).

However, the dividing strip can be designed not only with the help of some physical structure, but also with the help of the “single solid” marking (1.2.1).

It is also impossible to go to such a section of the road for movement, stopping or parking.

Speaking about the dividing strip, one cannot fail to note its one more important property: dividing strip separates adjacent carriageways.

And the last moment. It is clear that the dividing strip is not an obligatory element of the road, but it has a positive effect on safety.

roadside

As strange as it may seem, the roadside is also an element (or part) of the road. And all because on the side of the road in the rarest cases, the Rules allow movement. And most importantly, the roadside is a section of the road where stopping and parking of the vehicle are allowed.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Roadside"- an element of the road adjacent directly to the carriageway at the same level with it, differing in the type of coverage or marked out using markings 1.2.1 or 1.2.2, used for driving, stopping and parking in accordance with the Rules.

A shoulder is a road element that is directly adjacent to the carriageway and, moreover, in the same plane. Therefore, it cannot be separated from the roadway by some kind of lawn or curb. It is precisely "glued" to the roadway, because it is intended mainly for stopping and parking.

As a rule, the shoulder differs from the asphalt carriageway in a different way of covering: it can be expressed by grass cover, crushed stone, soil, sand, clay, etc.).

However, on large federal highways, the formation of a shoulder is practiced using the same coverage as on the roadway. This is done to ensure maximum traffic safety on a high-speed road so that particles of soil, sand, clay do not fall on the roadway and do not cause trouble during emergency braking of the vehicle.

In this case, the boundary of the carriageway and the roadside will be a special - solid or broken - marking line.

Speaking about the shoulder, it should be noted that it is not a mandatory road element. As a rule, in settlements there is no curb as unnecessary, because vehicles park or stop using the edge of the carriageway.

Therefore, the roadside is the lot of country roads. By the way, here - in the absence of sidewalks - the movement of pedestrians is also allowed.

Sidewalk

The sidewalk is another road element. Attributing it to one of the parts of the road is quite justified. And that's why.

Definition from the SDA (clause 1.2):

"Pavement" - an element of the road intended for the movement of pedestrians and adjacent to the carriageway or bicycle path or separated from them by a lawn.

In principle, everything is simple and clear. The sidewalk is for pedestrians, and they are participants in the movement. Therefore, the sidewalk is part of the road. However, in the rarest cases, the movement of vehicles is allowed on it, as well as their stop and parking.

Sidewalks, like shoulders, are not a mandatory element of the road.

Outside the settlement, there is practically no need for them: pedestrians move along the roadsides.

Tram rails

There are many inaccuracies, "white spots", etc. in our traffic rules. One of the gaps is the lack of definition of tram lines, which are part of the road, but are not a carriageway. Such characteristics are due to the analysis of the concepts of "road" and "carriageway".

There are two preferred ways to organize tram lines (within the road):

1) in the middle of the road;

2) on the border with the roadway.

The inattention of traffic rules to the concept of "tram tracks" is unjustified, because they can be used for movement (in accordance with traffic rules).

Obviously, we are invited to speculate for ourselves: Tram tracks are a section of the road intended for the movement of rail vehicles..

Let's draw a conclusion

A road is a piece of land (or an artificial structure) intended for the movement of vehicles. The structure of the road includes several elements (carriageway and, if possible, the median strip, sidewalk, verge, tram tracks).

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Comments on the article:

Anisim

There may be inaccuracies in the traffic rules. But should we, ordinary drivers, think these same traffic rules. In particular, these are tram tracks or non-tram tracks. The main thing is how the traffic police inspector will react to our conjecture.

Hope

How can you not recognize tram tracks at all? In the SDA (as a last resort, in the comments to them) exact definitions are given with all possible variations to them. At the moment, driving school instructors explain all the secret situations that may arise on the road, and that driving school is bad, which does not provide sufficient knowledge and ideas about our Russian roads

Alexander

Good afternoon. please explain. next to the building of my place of work there is a street, on both sides of which there are signs "no stopping" and "forced evacuation". However, between the building and the road, a 5 m wide tile was laid. There was obviously once a curb between this tile and the asphalt pavement of the road. Now it is practically invisible and protrudes no more than 2 cm above the surface. Do I have the right to park my car in this tiled area? There was a case when the administration wrote a statement to the traffic police and people who left their cars in this area were fined for improper parking. After all, there are norms according to which the sidewalk is considered as such at a certain height of the curb.

Igor

Hello! Please explain what is the name according to the traffic rules for marking 1.3 (double solid), and if it is a dividing strip, then why does the road with marking 1.3 have one carriageway? (ticket number 5 question 1). Thanks for the answer!

Eugene

Igor, I welcome you! Marking 1.3 cannot be a dividing strip (RP). RP is an element of the road, and is marked by RP with two (on each side) marking lines 1.2.1 (which marks the edge of the carriageway). Therefore, the RP divides the carriageway, but the marking 1.3 does not. It simply forbids itself to be crossed, but the roadway is one!

Stas

By the way, now I’m thinking about the fact that I’m not sure about simple and familiar things. For example, I thought about how I should move as a pedestrian along the side of the road outside the settlements and how is pedestrian safety ensured here if the road is unpaved and the border between the carriageway and the side of the road is not always clear? Well, by the way, the topic reminded me of a story about how some army concepts were taught to students at the military department. In particular, a classifier of roads for military builders was studied there. A special impression was made by the mention that the military road of the 7th category is when the forest is felled, but not removed.

Paul

How wide should the shoulder of the road be? And the fact that a separate life is happening on the sidelines, that's where the surprise is! There are entire trade markets on the side of the road, whether it’s watermelons from guests from Asia, or apples and potatoes from grandmothers from a neighboring village, marble products, toys, and even completely stationary “cafe-type” eateries selling coffee, tea, pies, young people travel along the side of the road and not so much, there are "religious" processions, cyclists roll, shepherds of peasant villages drive herds of sheep and cows, sometimes they sell diesel oil from tank trucks on the roadsides, inspectors of road and other services are on duty. And all this is not reflected in the SDA!

Anna

In response to Pavel's comment, I argue as a driver and a pedestrian. In urban conditions, a sidewalk is intended for pedestrians, where public places such as shops and cafes can also be located. Outside the city, such a “sidewalk” is a roadside. And where does it say that it is forbidden to organize trading places on the side of the road? Another thing is that it can be unsafe in case of skidding the car. Well, at an ordinary city stop, no one is immune from an accident.
And the gaps in the traffic rules about the lack of a definition of tram tracks, many motorists interpret in their favor. I often see a picture: there is a tram in a traffic jam due to a car stuck on the tracks. This paragraph should be written down.

Sergey

The very concept of road has a relative definition. Traffic rules largely do not take into account force majeure, both for the driver and for the pedestrian. For example, pedestrians must move along sidewalks, footpaths, cycle paths, and in their absence, along the shoulders or in the absence of such along the outer edge. There are times when sidewalks, roadsides, etc. impassable due to weather conditions with poor visibility on the roadway, when a pedestrian has to go out onto the road with traffic, which leads to emergency situations. The driver did not notice, the pedestrian has nowhere to go, both are not to blame, but the accident happened. How do traffic police officers act in this situation according to traffic rules?

Pugin Anatoly

According to the old rules, the lane width was from 3 to 6 m. The edge of the carriageway was marked 20 cm from the curb. Now the standard strip of 3.75 m has been adopted. In the city, roadsides of 3 m wide have turned out. What is the purpose of these standards? They narrowed the width of the roadway, increased traffic jams. We have a central street in the city, the width of the carriageway is 12 m. That is, it was possible to drive along a 2-lane lane for passenger cars. Now the markings have been made so that the curb turned out to be 2.5 m. They are forced to reach for the shuttle buses at a speed of 25-30 km / h, you can’t move along the curb, and you can’t overtake, the center of the road is marked with solid markings. Why are roadsides 3 meters wide in the city?

Andrey

About white spots and inaccuracies in traffic rules.
According to the current traffic rules of the Russian Federation, a tram is classified as a “route vehicle” - a public vehicle (bus, trolleybus, tram) designed to transport people on the roads and moving along an established route with designated stops.
The order of movement on tram tracks is determined by clause 9.6 of the SDA of the Russian Federation, traffic is allowed on tram tracks of a passing direction, located on the left at the same level with the carriageway, when all lanes of this direction are occupied, as well as when bypassing, turning left or turning around, taking into account clause 8.5 SDA. P.8.5 SDA If there are tram tracks on the left side of the same direction, located on the same level with the carriageway, turn left and turn must be performed from them, unless signs 5.15.1 or 5.15.2 or markings 1.18 prescribe a different order of movement.
Knowledge of these norms is quite enough to understand that tram tracks can be used for the movement of cars only if they are located on the same level with the carriageway and on the carriageway, i.e. are part of the road. In other cases, when the tram tracks are not directly within the road, then the traffic rules (the definition of ROAD) do not apply to tram tracks. I think that there is no need to give a definition of the term “Tram tracks” in the SDA. will affect road safety, the existing requirements in the traffic rules regarding Route T.S. (Section 18 of the SDA).

Sergey

As far as I know, a road is considered to be a lane or surface of the earth adapted for traffic. The road can be both field and artificially erected with demarcation strips, curbs and tram tracks. Even a temporary ice crossing is also considered expensive. There is the concept of a carriageway, this is where transport moves, a lane is any of the lanes that is wide enough for cars in a row. That's what road markings are for. In winter, and where there is no marking, we divide the road into two equal parts into our lane and do not drive into someone else's. The dividing strip and the shoulder are also part of the road, although vehicles do not go there either.

Ivanovich

In my life, I have had to drive a car on unequipped rural roads a lot. Roads driven by car wheels in meadows, next to fields, etc. And, often, it was necessary to transport goods to places where the road, in the very sense of the word, was absent. For example, in a field with grain from a combine, with hay in a mowed meadow. And then one day this happened. The combine operator's assistant decided to take a rest, and for this he settled down on the edge of the heap of straw left on the field by the combine after threshing the wheat. One of the drivers, moving across the field, in the direction of the stacked mop, decided to change the route of movement and abruptly, having just passed the mop, turned the car around and drove the rear wheel over the mop and the person lying there. Now here's a question for discussion: Did the driver violate traffic rules and was he located on the road?

the answer to this question should be given by the traffic police after a detailed study of the circumstances of the incident and all documents.

Paul

Good day.
I live in a village. On the section of the street where I live, there is a “No Stopping” sign on both sides, 300 meters away. On the one hand, there is a wasteland (most of it) and a hospital building, on the other, private houses. Because the parking lot at the hospital is small, everyone parks cars on our side (the traffic police does not respond to them) But if a taxi or friends drive up and the driver is in the car or nearby, then the traffic police is right there. A fine of 3,000 rubles, no matter where you stopped on the road or near the fence. Are there rules governing this situation?
And further. In winter, when the road is cleared, the snow is pushed into pockets near the houses. And when you start to scatter not to the fence, but to the road, they fine you. How is it regulated?

Respectfully yours, Pavel

not knowing all the nuances regarding your particular situations, we consider it not entirely correct to give any comments on this issue.

You should first study the protocols on administrative offenses - who was fined, for what, on the basis of what, ...

We recommend that you make written official requests (with a photo and other explanatory documents attached, you can use special sections of appeals on the official websites of the traffic police and local authorities) to the traffic police, the local government agency responsible for road maintenance and wait for official clarifications.

Paul

No, the question is not about fines, but in general. The question concerns residents of private houses. If someone came to us, we called a taxi or they brought us a load, can they stop? The strip of land between the road and the fence is 4 meters. Is it all expensive or already private property? Where is the boundary between the road and the private area? And in general, what about the residents of the houses?
Respectfully yours, Pavel.
In principle, it is generally not clear why this sign is here.

1. Find out the ownership of the road (federal, regional, local) and the organization that is responsible for its maintenance.

2. Send an official request to the authorized organization: who and on the basis of what hung these signs and how to board / disembark passengers to residents of adjacent houses. Depending on the response received, you may have to contact the following competent authorities - the traffic police, the OMS, the local deputy, the governor's office, ... to resolve this issue.

3. The boundaries and ownership of land between the road and the houses can be clarified at the local government, the administration of your district (depending on whose authority this issue is).

Kostya

Often the traffic police themselves do not know the rules of the road. Or rather, not even so, they simply interpret them as it is convenient for them. And the driver is simply lost in this situation, and takes everything at face value.

If you run into the sidewalk or put it there, and by the way, there are quite wide ones now, and you might even think that this is a road, then personally in our yard such a car will be evacuated in 10-15 minutes. Locals who live already know about it, and newcomers are always surprised. I went to the store, came, but there was no car, and think whatever you want. They load and take away within 5 minutes, no one is waiting for anyone there.

Well, we often have a situation where houses have been built, but there are no parking spaces. As a result, 200 people live there and let's say 120-130 cars per yard, and there are 20-25 parking spaces, and what to do with the rest of the cars is a question. Therefore, they put it in such a way that sometimes it’s impossible to pass.

According to traffic police officers, we have roads everywhere, and try to challenge this. And I’m also annoyed by situations when you’re driving, and then the markings bang and ends, well, it just got erased over time, and you have to overtake just like that, but it turns out that it was a double solid one, which was barely visible from under the snow, and it’s also nothing prove it. Then think about whether to decide everything on the spot or lose your rights ...

Igor Ch.

There are pamphlets "SDA with comments." There, all such questions are chewed in detail, just like in the article. You just need to learn the traffic rules once, and then follow the changes. Then it will not be scary to argue with a traffic cop.

Valentine

And in our country house they made a sidewalk that runs along the fence, in order to leave or drive into the site, you have to cross this sidewalk, do I violate the rules of the road?

Anton

And I'm really glad that they began to fight with those who put the car on the sidewalk. Previously, it was realistic that it was impossible to pass at all, since cars were constantly standing and it was impossible even to disperse with a pedestrian.

The motivation is nowhere to put it, I don’t understand, because if you bought a car, you probably thought about it. Why should I suffer from this? I am always looking for a place where to park the car so as not to interfere, even if it is 500 meters from the place that I need.

I had the most comical case when I was driving quite far to the city of Tolyatti by car and decided to spend the night on the side of the road, since I could no longer drive further, but I forgot one moment, there was a sign on this section earlier - “overtaking is prohibited”. When I woke up, I immediately overtook the tractor, and after 200 meters the traffic police officers. Damn, what prevents, if overtaking is prohibited, just draw a solid line. And she just doesn't exist. What is the meaning of these signs? Well, update the line periodically and that's it, and then you know whether to overtake or not.

Another interesting question, is it possible to move on the side of the road? Many people think that yes, but as far as I remember the rules, you can stop there and urgently go around obstacles. And then they just got sick of these scorchers in the summer, who just fly by like rockets.

Paul

In our city, they began to radically fight against parking on lawns, they simply install metal fences along the roads right up! Is it right to do this, now even in the absence of the “No Stopping” sign, it is impossible to stop!?

Simon I.

Here in Moscow on Kutuzovsky Prospekt there is a dividing strip. Fairly wide. Basically, you can't drive on it. But for mere mortals. But in fact, the elite with flashing lights and without are talking about it. How does this compare with the rules of the road? Or do they selectively act on some and allow others to violate? And how to treat this, tell me?

Alex2000

Regarding the arrangement of roads, as I understand it, there are problems everywhere. I don't think I'm just expressing my opinion. Often, markings are regularly drawn on sections broken into rubbish, without repairing the asphalt pavement itself for years. I agree, markup is needed, but it turns out the theater of the absurd.

Sergey

We have a road where you drove. I cleaned the tractor by driving on ice, snow - this is already considered a road. The traffic police put up some kind of sign and clips coupons.

Previously, there was another trick - you go like this, and they stop you and say that you exceeded the speed limit. You drove 90, as it should, and there was a sign "40" there. And it is installed in such a way that it is simply not visible behind the branches. Who is smarter, he naturally pointed to this fact and challenged the fine, and who is not, put bills to the inspectors.

Regarding parking on the sidewalks, now there are enough applications where you can complain. Do not pass by, call the police, let them come and evacuate, well, this is the only way to teach.

I also remembered that we had a country road between the villages and you will be surprised, but there was a sign 40. How competent is this?

Valentine

As for the tractor driver who laid something there, supposedly a road, this is a moot point. After all, the road should be in someone's property, for example, municipal or federal, regional. There must be relevant documents that indicate its class, etc. And if someone arbitrarily laid something similar to a road, then legally it does not exist and traffic rules should not act on it.

Semyon

Our roads are terrible and the worst thing is that the actions of the same police are not aimed at helping, but at punishing.
It will cover a sign with snow, some dangerous area, lack of markings, a traffic jam on the bridge, and if only the traffic cops would help and regulate traffic, but no. They would rather wait and fine whoever goes around this traffic jam in the opposite direction. Although it was possible to calmly go out and resolve the whole situation in 10 minutes.

I memorized the golden rule for myself - if you don’t remember the sign, and there is no marking, don’t try to overtake until this sign appears or you pass some intersection. In this case, you will never be fined.

Sergey Anatolievich

That's right about the extended definition of what a "Road" is. Any piece of land where vehicles actually move can be referred to as a road. According to the SDA, a traffic accident is an event that occurs on the road. This leads to the question: How many vehicles must pass through the section so that it can be considered a road, and an event associated with a collision or a collision can be considered an accident? Is it possible to consider an event as an accident if two cars drive along one after another, while the leader moves off-road, and the second one moves along the track of the first (in fact, already on the road) and collides due to not keeping the distance?

Andrey

In winter, when the markings are not visible, everyone drives along the ruts left by previous cars, another question is that these ruts always end up in the aisle, I cannot explain this fact. You go and think if a letter of happiness will come, because the camera doesn’t care if I see the markings or not. It is still not clear what to do if you get into an accident with another car in the garage parking area. Is this a road and there are traffic rules there too or not?

Eugene

Hello! Please tell me, in the winter season, snow dumps form on the roads. Given these snow dumps, is the road narrowing or not? That is, the snow dump enters the roadway or forms a shoulder? If possible, please send an email response. Thank you

After studying this chapter, the student should:

know

• provisions and theoretical foundations for the design of roads;
• normative legal and normative-technical documents in the field of road design;
• rules for the design of highways and their arrangement;

be able to

• generalize and systematize the main documents regulating the design and operation of highways;
• solve problems related to determining the parameters of roads;
• choose the most rational design solutions based on the technical and economic comparison of options;

own

• skills in working with regulatory and scientific literature in the field of design and operation of roads;
• skills in solving practical problems on the calculation of the parameters of roads.

Road classification. Main elements of highways

Road transport occupies an increasingly important place in the transportation of goods and passengers. There is a constant increase in the volume and distance of road transport.

Main technical and economic features of road transport are the following:

• - high mobility (maneuverability that allows you to quickly concentrate vehicles in the required quantity, and, if necessary, quickly transfer them to another place);
• - the ability to receive cargo and passengers directly at the place of their formation without intermediate loading and unloading operations and transfer of passengers and deliver them to their destination door-to-door, and therefore without additional costs for these operations;
• – the possibility of servicing individual and small cargo-generating points;
• - Fairly high speeds.

The vehicle has the following requirements:

• - the possibility of safe movement of vehicles at design speeds;
• - ensuring the passage of a given prospective traffic intensity;
• - ensuring the passage of vehicles of a given carrying capacity without the accumulation of plastic deformations and the destruction of pavement within the service life of the pavement;
• – driving comfort for drivers and passengers;
• - the road should harmoniously fit into the landscape, be visible in the direction of travel, without dips, at a distance not less than the visibility distance of the car;
• - the surrounding road situation should carry the optimum information, without overloading the minds of drivers, but also without giving it the opportunity to fall into a state of inhibition.

In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 8, 2007 No. 257-FZ "On highways and road activities in the Russian Federation and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation" highway is a transport infrastructure facility intended for the movement of vehicles and includes land plots within the boundaries of the right of way of a highway and structural elements located on them or under them (roadbed, road surface and similar elements) and road structures that are its technological part , - protective road structures, artificial road structures, production facilities, elements of road arrangement.

Depending on the tasks to be solved, roads are classified:

• - by administrative significance;
• – conditions of travel on them and access to them;
• - functional purpose;
• - categories depending on the transport, operational and consumer characteristics.

In accordance with Federal Laws No. 257-FZ "On Highways and Road Activities in the Russian Federation" and Kv 131-FZ "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation", depending on their significance, roads are divided into three groups:

• - federal significance;
• - regional or intermunicipal significance;
• - local significance (motor roads of municipalities), which, in turn, are subdivided into rural settlement roads; roads of an urban settlement, including roads of an urban district and roads of an intracity area.

Depending on the type of permitted use, they are divided into public roads and non-public roads.

Car roads common use are intended for the movement of vehicles of an unlimited circle of persons, i.e. all participants in the movement can move on them.

Car roads non-public use are owned, owned or used by executive bodies of state power, local administrations (executive and administrative bodies of municipalities), individuals or legal entities and are used by them exclusively for their own needs or for state or municipal needs.

Highways of general use of federal significance are the following highways:

• - connecting the capital of the Russian Federation - the city of Moscow with the capitals of neighboring states and administrative centers (capitals) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
• - included in the list of international highways in accordance with international agreements of the Russian Federation.

Motor roads of federal significance may include motor roads:

• 1) interconnecting the administrative centers (capitals) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
• 2) being access roads connecting public roads of federal significance, and major transport hubs of international importance (seaports, river ports, airports, railway stations), as well as special objects of federal significance;
• 3) being access roads connecting the administrative centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that do not have public roads connecting the relevant administrative center of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation with the capital of the Russian Federation - the city of Moscow, and the nearest seaports, river ports, airports, railway stations.

The list of public roads of federal significance is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The highest executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation approve the criteria for classifying public roads as regional or intermunicipal roads and a list of these roads. Public motor roads of local significance include public motor roads, with the exception of public motor roads of federal, regional or intermunicipal significance, private motor roads.

Highways of local significance of the settlement are public roads within the boundaries of the settlements of the settlement. The list of these roads may be approved by the local self-government body of the settlement.

Highways of local significance of a municipal district are public roads connecting settlements within the boundaries of a municipal district. Their list may be approved by the local self-government body of the municipal district.

Motor roads of local importance of the urban district are public roads within the boundaries of the urban district. The list of these roads may be approved by the local self-government body of the urban district.

Private public roads include roads owned by individuals or legal entities that are not equipped with devices that restrict the passage of vehicles of an unlimited number of persons. Other private motor roads are private non-public motor roads.

Public roads, depending on the conditions of travel on them and the access of vehicles to them, are divided into motorways, express roads and ordinary roads.

TO highways include roads that are not intended to serve adjacent territories. Motorways have several carriageways along their entire length and a central dividing strip not intended for traffic; they do not cross other roads, as well as railways, tramways, bicycle and pedestrian paths at the same level. Access to motorways is possible only through intersections at different levels with other roads, provided no more than every 5 km. Stops and parking of vehicles are prohibited on the carriageway or carriageways of motorways. Motorways are equipped with special rest areas and parking areas for vehicles.

Highways classified as motorways must be specifically marked as motorways.

Expressways- these are roads that have a multi-lane carriageway throughout their entire length with a central dividing strip and do not have intersections at the same level with roads, railways, tramways, bicycle and pedestrian paths. Access to express roads is possible through intersections at different levels and junctions at the same level (without crossing straight lines), arranged no more than 3 km apart. Stops and parking of vehicles are prohibited on the carriageway or carriageways of express roads.

Regular roads These are motorways that are not classified as motorways and express roads. They may have one or more carriageways.

Motor roads, depending on their importance in the general transport network of the Russian Federation and the size of the estimated traffic intensity, are divided into the following categories (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1

Road classification

Roads of category I with a multi-voiced carriageway are designed for high-speed transportation of goods and passengers, linking the main economic regions of the country and the largest cities. They form the basis of the country's road network - 1.4% of the total length of roads.

Roads of II-III categories serve for long-distance road communications between individual subjects of the Russian Federation and the busiest directions within the subjects of the Russian Federation, they account for 27.6% of the total length of roads.

The road category is assigned depending on the prospective (for 20 years) estimated traffic intensity, which is taken as the average annual daily traffic intensity obtained on the basis of economic survey data, total in both directions, reduced to a passenger car according to the formula

where is the intensity by means of transport; - reduction coefficients, determined according to table. 3.2.

Table 3.2

Coefficients of reduction to a passenger carK i

Note. The reduction factors for special vehicles should be taken as for base vehicles of the corresponding load capacity.

The year of completion of the development of the road project is taken as the initial year of the billing period.

When determining the category of the road, in cases where the average monthly daily intensity of the busiest month of the year is more than 2 times higher than the average annual daily intensity, the latter is increased by 1.5 times when determining the category of the road.

The number of lanes on roads of category I is set depending on the intensity of traffic and the terrain according to Table. 3.3.

Table 3.3

Number of traffic lanes on category I roads

The entire territory of the Russian Federation is divided into five road-climatic zones (RCZ) according to climatic characteristics. The boundaries of road-climatic zones are given in App. B "Road-climatic zoning" SP 34.13330.2012.

A motor road is a complex of structures, including the motor road itself, transport interchanges at one and different levels, bus stops, recreation and parking areas, campsites and car service stations. At the intersection of permanently or temporarily operating watercourses, culverts are arranged: pipes, bridges, aqueducts. Viaducts and tunnels are arranged in rugged and mountainous terrain.

All elements of the road are placed within a strip of terrain, which is called withdrawal strip. On the transverse profile of the road (Figure 3 1), certain elements can be highlighted. The strip of the road surface, within which the movement of cars occurs, is called roadway.

Rice. 3.1.

1 - subgrade; 2 - curb; 3 – edge band; 4 – roadway; 5 - dividing strip; 6 - reinforced strip on the dividing strip

To ensure the round-the-clock movement of cars within the roadway, pavement made of high-strength materials is arranged.

Roads of category I and four lanes of category II have independent carriageways for traffic in each direction, between which a dividing lane is arranged for traffic safety.

On both sides of the roadway are roadsides ensuring the safety of vehicles. The curb consists of three sections. 1) directly at the carriageway - a reinforced edge strip, which can be run over by cars, having the same pavement design as within the carriageway; 2) further - a reinforced parking lane, intended for short-term stopping and parking of cars; 3) even further - the unreinforced part of the curb.

The lines separating the carriageway and the edge strips are called the edges of the carriageway.

To smooth the relief, the road is built on a subgrade - an embankment or a cut.

The subgrade is limited on both sides by slopes. The lines separating the shoulders from the slopes are called subgrade edges. The distance between the edges is conventionally called the width of the subgrade.

The steepness of the slopes is characterized by the coefficient of laying the slopes, defined as the ratio of the height of the slope to its horizontal projection.

To ensure surface drainage of a road located in a low embankment or recess, side ditches (cuvettes) are located on both sides of the road.

The road complex also includes various intercepting and drainage structures: upland and drainage ditches.

Foreign experience

In most developed countries, several types of classification are used. As a rule, there are four such classifications: administrative, by type of property, functional and technical. Each of them solves certain tasks. Administrative and by types of ownership are used to indicate the levels of state responsibility, as well as the method of financing road facilities. For road design purposes, functional and technical classifications are needed.

Unlike foreign ones, in domestic design standards there is no concept of a functional classification of roads.

Functional classification is used primarily for transport planning purposes. The functional classification is based on the definition of the role (function) performed by the road in the process of moving through the network. There are four main groups of roads: highways (freeway), trunk ( arterial), distribution ( collector) and local ( local) roads. This approach makes it possible to create a hierarchically built road network, in which, depending on the function performed, both the class and the technical parameters of the road are determined.

The functional classification of roads groups roads according to the nature of the transport links they provide. According to the functional classification, the standards and service levels vary according to the function of the roads, and the volume and composition of the traffic serve to refine the standards for each class. The design process in the presence of a functional classification is built according to the following scheme: the function of the road and the corresponding level of service are determined: then, for the expected traffic intensity and composition of the traffic flow, the most rational category of the road, the economically advantageous design speed and geometric parameters that provide the given level of service are selected. At the same time, two tasks are solved - the structure of the road network is formed and the required transport connection is provided. Such a scheme for planning the development of a network and designing roads has been adopted in the EU countries, the USA, and Canada.

In the countries of Western Europe, there is a technical classification, but it does not exist on its own, but is part of the functional classification. For example, in Germany, Italy, France, the same category of road may have different technical parameters depending on its function in the national road network.

The need to apply a functional classification is noted in the Consolidated Resolution on Road Traffic of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe of August 14, 2009. In particular, it is recommended "to establish a hierarchy of the road network at the level of infrastructure design taking into account the functions performed by each road(transit transportation, local transportation, etc.)".

Currently, work is underway in Russia to introduce a functional classification of roads.

• SP 34.13330.2012 "Road roads". Updated version of SNiP 2.05.02–85* (approved by order of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia dated June 30, 2012 No. 266).
• SP 34.13330.2012 "Roads". Updated edition of SNiP 2.05.02-85*.

The following basic concepts and terms are used in the Rules:

"Motorway"- a road marked with the sign 5.1 ** and having for each direction of movement carriageways separated from each other by a dividing strip (and in its absence - by a road fence), without crossings on the same level with other roads, railway or tram tracks, pedestrian or bicycle paths.

"Road train"- a motor vehicle coupled to a trailer (trailers).

"Bike"- a vehicle, other than a wheelchair, which has at least two wheels and is generally propelled by the muscular energy of the occupants of the vehicle, in particular by means of pedals or handles, and may also have an electric motor of rated maximum power in mode continuous load not exceeding 0.25 kW, automatically shutting off at speeds over 25 km/h.

"Cyclist"- the person driving the bike.

"Bike Lane"- a road element (or a separate road) structurally separated from the carriageway and sidewalk, intended for the movement of cyclists and marked with the sign 4.4.1.

"Driver"- a person driving a vehicle, a driver leading pack, riding animals or a herd along the road. A driving instructor is equivalent to a driver.

"Forced Stop"- termination of the movement of the vehicle due to its technical malfunction or danger posed by the transported cargo, the condition of the driver (passenger) or the appearance of an obstacle on the road.

"The main road"- a road marked with signs 2.1, 2.3.1-2.3.7 or 5.1, in relation to a crossed (adjacent), or paved road (asphalt and cement concrete, stone materials, etc.) in relation to a dirt road, or any road in relation to departures from adjacent territories. The presence of a paved section on a secondary road immediately before the intersection does not make it equal in value to the crossed one.

"Daytime Running Lights"- external lighting devices designed to improve the visibility of a moving vehicle in front during daylight hours.

"Road"- a strip of land or the surface of an artificial structure, equipped or adapted and used for the movement of vehicles. The road includes one or more carriageways, as well as tram tracks, sidewalks, shoulders and dividing lanes, if any.

"Road Traffic"- a set of social relations that arise in the process of moving people and goods with or without vehicles within the roads.

"traffic accident"- an event that occurred during the movement of a vehicle on the road and with its participation, in which people were killed or injured, vehicles, structures, cargo were damaged, or other material damage was caused.

"Railroad crossing"- crossing the road with railway tracks at the same level.

"Route vehicle"- a public transport vehicle (bus, trolley bus, tram) designed to transport people on the roads and moving along an established route with designated stops.

"mechanical vehicle"- a vehicle, other than a moped, propelled by an engine. The term also applies to any tractors and self-propelled machines.

"Moped"- a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, the maximum design speed of which does not exceed 50 km/h, which has an internal combustion engine with a displacement not exceeding 50 cubic meters. cm, or an electric motor with a rated maximum power in continuous load mode of more than 0.25 kW and less than 4 kW. Quadricycles are equated to mopeds, having
similar specifications.

"Motorbike"- a two-wheeled motor vehicle with or without a side trailer, the engine capacity of which (in the case of an internal combustion engine) exceeds 50 cubic meters. cm or the maximum design speed (for any engine) exceeds 50 km/h. Tricycles are equated to motorcycles, as well as quadricycles with a motorcycle seat or motorcycle handlebars.
type, having an unladen mass not exceeding 400 kg (550 kg for vehicles intended for the carriage of goods) excluding the mass of batteries (in the case of electric vehicles), and a maximum effective engine power not exceeding 15 kW.

"Locality"- built-up area, the entrances to and exits from which are marked with signs 5.23.1, 5.23.2, 5.24.1, 5.24.2, 5.25, 5.26

"Insufficient Visibility"— the visibility of the road is less than 300 m in conditions of fog, rain, snowfall and the like, as well as at dusk.

"Overtaking"- ahead of one or more vehicles associated with the exit to the lane (side of the carriageway) intended for oncoming traffic, and subsequent return to the previously occupied lane (side of the carriageway).

"Roadside"- an element of the road adjacent directly to the carriageway at the same level with it, differing in the type of coverage or marked out using markings 1.2.1 or 1.2.2, used for driving, stopping and parking in accordance with the Rules.

"Limited Visibility"— the driver's visibility of the road in the direction of travel, limited by the terrain, the geometric parameters of the road, vegetation, buildings, structures or other objects, including vehicles.

"Moving Danger"- a situation that has arisen in the process of traffic, in which the continuation of movement in the same direction and at the same speed creates a risk of a traffic accident.

"Dangerous Goods"— substances, products made from them, wastes from industrial and other economic activities, which, due to their inherent properties, may pose a threat to human life and health during transportation, harm the environment, damage or destroy material values.

"Advance"- the movement of the vehicle at a speed greater than the speed of the passing vehicle.

"Organized transportation of a group of children"- organized transportation of eight or more children in a bus that is not a shuttle vehicle.

"Organized Foot Column"- a group of people designated in accordance with paragraph 4.2 of the Rules, moving together along the road in one direction.

"Organized transport column"- a group of three or more motor vehicles following directly one after another along the same lane with constantly on headlights, accompanied by a lead vehicle with special color schemes applied to the outer surfaces and flashing beacons of blue and red colors.

"Stop"- deliberate cessation of the movement of the vehicle for up to 5 minutes, as well as for more, if it is necessary for boarding or disembarking passengers, or loading or unloading the vehicle.

"Safety Island"- an element of the road arrangement that separates the traffic lanes of opposite directions (including the lanes for cyclists), structurally separated by a curb stone above the carriageway of the road or marked by technical means of organizing traffic and intended to stop pedestrians when crossing the carriageway. A safety island may include a part of the dividing strip through which a pedestrian crossing is laid.

"Passenger"- a person, other than the driver, who is in the vehicle (on it), as well as a person who enters the vehicle (gets on it) or leaves the vehicle (gets off it).

"Parking (parking space)" - a specially designated and, if necessary, equipped and equipped place, which is, among other things, a part of a highway and (or) adjacent to a carriageway and (or) a sidewalk, a roadside, an overpass or a bridge, or which is part of an underpass or underbridge spaces, squares or other objects of street road network, buildings, structures or structures and intended for organized parking of vehicles on a paid basis or without charging a fee by decision of the owner or other owner of the motor road, the owner of the land plot or the owner of the relevant part of the building, structure or structure.

"Crossroads"- a place of intersection, junction or branching of roads at the same level, limited by imaginary lines connecting, respectively, opposite, the beginnings of the curvature of the carriageways, which are the most distant from the center of the intersection. Exits from adjacent territories are not considered intersections.

"Rebuilding"- exit from the occupied lane or occupied row while maintaining the original direction of movement.

"A pedestrian"- a person who is outside the vehicle on the road and does not work on it. Persons moving in wheelchairs without an engine, driving a bicycle, moped, motorcycle, carrying a sledge, cart, baby or wheelchair, as well as using roller skates, scooters and other similar means for movement are equated to pedestrians.

"Crosswalk"- a section of the carriageway, tram tracks, marked with signs 5.19.1, 5.19.2 and (or) markings 1.14.1 and 1.14.2 and allocated for pedestrian traffic across the road. In the absence of markings, the width of the pedestrian crossing is determined by the distance between signs 5.19.1 and 5.19.2.

"Footpath"- a strip of land equipped or adapted for pedestrian traffic or the surface of an artificial structure, marked with the sign 4.5.1.

"Pedestrian zone"- the territory intended for the movement of pedestrians, the beginning and end of which are marked respectively by signs 5.33 and 5.34.

"Pedestrian and bicycle path (bike path)"- a road element (or a separate road) structurally separated from the carriageway, intended for separate or joint movement of cyclists with pedestrians and marked with signs 4.5.2-4.5.7.

"Lane"- any of the longitudinal lanes of the carriageway, marked or not marked with markings and having a width sufficient for the movement of cars in one row.

"Bicycle lane"- the lane of the carriageway intended for the movement of bicycles and mopeds, separated from the rest of the carriageway by horizontal markings and marked with the sign 5.14.2.

"Advantage (priority)"- the right to priority movement in the intended direction in relation to other participants in the movement.

"Let"— an immovable object on the lane (faulty or damaged vehicle, defect in the roadway, foreign objects, etc.) that does not allow you to continue driving along this lane. A traffic jam or a vehicle that has stopped in this lane in accordance with the requirements of the Rules is not an obstacle.

"Surrounding area"- the territory directly adjacent to the road and not intended for through traffic of vehicles (yards, residential areas, parking lots, gas stations, enterprises, etc.). Movement on the adjacent territory is carried out in accordance with these Rules.

"Trailer"- a vehicle not equipped with an engine and intended to be driven in combination with a power-driven vehicle. The term also applies to semi-trailers and drop trailers.

"Roadway"- an element of the road intended for the movement of trackless vehicles.

"Dividing Line"- an element of the road, allocated constructively and (or) using markings 1.2.1, separating adjacent carriageways and not intended for the movement and stopping of vehicles.

"Permitted maximum weight"- the mass of the equipped vehicle with cargo, driver and passengers, set by the manufacturer as the maximum allowable. For the permitted maximum mass of the composition of vehicles, that is, coupled and moving as a whole, the sum of the permitted maximum masses of the vehicles included in the composition is taken.

"Adjuster"- a person duly endowed with the authority to regulate traffic using the signals established by the Rules, and directly exercising the specified regulation. The traffic controller must be in uniform and (or) have a distinctive badge and equipment. Regulators include employees of the police and military automobile inspection, as well as employees of road maintenance services, on duty at railway crossings and ferry crossings in the performance of their duties.

"Parking"- deliberate cessation of the movement of the vehicle for more than 5 minutes for reasons not related to the boarding or disembarkation of a passenger or loading or unloading the vehicle.

"Night time"- the time interval from the end of evening twilight to the beginning of morning twilight.

"Vehicle"- a device designed for the transport by road of people, goods or equipment installed on it.

"Sidewalk"- an element of the road intended for the movement of pedestrians and adjacent to the carriageway or separated from it by a lawn.

"Give way (do not interfere)"- a requirement meaning that a road user must not start, resume or continue driving, perform any maneuver, if this may force other road users who have an advantage over him to change direction or speed.

"Road user"- a person directly involved in the process of movement as a driver, pedestrian, passenger of a vehicle.

"School bus"- a specialized vehicle (bus) that meets the requirements for vehicles for transporting children, established by the legislation on technical regulation, and owned or otherwise legally owned by a preschool educational or general educational organization.

Transport and operational qualities of roads and city streets

Transport and operational qualities of roads

And city streets.

Lecture 1, 2

Classification of roads and city streets. Elements of roads and city streets.

1.1 Classification of roads and city streets

Highways are one of the most important parts of the country's transport system. Not a single branch of the national economy, not a single type of non-rail vehicles can function without a well-developed and reliable road network. Highways significantly affect the economic and social development of both individual regions and the country as a whole.

A highway is a complex of engineering structures (subgrade, base and pavement, bridges, etc.) intended for the movement of non-rail vehicles and pedestrians.

The term "road" refers to any road, street, alley used for traffic across its full width, including sidewalks, bike lanes, shoulders and medians.

Road network - the totality of all roads in the territory of the country, individual republics, territories, regions or districts, serving all sectors of their integrated economy. The basis for compiling the road network is the improved roads of national importance, which provide administrative, economic, cultural ties between economic regions.

Modern roads are a complex set of engineering structures, which should ensure the operation of the road all year round, especially in spring and autumn, the movement of cars at any time of the day with high speeds and design loads.

All roads, depending on the purpose in the national economy and cultural life of the country, are divided into public roads and intra-economic roads. Public roads are under the jurisdiction of the republic's road management authorities, on-farm roads serve collective farms, state farms, access roads to them from public roads.

Public roads can be:

National importance, connecting large administrative centers, economic regions, providing links with neighboring countries;

Republican significance, connecting the capitals of the Union republics and the main administrative and cultural centers; regional (territorial) significance, connecting the capitals of autonomous regions, centers of territories and regions with district centers;

Local significance, connecting the centers of the regions with each other, with collective farms and state farms.

Depending on the national economic significance and traffic intensity, all roads are divided into five categories (Table 1).

Table 1

Traffic intensity - the number of cars and other vehicles passing through a certain section of the road per unit of time (per day or hour). Traffic intensity varies during the day and season, as well as along the length of individual sections; increases near cities, large settlements, railway stations; decreases significantly at night.

For each category of roads, certain technical standards are established, on the basis of which roads, artificial structures, and service facilities are designed and built. The standards include: the number of traffic lanes, the width of the carriageway, the smallest radii of curves in plan and longitudinal profile, the largest longitudinal slopes, etc. (GOST SNIP 2.05.02-85).

Ia - main roads of national importance, including international ones;

Ib - roads of national, republican and regional significance.

Category III includes highways of national, republican, regional and regional significance, not classified in categories Ib and II, as well as roads of local significance.

The road has been in service for many years. During this period, the parameters of the cars change. Therefore, standards have been developed for the overall dimensions of cars and the load from cars on the carriageway. Public roads of categories I-IV must provide the passage of vehicles with overall dimensions: along the length of single cars 12 m and road trains up to 20 m, in width up to 2.5 m, in height up to 4 m and up to 3.8 m for roads V category.

All elements of the road in plan, longitudinal and transverse profiles are calculated depending on the estimated speed (Table 2). This ensures the convenience and safety of movement under good road conditions.

table 2

	Estimated speed, km/h
	main	allowed on difficult sections of the road
		crossed
Notes: 1. Difficult sections of rough terrain include relief with a difference in elevations, valleys and watersheds of more than 50 m at a distance of less than 0.5 km. 2. Difficult areas of mountainous terrain are passes through mountain ranges and sections of mountain gorges.

The design speed is the maximum safety of the speed of single cars, provided by the road with good visibility and dry pavement.

When designing a road, freight turnover and traffic density are also taken into account.

Cargo turnover is an indicator of transport work in the transportation of goods, equal to the product of the mass of goods transported by the distance.

The traffic density of the road is the total mass of goods and vehicles passing along this section of the road in both directions per unit of time.

1.2 The main structural elements of the highway and their purpose

The road consists of the main elements: subgrade, pavement, artificial structures and road conditions.

earth bed- a road structure that serves as the basis for placing layers of pavement and other elements of the road. Depending on the terrain, the subgrade is designed in the form embankments- an earth massif artificially dumped from the soil above the earth's surface, having the shape of a trapezoid (Fig. 1a), and in the form notches- an earthen structure below the earth's surface, having a given shape and outline (Fig. 1b). On the slopes of the terrain, the subgrade is designed in the form half embankment-half excavation by cutting a part of the natural soil with a ledge and using it into a semi-fill.

Regardless of weather conditions and seasons, the subgrade must retain its geometric shape.

Figure 1.1 Main elements of the road:

a - in the embankment; b - in the recess;

1 - subgrade; 2 - the base of the embankment; 3 - the body of the embankment; 4 - the upper part of the subgrade (working layer); 5 - pavement; 6 - roadway; 7 - curb; 8 - sloping part of the embankment; 9 - lateral drainage ditch; 10 - sloping part of the excavation; 11 - drainage; 12 - groundwater level.

The subgrade consists of: the upper part of the subgrade (working layer); embankment bodies (with sloping parts); sloping parts of the excavation and the base of the excavation; devices for lowering or diverting groundwater (drainage); supporting and protective geotechnical devices and structures designed to protect the subgrade from dangerous geological processes (mudflows, avalanches, landslides, erosion).

Upper subgrade (working layer) is a part of the canvas, it is located in the area from the bottom of the pavement to 2/3 of the freezing depth, but not less than 1.5 from the surface of the roadway. The working layer is designed together with the design of the pavement.

Mound body subgrade is located below the working layer and is more often backfilled in areas of high embankments, using local or imported soil.

embankment base- natural soil with an undisturbed structure, on which a subgrade is being built, or an array of soil below the bulk layer; recess base- soil mass below the boundary of the working layer.

The sloping parts of the embankment or notches are lateral inclined surfaces that limit an artificially backfilled earthen structure.

The subgrade includes the drainage structures associated with it, necessary for the removal of surface water; ditches, lateral reserves, fast currents, evaporation pools.

Groundwater affects the strength and stability of the subgrade. Therefore, it is necessary to lower or intercept water by means of drainage design.

road clothes- a multilayer structure that perceives the load from vehicles and transfers it to the ground base. Pavement consists of a top layer (cover), a bottom layer (base) and additional layers.

Road structures are constantly affected by the natural conditions of the area. Changes in air humidity, daily temperature fluctuations, prevailing wind direction, snow cover height and much more significantly affect the choice of subgrade marks and pavement design. The service life of pavement depends on the strength of the construction materials.

1.3 Artificial structures and their purpose

When laying a road on the ground, one has to overcome various obstacles: streams, rivers, ravines, ditches, dry valleys, gorges, mountain ranges, existing roads and railways.

To ensure the continuous and safe movement of vehicles, artificial structures are provided: pipes, bridges, overpasses, tunnels, flyovers, viaducts, special structures on mountain roads (Fig. 1.2).

The most common types of artificial structures on roads are pipes and bridges. Pipes they are laid in the body of the subgrade on dry land or when crossing small streams (keep the embankment above the pipes). They are designed to pass small volumes of water under the road. Pipes are also used under exits and crossings. In some cases, pipes (rectangular section) are used to pass small local roads under the main road, as well as cattle passes in rural areas.

Bridge connects sections of the road located on both sides of the river, and serves to cross the water barrier, gorges, dry valleys. The bridge interrupts the subgrade of the road, and the movement of cars is carried out along the bridge structure, consisting of span structures and supports.

Tunnels used for laying a road through the thickness of a mountain range or under a water obstacle. In mountainous areas, tunnels are designed through mountain ranges or along steep slopes, in the area of ​​landslides, screes, landslides, steep mountain ledges. Underwater tunnels are being built instead of bridges.

viaduct serves to pass cars through another road or railroad; by design, it is a kind of bridge.

Viaduct is a bridge of great height, located over a deep gorge, hollow or ravine. The viaduct through narrow gorges is designed as single-span due to expensive intermediate supports.

Rice. 1.2. The main types of artificial structures:

a - pipe; b - bridge; c - tunnel; d - overpass; e. - viaduct; e - overpass; g - gallery; h - retaining wall:

1 - round pipe, 2 - road embankment, 3 - bridge abutment, 4 - bridge span, 5 - mountain range, 6 - portal, 7 - intermediate support, 8 - prefabricated reinforced concrete wall.

overpass erected instead of a high embankment or to pass the road over a longer length at difficult intersections of highways.

galleries arrange on mountain roads to protect against snow avalanches and rockfalls, most often located on steep slopes, in places of already known snow and stone landslides. The walls of the gallery must be strong, the upper vault must have an inclined surface towards the slope. This is necessary for the unimpeded descent of snow, ice, stones through the ceiling of the gallery.

retaining walls support the road on steep slopes in mountainous areas. They are arranged instead of subgrade slopes on steep slopes, in landslide areas, on the banks of mountain rivers, in areas of scree. Retaining walls are built of reinforced concrete, concrete and in the form of stone luggage.

1.4 Road facilities and protective road structures.

Road construction includes technical means of organizing traffic (fences, signs, markings, guiding devices, lighting networks, traffic lights, automated traffic control systems), landscaping, and small architectural forms.

Road protections are subdivided into two groups: protections of barrier and parapet types; railing type structures, meshes.

The barrier fencing consists of posts and a horizontal beam or a profile steel tape. The parapet fence is a reinforced concrete wall. These types of fences are designed to prevent the exit of vehicles from the subgrade, the carriageway of bridges, overpasses, flyovers. The height of the fences is 0.75-0.8 m, they are installed on the side of the road along the roadway.

The second group of fencing is designed for the organized movement of pedestrians and to prevent animals from entering the roadway.

For confident driving, the driver must be oriented in the direction of the road at a great distance. Therefore, on the sides of the road, guide devices are installed in the form of signal posts, pedestals with reflective elements.

To ensure traffic safety on the road and timely inform drivers and passengers, marking lines are applied and road signs are installed. Horizontal and vertical markings are applied to the road surface and support elements of bridges, overpasses, parapets, fences, curbs. Together with road signs, markings significantly improve the organization of traffic.

In order to give a picturesque view to roads of all categories, landscaping is provided. Landscaping has a snow protection and decorative purpose.

Snow-protective landscaping is a multi-row tree and shrub planting of a certain density. The design and placement of landings must correspond to the amount of snow carried to the road. Decorative landscaping consists in the picturesque arrangement of groups of trees and shrubs on the right of way or the creation of avenue plantings along the road.

1.5 Buildings and structures of road and motor transport services

In the process of designing the main elements of highways and artificial structures, much attention should be paid to the design of a traffic service system on the roads.

For the organization of work on the maintenance and repair of roads, servicing freight and passenger traffic, a road service is provided. For the road service, they design administrative buildings and structures, residential buildings for workers and employees, production bases, quarries, factories, warehouses, garages.

Drivers and passengers are on the road for several hours, so they need periodic rest and meals. To this end, motor transport service facilities are being designed on roads: recreation areas, bus pavilions, bus stations, motels, hotels, campsites, pavilions, canteens, shops, roadside cafes.

Recreation sites are performed away from the road with a good overview of the surrounding area, best of all on the edge of a forest, on the banks of a stream or lake. At such sites, parking areas, a recreation area and a sanitary and hygienic area with a garbage bin and a toilet should be provided. Car parks are also arranged near roadside eateries and shops.

With the growth of intercity and suburban passenger traffic, the creation of auto pavilions near settlements is required. The architectural design of the auto pavilion depends on local national characteristics and climatic conditions.

Bus stations (bus stations) are usually arranged in cities and large settlements for long-distance passengers.

Motels are built on the border zone of large cities, in resort areas, as well as in places that attract a large flow of tourists. The motel has a hotel complex, garages and a parking area, a gas station and a small service station.

In the summer, campsites are open for recreation of tourists and passengers - temporary bases from prefabricated houses or tents.

To service the rolling stock, gas stations, service stations, car inspection sites, and washing stations are being built.

Filling stations (gas stations) are designed to refuel cars with fuel, lubricants and some car care items. At the gas station there is a platform with a flyover for inspecting vehicles, minor repairs by the driver himself, and draining used oil. A platform with a flyover for car inspection may be located in the parking area at the recreation site.

A service station (SRT) performs maintenance and current repairs of vehicles.

All these structures are designed to maintain normal operating conditions of the road.

For the road control department, buildings of traffic police posts and traffic police checkpoints are being built. For an emergency call for technical and medical assistance in case of traffic accidents, there must be road telephones and radio transmitters.