If you decide to purchase a new car, then you should pay attention not only to its characteristics, but also to study information about the manufacturer. Nowadays, the vast majority of enterprises are part of concerns, and do not work alone.
The term "concern" has German-English roots, but its beginning was found in Latin, where the word meant "mix". The world's first concern was founded during the reign of the Florentine figure Cosimo de Medici, who was actively transporting goods to Africa and Asia. Once Lee Yakkoka, the most famous American manager, said that in the twenty-first century the world market for the auto industry will be controlled by just a couple of companies. In his judgments, he relied solely on world trends, so his prediction came true with the highest accuracy, although it seems to many that in our world a large number of independent car manufacturers. In reality, there are certain alliances, which include automakers.
According to the results of the past 2015, the top 3 world concerns include the American group of companies General Motors, the German alliance Volkswagen Konzern and the largest Japanese automotive association - Toyota Motor Corporation. The GM brand boasted a record level of sales, having sold about ten million cars of its “wards” brands. Consider which brands belong to which concerns for 2016.
General Motors: Leader or Bankrupt
General Motors has gone through a long and thorny path of his formation. For a long seventy-seven years, no other automaker could surpass its sales level, although in 2009 the management declared bankruptcy. A lot has changed since then. On this moment General Motors includes brands such as Daewoo Alpheon, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Opel and Vauxhall. GM also maintains constant cooperation with brands such as Fiat (Fiat), Alfa Romeo (Alfa Romeo), Lancia (Lancia), Ferrari (Ferrari), Maserati (Maserati), Subaru (Subaru), Isuzu (Isuzu) and Suzuki (Suzuki) . The company, whose main shareholders are the Department of the Treasury and the Amalgamated Union of the United States of America, is moving forward steadily, developing its production and creating new, more advanced car models. The production facilities of the corporation are located in thirty-five countries, while cars are in demand in almost two hundred states.
One of the latest developments of General Motors is the GMC Terrain. The debut show of the updated car was carried out in the spring of 2015. However, there were no changes from the technical part, the restyling touched only on the external and internal designs. Also recently, the world saw the second generation of pickups GMC Canyon Extended Cab and GMC Canyon Crew Cab. In 2016, the release of the next modernization of the car is expected.
Volkswagen AG: development no matter what
Another world-famous association of automobile companies is the Volkswagen concern. Few people know that the founder of the company is the German designer Ferdinand Porsche. At the end of the Second World War, the management of the factories passed into the hands of the British administration, and then Lower Saxony began to head the limited liability company, thanks to which, under a well-known brand, the production of food products, as well as the provision of services in the field of finance and logistics, began. The concern owes its current success to the excellent crisis manager Ferdinand Piech. As of today, Volkswagen Konzern is made up of 342 companies, among which are Volkswagen, Audi, Seat, Skoda, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini , Scania (Scania), Man (MAN), Porsche (Porsche), Ducati (Ducati) and so on. Even despite the global crisis, in 2009 the company managed to increase its profit by selling more than six million cars. At forty-six Volkswagen plants, about twenty-six and a half thousand cars are produced daily.
The corporation has always been distinguished by very capacious slogans, the main of which is “Das Auto” (“This is a car”), which is both simple and rather defiant, suggesting that other vehicles cannot bear the proud title of “car”.
The spring of 2015 was very fruitful for the company - in March, the updated eighth-generation Volkswagen Passat Alltrack station wagon was introduced, equipped with protective plates for the units, an adapted chassis with off-road modes appeared, and the towing ability increased. Improvements have not been made in the electronic part either - the picture received from the rear view camera is displayed on the screen, along with hints about changing the trajectory of movement. If necessary, the system itself can adjust the steering part.
Modernization did not go past Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid - the aerodynamics of the car has significantly improved, the drag coefficient has decreased.
Toyota Motor Corporation: drive the dream
Among the top three automotive concerns, Toyota Motor Corporation was founded the latest. Initially, the company produced looms using a patented technology, according to which, in the event of a problem, the equipment had a self-shutdown function. After the sale of the patent, Sakichi Toyoda received start-up capital for a new business. Having visited Europe and America, the Japanese firmly decided to develop the automotive industry in his country. The company was doomed from the start. Even her name was slightly corrected so that when written in katakana, the word consisted of eight strokes, and eight, as you know, is considered a lucky number. Production has developed very dynamically. In 1962, the world saw the millionth car, and just ten years later, the ten millionth. By 1992, every second inhabitant of the sakura country had a branded car in the garage. In 2009, for the first time in fifty-nine years Toyota finished the year at a loss. Now all the difficulties are in the distant past. Brand cars are distinguished by ergonomics, reliability and unique design.
Toyota can safely boast of a collection of brands, among which are Subaru (Subaru) and Lexus (Lexus).
Among the largest corporations, Toyota has completed the largest amount of work in the field of restyling cars over the past year. It was experienced by such models as Toyota Auris, Toyota Auris Touring Sports, Toyota Auris Touring Sports Hybrid, Toyota Avensis, Toyota Avensis Wagon, Toyota Prius+, Toyota Land Cruiser 200, Toyota Alphard. Premiere serial version became the Toyota RAV4 Hybrid with the impeccable quality of the technical part of the power plants.
With growth in North America and China, global sales cars were estimated to have reached 87.4 million in 2015. This is stated in a study by IHS Automotive.
This is an increase of just 1.5% over 2014, the lowest increase since 2010. However, according to IHS experts, the industry will continue to recover from the global economic crisis, while growth is slowing around the world, including amid uncertainty in Russia and South America.
IHS estimates that North American passenger car sales increased 5.5% to 20.6 million units in 2015, driven by the continued recovery in the US market, where sales reached 17.5 million units (up 6.0%). The IHS study's results are similar to estimates by other firms, including Morgan Stanley and TrueCar, which previously forecast sales of more than 17 million in the United States as gasoline prices remain low, consumer confidence rises and funding is readily available.
Passenger car sales in China, meanwhile, are estimated to have risen 5.6% to 24.4 million in 2015. At the beginning of 2015, IHS forecast sales growth in China to 25 million units in 2015. However, despite greater access to credit, expansion of dealer networks and scrappage programs designed to boost sales, growth in passenger car sales declined, following a slowdown in the Chinese economy as a whole.
In 2015, IHS revised its growth forecasts down, partly due to the uncertainty in Russia, which affected other markets in Eastern Europe. Passenger car sales in Russia, which is in a deep recession, dealing with a non-volatile currency and the prospect of a wider war in Ukraine, are estimated to have fallen 36% year-on-year in 2015 to just 1.6 million units, which half as compared to 2012 sales. At the beginning of 2015, IHS predicted a fall in sales to 1.8 million units.
On the contrary, car sales in Western Europe are estimated to have increased by 8.9% in 2015 compared to 2014 and reached 13.2 million units. India also posted strong growth in 2015, up 7.7% year-on-year, IHS reported, with domestic light vehicle sales rising to 2.8 million units.
IHS also recorded a weakening of the automotive sector in South America in 2015, where the largest market, Brazil, recorded a decline in passenger car sales by 26% compared to the previous year to 2.5 million, amid rising unemployment, falling household incomes and worsening credit conditions, as well as due to increased taxes.
Sales of passenger cars in the world (by region), million units*
| country, region | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
| China | 19,1 | 21,4 | 23,1 | 24,4 | 25,7 |
| USA | 14,5 | 15,6 | 16,5 | 17,5 | 18,0 |
| Western Europe | 11,8 | 11,5 | 12,1 | 13,2 | 13,5 |
| India | 2,8 | 2,7 | 2,6 | 2,8 | 3,0 |
| Russia | 3,2 | 2,8 | 2,5 | 1,6 | 1,6 |
| World at large | 79,5 | 82,8 | 86,3 | 87,6 | 89,8 |
* - data from IHS Automotive (2016 - forecast).
For 2016, IHS predicts growth in global passenger car sales to 89.8 million units.
The US auto market, supported by low interest rates on loans and low gasoline prices, will remain strong. Although interest rates will rise slightly, buying conditions will remain good, allowing the market to continue to rise in 2016 and 2017. IHS sees still strong potential to strengthen the US economy and increase employment, which will lead to the growth of the US market to 18 million units over the next two years.
In Western Europe, growth momentum is also strong, even after a recovery in 2015 well above expectations. The current forecast of 2.5-3.0% sales growth may even be revised upwards. However, some European markets peaked.
Optimism about sales activity on Chinese market has risen sharply since the government announced measures to cut the car purchase tax for small cars. However, the continued volatility in the stock market may deter some buyers. Despite the slowdown in China's economy, IHS Automotive currently expects light vehicle sales to grow by 5-6% in 2016 - enough to increase sales by more than 1.3 million units.
For the Asia-Pacific region, 2016 will be a year of transition from a disappointing decline in sales in recent years to a rebound in growth. In the key markets of Thailand and Indonesia, a return to growth should begin in the second half of 2016, with growth expected to pick up in 2017. India's auto market is forecast to accelerate as lower energy prices and falling interest rates on auto loans will allow a return to double-digit growth for the first time since 2010.
For Brazil and Russia, 2016 is likely to be a difficult year. Both markets have been in decline for three years in a row, and 2016 is likely to be the fourth year in which the economy continues to decline. Brazil's auto market is likely to contract by 14 percent in 2015, according to IHS Automotive's forecast. In Russia, the passenger car market will continue to decline, and due to the ongoing effects low prices on oil, the sanctions imposed on the Russian economy, and the exchange rate of the ruble.
In 2015, German car manufacturer Volkswagen stunned the world when it dethroned Toyota as the world's largest car manufacturer by sales. In the first half of 2015, Volkswagen sold 5.04 million vehicles from January to June, compared to 5.02 million sold by Toyota in the same period.
Analysts explained the growth Volkswagen sales strong demand in Europe, where the market has grown at the fastest pace in more than five years. On the other hand, Toyota has suffered from declining demand in China, as well as the inability to reap the same benefits in Europe, despite the benefits the company received from the weakening Japanese yen.
True, already in autumn Toyota regained leadership in sales on the world market, and at the end of the year, the company's total sales amounted to about 10 million cars, against 9.93 million cars from Volkswagen. However, 2016 promises to be another year of competition between the two auto giants.
Below is a list of the top 10 automotive companies in the world (based on 2014 sales).
Top 10 largest car companies in the world
| place | company | Country of origin | Sales volume, million units | Number of employees, thousand people |
| 1 | Toyota Motor | Japan | 10,20 | 330,0 |
| 2 | Volkswagen Group | Germany | 10,10 | 592,6 |
| 3 | General Motors | USA | 9,92 | 216,0 |
| 4 | Renault-Nissan Alliance | France, Japan | 8,47 | 450,0 |
| 5 | Hyundai Motor Group | South Korea | 7,71 | 249,4 |
| 6 | Ford motor | USA | 6,32 | 224,0 |
| 7 | Fiat-Chrysler | Italy, USA | 4,75 | 228,7 |
| 8 | Honda motor | Japan | 4,36 | 199,4 |
| 9 | PSA Peugeot-Citroen | France | 2,94 | 184,8 |
| 10 | Suzuki | Japan | 2,88 | 14,6 |
Russian passenger car market in 2015-2016
The Russian passenger car market ended 2015 with a decline of 35.7% year on year. Sales decreased by 890,187 units compared to 2014, to a total of 1,601,126 units, according to the Association of European Businesses (AEB). December sales were down 45.7% year on year to 146,963 units, a drop of 123,682 units.
Top 10 passenger car brands by sales in Russia
| pieces | Dec. 2015 | Dec. 2014 | Change, % | 2015 | 2014 | Change, % |
| Lada | 23462 | 35315 | -34 | 269096 | 387307 | -31 |
| Kia | 15215 | 20200 | -25 | 163500 | 195691 | -16 |
| Hyundai | 12570 | 15235 | -17 | 161201 | 179631 | -10 |
| Renault | 11934 | 19263 | -38 | 120411 | 194531 | -38 |
| Toyota | 11177 | 17536 | -36 | 98149 | 161954 | -39 |
| Nissan | 8410 | 20131 | -58 | 91100 | 162010 | -44 |
| vw | 7927 | 13871 | -43 | 78390 | 128071 | -39 |
| UAZ | 6324 | 7221 | -12 | 48739 | 49844 | -2 |
| GAZ LCV | 5099 | 7916 | -36 | 51192 | 69388 | -26 |
| Skoda | 4596 | 6214 | -26 | 55012 | 84437 | -35 |
The largest
Automotive
Companies of the World
Number of produced vehicles: 10 104 424
Number of cars produced: 8,381,968
Toyota was the world's largest car manufacturer in 2012, after
after expanding production by more than 2 million
The company ranks second after Volkswagen in sales of passenger cars.
cars, and closes the top four after three large American
automakers (GM, Ford and Chrysler) in the production of light commercial
cars. The Japanese manufacturer also produced more than 250,000 heavy trucks and took
which is headquartered in Aichi, Japan. It is the world's largest manufacturer
cars. It is Japan's largest company in terms of market capitalization and revenue.
The company produces cars under the brands of 5 brands: Toyota, Hino, Lexus, Ranz and Scion. TMC and
Toyota forms one of the largest conglomerates in the world. He has joint ventures, A
namely Toyota Kirloskar (India), PAC Toyota and Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor (China), TPCA (Czech Republic). TM has
share in other large companies, namely: Daihatsu (51.2%), Fuji Heavy Industries (16.66%), Isuzu (5.9%)
and Tesla (0.27%). The company has 333,498 employees and has assets worth
$ 385 500 000 000
Market value: $193,500,000,000
Sales: $255,600,000,000
Profit: $18,900,000,000
Number of produced vehicles: 9,254,742
Number of passenger cars produced: 8,576,964
Volkswagen is largest automaker Germany, having released more than 9
million cars last year. In addition, for the second year in a row, Volkswagen
is the world's largest car manufacturer. Nevertheless,
the manufacturer fell from second place in terms of total production to third place, as
Toyota began producing 2 million more vehicles in 2012. Volkswagen Group is
German multinational automotive company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower
Saxony, Germany. It is a manufacturer of cars and trucks, motorcycles,
engines and turbomachines. Volkswagen means "people's car" in German
language. Its current slogan is "Das Auto" ("Car"). The company has its
representative offices in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities in 27
countries. Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the following brands: Audi, Bentley, Bugatti,
Lamborghini, Porsche, Seat, Skoda, Volkswagen Ducati motorcycles, commercial vehicles
under MAN, Scania, Neoplan and Volkswagen. Commercial Vehicles Marques. Companies
owns 19.9%, not a controlling interest in Suzuki. The Volkswagen Group also has two major
joint ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and Shanghai Volkswagen). 3 company vehicles in
top 10 list (by 24/7 Wall Street) of the best-selling cars of all time: Volkswagen Golf,
Volkswagen Beetle and also Volkswagen Passat. The company's assets are valued at $446,920,000,000,572
800 employees of the company work in different countries of the world.
Market value: $119,100,000,000
Sales: $261,600,000,000
Profit: $12,000,000,000
BMW is the most valuable German car brand in the world, valued at 28.96
billion dollars. The headquarters of the company, founded in 1916, is located in Munich,
Germany. The company is the owner of the Rolls-Royce brand, produces motorcycles, and also
participates in motorsport, including Formula 1. BMW is the 14th automotive manufacturer
company in the world by volume, having produced 2,065,216 vehicles last year. BMW brand
synonymous worldwide with premium cars, which helped the German concern
become one of the most recognizable and desired brands on Earth. Bayerische Motoren Werke AG is
German company for the production of automobiles, motorcycles and engines. BMW activities
implemented in more than 150 countries, and coordinated from the "four-cylinder" building to
Munich. BMW Group manufactures motorcycles under the Motorrad brand. She also produces mini
cars and luxury cars Rolls Royce. The company has 10 research centers,
4 of which are in Germany, 3 in the US and 1 each in Austria, Japan and China. Currently
The BMW Group operates 28 production facilities in 13 countries. This global network
production is the basis of growth for BMW. The BMW Group currently has subsidiaries
for car sales in 34 countries. It employs 110,351 people, assets are valued at
$ 190 660 000 000
Market value: $83,400,000,000
Sales: $101,000,000,000
Profit: $7,400,000,000
Daimler AG is a German multinational automotive company headquartered in
Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Daimler Group is one of the largest manufacturers
premium cars and the world's largest manufacturer of commercial
cars. The company includes divisions: Mercedes-Benz Cars, Daimler Trucks, Mercedes
Benz Vans, Daimler Buses and Daimler Financial Services. Her current brand portfolio includes
includes: Mercedes-Benz, Freightliner, Western Star, BharatBenz, Fuso, Setra and Thomas Built Buses.
Daimler has been systematically investing in the development of alternative drive systems throughout
many years in order to drastically reduce harmful emissions in atmosphere. Since we are talking about
Mercedes, it sits at number four on our list with a brand valuation of 24.17 billion
dollars, which is not surprising to most people. Luxury brands work with
higher profit margin compared to cars that are designed for mass
usage. Daimler sells its vehicles and services in almost every country in the world. She has
manufacturing facilities on five continents. The group sold 2.3 million vehicles in 2013,
the company's staff is 275,384 people. Assets are valued at $232,210,000,000
Sales: $156,600,000,000
Profit: $9,100,000,000
Ford motor company is an American automaker. Its headquarters is located in
Detroit, Michigan. The company manufactures and sells automobiles, commercial vehicles
Ford-branded vehicles; and Lincoln-branded luxury vehicles. Ford Motor Company owns
shares in many companies in the world, such as Mazda, Jiangling, Aston Martin. The company is
co-owner of a number of joint ventures, such as: Changan Ford Mazda (China), Ford Lio Ho (China),
Auto Alliance (China), Ford Otosan (Turkey), Ford Sollers (Russia). Ford Motors is the most
famous automobile company of America, as they were the driving force
industry in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. Henry Ford was actually
pioneering the automobile manufacturing process through its assembly line process,
which focused on the division of labor for maximum efficiency. For today
the company ranks fifth among automotive companies worldwide and has
expensive brand. The company owns the Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller and Australian
FPV manufacturer. The company employs 181,000 workers and has assets valued at $202,030,000,000.
Market value: $64,500,000,000
Sales: $146,900,000,000
Profit: $7,200,000,000
Honda Motor Co Pvt. Ltd. is a Japanese multinational corporation headquartered
apartment in Minato, Tokyo. It is a major manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles. Global ruler
Honda consists of such famous models as: Fit, Civic, Accord, Insight, CR-V, CR-Z, Crosstour, Pilot,
Ridgeline, Legend, two versions of the Odyssey, one for North America and one for the rest of the world.
Models and versions of car models varies from country to country and may have a lineup
exclusively for a specific region. Honda produces the Civic Hybrid, a hybrid electric vehicle.
Honda cars are traditionally front wheel drive. Honda is another example
Japan's dominance in the international automotive market. Honda works in other categories as well,
other than automobiles, including engines, robots, aircraft, solar panels, motorcycles and
all-terrain vehicles. They also own the Acura luxury car line, which is
a competitor to Lexus Toyota and European leading brands such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz. IN
the company currently employs 190,338 people, the value of assets is estimated at
$ 147 920 000 000.
Market value of the company: $63,000,000,000
Sales: $117,700,000,000
Profit: $4,900,000,000
Number of produced vehicles: 9,285,425
Number of cars produced: 6,608,567
It is an American multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered
apartment in Detroit, Michigan. GM makes cars in 37 countries around the world.
the following brands: Chevrolet, GMC, Wuling, Jie Fang, Isuzu, Buick, Cadillac, Opel, Holden,
Vauxhall Baojun. The company has 21,000 dealers worldwide and employs 219,000 employees,
who work at 396 of the company's facilities spanning six continents. Dynamic
General Motors brands, offer a wide range of vehicles in over 120 countries around the world.
world, which consists of electric and mini cars to heavy trucks, monocabs and
convertibles. GM also has significant stakes in major joint ventures in China,
including SAIC-GM, SAIC-GM-Wuling, FAW-GM and GM Korea. General Motors is divided into five segments
business: GM North America (GMNA), GM Europe (GME), GM International Operations (GMIO), GM
South America (GMSA) and GM Financial. General Motors was the largest manufacturer of lightweight
commercial vehicles in 2012 more than 2.6 million units. That's a quarter of a million more
than Ford, the next largest manufacturer. In China, the company employs more than 35,000
employees, and 2.8 million vehicles were produced in 2012. In comparison, the company produced
only 1.9 million vehicles in the US. Its assets are valued at $166,340,000,000. OnStar subsidiary
GM provides vehicle safety and information services.
Market value: $54,600,000,000
Sales: $155,400,000,000
Profit: $5,400,000
Number of produced vehicles: 7,126,413
Number of cars produced: 6,761,074
Hyundai's U.S. car sales rose last month, on par with Ford and
Nissan. Hyundai ranks third in terms of the number of cars produced in the world: almost
7 million units produced. The car company is also one of the four
leading large bus manufacturers with 15,470 units in the past
year. Hyundai Motor Company has 59,831 employees and asset value
$ 126,420,000,000. This is a South Korean company headquartered in Seoul. The company was
founded in 1967. Kia Motors is her subsidiary, which is 32.8% and
forms Hyundai Motor Group. The company owns the world's largest integrated
automobile plant in Ulsan, South Korea. Hyundai Motor Company aims to strengthen its
a global sales network in addition to producing regionally specific models.
Hyundai has opened showrooms in key retail cities including New York, London,
Beijing, Moscow to expand sales of luxury cars such as Centennial
(Equus) and Genesis.
Market value: $49,700,000,000
Sales: $79,800,000,000
Profit: $7,800,000,000
Number of produced vehicles: 4,889,379
Number of cars produced: 3,830,954
Nissan is a manufacturer of light commercial vehicles,
producing over a million units last year. Nissan also makes heavy
commercial vehicles, but last year the company sold more than 35,000
units - half as much as it was in 2010. Nissan Motor Co, Ltd is
a Japanese automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Nishi-ku, Yokohama,
Japan. The company works in alliance with Renault and creates joint ventures with other
automakers in the world. The Renault-Nissan Alliance has built a unique business model that
creates benefits for both companies. More than 15 years, employees like Nissan and Renault
worked with mutual respect and pride while maintaining the identity of the company.
Nissan Motor sells its vehicles under Nissan brand, Infiniti, Datsun and NISMO.
The company currently manufactures vehicles in 20 countries, including Japan. Infiniti was
launched as a luxury brand headquartered in Hong Kong. Datsun for customers in
fast growing markets. The company employs about 166,881 people worldwide, assets
are estimated at $137,240,000,000.
Market value: $40,200,000,000
Sales: $104,000,000,000
Profit: $3,900,000,000
SAIC (Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation) Motors - Chinese automotive
manufacturing company headquartered in Shanghai, China. SAIC Motors manufactures and sells
cars and commercial vehicles. The company sold 5.1 million vehicles
in 2013. It has maintained the first position in the Chinese domestic market for more than 8 years. Products
SAICs are sold under various brand names. Two famous brand belonging to
SAIC itself are: MG and Roewe. The company employs 6,146 employees, assets are valued
at $56,430,000,000.
Market value: $24,700,000,000
Sales: $88,300,000,000
Profit: $4,000,000,000
Rostov International Institute of Economics
North Caucasian Academy of Public Administration
COURSE WORK
Prepared
2nd year student 2 groups
Bayan Artyom Sergeevich
Teacher
Associate Professor Kharchenko Ivan Semyonovich
Rostov-on-Don
1. Introduction 3
2. Global automotive industry today 6
2.1. Big Three 12
2.3 Asian passenger car market 21
2.4 Russia 23
3. “Green cars – myth or reality?! 25
4. Prospects for the development of the industry 27
Sources of information 28
Introduction.
The significance of the automotive industry and the prospects for its development are determined by the place that vehicles occupy in the transport and energy infrastructure, and its overall role in the national economy of a country. Thus, Deputy Minister of Industry, Science and Technology Sergei Mitin noted that the leading countries in the automotive industry also occupy first positions in the world economy; the automotive industry directly affects technological progress and speaks better than many statistical calculations about the solvency of the population, and therefore about the standard of living. The automotive industry, being, on the one hand, a major consumer of material, labor and financial resources, and on the other hand, one of the main manufacturers of industrial products, plays an important role in the development of social production and the country's economy as a whole.
In terms of the combination of the design and technological complexity of each product with the mass scale of production, the automotive industry has no analogues among other branches of modern engineering. This feature is associated with a high degree of concentration of capital in the automotive industry, as well as a rapid reduction in the number of firms - independent producers.
The above factors have led to an intensification of competition between global automotive companies to maintain their share of the domestic market and expand export trade. In the face of such fierce competition, some states are taking a number of measures to limit the influence of large foreign companies on the domestic automotive market.
Developed countries are largely dependent on the automotive industry, as auto-TNCs in these countries play a very large role in their economy.
Currently, the automotive industry is undergoing a process of restructuring the regional structure, the beginning of which was evident in the 80s. This process includes both a redistribution of the share between the leading centers of capitalist production and an increase in the share of economically developing countries, in which, under the influence of large world automobile companies, intensive development of automobile production takes place.
The process of forming the maximum possible automated factories can be considered completed, in which human labor is simplified or automated, and on most of the conveyor line, operations are performed by robots. The only exceptions are outdated third world factories, as well as small-scale and piece production, in which manual labor is a tradition and is highly valued.
The modern automotive world is also characterized by a high degree of specialization. There are a number of major corporations specializing in the production of specific parts and blocks of cars (motors, transmissions, tires, mufflers, car appliances, etc.). This division of labor was caused by the struggle for the maximum optimization of the use of available funds and the achievement of maximum technical and operational performance of products.
Another important feature of the automotive industry is internal and inter-firm cooperation. Currently, there is not a single major automotive company that does not have intercompany agreements on the mutual supply of individual components, as well as the joint development or production of products. However, it should be noted that there are smaller companies that are less involved in this process.
In a market, open, unstable economic environment, characteristic of almost all countries, the influence of product exports on ensuring a strong economic position of a company has significantly increased.
The process of concentration of forces in the automotive industry is intensifying. According to a study by the financial institution HypoVereinsbank, out of five and a half thousand suppliers of the industry by 2010, less than half will remain in the world, and out of fifteen large automobile concerns - no more than ten. In the next decade, the automotive industry will develop especially actively in the countries of Asia, Eastern Europe and South America (that is, markets that have not been formed in the automotive concept). According to experts' forecasts, the annual growth of the industry in these regions will be 7.5%. The best chances for survival will be those companies that will create their own production facilities in these parts of the planet.
According to HypoVereinsbank, the annual turnover of the global automotive industry is today 2 trillion 450 billion euros.
The global automotive industry today .
By the new century, the automotive industry emerged with three distinct areas of concentration: the North American market, the European zone, and Asia, which includes primarily Japan and Korea.
Last year, 56.8 million new cars were sold worldwide. The most capacious is still the US automotive market. According to the results of 2001, more than 17.2 million new cars were sold there, which is about 30% of world sales. Japan and South Korea are in second place in terms of car sales - 10 million or 17.5% of the world market. Europe is in third place. About 9 million cars were sold there (16% of the world volume). Russia settled at the end of a long list of countries with a score of 1,200,000 new cars, or 0.2%.
It should be noted that each of these markets has its own distinctive features! Manufacturers now simply have to study consumer tastes and preferences, while using all the achievements of progress. Otherwise, a potential buyer will simply buy the car he needs from a competitor! The following can be distinguished characteristics cars of various manufacturers.
For American manufacturers of the end of the last century was characterized by gigantism: the machines were very large both inside and out! American SUVs (jeeps) seemed especially terrifying and unusual for Europeans or Japanese. Equipped with large engines (up to 6.0 liters of working volume), they were extremely uneconomical and were mostly not used for their intended purpose (off-road). Now American cars look a little different, although the most popular car- Ford F-series pickup truck. And half of all cars sold in America are pickup trucks, SUVs or minivans. Large executive sedans are also popular. From a technical point of view, the dream of an American is a car with big engine, automatic transmission, with selector located on the steering column large trunk and a lot of "cup holders" - round containers in which you can put a can of Coca-Cola.
European cars are distinguished by their restraint and outwardly very traditional. Cars of European manufacturers have an exact division into classes and all classes, from small cars to executive sedans, are well-produced in Europe. European cars are more restrained in size than American ones: smaller dimensions, smaller engines and less spacious interiors. Machines equipped with automatic transmissions, occupy about half of all sold. Interiors of Eurocars often have leather and wood trim, and are also well thought out in terms of ergonomics. There is a wide range of cars of smaller classes, as well as large sedans. great attention is given to the economy and environmental friendliness of the purchased car. And also an important criterion when choosing a car for a European is its driving performance: handling and comfort are valued.
Asian cars are also distinguished by their "Asian" design. They often have narrow or small headlights and smooth body lines. The "Japanese" are very good from a technical point of view. And according to the options offered, a Japanese car for the domestic market can outperform an American or European one. Environmental friendliness and economy are also at the forefront here. Very popular in Japan and other Asian countries are small and medium cars, as well as sports cars, which are most often based on serial sedans. Much attention is paid to the engines and driving characteristics of the cars, which should satisfy the fans of active driving, who choose cars with a manual transmission only!
All these traditions and preferences must be taken into account by manufacturers in order for their cars to be successful with buyers. And indeed, numerous studies are being carried out in this area to create cars for a specific automotive market or even a country! Taking into account all the data, as well as experience, manufacturers produce exactly the machines that consumers are waiting for on the market. And therein lies the success! So the markets are filled with several successful models.
However, there are exceptions - the so-called "world cars", which are designed to be sold on all continents. A few recent examples of such vehicles are the VWNewBeetle and the Mini, which were built with specific mid-century car designs in mind. In this case, the nostalgic factor played a huge role. Although from a technical point of view, these cars are modern, but not perfect. Now they are selling well in Europe and America.
It will not be superfluous to note that the automotive "ideologies" of different markets have had a strong influence on each other, making cars more "international". When a manufacturer prepares to launch a car on the market, he basically counts on two or three countries in which it will be sold. Therefore, for good sales and a good profit, the car must combine the passions and preferences of the people living in these countries.
Some firms produce cars for a specific category of people. Factors such as income, position in society, age and lifestyle are taken into account.
In the current conditions of the most intense competition, no large company can afford to produce cars of similar class on a different technical base, because the development of a fundamentally new machine is very expensive and time-consuming for the manufacturer. This, ultimately, affects the timeliness of the appearance of a new car on sale and its price. Therefore, large car factories are trying to occupy intermediate niches between the main models, making small upgrades and changing the appearance. Moreover, recently cars of “non-standard” sizes and classes are in good demand.
One example is the construction of various cars by the Volkswagen concern. Seven cars were built on the so-called GolfIV base, which were produced at about the same time (VWGolfIV, AudiA3, SkodaOctavia, AudiTT, SeatToledo…). In the end, both the producer and the consumer won: Volkswagen made a profit, as it was represented on the market by a large number of cars that were close in class; consumer chose nice car to your liking, paying a reasonable price.
Automakers over the past few years have introduced a huge number of transmissions in different versions, as well as new engines. Many alternatives to automatic transmissions have appeared: varieties of CVTs (the Japanese succeeded here), various sequential boxes gear, etc. All this is done to attract more and more buyers, I demonstrate to them all the advantages of new parts. One of the evolutionary movements forward was the appearance of an engine with distributed fuel injection, which was patented by Mitsubishi. Cars with such engines have become much more dynamic, more economical and meet the strictest environmental requirements. A few years after the appearance of such an engine in Mitsubishi, all major car companies have such engines in their arsenal.
Huge amounts of money are spent by global automakers on the development of new cars, including their design. Modern cars are not just means of transportation, but also objects that should cause pleasant sensations in people. Sometimes these very "vehicles" become just a work of design art. Behind this is the long-term work of large design centers, which employ dozens and hundreds of designers from different countries. Among other things, the design of the new car should carry "family features". That is, a completely new car should retain the distinctive features of previous generations. The car must be easily recognizable so that the consumer can confidently say that it is a BMW or, say, a Honda.
Toyota's newest design center, ED 2, opened in May 2000. The area on which it is located is 40 hectares. And it was built by the Japanese themselves. On a barge from Japan, all the equipment and heavy equipment arrived along with construction. And the design center was commissioned on a turnkey basis a year later and cost Toyota about $ 13 million. And this Japanese auto giant already has one design center in Brussels. Why was another one needed? Vladimir Pirozhkov, one of the designers, says that it is better to work in the new building - it is located on the Cote d'Azur.
The main place where manufacturers can show their latest developments and achievements is the exhibition. Currently, there are about a dozen international exhibitions and many more regional auto shows. Exhibitions serve as an important source of information for manufacturers: by presenting their concept cars, trial and pre-production samples, they can collect the wishes and complaints of visitors, i.e. potential buyers. Also at the exhibition you can see your competitors and their future cars and compare with your own. At the same time, putting on the podium future car, which is not yet on sale, you can “warm up” demand for it, i.e. the exhibition is a great place to advertise!
Detroit Motor Show, Geneva, Paris Motor Show - these are the largest and most significant car exhibitions. These exhibitions are expensive for the organizing firms and car companies that exhibit their cars at them. For example, the Detroit Auto Show in 2001 cost the organizers $350 million and gathered more than 8,000 journalists and about a million visitors under its arches.
"Big Three"
It is the auto giants that are part of the "Big Three" that control most of the American car market and are the largest TNCs in the world. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, GeneralMotors are three concerns that form big three. However, these manufacturers also control other firms. Some of the firms have been completely purchased, while others are partially independent. So, for example, Daimler-Benz and Chrysler merged, becoming a single corporation. And now, under the leadership of DC, cars of such brands as Mercedes, Chrysler, Jeep and Dodge are produced.
By the end of the century, the firms of the "Big Three" approached in an international composition. Indeed, by combining firms from different countries, cultures and strategies of market struggle, one can safely “fight” with other large manufacturers.
General Motors is the largest automotive giant with an annual production of more than 6 million cars. It includes both native American companies: Chevrolet, Pontiac, Buick, Saturn, Cadillac; and European: Opel, Vauxhall, Saab. In addition, GM owns a 20% stake in Subaru and 49% in Isuzu, which determines the influence to the east. Isuzu has been one of the suppliers of engines for Opel and Saab cars of the same General Motors for 10 years. But the influence of GM on Subaru is still imperceptible, probably the share of American capital is still small.
Ford's second largest auto concern is also American. This TNC includes Aston Martin, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, Volvo and Mazda. Here, too, a multinational composition is visible. Overall volume the concern's output is about 4.6 million cars. The main part of the cars is Ford (more than 2 million), and Mazda (almost 1 million).
Closes the top three leaders of the American auto industry concern DaimlerChrysler (DC) with an annual production of 3.55 million cars. However, in the world leaderboard, it ranks sixth, behind Volkswagen (VW) and Toyota. The merger of two giants: Mercedes and Chrysler, which took place in 2001, has become one of the main events of the last decade. Of the Big Three, only Chrysler remained a pure American company for a long time, having at its disposal brands Dodge, Jeep and Chrysler. Now having such a leader in the class prestigious cars like Mercedes, you can safely produce cars that were previously closed to Chrysler. This association has a positive effect on both the technical and tactical side of both companies.
Currently, Mercedes, Jeep, Dodge and Chrysler vehicles are sold through a single dealer network and serviced by a single technical services. A smart strategy brings financial benefits.
In 2001, 17.2 million new passenger cars, SUVs and pickup trucks were sold in the US. The total number of registered cars exceeds 200 million. The rule “one family - one car”, which is valid, for example, in Russia, is not widespread in the USA. Americans consider it necessary to have two or three cars in the family. With these figures, America is the No. 1 automotive power, confirming its leadership.
The Big Three control 62.7% of the US market, 36% of the Brazilian market, 28% of Europe and 10% of Asia. Thus, the influence of American TNCs extends to most of the planet and plays an important role in socio-economic processes.
| General Motors | -1,1% |
| Ford | -5,8% |
| DaimlerChrysler | -9,6% |
Table 1. Changes in the volume of sales of cars of the "big three" in 2001 in the US market.
However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to control the American market due to the massive offensive of large foreign and medium-sized manufacturers. Back in 1996, the share of American companies in "their" market was more than 72%. Mostly domestic manufacturers were "bits" in the class of luxury cars. With such brands as Cadillac and Lincoln at their disposal, the Americans over the past 10 years have ceded most of this market segment to the European brands Mercedes-Benz, BMW and the Japanese Lexus.
Table 2. Top selling luxury cars in the US in 1999.
Losses incurred American manufacturers run into tens of millions of dollars. There is a fierce competition, during which all possible ways and methods. And first of all, foreign manufacturers have relied on quality.
US research publication ConsumerReports automotive market, published a rating of car reliability. The results are as follows: during the first year of operation, 15 serious malfunctions were recorded per 100 Japanese cars; European cars have 23 breakdowns, American cars have 24. The top ten most reliable cars 4 cars from Toyota were included, two each from BMW and Honda, and one each from Volkswagen and Subaru.
However, in America, "thoroughbred" American SUVs and pickups are still popular. This proves that the Ford F-series pickup was the top seller in 2001.
Table 4 SUVs, minivans and pickup trucks in the US market in 2001.
Japanese brands today control about 25% of the US car market. Such success was the result of the grammatical policy of European and Japanese companies. So, for example, Toyota, Nissan and Honda created brands such as Lexus, Infiniti and Acura specifically for the American market, respectively, to win over part of the buyers. This gave them a number of advantages.
Firstly, these names did not have a specific image (besides the one that the Japanese wanted to show in the advertising campaign), therefore, the buyers had a feeling of curiosity.
Secondly, for patriotic Americans, the “MadeinUSA” sign played a huge role. After all, the factories of these foreign firms were located in the States, despite the fact that they were controlled from Japan.
And thirdly, the aforementioned firms came to the American market with a very good product: "luxury" cars were of very high quality (compared to domestic ones), met all the requirements and preferences of local residents and were sold at very attractive prices.
However, factories located in the United States also give Americans a number of advantages: good jobs, additional budget revenues and an increase in GDP. In the end, the consumer wins.
The American company R. L. Polk & Co., which is engaged in automotive market research, has published the results of a survey conducted at the 2002 Detroit Auto Show. The question "What type of car do you need?" was asked to 5870 visitors of the exhibition. The results are as follows: 27% preferred SUVs, 15% - middle-class cars, another 15% - sports cars, 11% - prestigious sedans, another 11% - pickups, and only 7% of respondents were in favor of compact cars.
Based on these results, we can assume that the popularity table will remain the same, but the demand for pickups may decrease.
European manufacturers are represented mainly by the Volkswagen concern, which includes Audi, Skoda, Seat, Lamborghini, Bentley and Bugatti; concern PSA (Peugeot and Citroen); FiatAuto (Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Lancia) and BMW. There are also Ferrari, Lotus and Porcshe, which are an integral part of Europe, but sales of these car brands are negligible.
The VW concern is pursuing a policy of unifying its cars and reducing platforms, as mentioned earlier. This allows for a more flexible pricing policy, but there are also some dissatisfaction among potential customers. After all, unification is subjected to both engines and suspension parts, why cars become similar when driving, and interior elements, which causes confusion. Sometimes, only the company sign on the steering wheel helps to find out which car you are sitting in, Volkswagen or Skoda. And this, in my opinion, is a negative direction in the concern's policy. Because in civilized countries more and more people strive to be individual and stand out from the crowd, including having an exclusive car.
The VW brand is considered a manufacturer of relatively cheap "people's" cars, occupying "price" niches in many classes. The Volkswagen lineup starts with the Lupo, class A according to the European classification of passenger cars, and ends with the Passat model (class D). Car prices start at less than $10,000 and end at $38,000. Thus, cars meet the needs of most of Europe's population. However, in early 2002, it was shown new flagship VW company model Phaeton. This car will be produced from the end of 2002 and sold at prices ranging from $50,000 to $65,000 and will be positioned in the F class. Its competitors will be the elite of the European automotive industry: AudiA8, MercedesS-class, BMW 7-series, which are much more expensive.
As the head of the VW concern, Ferdinand Piech, said: “If Mercedes is pressing on us from below, then we will put pressure on it from above.” By this, he wanted to say that low-class Mercedes cars began to compete with Volkswagen cars, which was not the case before. Therefore, it was decided to compete in a new, higher class for themselves. The main trump card is the price and quality.
However, class E remains free, which is not occupied by the Volkswagen concern. And, we can assume that soon there will be a car that can fill the empty space. Most likely, it will be built on the basis of Phaeton.
BMW produced almost 900 thousand cars in 2001. Two years ago, the company released an SUV - the first in its history. As a result, sales increased by 10%. The company's ideology has remained the same: it produces cars for lovers of active driving - powerful, fast, with a swift appearance and at the same time, German quality. This is what managers of the company keep their customers.
Now BMW has the rights to produce a Mini factory model with the same name. This decision was made during the sale of this plant by BMW management. The development of this machine was carried out at a time when Mini company owned by a Bavarian company. The success of the model was obvious, and therefore it was not wise to sell it together with the factory, after a large investment had been made.
BMW managers turned out to be right - sales of MiniOne and MiniCooper are going great both in the Old World and in America: this year they will reach 100 thousand cars.
The German market is still the largest, and a significant part of the population (755,000 people) is employed in the automotive or related industries. In 2000, the industry's turnover amounted to 431 billion marks, and the number of cars produced passed the mark of 5 million, about 3.5 million were sold abroad, mainly in North America.
France is represented by the PSA concern and Renault, which is not part of it. PSA combines two major manufacturers - Peugeot and Citroen. The volume of production of the first is 500 thousand cars, and the second - twice as much. These two factories work mainly for the needs of the European market, producing relatively cheap and small cars. The merger of these firms was necessary because Renault is a leader in the French automotive industry, producing more than 1.5 million cars a year. Two latest car presented by the company turned out to be too revolutionary and avant-garde design. Therefore, sales are not so successful.
Two years ago, Renault merged with another powerful Japanese concern, Nissan. Now Japanese cars, which are in good demand in the countries of the European Union, will receive additional benefits and increase their sales. And European Renault will be able to settle into a new market for themselves in Japan. In addition, the French will be able to use the built Nissan dealer network in the United States, significantly saving on this. Cooperation will also take place in the technical field.
Italian FiatAuto is practically the only manufacturer in this country. It also includes Alfa Romeo and Maserati, the production of cars by the latter firm is negligible.
Europe is the market where the share of new vehicles with diesel engines is so high – 33%. This is due, first of all, to an increase in environmental friendliness and a decrease in the cost of produced diesel engines. In addition, they are not inferior in terms of dynamic characteristics to gasoline engines, and fuel consumption is much lower. The benefit to the consumer is clear.
Asian car market.
The Asian market differs significantly from the American or European market by a number of principles. One can even single out the Asian market as a "state within a state" that lives by its own rules independent of external influences. Japanese auto industry has a strict division of the model range into cars for the domestic and foreign markets. Those cars that are sold in Japan may never be seen and bought by an American or a German. These machines are much more advanced than those that are exported. This is largely due to the mentality of the Japanese and the stringent requirements of the domestic market in the field of ecology, economy and style. New models appear more often. If in the west the lineup automakers are updated every 5-7 years, then the Japanese and Koreans update models for the domestic market in 3-4 years.
the largest Japanese manufacturer is Toyota, which produces over 4.4 million vehicles a year in factories located in different parts of the world, and ranks fourth in the world.
The Toyota lineup is very diverse and wide. The machines of this company have always been distinguished by a wide range of standard and additional equipment, competitive price, high technical level and uncompromising quality.
The highest-class cars are handled by the Lexus division, the main market for which is the United States.
Daihatsu, owned by Toyota, specializes in the production of small and cheap cars, which are very popular in Japan and South Korea.
Toyota supplies 3.1 million passenger cars to the Japanese domestic market and is a leader in this area.
Japan's second largest concern is Nissan, which recently merged with the French company Renault. Sales in Japan are 1.4 million vehicles, second only to Toyota.
Nissan is also very famous for its high-quality cars in Europe, and in America the Infiniti division is more famous for selling high-end cars.
Honda is the third largest automobile plant in Japan in terms of output. 1.2 million Honda cars are produced annually. This company is known for great achievements in the production of gasoline engines, as well as the development of cars using natural gas and solar energy as fuel.
Honda also has a division dedicated to the production of high-end cars, mainly for the American market.
Mitsubishi is the largest TNC, which combines not only the production of cars. However, more than twenty percent of the automobile company Mitsubishi Motors belongs to the American-European concern DaimlerChryslerAG. A representative from the DC concern was elected chairman of the board of directors of Mitsubishi. Most likely, further integration of these companies will continue.
It should be noted that Suzuki, which specializes in the production of small cars and annually produces 1.8 million cars (11th in the world), remains completely independent. Neither Japanese nor Western companies were able to take control of such a successful company.
The Korean automotive industry is represented by three companies: Hyindai, Daewoo and Kia. These companies are widely known outside their own country: they sell well in Western Europe (including Russia), where they have their own factories, and also increase sales in America. More than half of the more than 3 million cars assembled in 1999 were exported.
The largest of them is Hyindai, whose production exceeds 1 million vehicles. These are mostly low-powered and cheap cars for the general population.
Russia.
To date, there are 18 large automobile factories and car assembly companies. Of these, 8 produce imported cars.
In 2001 Russian manufacturers 1,186,600 passenger cars were produced, which is 4% more than in 2000. The bulk of the cars produced are AvtoVAZ products - 767,000 cars.
The most popular foreign cars in Russia in 2001 are relatively cheap cars (up to $15,000). Moreover, there has been a trend towards an increase in the share of imported cars assembled at joint ventures in Russia. This is understandable - "local" cars are only slightly inferior to imported ones in terms of build quality, but they are noticeably cheaper. For example, a large plant in Uzbekistan (UzDaewooAvto) was able to sell about 10,000 cars through the dealer network, which is about 13% of the entire market.
However, more expensive cars are also very popular, the purchase of which is more likely due to the prestige and big name of the brand than a real need. More than 20% of all new cars bought cost their customers over $30,000. Mercedes-Benz in 2001 entered the top ten companies, having sold 3806 cars (5%). And such companies as BMW, Audi and Volvo were respectively on 12, 13 and 14 places according to the results of 2001.
According to the government's latest announcements, in 2003 import duties on used foreign-made cars will be significantly increased. This caused widespread dissatisfaction among the masses, as a significant part of motorists use used foreign cars, preferring them to new ones. domestic cars. On the one hand, such measures can increase sales of new domestic cars, and on the other hand, can Russian factories raise the quality of products?
"Green" cars - myth or reality?!
Ecologically clean car that does not harm the environment is the dream of every government and Greenpeace activist. However, the same car must meet the needs simple driver– be dynamic, easy to use and relatively cheap. Such problems are now faced by the creators of environmentally friendly cars, but the solution has not been found. There are several directions in which the design of "green" cars is developing.
The first direction is the use of electric motors. Such cars already exist all over the world. However, they are used as an alternative to engines internal combustion: golf cars, trolleybuses and other micro cars. Bye Electrical engine cannot be compared with the usual one in terms of its consumer characteristics, but is absolutely “clean” for the surrounding nature.
The second direction is the use of an engine running on a mixture of gases, which emits CO 2 into the atmosphere. However, such a car is very expensive, requires special maintenance and the technology is not perfect.
At the moment, most attention is paid to cars with hybrid engines. The principle of operation is as follows: low power motor The internal combustion engine works in conjunction with a generator to generate electricity for an electric motor, which in turn drives the car's wheels. Or another option: one axle of the car is driven by a conventional engine, and if additional load is needed, the other axle will move due to electric motors. Such cars are now mass-produced, but not very popular.
Work is underway to create ultra-efficient machines. Volkswagen is the leader in this area. The Lupo model is already being produced, which consumes less than three liters of diesel fuel per 100 kilometers. Recently shown to a wide audience concept car with fuel consumption less than 1 l/100 km. It is designed for two people and gains a maximum speed of 120 km / h. Work in this direction will undoubtedly be continued and such a car will soon appear on sale.
About any revolutionary discoveries in soon yet to speak. But work is underway. And the company that will be the first to make an environmentally friendly car affordable will undoubtedly be considered a leader.
Prospects for the development of the industry.
It can be assumed that the growth of the automotive industry in the next 3-5 years will remain at the level of 5-10 percent. Serious changes in the structure of production and sales should not occur. The trend towards building factories in developing countries and "third world countries" will intensify. New sales markets will be the subject of competition between the main giants of the global automotive industry.
As already mentioned in the introduction, the process of concentration of forces will intensify. One of the criteria for unification is the difference in cultures produced by cars. Those. joint ventures will be created, the founders of which will be companies from different countries and continents. The following scenario is possible:
The General Motors concern will finally take control of the Isuzu and Subaru brands, which it now partially owns.
DaimlerChrysler will complete its merger with Mitsubishi, thus becoming a German-American-Japanese corporation.
One of the Asian companies (Suzuki or Daewoo) will join the European giant Volkswagen.
Perhaps the European cooperation of the two concerns PSA and FiatAuto to strengthen their positions in the domestic market.
It is likely that Ford, Toyota and BMW will remain far from mergers and integrations in the near future.
USED SOURCES OF INFORMATION.
2. Magazine "Expert" No. 42, 2001.
3. Automotive companies in Western Europe. NIINavtoprom. M., 1982.
4. Automobile companies of America and Japan. NIINavtoprom. M., 1982.
5. V.I. Butov. Economic and social geography of the foreign world and Russia. M., 1998.
6. Electronic encyclopedia "Krugosvet". KM., 2000.
8. Information multiportal Cyril and Methodius (www.km.ru).
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2. Volkswagen Group The Volkswagen Group is a German multinational automotive company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is a manufacturer of cars, trucks, motorcycles, engines and turbomachines. Volkswagen means "people's car" in German. Its current slogan is "Das Auto" ("Car"). The company has offices in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 manufacturing facilities in 27 countries. The company's assets are estimated at $ 446,920,000,000, 572,800 employees of the company work in different countries of the world. Market value: $119,100,000,000 Sales: $261,600,000,000 Profit: $12,000,000,000
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4. BMW Group (BMW group) Bayerische Motoren Werke AG is a German company for the production of cars, motorcycles and engines. It was founded in 1916 and is headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. BMW's activities are carried out in more than 150 countries, and are coordinated from the "four-cylinder" building in Munich. The BMW Group manufactures motorcycles under the Motorrad brand. It also manufactures mini cars and luxury Rolls-Royce cars. The company has 10 research centers, 4 of which are in Germany, 3 in the US and 1 each in Austria, Japan and China. The BMW Group currently operates 28 production facilities in 13 countries. This global production network is the backbone of growth for BMW. The BMW Group currently has car dealerships in 34 countries worldwide. It employs 110,351 people and has assets valued at $190,660,000,000 Market value: $83,400,000,000 Sales: $101,000,000,000 Profit: $7,400,000,000
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