Disadvantages and advantages of torsion bar suspension. Varieties and arrangement of torsion bar suspension

Torsion suspension- This is a type of suspension, the main element of which is a cylindrical metal rod (torsion bar). This element has great elasticity and perfectly springs under twisting influences. Typically, torsion bars are made from special high-strength steels that undergo preliminary heat treatment. The torsion bar withstands phenomenal mechanical loads, perfectly resists high torsional stresses and is practically not subject to deformation at large twisting angles. Torsion bars are round or square in cross section, they can be type-setting (from several metal plates).

The torsion bar is rigidly attached to the frame of the car with one side, and the other side is connected to the wheel hub through the lever. Movement of the wheel in a vertical plane causes twisting of the torsion bar (the torsion bar springs). The result is a strong and resilient structure that connects the car body and its moving chassis. In order to increase the reliability and durability of torsion bar suspensions, the main connections and assemblies are equipped with elements protecting against shock loads (gas or oil shock absorbers or additional coil springs).

History of torsion bar suspension.

For the first time, such a suspension was used on famous car Volkswagen Beetle (release started in the 1930s). The current version of the torsion bar circuit, which is used on modern cars, is the evolutionary brainchild of many improvements and improvements in the design of this suspension circuit.

Immediately after the appearance of a new suspension design for those years, it began to be finalized by European and American engineers. automotive companies for installation on various cars produced by them. Czech Ledvinka came up with a modernized torsion bar, which was used on heavy vehicles Tatra. After several years of testing, it was Ledwinka's design that began to be massively installed on cars coming off the assembly line of the Ferdinand Porsche company.

Ferdinand Porsche himself spoke very warmly about the torsion bar suspension scheme. It is lightweight and durable. These two main advantages have contributed to the fact that almost all good cars of that time (sports, off-road and military) had a torsion bar suspension. Now torsion bars are used in several Ferrari models, in the design of the suspension of an SUV Toyota Land cruiser and other models Japanese auto giant, in the suspension of most heavy cars. Porsche continued to work on optimizing the torsion bars. He developed torsion bars with double levers(the transverse rods in them were hidden inside steel pipes, which were located one after another), together they made up the first torsion beam in the history of the automotive industry.

French automakers also worked on their own torsion bar suspension systems. André Lefevre of Citroen figured out how to use the dependence of the stiffness of the suspension on the length of the torsion beam. The longer the torsion bar, the more comfortable the suspension turned out. In addition, the long torsion shaft perfectly distributes the load from pavement throughout the body of the vehicle. This significantly increases the stability of the car on the track and improves its handling.

During World War II, torsion bars were used in the design of tanks and heavy army armored cars. The torsion bar suspension was equipped with domestic tanks "KV", the famous Nazi "Panthers". Real combat conditions have once again confirmed that the torsion scheme works successfully and reliably. In the post-war years, almost the entire global auto industry switched to the production of cars with torsion bars in the suspension. For a long time(until 1960) torsion bars were installed only on the rear suspension, but Jaguar first used front torsion bars on the famous E-Type. In the USA, torsion bars were completed chrysler cars and Cadillac. In the USSR, ZIL, Zaporozhets and LUAZ vehicles were produced with such a suspension.

The main advantages and disadvantages of the torsion bar suspension.

The torsion beam can be placed under the car body in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The longitudinal scheme is more suitable for heavy and large machines. On cars put light and compact transverse torsion bars rear suspension.

Torsion suspension solves the following tasks:

• Guarantees a smooth ride.
• Maximum smoothes and absorbs mechanical vibrations of the frame and wheels of the car.
• Helps to stabilize the position of the wheels.
• Adjusts the roll angle in turns.

Torsion bars mounted transversely are limited by the track width of the vehicle. On the sides of the body, the working edges of the torsion bars are connected to the suspension arms. Therefore, to make infinitely smooth and soft suspension does not work (due to the limited physical dimensions of the torsion bars).

Longitudinal torsion bars do not have serious limitations in length. In terms of the level of softness and smoothness provided, longitudinal torsion beams can easily compete with springs and springs. In addition, the installation of a longitudinal torsion bar is technologically a simpler process.

Benefits of torsion bar suspension:

• Small weight and dimensions in comparison with springs.
• Ease of repair, replacement and maintenance.
• The ability to change the ride height without interfering with the design of other suspension parts.
• High reliability.
• Easy to set up and adjust.
• Long service intervals.

In fact, all operations for servicing the torsion bar suspension come down only to checking the mounting bolts (their tightening torque). To adjust the torsion circuit, the master needs only one wrench. General advice– Strictly observe the tightening torque of the bolts specified in technical description. If the bolts are tightened, the suspension will become stiff and uncomfortable.

Disadvantages of the torsion scheme:

• The car becomes "oversteer". The driver requires special concentration in corners. Yes, the car rolls less, but it is quite possible to turn around instead of turning. This shortcoming is especially pronounced in small cars. - The production process of torsion bars is complex and expensive. Steel is needed special, pre-prepared. This is what guarantees the strength and elasticity of the torsion bar. Many different additives have to be added to such steels, and expensive quality control technologies have to be used. However, it is often the torsion scheme that is used to provide comfortable ride on any surface (all-terrain vehicles).
• The use of needle bearings in the places where the torsion bars are attached to the levers limits the resource of the torsion beam. Bearings deteriorate from constant exposure to salt, moisture, road chemicals. This happens especially quickly when there are cracks in the seals. The torsion beam can fail even faster than the rubber suspension elements age. It depends on the operating conditions, and not on the aggressive driving style, as many believe. There is only one advice for such a disaster - inspect the suspension as often as possible. If the problem is identified in time, then the repair will cost only the replacement of oil seals and bearings. If the situation is started, then bad bearings they will quickly break the seats, and then the torsion beam will need to be repaired entirely. Typically, the resource of bearings ranges from 60-70 thousand kilometers.

Now torsion bar suspensions are not used so massively. The main problem is that it is quite difficult to provide a fully independent wheel suspension with high level comfort. However, on the other hand, the torsion scheme still allows you to build fairly free suspension, especially on heavy vehicles (Renault Laguna and Pegeout 405).

Multi-link suspensions gradually replaced the torsion bar. It continues to be used only on real SUVs (Dodge, Mitsubishi Pajero, Ford) and trucks mobiles.

The torsion bar is a metal elastic element, working on twisting. As a rule, this is a metal rod of round section with a slotted connection at the ends. The torsion can consist of a set of plates, rods, beams of a certain section. Structurally, the torsion bar is attached at one end to the body or frame of the car, and at the other - to the guide element - the lever. When the wheels are moved, the torsion bar is twisted, which achieves an elastic connection between the wheel and the body. A feature of torsion bars is rotation in only one direction - in the direction of twisting. Another feature is that the torsion bar can be used to adjust the body height. Torsion bars are used in various types independent suspensions: on double transverse levers, on longitudinal levers, with connected longitudinal levers (torsion beam).

In a torsion bar suspension on double wishbones, the torsion bars are parallel to the body, so that their length and, accordingly, the elastic properties can be adjusted over a wide range. One end of the torsion bar is attached to the lower transverse arm (rarely to the upper arm), the other end to the vehicle frame. This torsion bar suspension design is used as front suspension passenger cars off-road vehicles - some models of American and Japanese SUVs. In a trailing arm torsion bar suspension, the torsion bars are connected to the trailing arms and, accordingly, are located across the body. This torsion bar suspension design is used as a rear suspension for some models of small cars. A special place in the designs of torsion bar suspensions is occupied by the so-called. torsion beam or trailing arm suspension. The guiding device of this suspension are two trailing arms rigidly interconnected by a beam. The trailing arms are attached to the body on one side, and to the wheel hubs on the other. The beam has a U-shaped section, so it has high bending rigidity and low torsional rigidity. This property allows the wheels to move up and down independently of each other. The torsion beam is now widely used as a rear suspension front wheel drive vehicles small and middle class. Due to its design, the torsion beam suspension occupies an intermediate position between the dependent and independent type of suspension, which is why its other name is semi-independent suspension.

History of appearance

Torsion bar suspension has been used since the mid-1930s on French cars. brands Citroen. In the 1940s, torsion bars were used on racing cars Porsche. Subsequently, they were used by many other automakers. For example, Renault, ZIL and Chrysler. The use of torsion bar suspension was primarily due to good performance smooth running and simple design.

Types of torsion suspensions

Front independent torsion bar suspension on wishbones The front torsion bar suspension on wishbones (one or two depending on the design) consists of the following elements: Longitudinally located torsion bar, working on twisting and replacing the spring. The lower or upper arm that takes the main load, through which the force is transferred to the torsion bar. The damping element is a shock absorber that performs the function of damping vibrations. Stabilizer roll stability compensating for body roll while driving. The compactness of the front torsion bar suspension on the wishbones allows efficient use of free space. For example, to install massive wheel drives. In this regard, torsion bars have become widespread in the production frame SUVs combining cross-country ability with the softness of the suspension. For example, Toyota Land cruiser 100 (mounting the torsion bar to lower arm) And Toyota Hilux Surf (torsion bar on the upper arm). Torsion bars are also used on the front axle of commercial vehicles.

Rear independent suspension with transverse torsion bars

In the designs of rear suspensions with a longitudinal arrangement of levers, torsion bars are installed transversely. Legendary French Renault car 16, which was produced until the 1990s, was equipped with a front suspension with longitudinally located torsion bars, and a rear suspension with a transverse one. A feature of the elastic elements of the rear suspension was their location - one was behind the other, which structurally entailed a difference in the wheelbase on the sides of the car (one of the wheels was several centimeters closer to the front). The handling and stability of the car left much to be desired, however, it was the compactness of the torsion bar suspension that made it possible to significantly increase the volume luggage compartment, which largely determined the popularity of the model. Currently, such a suspension scheme is not used by automakers.

Semi-independent rear torsion beam

Semi-dependent U-shaped torsion beam, which has an integrated elastic rod, becomes more bending strength. At the same time, it allows the wheels of one axle to move slightly relative to each other when driving through bumps. This improves the handling and stability of the car. This suspension is used on rear axle most budget front-wheel drive cars.

Benefits of torsion bar suspension

✔ High running smoothness. ✔ Compact and light weight. ✔ High maintainability. ✔ Simple and reliable design.

Disadvantages of torsion bar suspension

✔ The complexity of the production of torsion bars. ✔ Mediocre car handling. Currently, the front independent suspension, where torsion bars are installed as elastic elements, is used in the production of trucks and SUVs that are not designed for dynamic driving. In addition, the torsion bar suspension is successfully used in tank chassis designs and other special tracked vehicles.

READ ALSO ON THE SITE We all understand that a braking system is necessary for safe operation any vehicle. Leading culprit of failure brake system on older cars, trucks and SUVs is vacuum booster brakes. ... The Chevrolet Niva fuse box is located to the left of the steering column and is closed with a lid from below. To get to it, you need to screw in 2 screws, after wringing out the upper edge of the cover, gradually release it from all fasteners. ... injection system diesel fuel has undergone many changes over the years. When people think of the word "diesel", most people think that huge trucks emit a lot of black soot and smoke, which cause great harm environment. However...

An automobile suspension is a system that connects wheels to a frame or load-bearing body car. It consists of elastic elements, nodes that guide the course of the wheels (articulated levers that hold wheel hubs, or one-piece bridges with rods) and shock absorbers. Depending on the elastic elements used, there is a spring, spring, pneumatic and torsion bar suspension. We will consider the principle of operation of the latter in more detail.

Sometimes one suspension element takes on the functions of several devices, for example, the good old multi-leaf springs are both an elastic and guiding element, and due to the friction of the sheets against each other, even a little shock-absorbing component.

However, in running gear modern cars each of these functions is usually performed various knots. But today we are interested in torsion bar suspension, its pros and cons. The principle of operation of such a suspension was applied in the thirties of the last century. It was first implemented at the same time in the chassis of a Citroen car. After some time, this design interested German automakers, so the principle of its operation was used to create the chassis of the Volkswagen Beetle. Torsion bars were once used in the suspension of the heavy Soviet KV tank and the German Panther. From domestic cars the legendary Zaporozhets, the ZIL truck, and the all-wheel drive small car LUAZ, nicknamed the moon rover by motorists, had a torsion bar suspension.

What suspension is called torsion bar

Torsion(from the French torsion- twisting, torsion) - a rod that works on twisting and acts as a spring. It allows high torsional stresses and significant twisting angles of several tens of degrees. Manufactured from spring steel with subsequent heat treatment.

Torsion suspension is chassis car, which is equipped with torsion bars as elastic elements.

Torsion bars are more often rod round and square or, which is less common, recruited from several spring steel plates like springs, but working on twisting. Round rods at one end usually have slotted knurling for attaching them to levers, and for attaching to a bearing element (frame or body), the other end has either slots or a profile that differs from round. A splined knurled area for more secure fastening is usually made larger in diameter than that of the main rod. The torsion bar suspension can be independent or semi-independent, as in the photo. Independent torsion bar suspension is more commonly used at the front of the vehicle. Semi-independent torsion bar suspension (torsion beam) is often found in front-wheel drive cars at the rear. The principle of operation of the torsion bar is the same as the springs. Only the spring stores energy, compressing, and the torsion bar twisting.

Suspension types

Benefits of a torsion bar suspension

torsion bars in independent suspension Compared to other elements of elasticity, they have the following advantages:

• Great running smoothness thanks to the best performance deformations. This provides a non-linear increase in stiffness, depending on the amount of twisting, that is, at the end of the stroke the suspension becomes stiffer, which softens its impact on the bump stop.
• Simplicity of design.
• Compactness.
• Possibility of suspension repair without couplers and other special tools.
• The availability of adjustable suspension stiffness and ride height.

The torsion beam in the chassis of the car is used in a semi-independent rear suspension, which also has several advantages:

Disadvantages of torsion bars

To the disadvantages of the rear torsion beams imported cars perhaps only needle bearings can be attributed in their attachment to bearing elements that fail from time to time, since it is difficult to protect them from corrosion under the bottom of the body. It's nice to note that rear beam of our VAZ 2108, attached to the body through rubber-metal hinges, is devoid of this drawback.

The automotive industry is developing at a rapid pace. Every year, companies come up with new systems and technologies. Today, everyone is accustomed to cars with independent. But not so long ago, cars were produced only with torsion bar suspension (Renault is no exception). What is it and how does it work? Let's take a look at our today's article.

Characteristics and device

A torsion bar suspension is a type of suspension where torsion bars perform the function of a working element. What are these elements? The torsion bar is a metal mechanism that acts on twisting. It consists of plates or rods of round (rarely - square) section. These plates work together for twisting. The torsion bar can be used as an auxiliary device (as an anti-roll bar) or as an elastic element. The element is attached to the hub assembly of the wheel and passes in the form of a rubber-metal hinge to the hinge assembly. Sections of torsion bars act as suspension arms.

The beam itself can be used longitudinally or transversely. The latter option is used most often on cars. The longitudinal version is found on trucks. But regardless of the type of location, the beam is designed to correct roll when turning and increase smoothness when passing bumps.

In general, the system consists of the following elements:

• Drive.
• brake disc.
• Lower and upper arm.
• Bridge.
• Torsion.
• Beams.
• Roll bars.
• shock absorber.

How it works?

The principle of operation of the torsion bar suspension is very simple. So, the ends of the beam are rigidly attached to the body or frame of the car (if it is a car or truck). When moving, a twisting force acts on the beam. In this case, the shaft seeks to return the wheel to its place. If it is installed with an additional electric motor, the driver may be able to adjust the stiffness of the suspension. Thus, the operation of a torsion bar suspension is similar to a spring or sprung suspension. The system performs several tasks:

• Adjusts the roll angle in a turn.
• Provides a smooth ride.
• Absorbs vibrations from the wheels and from the frame.
• Provides wheel stabilization.

Where is it applied?

Such a suspension can be found on old frame SUVs. These include the Mitsubishi Pajero, as well as the American Suburbans and Tahoe. On passenger cars, such a suspension scheme is practically not used (in the days of the USSR, such a design was used on the Zaporozhets). Among the famous foreign cars, it is worth noting the Renault Laguna and the Peugeot 405. Use multi-link suspension then it was difficult and expensive, and the torsion bar provided a high smoothness.

Advantages

Among the advantages of a torsion bar suspension of a car, it is worth highlighting the ease of operation. So, the system is arranged very simply, which makes it easy to carry out repairs and maintenance. Also, this suspension can be adjusted for stiffness. A motorist can independently build up torsion bars to suit his driving style, make the chassis softer or stiffer.

The next advantage concerns the mass. This suspension weighs much less than its counterparts. At the same time, it is small in size. This feature allowed the use of torsion bar suspension on Peugeot and other small cars.

One of the biggest benefits is reliability. Such a chassis practically does not require repair. And if this is a torsion bar suspension of a trailer, then it is completely eternal. Over the entire period of operation, the owners were only faced with the need to adjust the stiffness.

Peculiarities

Among other features, it should be noted the possibility of adjusting the clearance. This opportunity is not available for everyone. modern car. At the same time, one key was used to adjust the ride height. It was necessary to unscrew or tighten the necessary adjusting bolt inside the cross beam. When the lever is raised, the vehicle's ground clearance increases. When lowered ground clearance decreases. As practice shows, the clearance can be changed by 5-7 centimeters.

Flaws

Now we note the disadvantages of the torsion bar suspension. They are quite serious, and therefore such a system is no longer used on cars. So why is torsion bar suspension a thing of the past?

The first problem is the oversteer of the car. Compared to modern multi-link counterparts, this undercarriage only slightly reduces roll. It is very difficult to keep such a car at speed. This is especially true of frame SUVs, which have a high center of gravity and a huge curb weight.

The next drawback is the constant vibrations that are transmitted to the body and to the frame in case of bumps. They especially feel it rear passengers. Such a suspension can not be called comfortable.

Next up is needle bearings. They are an integral part torsion shaft. The resource of these bearings is 70 thousand kilometers. The elements are protected by gaskets and rubber seals, however, due to the constant exposure to an aggressive environment, these seals crack. Dirt and water seep through them. As a result, the bearing fails. This flares the beam seats. This phenomenon contributes to the change of the wheel shaft. If you start the problem, you will have to completely change the beam.

About repair

Since over time this suspension loses its elasticity, the clearance of the car decreases. To restore it to factory values, you need to adjust the suspension with a key. Also, repair operations include the replacement of:

• Rear beam torsion bars.
• The levers of the rear beam.
• Needle bearings.
• Rear beam pins.

When overhaul beams, it is required to dismantle the torsion bars. So that there are no problems during assembly, you must first outline the position of the torsion bar on the beam. To remove the torsion bar itself, you need to remove it from the spline connection. To do this, you need an inertial puller. Sometimes it is necessary to clean the threads on the spline connection. This area turns sour, and it is not so easy to dismantle the torsion bar.

When repairing such a suspension, needle bearings are most often replaced. This requires extracting the following elements:

• Rear beam levers.
• Torsion.

There are a total of two bearings in the system (one on each side). The problem is that it is impossible to determine the health of the element on its own. And further operation of a beam with a worn bearing leads to irreversible wear of the axle. Repair of the rear beam lever is the most difficult operation. It is performed on a special self-perform similar work it is forbidden. This requires skills and knowledge.

And find a good specialist in this area since necessary equipment pretty hard.

note

Before adjusting this suspension, it is worthwhile to diagnose the chassis. Often on older cars there are hidden defects in the chassis. It is they who affect the operation of torsion bars. You should also check the alignment. Torsion bars will rise to the desired height only when the angles are correct. Otherwise, the owner will face such a problem as zhor rubber tread. You should also change the distance from the center of the front axle to the edge of the wing. This parameter should be about 50 centimeters. If everything is fine, you can start setting up. The adjusting bolt itself is located in the center and is slightly recessed into the frame.

Instead of a conclusion

So, we found out what a torsion bar suspension is. As you can see, it has both positive and negative sides. But no matter how reliable it may be, most automakers prefer spring independent suspension. Now its resource has become no less than that of the torsion bar. And the level of comfort is incomparable.

Let's define what is car suspension. This is a device that provides elastic coupling car wheels with a carrier system, as well as regulating the position of the body when driving, reducing the load on the wheels.

Currently offered Various types suspensions: spring, pneumatic, spring, torsion, etc. So, the torsion type is torsion shafts made of metal that work in torsion, with one end attached to the chassis, the other to a special lever standing perpendicular and connected to the axle.

The manufacture of such a part is made of heat-treated steel, which directly allows to withstand heavy loads at the moment of rotation.

The main principle of the suspension is bending work.

Application of the torsion model

The location of the torsion beam is possible longitudinally and transversely. The longitudinal arrangement is used on large, heavy trucks. On passenger cars, a transverse arrangement is used, usually on a rear-wheel drive.

In these two cases, the mechanism is designed to ensure smooth running, control roll when turning, ensure the optimal damping of vibrations of the wheels, the body, and reduce vibrations of the steered wheels.

For some vehicles, torsion bar suspension is used for automatic leveling, using a motor to tighten the beams for added rigidity, depending on speed as well as road surface conditions.

Adjustable height design can be used when changing wheels. It is when vehicle lift with three wheels, and the 4th is lifted with a jack. The main advantage of this type of suspension is durability, ease of height adjustment, as well as compactness in the width of the vehicle.

It takes up much less space than spring suspensions. Of course, the torsion bar configuration is easy to operate and also easy to maintain.

Work process

From this video, you will learn how the torsion bar suspension works.

Due to the fact that the torsion shaft is fixed rigidly on the body or frame of the car, twisting forces act on it during suspension operation. But the torsion shaft is made of a special alloy and has a certain hardening, which allows it to work as a spring element.

At the moment of twisting, the shaft tends to return car wheel to original position. So, the principle of operation is similar to a spring or sprung version of this auto part. Semi-independent suspension is a suspension system made in the form of two trailing arms trailing arms connected by a cross member.

The main advantages of such a mechanism:

• ease of installation;
• light weight;
• compactness.

The key disadvantage is the possibility of application only on a non-driving axle.

suspension adjustment

In the case of a loose suspension, it is possible to adjust the positions using an ordinary wrench. It is enough to get down the car, tighten the necessary bolts. The main thing is not to overdo it in order to avoid excessive rigidity of the stroke at the moment of movement. Torsion parts are easier to adjust than spring types.

Car manufacturers are changing the torsion beam to control the position of the movement, depending on the weight of the engine.

Key repair properties

Considering all the problems of torsion beams, it is quite possible to conclude that maintenance, as well as repair of a torsion bar suspension, is associated with such situations:

• Structure height adjustment.
• Dismantling or replacement of torsion bars.
• Replacing needle bearings.
• Replacement of pins, axles of the rear beam.
• Repair of rear beam levers.

Adjusting the height of the rear suspension should not be considered as a repair of the entire structure. This usually happens due to the fact that the owner of the car wants to raise back auto.

Sometimes a change in the height of the beam is provided in order to increase rigidity and reduce the draft of the car rear, while maximum load. You need to know that the rear beam torsion bar is not able to work when the height of the rear beam changes, it will be operated under a more aggressive load, and this may affect its resource.

The process of changing the height consists in changing the position of the torsion bar, or rather its splined end, as well as the sprocket. The torsion bar has slotted connectors at the ends. The torsion bar is attached at one end to the slotted connector, the rear beam lever.
And others - in the slot on the beam body. If repairs are being made of this type suspension, then you need to dismantle the torsion bars.

In this situation, it is important to make the native position of the torsion bars in the rear beam, so that at the time of installation it is clear what and where it is inserted. In order to dismantle the torsion bar in the process of tightening from the spline connection, an inertial puller is used.

The puller pin is screwed into the thread on the end of the torsion bar, maybe this thread should be cleaned.

Often spline connections“sour” or “stick”, in this case, a standard puller will not help, only an ordinary sledgehammer can help out.

Often torsion bar suspension repair is associated with the process of replacing the needle bearings of the rear beam. According to some data, the process of replacing needle bearings is needed after 80,000 km of run.

When replacing bearings, it will be necessary to dismantle the torsion bars, as well as the beam levers. Each side of the beam contains two bearings. The most dangerous problem of the rear beam is the wear of the needle bearing, because it is difficult for an ordinary motorist to determine this.

In the absence of diagnostics, the car is also operated with a crumbled bearing, thereby exacerbating the problem. As a result, the axle wears out. Of course, it is possible to replace the axles of the rear beam, but this is very difficult in "home" conditions, since in addition to knowledge and experience, special equipment and fixtures.

Stations Maintenance will not replace the axles, but only offer a new beam assembly with new axles, and this is a very expensive proposition.

The most severe case in the repair of a torsion-type structure is the destruction seat bearing in the lever. This happens rarely, in a very "neglected" situation.

The destruction of the seat occurs for the reasons that the pin of the rear beam, although much less often, since this place is protected by the outer race of the bearing. Lever repair process: restoring a seat on metal-cutting equipment.

The main problem of restoring the beam arm is finding the required equipment, such work is carried out on a boring and turning machine.

Gallery

In this section, there are photos of torsion bar suspensions for a tank, trailer and others.