Why does a car need a turbine and what are its advantages? Where is the turbine
Where Is The Turbine In The Car ~ VIVAUTO.RU
Where is the turbine in the car
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The main mechanisms of the turbo engine.
As you know, the power of the engine is proportional to the amount of fuel-air mixture entering the cylinders. Other things being equal, a larger displacement engine will allow more air to pass through it and therefore produce more power than a smaller displacement engine.
Whether we want a small engine to deliver as much power as a big one, or we just want a big one to deliver even more power, our main goal is to get more air into that engine's cylinders.
Naturally, we can modify the block head and install sports camshafts, increasing the purge and the amount of air in the cylinders at high speeds. The oil in the Lada Granta checkpoint is therefore better to change. Where is the oil dipstick located in the box. - From the turbocharger, air enters the intercooler (3) where the turbine is located. Where is the turbine in the car. Good evening!!! Please tell me where is the crankshaft sensor in Peugeot 308, 2009 diesel !? We can even leave the amount of air the same, but raise the compression ratio of our engine and switch to a higher octane fuel, thereby increasing the efficiency of the system. You'll kill the turbine*crazy* Don't bother the car to drive, I have a turbine in Wherever it is. All these methods are effective and work when the required increase in power is 10-20%. Where is the heater tap located? Before you change the tap of the heating system, let's figure out where this element is located and why it is needed. Where is the filter located? Deciding to replace the dirty fuel filter in the car with your own hands. But when we need to radically change the power of the engine, the most effective way would be to introduce a turbocharger.
How will a turbocharger allow us to get more air into our engine's cylinders? Let's take a look at the diagram below:
What is a turbine (in simple terms)
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How a turbine works on a car 2014
How a turbine works on a car turbina-na-avto / read more here!
Inside the turbocharger, the incoming air is compressed and, at the same time, the amount of oxygen per unit volume of air increases. Where is the turbine in the car. Advantages and disadvantages of turbochargers. For those who do not know where the turbine is located in the car, you need to understand that it is built into the engine. Where is the stove faucet in ZAZ Chance 2010. A side effect of any air compression process is its heating, which somewhat lowers its density.
From the turbocharger, the air enters the intercooler (3) where it cools and mostly restores its temperature, which, apart from the increase in air density, also leads to the least tendency for our future fuel-air mixture to detonate.
After passing through the intercooler, the air passes through the throttle, enters intake manifold(4) and further on the intake stroke - into the cylinders of our engine.
The volume of the cylinder is a fixed value due to its diameter and piston stroke, but because it is now filled with air compressed by the turbocharger, the amount of oxygen that has entered the cylinder becomes significantly greater than in the case of atmospheric motor. More oxygen allows you to burn more fuel per cycle, and the combustion of more fuel leads to an increase in power output by the engine.
After the fuel-air mixture has burned in the cylinder, it leaves on the exhaust stroke in the exhaust manifold (5) where this hot gas flow (temperature 700C-1100C) enters the turbine (6)
Passing through the turbine flow exhaust gases turns the turbine shaft on the other side of which the compressor is located and thereby does the work of compressing the next portion of air. Maybe the turbine is fine, I have over 200,000 miles on the car And where is it at. With all this, there is a drop in pressure and temperature of the exhaust gas, since part of its energy has gone to ensure the operation of the compressor through the turbine shaft.
If the car is not gaining power, as it should, then it is worth considering to check the operation of the turbine on your car.
Source
vivauto.ru
How does a turbine work in a car?
Basic principles of turbo engine operation.
As you know, engine power is proportional to the amount of fuel air mixture entering the cylinders. All other things being equal, a larger engine will allow more air to pass through it and therefore produce more power than a smaller engine.
If we require that small engine put out power like a big one or we just want the big one to put out even more power, our main task will be to put more air into the cylinders of this engine.
Naturally, we can modify the block head and install sports camshafts, increasing the scavenging and the amount of air in the cylinders by high revs. We can even keep the amount of air the same, but raise the compression ratio of our engine and switch to a higher octane fuel, thereby increasing the efficiency of the system. All of these methods are effective and work when the required increase in power is 10-20%. But when we need to radically change the power of the motor - the most effective method will use a turbocharger.
How does a turbocharger allow us to get more air into our engine's cylinders? Let's take a look at the diagram below:
Consider the main stages of the passage of air in an engine with a turbocharger.
Air passes through an air filter (not shown in the diagram) and enters the turbocharger inlet (1)
Inside the turbocharger, the incoming air is compressed and, at the same time, the amount of oxygen per unit volume of air increases. A side effect of any air compression process is that it heats up, which reduces its density somewhat.
From the turbocharger, the air enters the intercooler (3) where it cools and basically restores its temperature, which, in addition to increasing the air density, also leads to a lesser tendency to detonate our future air-fuel mixture.
After passing through the intercooler, the air passes through the throttle, enters the intake manifold (4) and then, on the intake stroke, into the cylinders of our engine.
The volume of the cylinder is a fixed value due to its diameter and piston stroke, but since it is now filled with air compressed by the turbocharger, the amount of oxygen entering the cylinder becomes much greater than in the case of an atmospheric engine. More oxygen allows you to burn more fuel per cycle, and burning more fuel leads to an increase in engine power.
After the fuel-air mixture has burned out in the cylinder, it leaves on the exhaust stroke in the exhaust manifold (5) where this hot gas flow (temperature 700C-1100C) enters the turbine (6)
Passing through the turbine, the exhaust gas flow rotates the turbine shaft on the other side of which the compressor is located, and thereby does the work of compressing the next portion of air. In this case, there is a drop in pressure and temperature of the exhaust gas, since part of its energy has gone to ensure the operation of the compressor through the turbine shaft.
If the car is not gaining power, as it should, then it is worth considering to check the operation of the turbine on your car.
repairauto.by
What is a turbine and how does it work?: MashinoMania
Take into account two factors. First, the turbine can spin at 200,000 revolutions per minute. Secondly, the gas temperature can reach 1000 degrees. This means that it is very difficult to create such a pressurization pipe that will be able to withstand such loads.
It was because of this that turbocharging was widely used only during World War II - and then mainly in aviation. It was only in the 1950s that Caterpillar adapted this tool for tractors, and Cummins managed to design the first truck turbodiesels. In passenger cars, they began to be used a little later, in 1962. The disadvantages of the design are not limited to its complexity and high cost. How efficiently a turbine works is directly related to how the engine turns. At low speeds, a small amount of exhaust gases is characteristic, which is why the compressor practically does not draw additional air. This leads to the fact that it is practically inactive at capacities up to 3 thousand revolutions, and after 4-5 it shoots. This situation is called a turbo lag. It is characteristic that the larger the turbine, the more time it will take to spin up. Because of this, the high-pressure turbine engine will suffer significantly in this situation. Turbines with lower pressures do not suffer from such a problem, but they practically do not raise power either. The problem of turbo lag can be solved with the help of sequential boost, in which, during operation at low speeds, low-inertia turbochargers are launched, which increase traction first. The latter turn on over time, when the pressure at the outlet increases. Inline engines often use single turbochargers in pairs. At the same time, each snail is filled with exhaust gases from different cylinders. However, gases are supplied to one turbine, which allows it to be effectively spun up not only at high, but also at low speeds. However, most often they still use a pair of identical compressors that serve different groups of cylinders, which is a typical scheme for V-motors. This makes it possible to obtain exhaust gas from blocks that operate in antiphase. To make the compressor work more efficiently at all speeds, it is necessary to change the geometry of the working parts. The blades turn, as does the shape of the nozzle, depending on what the speed is. Thus, you can get a superturbine that can operate in the entire range. Despite the fact that these ideas have been in the air for quite some time, they have only recently been brought to life. The first car to implement it was the Porsche 911 Turbo.
 Variable turbine geometry |
The design has been improved a long time ago, and its popularity continues to grow. Turbochargers have become effective not only in terms of boosting the engine, but also for engine efficiency. A lot of diesels are now equipped with the prefix "turbo", which means that even the most ordinary, at first glance, car can turn out to be a real "lighter". You can recognize it thanks to that very inconspicuous icon.
Source: automenu.com.ua
www.mashinomania.ru
Why does a car need a turbine and what are its advantages?
Why and in what cases is a turbine required?
The power characteristics that the car demonstrates are directly affected by the filling rate of the air cylinders. fuel mixture. In order to increase the degree of enrichment of this mixture, manufacturing companies equip vehicles with turbochargers. At the same time, not every model and modification of a particular brand of car has under the hood turbocharged engine. This is the first reason why owners install a turbine on a car. In addition, the turbocharger tends to wear out over time. In this case, the turbine needs to be replaced.
What are the advantages of turbines in a car?
The turbocharged powertrain is becoming more and more popular, and there are many reasons for this, since the list of advantages of a turbocharger is very extensive. The attractiveness of the turbine is as follows:
- a significant increase in power vehicle;
- significant reduction in fuel consumption;
- quick payback of the turbine, which depends on the frequency of use of the car;
- savings, since the engine in the car does not need to be changed to a more powerful version, which is quite expensive;
- engine stability;
- environmental friendliness - a car with a turbocharged engine has a lower degree of toxicity of exhaust gases.
How to choose the right turbine?
Turbine and engine must function in balance, and each type of engine requires a different turbine. Of course, it is best to purchase the original turbocharging, in which case the manufacturer takes into account all the features of the engines of their own cars and produces turbines for specific power units that suit them perfectly. Since such turbines are not cheap, it is worth paying attention to non-original models, but produced by well-known manufacturers that have licenses for such production. In this case, the turbines are thoroughly tested at every stage of production.
What are the selection criteria?
When choosing a turbine, you should decide on three main factors:
Why does a car need a turbine and what are its advantages? Video
howcarworks.ru
An increasing number of car manufacturers are installing a turbine or turbocharger. The popularity of this unit has increased significantly in recent years. But what is the reason for such a high interest of machine manufacturers in the installation of turbines?
What is a turbine used for in a car?
The turbine is a technically complex unit that allows you to significantly increase the engine power of the machine, even with a small engine size. Today, all car manufacturers are puzzled by reducing fuel consumption due to its significant rise in price.
But the installation of the motor low power on a medium and premium range car with a significant mass, it can turn the ride into a real torment. The pleasure of traveling in a low-power car will be questionable. It was the turbine, with its appearance, that made it possible to solve the problem of increasing the power of the motor without increasing its volume.
How does a turbine work?
The turbine pumps a large amount of air into the engine cylinders of the machine. All this makes it possible to obtain an enriched air-fuel mixture, significantly increasing the power of the motor. After pressing the gas pedal, the car seems to receive an invisible “kick”, accelerating significantly. This is how the unit works.
With the same efficiency, the turbine can be used both on diesel and gasoline engine. Structurally, the turbocharger and the vehicle engine are a single unit. The principle of operation of the unit is quite simple. That is why the life of the turbine is the same as the life of the engine of the machine, subject to proper operation and timely care.
What are the main causes of turbine failure?
Reasons for failure automotive turbines can be different and depend on one or a combination of factors:
- mechanical damage casings or impellers;
- impeller play;
- insufficient level motor oil;
- corrosive processes;
- incorrect installation turbines;
- infrequent engine oil changes.
The turbocharger of a car is quite demanding to care and needs proper operation. It must be remembered that turbine repair is sufficient expensive pleasure.
How can you tell if a turbine is failing?
Experienced drivers quite simply can determine the malfunction of the turbine of the car. But often such diagnostics cannot establish what exactly led to the breakdown of the unit.
Among the main symptoms of a turbocharger malfunction are the following:
- the appearance of an unpleasant whistle under the hood of the car during acceleration;
- significant oil leaks in the area of \u200b\u200binstallation of the turbine or intercooler;
- turning on the engine malfunction icon on the instrument panel;
- significant reduction in engine power.
When identifying the above signs, it is necessary to seek help from specialists as soon as possible. They, using special equipment, will be able to establish the cause of the failure of the turbocharger. Today it is not necessary to purchase a new turbine, you can overhaul a faulty unit.
Thank you for your attention, good luck on the road.
www.avtogide.ru
Why do you need a turbine in a car, car, video
The power generated by the car is directly affected by the degree of filling of its cylinders with the fuel-air mixture. To increase the level of enrichment of this mixture, car manufacturers install additional superchargers or turbochargers on them.
The popularity of turbines on a car
Among car enthusiasts, turbocharged engines in the car are becoming more and more popular. The attractiveness of this type of engine was made possible due to the following factors:
Having weighed the above pluses, motorists tend to purchase cars on which a turbocharged engine is already installed by the manufacturer, or to mount a turbine on their own on an existing car. In addition to increasing power, the turbine will save the car enthusiast money.
golifehack.ru
Turbocharging - the history of the invention and the principle of operation
Turbocharging is commonly understood as a method based on aggregate charging, which involves the use of exhaust gases as an energy source. In this case, the main component of the system can be considered a turbocharger, and in some cases a turbocharger equipped with a mechanical drive.
Excursion into history
Turbochargers became known at the time when the first samples of heat engines were created, where the energy of the fuel was converted into mechanical work(ICE). Between 1885 and 1896, Rudolf Diesel, together with Gottlieb Daimler, carried out research aimed at increasing power, as well as reducing fuel costs, by compressing air, which was injected directly into the combustion chamber.
At the same time, in 1905 there was an important event, due to the activity of engineer Alfred Büchi, who was able to achieve a global increase in power (120%) using the exhaust gas injection process. Six years later, Büchi received a patent that secured the turbocharging method.
Initially, turbochargers were used in engines that were of serious size, for example, installed on ships. As for aviation, turbochargers have been used since the dawn of the military aircraft industry, when they were equipped with Renault engines intended for installation on fighter aircraft. IN further development aviation turbochargers went at an accelerated pace. So, in 1938, the Americans equipped the engines of fighters and bombers with turbochargers, and in 1941, the P-47 fighter project was proposed, which included a turbocharger, which significantly improved flight performance.
In turn, the automotive industry for the first time began to operate turbochargers on trucks. Much later, turbines designed for passenger cars became widespread. On American market already in the early sixties, two models with turbo engines arrived, which quickly disappeared, since, along with technical advantages the level of reliability was minimal.
A decade later, turbo engines became an integral part of Formula 1 cars, which resulted in the growing popularity of turbochargers. It was from this time that the prefix "turbo" came into use and became fashionable. For the most part, car manufacturers of this period tried to offer the market at least one model equipped with a gasoline turbo engine. This state of affairs did not last long, as the fashion for turbo engines began to decline. To a greater extent, this is due to the fact that the turbocharger, along with an increase in power, also significantly increased fuel consumption.
The reincarnation of the turbocharger can be considered 1977, when in mass production entered the Saab 99 Turbo. A year later, the Mercedes-Benz 300 SD appeared on the market, which became the first car with a diesel-based turbo engine. This was followed by the VW Turbodiesel model, where the turbocharger increased the efficiency of the diesel engine to the bar. gasoline unit, and fuel consumption was significantly reduced.
In principle, diesel engines are different a high degree compression, which correlates with the adiabatic expansion on the working stroke and implies more low temperature exhaust gases. This circumstance makes it possible not to put forward strict requirements for the heat resistance of the turbine, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of the design of the power unit as a whole. This condition explains the fact that turbines are mainly installed on diesel engines and not gasoline.
Working principle of turbocharging
The basis of turbocharging is harnessing the energy that is created with the help of exhaust gases. The impeller of the turbine, fixed on the shaft, is in the area of influence of the exhaust gases, which leads to its spinning together with the blades of the compressor, which is used to force air into the engine cylinders. In this case, conditions are created when the engine receives a larger volume of air mixed with fuel. This is achieved due to the fact that air enters the cylinders under pressure, that is, forcibly, and to a lesser extent due to the vacuum created by the piston.
In general, turbo engines are characterized by minimal effective consumption fuel (g/(kWh)), which corresponds to a high liter power (kW/l). At the same time, these characteristics affect the increase in engine power without increasing the speed of the power unit.
Due to the fact that there is a significant increase in the mass of air that is compressed in the cylinders, there is an increase in temperature, and this can cause detonation. To avoid this, there are design features turbo engines based on: reducing the compression ratio, the use of high-octane fuel grades and the use of an intercooler, which is an aftercooler of the charge air. Also, to maintain the efficiency of the entire system, a decrease in air temperature is used, which is due to the need to maintain its density parameter at the desired value, since the air is heated from compression.
System elements
- Turbocharger and intercooler.
- Control valve designed to control pressure.
- Bypass valve, which serves to move the charge air into the intake pipes and further to the turbine in the event that the throttle is closed.
- Bleed valve, used when there is no sensor to control mass flow fuel. Its purpose is to discharge the charge air into environment.
- Exhaust manifold that is compatible with the turbocharger.
- Sealed pipes, divided into air and oil. The former supply air to the intake, and the latter lubricate and cool the turbocharger.
What is a turbocharger, principle of operation, what does a turbine consist of and what is it for. How does a turbo help your car? All information in our article.
What is a turbocharger, what does it consist of and how does it work. A detailed article on the turbine device and the principle of operation. What are the malfunctions and problems in the operation of turbines, why it is impossible to repair with your own hands, and much more.
Turbocharger device in a car - what is it
The purpose of such an automotive device as a turbocharger is to create such a pressure of air flows in the cavity of the intake manifold, which subsequently allows the exhaust gases to saturate the fuel-air mixture with the element necessary for combustion, oxygen.
This will allow the development of a power plant located in engine compartment, the required power. The magnitude of this power depends on the change in the position of the throttle valve, which is in fuel system. It, in turn, is affected by the accelerator, better known as the gas pedal.Obtaining high power figures, perhaps in other ways.
An increase in the number of engine cylinders, as a result of which the volume of the engine increases. In addition, it is possible to increase the volume of the cylinders themselves, which will also lead to an increase in the volumetric parameters of the fuel combustion chambers.
However, these options are not very acceptable, since fuel consumption, as well as the amount of exhaust gases emitted into the atmosphere, will increase significantly. Therefore, the installation of a turbine is, at the moment, the most the best option, allowing you to get good engine performance internal combustion while maintaining the same level or even exaggerating environmental and economic results.
Bearing unit - is a housing, cast from steel, providing a location for floating bearings on the surface of the shafts. The rotation speed of this system can reach 170,000 rpm. The unit has a complex geometric arrangement of the cooling system. Requirements for this unit: resistance to wear, deformation and corrosion.
Turbine wheel - it is located in the cavity of the turbine unit housing and has a pin connection with the compressor impeller. The temperature of the environment in which this product is operated reaches a value of 760 degrees Celsius. Therefore, the alloys of the materials from which it is made have high strength and durability. Also, the products pass the stage of surface coating with a nickel alloy.
Bypass valve - it is controlled by a pneumatic actuator. Its purpose is to provide safe work turbine and prevent overheating of the elements. When the pressure rises to an unacceptable value, the valve ensures that a certain amount of air mass is removed along a path passing outside the turbine. This element provides protection for the internal combustion engine from overpressure in the combustion chambers. This helps prevent motor overload.
The casing of the turbocharged device - the material for the manufacture of this unit is a spheroided cast iron alloy. Thermal exposure does not threaten products made from this material. The body is processed in full accordance with the shape of the blades located on the impeller. The intake flange is used as the installation base for mounting the turbine. The main qualities that a turbine unit should have:
- Impact strength.
- Antioxidant resistance.
- Strength.
- Heat resistance.
- Possibility of easy machining.
Plain bearings special modification - High temperatures on which they have to work, do not affect the wear and durability of the bearings. Also, at the production stage, great attention is paid to the accuracy of manufacturing oil ducts and retaining rings. Absorption thrust pressure carried out using a hydrodynamic bearing. At the end of the production of plain bearings, a calibration and centering step is carried out.
The case compressor - it consists of one integral element. Depending on the type, it is produced using aluminum alloys. Casting can be done vacuum way, or sandy. The final stage is processing, with the help of which the necessary dimensions are achieved, which are necessary to ensure the correct functioning of the part.
The compressor wheel - as well as its casing, is smelted from aluminum. However, the impellers that are placed on it, due to the high load and temperature during operation, are made of titanium alloy. In order to ensure the optimal functioning of the compressor unit, it is necessary that the impeller blades be made with high precision and go through increased machining. At the final stage, boring and polishing takes place, which makes it possible to increase the coefficient of fatigue resistance. The impeller is located in the center of the shaft. The main requirements for all elements of the compressor wheel is: the ability to resist stretching and corrosion.
The turbine compressor is tightly fixed to the exhaust manifold of the power plant with bolted connection. Exhaust gases from exhaust system get into the turbine housing with the help of specially designated channels and spin up the turbine, which works according to the principle gas turbine engine. The shaft connects the turbine with a compressor unit located at the junction air filter and intake manifold.
Exhaust gases enter the surfaces of the turbine blades, thereby making it rotate. The larger the volume of exhaust gas flow, the higher the rotational speed of the turbine. The compressor unit is similar in type to a centrifugal pump.
Its operation is carried out as follows: the exhaust gases enter the surfaces of the impeller blades, after which they are accelerated towards the center of the compressor wheel and then exit through the air ducts into the intake manifold cavity.
Which in turn ensures that they enter the engine cylinders. The compressor compresses the air and organizes its subsequent entry into the working chambers of the cylinders.
What are the malfunctions and problems in the operation of turbines
Oil leakage from the turbocharger cavity leads to its combustion in the engine cylinders. This defect is manifested by the emission of exhaust gases of a bluish hue into the atmosphere during acceleration motor vehicle. At a constant speed crankshaft it is not observed.
In the working chambers of the cylinders of the power plant, an enriched fuel-air mixture burns out. This phenomenon is observed when a portion of the air mass is leaking in one of the following: air line or intercooler. Also, the lack of oxygen in the mixture with the fuel may not be enough, because the turbine control system is faulty or out of order. A sign of this is the emission of black exhaust gases and exhaust pipes.
Signs that the turbine housing is cracked or deformed due to the blades touching the surfaces of the turbine housing is the appearance of a characteristic rattle during operation of the turbocharger.
The turbine axle housing may coke and the operation of the lubrication systems may therefore be impaired. This is evidenced by oil smudges on the surface of the turbine housing, on the side where the compressor is located.
Video: what are turbine malfunctions
- "Low consumption freon turbochargers". Author A.B. Barenboim
- "Turbochargers". Author D.N. Misarek
- Diesel turbochargers. Author Mezheritsky A.D.
The principle of operation of the TGM6 turbine
The TGM6 is equipped with a TK-30 turbocharger. Its principle of operation is to pass through the channels of the collectors of exhaust gases, their subsequent entry into a turbocharged compressor. Inside it, movement is carried out along a nozzle apparatus located in front of the disk blades.
Due to this movement of exhaust gases, the rotor picks up the shaft speed in proportion to the volume air flow. This volume depends on the suction power of the compressor wheel, which in turn works on the signal of the controls. After that, the injected gases enter the air-cooling unit, and then into the intake manifold, which distributes them in the cavity of the engine cylinders.
Turbocharger for VAZ car
A turbocharger installed on a VAZ car indicates that the car was subjected to tuning and additional modernization. They are installed on them different variants turbocharger units, however, the most common turbocharger is marked TD04HL.
It is installed on engines whose volume is from 1.5 liters to 2.0. liters. When an excess pressure of 1 bar is reached, a torque of 300 Nm is possible. Power parameters also increase to 250 hp.
The turbocharger has the following technical parameters. The operating speed is in the range from 30 to 120 thousand rpm. Compression ratio per maximum speed reaches the mark of 2.9. Consumed air - 0.26 kg / s.
The maximum gas temperature before entering the turbine cavity is 700 degrees. The oil at the outlet can have a pressure of 0.3 to 7 MPa. The mass of the turbine does not exceed 9.8 kg. To install the installation of a turbine on a Kamaz vehicle, you must have the following repair kit: 4 studs, metal gaskets, a manifold gasket and a gasket for the pipe through which oil is supplied.
Where to buy a turbocharger and what is the price in Moscow
The sale of turbochargers in Moscow is carried out in many stores and markets. Depending on the buyer's requirements for a turbine plant, their prices can vary greatly. The most famous store selling compressors is Turboost.
It is engaged in the supply of high-quality units, which are guaranteed for 1 year. Prices range from 20,000 to 70,000 rubles. The quality of turbines sold in the markets and non-specialized points of sale is questionable. However, the prices there, on average, are 5-15 thousand less by similar products than the original stores.
Why you can't do it yourself
The turbine requires timely Maintenance and use, quality fuels and lubricants and filters. At the manufacturing plant of the product, go through several stages of quality control and compliance with the dimensions of the specified parameters.
The operation of a turbocharged device directly affects the dynamic qualities of a vehicle. If you repair the turbine with your own hands, you can deform its elements or clog them with foreign objects.
This can cause incorrect functioning and subsequent failure of the turboelement. At sharp acceleration vehicle when overtaking or manoeuvring, turbine failure can endanger road users.
The purpose of the condensation device is to create and then maintain the lowest exhaust steam pressure at the outlet of the turbine, as well as to condense and return it to the cavities of the supply systems of steam units. The principle of operation is that the kinetic energy is obtained by converting the potential energy of compressed and heated water vapor in the blades of the steam wheel.
After that, the resulting kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy. As a result, the rotational speed of the turbine shaft of the steam unit increases.
The physics of the movement of exhaust gases can be changed using a variable nozzle. Its operation resembles the principle of operation of tongs. When driving a vehicle at different times, it is necessary to obtain different power parameters. To do this, they created a system that changes the geometry of the movement of air flows in the turbine.
This system is equipped with a vacuum drive, guide vanes, and a control mechanism. The principle of operation is that the change in the position of the guide vanes and the flow of the exhaust gases is carried out by means of changing the angle of the section through which the exhaust gases pass. Thus, at the outlet, a pressure is obtained, which ensures the production of a productive power parameter.
Often beginners ask me a question - how does a turbine work? Of course, this applies to cars (however, they are used in many places). Interest in this unit is growing day by day, all because now more and more turbocharged engines are entering the market. This increase in productivity is due, as well as environmental standards. It is not regrettable, but I think - in 10 - 15 years, so to speak, there will be no more ordinary aspirated ...
Let's start with a little definition.
car turbine - this is a unit that is designed to increase the performance of an internal combustion engine by increasing torque - therefore, Horse power. Even with a small volume, such a power plant can bypass a conventional naturally aspirated engine of a larger volume.
As you can see, the device is “kind of like” useful, and it raises by about 10 - 20%, which is very significant!
If you say in simple words- then with a small volume, we get more power!
You can even distinguish between a conventional and a turbocharged engine by ear, just start them and listen. The turbine emits a small whistle, which will get louder as the engine speed increases. If you put your hand on your heart, it is possible to install a turbine on any conventional atmospheric engine, the main thing is to set it up correctly, so for starters, let's remember the usual option.
Internal combustion engine - atmospheric
The principle has long been studied and I would say "beaten"! Most engines have a four-stroke cycle, of course there are two-stroke ones, but they are rarely used on cars. As we can know, the work is based on compression, that's why it's such important indicator, and it should always be normal.
SO (4 bars):
1 stroke - the piston goes down, open intake valves and the air-fuel mixture enters the cylinders.
2 stroke - compression - the piston goes "maximally" up, compressing the mixture.
3 stroke - ignition - the compressed mixture is ignited by spark plugs, a mini explosion occurs, which pushes the piston down.
4 stroke - the exit of exhaust gases - other valves open, which remove these gases, pushes their piston, which also goes up.
This "classic" has been working for many years, since the founding of the internal combustion engine. Immediately I want to note the power of such classical structure- increased by increasing the volume of cylinders. That is, a 1.4-liter engine will be obviously weaker than a 2.0-liter option. But relatively recently (if we take the history of engine building), the first turbines appeared, which are installed on this classic engine, and change the balance of power.
How does a turbine work?
The bewitching word "TURBO", for many boys this is just the ultimate dream - some just want to pump their PRIORA and "reckless" around the city. However, in order to tune your car, you need to know the design of the turbine.
So - the main task of this device is to pump as much air into the engine as possible. I would even say to pump with force!
Why is this done - as we have already said from above, the pistons are set in motion by burning the air-fuel mixture that enters the cylinders. The more it is received, the more power the power unit can develop. The motor itself can suck in a limited amount of air - it would be nice if someone pumped it there in a larger volume!
And this is exactly what the turbine does. It spins up to insane values, about 200 - 240,000 rpm. And under pressure, it supplies the maximum amount of air mixture into the engine cylinders. This means that with the same volume, you can burn much more of this mixture, which is directly transferred to the power!
If we take the structure of the turbine, then here we can distinguish two impellers .
The first rotates from the pressure of the exhaust gases that go through the muffler, a shaft is rigidly connected to it.
The second impeller also sits on the shaft, only on the other side and this rotation is transmitted to it. It begins to suck in air (like a vacuum cleaner, if you like), and under pressure force it into the engine.
The shaft, on which two impellers sit (let's call them “hot” and “cold”), has bearings that are lubricated with engine oil (in addition to lubrication, it also takes away excess temperature) so that the oil does not go into the compartments with the impellers, there are special insulators that slow down its consumption.
As you can see, the principle of operation is very simple. If you still don't understand, watch my video for an explanation.
Turbo pit
The downside of work turbocharged unit, is such a phenomenon as "turbo-pit" (). At low revs the turbine does not spin much, and therefore is not able to pump a large amount of air. If you sharply press on the gas pedal, then it takes some time for the exhaust gases to reach the turbine impeller and spin it! However, it will take a little time, 1 - 2 seconds, before the "shot" of the dynamics occurs.
Popularly, this phenomenon is called a turbo pit, that is, before accelerating sharply, you need to wait 1 or 2 seconds until the turbine spins up.
Of course, now there is such a thing as - to conventional turbine they connect another one, as a rule, mechanical (and more recently), which works at low speeds, pumping the right amount of air at the bottom, then when the speed rises, the main one turns on. Thus, the turbo-pit is defeated.
I also have an article about him (). The air that is injected into the cylinders, under the "frantic" speed of the impeller, heats up. And when heated, the density and concentration of oxygen decreases. To cool it, a device such as an intercooler is used, it cools the flow, making it denser, which has a positive effect on performance.
Cons of turbines
The disadvantages of this unit are also significant:
1) It's over frequent replacement oil, because the bearings are very demanding on the quality of the lubricant (yet there are just huge revolutions).
2) The resource is not so big, they usually go 150,000 kilometers.
3) Expensive repairs, if changed on a German car, then this is about 70,000 rubles.
4) Fuel - with a turbine, you need to refuel with high-octane gasoline, not lower than 95, which "hit" the wallet.
5) Turbine cooling - old versions of such devices had to be properly cooled. Otherwise, if you just turn off the car, then from the temperature difference, the impeller can simply be “distorted”, then repair. Therefore, they do not allow the engine to stall immediately, but work at low speeds for several minutes - cooling the impeller.
Here is such a unit, this turbine, from today's article you understood how it works, now you are “savvy”.
This is the end, I think it was interesting.
Turbocharging is a type of supercharging that allows air to be supplied to the internal combustion engine cylinders at high pressure, which is provided by the energy released from the combustion of fuel in the exhaust gases.
Due to turbocharging, the working power of the engine is increased, while the internal volumes of the engine cylinders and the number of revolutions made by the crankshaft do not increase. Among other things, turbocharging can reduce engine gluttony, as well as reduce gas toxicity due to more efficient combustion of the air-fuel mixture.
Turbocharging is quite widely used on internal combustion engines, running on both gasoline and diesel fuel. At the same time, the use of a turbocharging system on diesel engines is considered more profitable due to high rate ICE compression and low crankshaft speed.
In gasoline engines, there is a high probability of a knocking effect due to a significant increase in the number of engine revolutions and high temperature regime gases during fuel combustion (up to 1000 ° C, diesel only 600 ° C).
Turbocharging system device
The turbocharging system consists of the following elements:
- air intake and filter;
- throttle valve;
- turbine compressor;
- intercooler;
- intake manifold;
- connecting pipes;
- pressure hoses
Turbine compressor (supercharger)
The main element of the turbocharging device, which is designed to increase the working pressure of the air mass in the intake system. The turbocharger consists of turbine and compressor wheels, which are mounted on a rotor shaft. All elements of the turbocharger are in special protective cases.
The turbine wheel is used to process the energy released by the exhaust gases. The wheel and its body are made of high-strength and heat-resistant materials - steel and ceramic alloys.
The compressor ring is used to suck in the air mass, with its further compression and injection into the internal combustion engine cylinders.
The turbocharger rings are mounted on a rotor shaft which rotates in floating bearings. For more effective work The bearings are constantly lubricated with oil, which flows through the channels located in the bearing housing.
intercooler
Intercooler - air or liquid radiator which is applied for timely pre-cooling compressed air, resulting in an increase in pressure and air flow density.
Boost pressure regulator
The key to turbo control is the boost pressure regulator, which is essentially a bypass valve. The main purpose of the valve is to contain and redirect part of the generated gases around the turbine wheel to reduce boost pressure.
The bypass valve can be equipped with an electric or pneumatic type actuator. The valve is activated by receiving signals from the pressure sensor.
Safety valve
The relief valve is used to prevent surges in air mass pressure, which often occurs when the throttle is closed quickly. Excess pressure is either vented to the atmosphere or redirected to the compressor inlet.
The principle of operation of turbocharging
The turbocharging system uses the energy of gases that are formed during the combustion of fuel. The gases provide rotational movements of the turbine-type wheel, which in turn starts the compressor wheel, which is responsible for compressing and forcing the air mass into the system. Next, the air is cooled with the help of an intercooler and supplied to the cylinders.
Obviously, although turbocharging is not mechanically connected in any way with the engine crankshaft, however, its work and its efficiency are directly dependent on the speed of rotation of the crankshaft. The higher the engine speed, the more efficient the turbocharger works.
Despite its practicality and efficiency, the turbocharging system has some drawbacks. The key one is the appearance of turbojams - a delay in increasing the power of the internal combustion engine.
A similar phenomenon is manifested due to the inertia of the system - a delay in increasing the boost pressure with a sufficiently sharp pressure on the gas, which can lead to a gap between the required engine power and turbine performance.
Three main methods are used to eliminate the turbo lag effect:
- Using a system with two (or more) turbochargers. Turbines can be installed in parallel - this is allowed on V-type engines. In addition, each turbine is installed on its own row of cylinders. The idea behind this method is that two smaller turbines have lower inertia than one large turbine. Turbines can also be installed in series, and there can be from two to four (Bugatti). The increase in productivity and maximum efficiency of turbocharging in this case are achieved due to the fact that at different engine speeds a separate turbocharger is used.
- Turbine use with variable geometry . This method provides a more rational use of the energy of the exhaust gases by changing the cross-sectional area of the turbine inlet channel. This method very often used on diesel engines, for example, all known system Volkswagen TDI.
- Usage combined type turbocharging. This method allows the use of a symbiosis of two systems - mechanical and turbine pressurization. Mechanical supercharging is effective at low crankshaft speeds, at which air compression is provided by a mechanical type supercharger. Turbocharging is used at high crankshaft speeds, where the turbine compressor takes over the function of forcing air. The most common combined supercharging system is supercharging TSI engine from Volkswagen.
The power developed by an internal combustion engine depends on the amount of fuel and air entering the engine. Engine power can be increased by increasing the volume of these components. The constant race of engineers to increase the power of internal combustion engines led to the emergence of turbochargers. This solution turned out to be the most effective both on gasoline and on diesel engines. It becomes quite clear that the final internal combustion engine power proportional to the amount of air-fuel working mixture which enters the engine cylinders.
Naturally, an engine with a larger displacement is able to pass more air and thereby produce more power compared to an engine with a smaller displacement. If we are faced with the task of obtaining the same power from a small-volume internal combustion engine, which is demonstrated by larger-volume engines, then it is necessary to force as much air as possible into the cylinders of such an engine. That is, an increase in the fuel supply is meaningless if the air supply necessary for its combustion does not increase. Therefore, the air entering the engine cylinders has to be compressed. The forced air supply system can operate using the energy of exhaust gases or using a mechanical drive. Turbocharger or turbocharger- a device designed to force air into the engine using the energy of exhaust gases. The main parts of a turbocharger are the turbine and centrifugal pump, which are interconnected by a common rigid axis. These elements rotate at a speed of about 100,000 rpm, driving the compressor.
Turbocharger device
Principle of operation
In its work, the turbocharger uses the energy of the exhaust gases. This energy rotates the turbine wheel. Then this rotation is transmitted through the rotor shaft to the compressor wheel. The compressor wheel pumps air into the system, after compressing it. The air cooled in the intercooler is supplied to the engine cylinders.
Although the turbocharger is not rigidly connected to the engine shaft, the efficiency of the turbocharger depends on its speed. The higher the engine speed, the stronger the flow of exhaust gases. Accordingly, the speed of rotation of the turbine and the amount of air entering the cylinders increase. During the operation of the turbocharging system, there are some negative points. The increase in power is delayed with a sharp pressure on the gas pedal ("turbo lag"). After leaving the “turbo lag”, the boost pressure rises sharply (“turbo pickup”). The phenomenon of "turbo lag" is due to the inertia of the system. This entails a discrepancy between the performance of the turbocharger and the required engine power. To solve this problem, there are the following ways: the use of a variable geometry turbine; use of two parallel or series compressors; combined boost. The variable geometry turbine optimizes the flow of exhaust gases by changing the area of the inlet channel. Widely used in diesel engines.
Turbine with variable geometry
Advantages and disadvantages of turbocharging
1 . The turbocharger is widely used due to its simple structure and good performance. Turbocharging allows you to increase engine power by 20-35%. The engine, producing increased torque at medium and high speeds, increases the speed and efficiency of the car. 2 . A turbocharger in most cases cannot be the cause of engine malfunctions, since its operation depends on the performance of the gas distribution, air and fuel systems. 3 . An engine with a turbocharger has a lower emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere, as additional exhaust gases are produced into the engine. Combustible fuel has less waste. 4 . There is a fuel economy of 5-20%. IN small engines the energy of the burned fuel is used more efficiently, the efficiency increases. 5 . On high mountain roads, such engines operate more stably and with less power loss than their atmospheric counterparts. 6 . The turbocharger itself is a silencer in the exhaust system.Disadvantages of turbocharging
Turbocharged engines, in addition to the occurrence of the phenomena of "turbo lag" and "turbo pickup", have other disadvantages. Their maintenance is more expensive in comparison with the "classic". When operating, you must use engine oil special purpose- It has to be changed regularly. An engine with a turbocharger must run at idle for several minutes before starting. It is also not recommended to immediately turn off the engine until the turbine cools down.Additional elements of the turbocharging system
blow-off If we talk about specific modifications of the engine, as well as the layout of various elements in the engine compartment, the turbocharger may have a number additional elements. We have already mentioned such system details as Wastegate and Blow-Off. Let's look at them in more detail.
The blow-off is a bypass valve. This device is installed in air system. The location becomes the area between the outlet of the compressor and throttle valve. The main task of the blow-off valve is to prevent the compressor from entering the typical surge mode. This mode should be understood as the moment of abrupt closing of the throttle. If we describe what is happening in simple words, then the speed of the air flow and the air flow itself in the system decrease sharply, but the turbine continues to rotate by inertia for a certain time. Inertially, the turbine rotates at a speed that no longer corresponds to the new needs of the motor and the thus reduced air flow. The consequences after cyclic surges in air pressure behind the compressor can be deplorable. a clear sign surge is the characteristic sound of air that rushes through the compressor. Over time, the support bearings of the turbine fail, as they experience strong loads at the time of the indicated pressure surges during the release of gas and the subsequent operation of the turbine in this transient mode. Blowoff reacts to the pressure difference in the manifold and is triggered by a spring installed inside. This allows you to identify the moment of a sharp overlap of the throttle. If the throttle closes abruptly, then the blow-off bleeds the excess pressure that has suddenly appeared in the air path into the atmosphere. This allows you to significantly secure the turbocharger and protect it from excess loads and subsequent destruction.
This solution is a mechanical valve. Wastegate is installed on the turbine part or on the exhaust manifold itself. The task of the device is to provide control over the pressure that the turbocharger creates. It is worth noting that some diesel power units use turbines without a wastegate in their design. For engines that run on gasoline, in most cases the presence of such a valve is a prerequisite. The main task of the wastegate is to ensure the possibility of an unhindered exit for exhaust gases from the system, bypassing the turbine. Bypassing part of the exhaust gases allows you to control the necessary quantity energy of these gases. The relationship is obvious, because it is the exhaust that rotates the compressor wheel through the shaft. This method allows you to effectively control the boost pressure that is created in the compressor. The most common solution is wastegate control of boost pressure, which is carried out using the counter pressure of the built-in spring. This design allows control of the bypass flow of exhaust gases. Wastegate can be either built-in or external. Built-in wastegate structurally has a damper, which is built into the turbine housing. Houseing is popularly called the "snail" of the turbine. Additionally, the wastegate has a pneumatic actuator and rods from this actuator to the throttle valve. The external type gate is a valve that is installed on the exhaust manifold in front of the turbine. It should be noted that the external gate has one indisputable advantage compared to the built-in one. The fact is that the bypass stream it dumps can be returned back to exhaust system far enough from the exit from the turbine, and on sports cars, to carry out a direct discharge into the atmosphere. This makes it possible to significantly improve the passage of exhaust gases through the turbine due to the fact that there is no multidirectional flow. All this is very important in relation to the limited compact volume of the "snail".
Sleeve and ball bearing turbines
Sleeve-type turbines were very common enough for a long time. They had a number design flaws, which did not allow you to fully enjoy the benefits of a turbo engine. The advent of more efficient new generation ball bearing turbines is gradually replacing bushed solutions. For example, Garrett ball-bearing turbines, which are the crowning achievement of engineering and are used on many racing engines, can be mentioned. Today, ball bearing turbines are the optimal solution, since they require significantly less oil compared to bushed counterparts. Please note that the installation of an oil restrictor at the inlet to the turbocharger is very desirable, especially if the oil pressure in the system is above 4 atm. It is necessary to drain the oil by means of a special supply to the pan, taking into account the fact that the drain must be above the oil level.
Always remember that the oil drain from the turbine occurs independently and under the influence of gravity. Knowing this dictates the need to orient the central cartridge of the turbine so that the oil drain is directed downwards.
The indicator that determines the reaction of the turbine to pressing the gas pedal demonstrates a strong dependence on the very design of the central cartridge of the turbine. Garrett's ball bearing solutions are capable of boosting up to 15% faster than their bushing counterparts. Ball-bearing turbines reduce the effect of turbo pit and make the use of a turbo engine as similar as possible to driving with such atmospheric engine, which has a large working volume. Ball bearing turbines have another positive point. These turbines require noticeably less oil flow, which passes through the cartridge and lubricates the bearings. The solution significantly reduces the likelihood of oil leakage through the seals. Ball-bearing turbines are not unnecessarily demanding on oil quality, and are also less prone to coking after scheduled or sudden stop engine.
