Ignition scheme UAZ injector. Electrical equipment repair maintenance of UAZ vehicles

29.09.2019

The wiring diagram of the UAZ "Loaf" injector 409 is based on the design of cars of previous modifications, but has its own characteristics. Modern cars have received an injection engine, which has improved dynamics and increased fuel efficiency.

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Technical characteristics and design features of the ZMZ 409 engine

The ZMZ 409 gasoline engine, equipped with a microprocessor-controlled direct injection system, was created on the basis of the cast-iron cylinder block of the ZMZ 406 model unit. The power plant was created specifically for equipping UAZ vehicles, as well as Volga (experimental and small-scale versions). It differs from the base engine by an increased piston stroke and upgraded pistons, which made it possible to retain the old connecting rods. Depending on the software version, the motors comply with Euro 2/3 or 4 requirements. The latest modifications of the motor comply with Euro 5 standards and have modified power and torque curves.

The powertrain serial number, which is the vehicle's VIN, is stamped on the left side of the engine block above the front mount mount.

Specifications of the power unit:

block design - 4-cylinder in-line;
number of valves per cylinder - 4 (2 for intake, 2 for exhaust);
cylinder diameter - 95.5 mm;
piston stroke - 94 mm;
working volume - 2693 cubic meters. cm;
compression ratio - 9;
the firing order in the cylinders is 1:3:4:2;
maximum power (version for UAZ "Loaf") - 112 liters. With. at 4250-4400 rpm;
torque - not less than 198 N / m at 2500 rpm;
fuel type - unleaded gasoline with an octane rating of 92 or more;
direction of rotation of the crankshaft (from the side of the pulley) - right;
type of cooling system - liquid, forced type;
crankcase ventilation system - forced, closed type, operates from a vacuum inside the intake manifold;
engine weight (with attachments) - 190 kg.

The main features of the engine design:

the working mirrors of the cylinders are made directly in the material of the cast-iron block, without the use of liners;
main bearing caps are not interchangeable as the parts are machined with the block;
the front cover of the camshaft bearings is the same for the intake and exhaust;
the bearing caps of the timing mechanism are machined together with the head, so they cannot be interchanged;
hydraulic clearance compensators are installed in the valve drive;
some engines have intake and exhaust camshafts with an identical cam profile;
the pistons have recesses on the bottom that prevent contact with the valves in case of violation of the gas distribution phases;
valves and mounting springs are identical to those used on the engines of the VAZ-2108 car.

To complete the UAZ "Loaf" cars, several engine modifications were supplied, differing in attachments.

Varieties of wiring diagrams for "Loaf"

Early cars used a carburetor engine, which has been replaced by an injection engine on modern versions. External lighting equipment has changed, disc mechanisms appeared in the brake system (in front) and an anti-lock braking system (ABS) began to be mounted.

The Ulyanovsk plant produced early versions of the bus with all-wheel drive (model 452) and only with a rear axle (451D). The electrical component of the machines was identical.

A simple circuit in which there is no electronic carburetor control unit

The purpose of the elements on the early versions of the carbureted minibus UAZ 451M and 452:

Lead-acid battery with a voltage of 12V.
Engine starter.
Additional relay for starting the starter.
Voltage regulator.
Generator.
Central switch for external lighting.
Footswitch to select the headlight mode.
The forward lantern which is carrying out functions of a dimensional signal and the index of turn.
Head lamp.
Instrument combination.
Indicator for turning on the left turn signal.
Current meter in the on-board network.
A device for displaying the amount of gasoline in the tank.
Coolant temperature gauge.
Lubrication system manometer.
The indicator of inclusion of the right index of turn.
Speedometer installed separately from other instruments.
High beam indicator lamp installed in the speedometer.
Fan drive motor for the driver. The device was installed only on machines in a tropical version.
Fan switch.
Wiring connector.
The sensor that determines the level of pressure in the oil system.
Measuring element that transmits a signal about the temperature of the coolant.
A separate sensor that determines the moment of overheating of the power plant. A signal from the device turns on a warning lamp on the instrument panel.
Motor overheat indicator.
Sound signal.
Alarm button.
Distributor of high-voltage ignition pulses.
Plafonds for lighting the cab and the rear of the minibus.
Cabin lighting control.
Thermal reusable fuse.
Turn signal control lever mounted on the steering column.
Interrupting relay of direction indicators.
A switch on the brake pedal that controls the operation of the brake lights.
Spark plug.
Interference suppression resistor installed in the tip of the spark plug wire.
Ignition coil.
Plug connector for connecting additional devices.
Fuse box.
Electric motor to drive the "wipers" on the windshield.
The switch of operating modes of a screen wiper.
Fan drive motor. The device is used to blow the windshield.
The switch of system of supply of air to salon.
Ignition lock equipped with a contact group for switching the ignition system and starter.
Light control in the rear.
Fuel level sensor installed inside the tank.
The switch of a negative pole of the accumulator ("mass").
Rear license plate light.
Combined signal, including a lamp for dimensions and a second one for a brake signal and a direction indicator.

Wiring diagram of early UAZ 452/451D

Complex circuit with a connected carburetor control unit

Description of the electrical components of the carburetor "Loaf", produced since the mid-80s (without a block of steering column switches):

Front right combination lamp.
Right headlight.
Fog lamp on the front of the machine (right).
A similar node installed on the left.
Left headlight.
Front left combination lamp.
Control diode switch for lowering the fluid level in the hydraulic brake system.
Klaxon.
Windshield cleaner.
Stop signal switch.
Electric washer pump.
Additional heater fan resistor.
The controller for turning on the front fog lights.
Headlight low beam relay.
A similar node for high beams.
Fuse protection fuse for the foglight circuit (rated 10A).
The relay of management of indexes of turn and alarm system.
Headlight mode switch.
Electric heater fan.
Cigarette lighter.
Cigarette lighter circuit fuse (16A).
Windshield wiper mode switch.
Horn button.
Control of the lighting system in the cockpit.
Thermal fuse 20A.
Block of fusible inserts.
Plug connector.
Heater fan speed switch.
Button for controlling external lighting devices.
Adjustable resistance of the instrument lighting system.
Speedometer.
Voltmeter.
Pressure gauge.
Thermometer.
A device for displaying the amount of fuel in a tank.
High beam indicator.
A lamp showing the operation of the direction indicators.
Parking brake warning.
Malfunction indicator of one of the circuits of the working brake system.
Low pressure lamp in the lubrication system.
Alarm lamp for overheating of the cooling system.
Egnition lock.
Carburetor economizer controller.
Button to turn off the front fog lights.
Alarm control button.
Cabin lighting.
Generator.
Oil pressure alarm sensor.
The sensor of the device showing the working pressure in the lubrication system.
Measuring element in the cooling jacket.
A device for fixing elevated temperature (in case of overheating).
Ignition switch.
Vibrator, used when the switch fails.
Limit switch under the parking brake lever.
Additional resistance.
Starter relay.
Economizer solenoid valve.
Additional electromagnet of the unbalance valve.
A small-sized valve switch mounted on a carburetor.
Candle of the first cylinder.
A similar element of the second cylinder.
Third candle.
Fourth candle.
Pulse distributor with encoder.
Coil.
Side right turn signal.
The switch of measuring sensors in the left and right fuel tank.
Starter.
Battery.
Battery negative switch.
Reverse gear switch including warning light.
Side left turn signal.
Meter of quantity of fuel in the first tank.
A similar node of the second container.
Rear light on the right side of the car.
License plate light (right).
Left dome light.
Fog lamp on the back.
Reversing warning light.
Left rear combination lamp.

Scheme of electrical components "Loaf" without paddle shifters

When using the block of steering column switches on the "Loaf", the wiper control is placed on it, the clock is set on the instrument panel. The rest of the wiring diagram remains the same.

Wiring diagram for "Loaf" with an injection engine

The electrical circuit elements of the UAZ "Loaf" injector 409 include the following items:

Front right lamp, consisting of turn signal lamps and position lighting.
Electric windshield washer pump.
Windscreen cleaner.
Steering column switch for wiper and washer modes.
Rear fog lamp control key.
External alarm button.
The electric motor of the impeller of the auxiliary heater located in the passenger compartment. The node is used on some vehicle trim levels, for example, 220695 or 396255.
Right headlight.
Additional resistor in the main heater fan circuit (used on all minibuses).
The electric motor of the main device for heating and ventilation of the passenger compartment.
Fan operating mode switch.
Auxiliary heater resistor (only installed in conjunction with pos. 7).
Operation control of the second heater (option).
Fuel module installed inside the tank.
Right turn signal.
Rear combination lamp on the right side.
Sensor for measuring the level of brake fluid in the service tank.
Klaxon.
Sound signal operation control.
Relay for turning on the fog lamp on the rear of the car.
The switch of modes of operation of the external light alarm system.
Block of control signaling devices.
Speedometer.
A separate safety element in the power supply circuit of the main heater motor.
Generator.
Engine starter.
Battery 12V.
Ground wire breaker, installed on parts of cars.
Plafonds for illumination of the rear registration plate.
Fog lamp on the stern.
Steering column switch for direction indicators.
Thermal safety element.
Instrument combination.
Fuel tank selection key. Applies to parts of cars only, models 330395, 330365 and 390945 are equipped with a single gas tank.
Emergency pressure indication sensor in the lubrication system.
Oil pressure sensor (for display by a pressure gauge).
Starter circuit control relay.
Plafond of indication of the included transfer of a backing.
Limit switch for brake lights (located near the brake pedal).
Connection block for wiring.
Pump motor switch for forced circulation of coolant through the auxiliary heater.
Electric motor to drive the liquid pump.
The sensor of the signaling device for exceeding the permissible temperature threshold of the power unit.
Measuring element of fuel level in the tank.
Movement speed sensor.
Rear combination lamp on the left side.
Left headlight.
Contact group for managing alarms and direction indicators.
Termination element designed to close the circuit of the reversing indicator lamp.
The forward left lantern consisting of lamps of the index of turn and dimensional lighting.
Headlight high/low beam footswitch button.
Fuse box.
Socket for supplying power to additional electrical equipment.
Switching off the ignition.
Parking brake lever position indicator button.
Left turn signal.
Cabin lighting.
Interior lighting switch.
Passenger compartment interior light.
Backlight control.

Wiring diagram UAZ "Loaf" injector

Additional elements of the electrical system "Loaves"

The following elements can be installed in the Loaf cabin:

Fuse box.
Turn signal control relay.
ABS indicator lamp controller.
Switching on high beam.
Low beam control relay.
Ensuring intermittent wiper movement.
Rear fog lamp controller.
Starter circuit control.

Arrangement of elements in the cab

In the case of using ABS, an additional fuse box is installed on the machine, which includes:

protective element of power circuits, rated for a current of 40A (position I);
25A wiring protection device (position II).

The location of the fuse links of the ABS system

Designations on the diagram:

Block.
fuses directly.

When installing an anti-lock braking system, the following nodes are included in the electrical circuit:

hydraulic unit with controller A1;
sensors for determining the speed of rotation of the front and rear wheels - B1 / B2 and B3 / B4, respectively;
acceleration sensor B5;
ABS control LED on the instrument panel, indicating a system malfunction;
indicator EBD breakage of the hydraulic module;
BLS brake pedal position sensor.

Schematic diagram of the ABS on the "Loaf"

On cars, the main fuse box is used:

Scheme of the main mounting block

Medical versions of the "Loaf" are equipped with an extended fuse box to protect additional equipment. And also there are cars equipped with heated front seats in the factory. These machines have additional wiring harnesses.

Self-installation of electronic ignition on a UAZ was demonstrated by the author of the video, Alexander Grushevsky.

Features of the electrical circuit UAZ 452

The electrical circuit of the early version of the minibus has its own characteristics related to the purpose of the cars. The equipment was supplied to the army and various government agencies. The car could get into private hands only after decommissioning. Because of this, the electrical circuit was extremely simple, the factory did not provide for additional devices (except for ambulances).

Electronic components

The wiring is built according to a single-wire circuit; the car body and the crankcases of the units are used as the negative pole. The operating voltage is 12 V, all equipment is designed for the use of direct current. The battery is located behind the back of the driver's seat, covered with a regular ebonite cover from above. The battery can only be removed after the driver's seat has been folded forward.

The electrical equipment included a G12 DC generator equipped with two current-collecting brushes. The device provided a maximum current of not more than 20A at an operating voltage of 12-15V. The PP24-G2 regulator was installed separately from the generator, on the wall of the engine compartment.

Due to the low corrosion resistance of the body, it was necessary to regularly inspect the points of connection of the negative terminal from the battery. But the points of connection of various equipment are also subject to destruction. The same problems were inherited by modern "Loaves".

Engine compartment

Access to the upper part of the power unit for servicing the ignition system is possible only from the inside of the bus. On top there is a removable metal casing covered with a layer of heat and noise insulating material. There is no separate ceiling for lighting; for work in the dark, a portable lamp or a ceiling lamp is used.

View of the engine after removing the hood

Passive safety

Passive safety at the time of the creation of the minibus was assessed as sufficient. Despite the absence of deformation zones, the driver and front passenger had a good chance of a successful outcome in a frontal accident. But from a modern point of view, passive safety on a car is completely absent. The increase in speeds has led to the fact that in a frontal impact, the driver and passenger at least receive severe leg fractures.

On the latest versions of cars produced after 2014, an electronic anti-lock braking system began to be used, which improved braking performance. Up to this point, the design of the machine lacked any electronic means of passive safety.

External optics

Features of external optics:

The design of the headlight wiring uses a mechanical type central switch that distributes electricity to consumers. The assembly was borrowed unchanged from the previous generation SUV GAZ 69.
Lighting elements are borrowed from other UAZ and GAZ vehicles. In turn, the equipment is standardized for Soviet-made cars. Due to this, the interchangeability of components was ensured and the repair of machines was simplified.
The front sidelight with a transparent diffuser has one double-filament lamp, which is both a direction indicator and a clearance signal.
Round lights with a red diffuser are installed on the rear of the minibus. Inside, a double-filament lamp is installed for the brake signal and direction indicator (one thread) and side light (second).
There are no side repeaters.

Video

The electrical equipment of UAZ-31512, UAZ-31514 and UAZ-31519 cars is made according to a single-wire circuit. The negative conclusions of the sources and consumers of electricity are connected to the body and other units of the car, which act as a second wire. On-board DC network, with a nominal voltage of 12 Volts. Protection of electrical circuits is organized through the fuse box.

To switch the main circuits of the car, a combined ignition switch is used, consisting of a contact part and a mechanical anti-theft device with a lock. When the engine is not running, all consumers are powered by the battery, and after starting the engine - from alternating current with a built-in rectifier unit. When the generator is running, the battery is charged.

When the engine is idling, the generator rotor speed and, accordingly, the output current are insufficient to provide power to powerful consumers, such as headlights, a windshield wiper, an electric fan, and an alarm. In this mode, the battery will be discharged.

Location and purpose of the fuses for the electrical circuits of the on-board network UAZ-31512, UAZ-31514 and UAZ-31519.

To protect the electrical circuits of the car's exterior lighting from overload, a bimetallic fuse 29.3722 or similar is used, which is installed under the instrument panel on the left. Three 10 Amp fuses are installed in the PR103 fuse box, mounted on the bulkhead of the engine compartment. They protect:

No. 1 - chains of control devices;
No. 2 - chains of direction indicators;
No. 3 - alarm and horn circuits.

Fuse number 1 is located closer to the starboard side of the car. The heater fan motor power circuit is protected by a 6 amp fuse. The fuse is attached to the wiring harness next to the heater switch. UAZ-31512, UAZ-31514 and UAZ-31519 cars can be equipped with other additional fuses, depending on the configuration.

Checking the electrical circuits of the UAZ-31512, UAZ-31514 and UAZ-31519 on-board network under voltage.

Live circuits are also checked with an ammeter. The voltmeter is connected in parallel with the device under test or circuit section. The measurement limit is 0–15 or 0–25 Volts DC. The negative wire (probe) is connected to ground, the positive wire is connected to consumers or current sources. By the voltage drop, you can determine the malfunction of the supply circuit - open, oxidation of contacts, etc., as well as a short circuit in the consumer.

To check live circuits, you can also use a test lamp with a power of not more than 3–4 W, designed for a voltage of 12 Volts, for example, the AMH12-3 lamp used in the instrument panel.

The ammeter must have an upper measurement limit of at least 10 amps DC, as well as overload protection. We connect the ammeter in series with the device under test. The plus of the device is connected to the current source, and the minus to the plus of the consumer. If the current is less than required, then the electrical circuit is faulty, and if more, a short circuit has occurred in the consumer.

Wiring diagram UAZ 452: features of lighting control and ignition system

The famous "loaf" - the multi-purpose UAZ 452 appeared in the line of the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant back in 1965 and remains on the conveyor to this day. Of course, over the years of production, the manufacturer has modernized the car in every possible way - the suspension, the engine, the UAZ 452 wiring diagram have changed, but in general, the whole design has remained the same.

Wiring UAZ 452: reliable single-wire circuit

Differences in electrical systems

Modernization affected the terms of service for cars of different years of production.

The car does not cause particular difficulties when carrying out maintenance work with your own hands, however, electrical systems have differences, the cause of which was:

Modifications of power units;
Dashboard changes;
Installations of lighting and marker lights of a new generation.

The original photo of the 1974 model documentation attached to the car

Period from 1965 to 1984

During this period, the automaker completed its products with electrical components available to the domestic industry. Some of them were known for a long time, others were experimental, which were evidenced by past years, and which had to prove their suitability.

Wiring diagram for headlights on UAZ 452 of the first releases

Lighting control

In particular, the controls and a number of main units migrated from their predecessor, the GAZ-69. Thanks to this, the price of the car remained the same.

On models of the first years of production, a foot light switch was installed, which had several modes of operation:

The first position activated the switching circuit for the low beam headlights and side lights;
In the second position, the dipped and main beam circuit was activated.

For reference: Turning on the headlights (dipped beam or high beam) led to the turning off of the parking lights in front.

Foot switch for headlights and parking lights

The upgraded light switch has a different operation algorithm:

The first position supplies power only to the parking lights;
The second position is marker lights and dipped (high) headlights.

Warning: This algorithm with non-disabled dimensions is a mandatory requirement for passing MOT. The factory manual gives recommendations for reworking the old circuit, in which it is important not to confuse the footswitch contacts.

The most correct option is to replace the old switch with a modern one, which uses only 3 contact groups.

Also on the old versions of "452" there was no alarm, so in the electrical circuit:

A relay-breaker RS-57 was installed (it was mounted in the wiring gap from the “+” battery terminal to the direction indicator switch);
The middle contact of the relay closed the control light on the instrument panel.

Ignition system

Ignition UAZ 452 model 1968

Also, contact ignition was installed on the "452":

The "+" wire from the battery supplied power to the ignition coil;
From the coil, the high-voltage wire transmitted the impulse to the breaker (distributor) and further to the candles.

Period from 1985 to 2013

On later versions with the advent of injection, some changes were made to the ignition:

Additional resistance was installed in the "battery-ignition coil" circuit;
A separate wire from the starter was laid on the coil wire connection terminal (past additional resistance)
On later models, an additional starter relay was installed in the circuit.

Control devices UAZ 452

For reference: UAZ vehicles also have different control devices. An ammeter was installed on some machines instead of a voltmeter. UAZ 452 wiring made it possible to connect a voltmeter to the wire break between the battery and the ignition system.

Conclusions: along with the car, the electrical circuit also changed. This factor should be taken into account when carrying out scheduled repair work in order to exclude emergency situations.

The good old UAZ-469 is one of the simplest cars. As if assembled from a children's designer, it is by no means replete with any frills and bells and whistles. Instead of an air conditioner - the ability to remove a soft top, and instead of an electric package - a complete absence of what can be controlled using this package. Nevertheless, the wiring on this car is. Although the same UAZ-469 ignition circuit is implemented in the simplest way.

Starter

On a UAZ-469 car, the starter is connected almost directly, through the ignition switch and relay. There is simply no more electronics in the ignition circuit. Even in a more modern "Hunter", which not every motorist outwardly distinguishes from the UAZ-469, the wiring diagram is much more complicated. The control impulse from the ignition relay goes directly to the generator, and all the wiring passes through. On the 469th, they were used only for lighting and the generator. In general, an experienced owner of the UAZ-469 simply does not need an electrical circuit. You can figure out this car in a few minutes.

Peculiarities

It is worth noting several interesting features of this car. which will be of interest to those who first get behind the wheel of the legendary UAZ. For example, the light switch of this machine is located at the feet in the form of a special pedal. How convenient it is when driving, we will not judge, we will leave it to those who have already driven the UAZ-469. The wiring diagram of this car is also full of many interesting features that are elegant in their simplicity. Oil level and pressure sensors, for example, went directly to the dashboard and alarm indicator, bypassing the fuse box and other elements. This allows you to repair the car literally "on the knee", being anywhere. No wonder the 469th is still valued by the military. When repairing the UAZ-469, they don’t even need an electrical circuit.

Characteristics

Despite its simplicity, the UAZ-469 already in those years had two fuel tanks and excellent cross-country ability. It was possible to overcome fords, obstacles and bad roads on this SUV without any modifications, but today the tuning of various UAZs, including the 469 model, is gaining more and more popularity. Fans equip cars with enlarged wheels with mud tires, raise the car and install more powerful engines. True, with the latter option, all the simplicity of the design fades into the background, because you have to completely redo all the electrical wiring of cars. Nevertheless, the popularity of the car is only growing.

To ensure the operability of all electrical devices on any car, an electrical circuit is used. In this article we will talk about the legendary domestic cars - UAZ. What is the electrical circuit of the UAZ Loaf car, what are its features - read about this below.

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What is included in the electrical circuit?

What features does automotive electrics have on old cars manufactured by the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant?

Electronic components

The UAZ 452 wiring diagram itself is quite simple - single-wire.

By its design, the wiring diagram of UAZ390995 or another model is characterized by the following solutions:

The body of the vehicle is used as the mass.
Any electrical equipment of the old-style circuit on the UAZ 409 or another model, as well as actuators, are equipped with a negative terminal that is connected to the car body. According to experts, in general, this scheme is imperfect.

According to the operating instructions for electrical equipment, the driver must from time to time diagnose the condition of the integrity of the contacts. We are also talking about their oxidation. If the driver notices the presence of oxidation on the terminals, he must process them using fine-grained sandpaper.

Engine compartment

In this case, the engine compartment is located directly in the passenger compartment in accordance with the design of the machine.

Access to the electrical circuit and other mechanisms and assemblies is made precisely from the passenger compartment, as a result of dismantling the cover, which:

Designed to protect the motorist and passenger from exhaust gases entering the passenger compartment.
Allows you to protect the interior of the car from the penetration of dirt and dust.
Performs the function of an additional heating device, in particular in a passive way, as a result of heating.

AUZ car engine compartment

Previously, the UAZ 396255 and other models with a carburetor used an engine from the legendary Pobeda, which was later replaced by a more advanced and modern unit. In particular, the engine is from the Volga. This decision at one time, back in 1964, was facilitated by the serial launch of the production line at the ZMZ enterprise. Despite the fact that many domestic motorists claim that the UAZ 390994 scheme, the injector in the engine compartment is located in an inconvenient place due to the lack of a hood, this is not so. Dozens of years of operation have proven that the absence of a hood in no way affects the diagnosis and maintenance of a car.

Passive safety

The very design of the domestic Loaf with the absence of a hood at first raised many questions in terms of the safety of the driver and passengers. As a result of several dozen crash tests that were carried out back in the early 70s of the last century, it was found that the car is no less safe when compared with other domestic cars. As the results showed, in the event of an accident, both the driver and the passengers of the car have a good chance of avoiding injuries in an accident.

Features of electrical equipment

So, what are the features of the UAZ 452 wiring diagram. At the time of the start of production for the engineers and designers of the enterprise, the most difficult moment was the search for the highest quality elements and components.

In particular, we are talking about details for the vehicle lighting system, as well as ignition, which is especially evident in how the car’s cabin is filled:

controls for various transport systems;
control devices for monitoring the condition of units and mechanisms.

External optics

At that time, designers had to resort to many freelance solutions in order to establish mass production of cars.

That is why:

The UAZ electrical circuit diagram includes an optics switch, which was borrowed from the GAZ 69. By the way, the latter is the predecessor of the Loaf.
In addition, almost all the optics were borrowed from the GAZ 64 - these are lights, etc.

Ignition system

troubleshooting

On any domestic car, problems periodically arise in the operation of electrical equipment. If you notice that the UAZ wiring is not working correctly, you need to diagnose it and check all the elements. If there are any malfunctions in the operation of electronic devices, first of all, you need to check if the fuses in the mounting block have blown. If everything is fine with these elements, but the equipment still does not function, for example, if we talk about optics, then you need to check whether the bulbs are working. If the lamps themselves are working, it is necessary to ring the electrical part using a tester (the author of the video about ringing is Ramil Abdullin).

If the Loaf refuses to start at all, you must do the following:

First of all, check the performance of the battery.
With a charged battery, use a tester to ring the circuit from the coil to the generator device, often breaks in the wiring are the reason for the inability to start the motor. If there are breaks, the wires should be changed. If there is oxidation on the contacts, they should be cleaned.
Starting the power unit will be impossible in the absence of a spark. To diagnose the presence of a spark from a candle, remove the high-voltage cable and bring it to the body. When you try to start the engine, a spark should jump between the cable and the body.
If there is no spark, perhaps the problem is the presence of soot and plaque on it. By the way, carbon deposits are often the cause of unstable operation of the motor, its tripling. To get rid of such a malfunction, it is advisable to clean the candles, step-by-step instructions for this process are presented.