Introduction

Self-unloading truck, trailer or semi-trailer with a body (usually a bunker type), mechanically (usually hydraulically) tilted to unload cargo or with forced unloading (for example, an auger). There are also dump trucks, for the unloading of which the tilt of the entire vehicle is used using telescopic lifts.

Dump trucks are used for the transportation of bulk, or bulk, or other goods suitable for such unloading, which is carried out by tipping them from the body.

Dump trucks are classified:

• · By type of unloading (tilt or forced).
• · In the direction of unloading (sideways, backwards).
• · By body type (bunker, platform, sliding bunker, sliding platform).

Although the load capacity of a dump truck is less than that of a similar fixed bed truck, dump trucks are nevertheless beneficial due to the reduction in unloading time. Dump trucks are distinguished by the method of unloading - rear, side, bilateral and universal unloading on all sides. In Russia, dump trucks are manufactured by KAMAZ, URAL, GAZ, Yarovit.

General information. Types of dump trucks

Dump truck - a truck with a body that allows independent unloading of bulk or bulk cargo by pouring out, dumping due to the use of the ability of the body to tilt or tip over into one or into different sides. The carrying capacity of such a vehicle is lower than the carrying capacity of a truck with a stationary body. According to the design features of the body, dump trucks can be divided into two groups - with one-sided unloading or with unloading in two or more directions.

Dump trucks, capable of unloading in all directions, are suitable for agricultural work, while they have a lower carrying capacity. Their body shape is designed to receive bulk cargo. dump trucks construction purposes unloaded on both sides greater load capacity. Dump trucks capable of hauling a large number cargo, are unloaded only in one direction, most often - back.

The division of dump trucks by body type and lifting mechanism is most arbitrary. There are so many types of jobs where dump trucks are used that the most profitable solution is often to rent or purchase a universal dump truck. These machines have additional opportunity unloading from the body directly into a concrete mixer or gondola car. This is provided by a special lifting platform on which the body is mounted. When installed on a dump truck hitch, it can be used to tow a tipper trailer, for which it is necessary to connect the hydraulic systems of the tractor and trailer.

Modern dump trucks have design features allowing them to unload low speed for uniform distribution of bulk cargo or a device for forced unloading where it is not possible to raise the body.

In order to transport loose, bulk, or other goods suitable for unloading by turning them over from the body, dump trucks are used.

A dump truck is a self-dumping truck consisting of a trailer with a body that is mechanically tilted to tip the load. Some dump trucks are unloaded using telescopic lifts by tilting the entire vehicle.

In order to buy the most suitable dump truck, you need to study the classification of dump trucks in order to choose the right machine according to your specific requirements.

Dump trucks are divided according to the following characteristics:

• unloading direction - unloading sideways and backwards is possible,
• type of unloading - it can be inclined and forced, as well as lateral, rear, universal unloading on all sides and two-sided unloading,
• body type - there is a bunker and a platform, simple or moving out.

Now dump trucks are very wide application in the construction industry, but renting dump trucks is quite expensive. For those who are engaged in construction on a large scale, it is much more profitable to purchase B from a dump truck. Significantly facilitate the process of transporting sand, gravel and other bulk materials will help new or used dump trucks.

To transport the rock in an open pit mining of various minerals, you will need a Mining Dump Truck.

For construction and quarrying, where maximum cross-country ability and maneuverability are required, an articulated dump truck is used. Current models of dump trucks are equipped with a switch for the cross-axle differential. Three-axle models of articulated dump trucks have six drive wheels. If you need the most mobile dump trucks, you should buy articulated dump trucks.

dump truck models

Thanks to existing different options man dump trucks configurations can be used to transport a variety of goods over short and medium distances. Dump trucks man can carry out work even in adverse, difficult conditions of the external environment.

Globally, Volvo dump trucks are this moment are the undisputed leader in the production of dump trucks for use in the most difficult conditions, roads and works. It was Volvo that developed the concept of a mining dump truck. For the implementation of mining, quarrying, earthworks, in material handling and tunneling, Volvo's articulated hauler can transport materials in the most comfortable way.

Iveco dump trucks have proven themselves quite well. Iveco dump trucks, even in the most difficult off-road conditions, where no car can pass, successfully cope with the most difficult tasks. The chassis of Iveco dump trucks for body installation is built on a strong spar-type frame device. Iveco installs axles of maximum strength and an intensive type of suspension on the chassis. These characteristics, together with the most powerful Cursor engines provide dump trucks with the successful transportation of goods from eighteen to forty-one tons.

Scania dump trucks are also worth noting. They are distinguished by reliability, strength and long service life of both chassis and transmission units. This is the key to everyday reliability and long trouble-free operation of vehicles.

Dump trucks daf. For DAF dump trucks, even roads washed out by showers and covered with rock fragments are not a hindrance. These are dump trucks named the best review in the world. They have proven themselves in various sectors of the economy. DAF dump trucks are energy-intensive machines that combine distinctive driving performance and excellent driver comfort.

Now the sale of used dump trucks is much more popular. various manufacturers and models than rent them. When systematically necessary transportation buying used dump trucks is much more profitable than the arena.

dump truck- this is a practical and convenient solution when it is necessary to carry out the transportation of bulk cargo (sand, gravel, soil). It is also convenient to take out garbage or snow from the construction site by means of a dump truck.

The main technical characteristic of the dump truck, which distinguishes it from other types of trucks, is considered to be a self-tipping body, which allows unloading the machine in minimum term and without the involvement of auxiliary units of special equipment, as well as labor.

The scope of dump trucks is quite wide. This machine has a relatively small size, due to which it is able to fit into a fairly limited space, which is especially important in urban work, in the construction of tunnels, mines. Technical indicators make the dump truck quite suitable for transporting overall and heavy loads over long distances in a minimum period. Therefore, the dump truck is in great demand for road and agricultural work. If this type of special equipment is needed for some time, then the rental of dump trucks will be more rational choice rather than owning them.

It is important to choose the actual dump truck model that is most convenient for specific work. , as well as several classifications related to them. All dump trucks differ in the following characteristics:

• load capacity;
• area of ​​use;
• type of axial load;
• body type;
• dimensions.

Mining trucks
These machines are used where high traffic is required - in mining, mining. The dump truck has a load capacity of 40 tons, equipped with a rear unloading mechanism. Excellent cross the dump truck has thanks to a pair of axles, as well as rear-wheel drive.

Dump truck that are involved in underground work
This dump truck works especially effectively in very limited spaces (mines, tunnels). Actually there this modification of the machine is used. The dump truck is intended for removal of the loosened or blown up breeds.

Articulated dump trucks
Articulated dump trucks have a higher cross-country ability than mining ones. used this car in construction, quarry work. The dump truck is equipped with an articulated frame, as well as three axles with all driving wheels.

Agricultural dump trucks
A characteristic feature of such a dump truck, which is used in the field of agriculture, is the ability to transport large-sized, but relatively light cargo (hay, feed).

Construction dump trucks
Construction requires dump trucks that are capable of transporting rather heavy bulk cargo (sand, gravel). The construction dump truck is equipped with rear unloading, sometimes it is double-sided.

Among other features, dump trucks can be equipped with a crane.

V.N.Belokurov, O.V.Gladkov, A.A.Zakharov, A.S.Melik-Sarkisyants / selected chapters/

Truck types

The mass volume of transportation of bulk and bulk cargoes with different properties determines the need to create a number of special designs of dump trucks for the transportation of a certain category of cargo under given conditions.
Dump trucks can be classified according to seven main features:
1) the main purpose - construction, agricultural, quarry, highly specialized (concrete carriers, mineral carriers, etc.);
2) carrying capacity - small (up to 2 tons), medium (2 ... 6 tons), large (7 ... 14 tons), extra large (heavy loads), (over 14 tons);
3) the type of rolling stock - a dump truck (single without a trailer), a dump truck (a dump truck-tractor with one or two dump trailers), a dump trailer, a semi-trailer dump truck;
4) compliance with the requirements of operation on highways ah( road restrictions) - adapted for operation on all types of roads or limited use (only for roads that allow a load on the bridge of not more than 100 kN);
5) cross-country ability - off-road heavy-duty (BelAZ type), road (wheel arrangement 4X2 or 6X4), off-road(wheel formula 4X4, 6X6, etc.);
6) the method of unloading the platform - one-sided back, one-sided to the side, two-sided to the sides, three-sided back and to the sides;
7) suitability for working with a trailer - a single dump truck (not adapted for working with a trailer), a dump truck-tractor (has all the necessary devices and the appropriate engine power to work with a trailer).
According to the totality of properties that determine the main operational qualities, dump trucks that have received most widespread in our country can also be divided into seven groups.

Group I Construction dump trucks of average carrying capacity (4...6 tons) with unloading of a body back are calculated for single work (without trailer). In our country, dump trucks of this group are the most numerous (ZIL-MMZ-555, ZIL-MMZ-4502, ZIL-MMZ-4505, GAZ-53A; specifications given in appendix. 1).
The weight parameters of these dump trucks allow them to operate on roads of any category.
The main cargoes for the transportation of which group I dump trucks are intended are soil, sand, clay, crushed stone, gravel, asphalt, concrete, mortar, construction waste, etc.
The transport properties of the cargo (density, structure, flowability, fluidity) determine the requirements, first of all, for the design of the dump truck platform. The most important parameter is the volume of the platform. Statistics show that the main building materials have a density of 1.4 ... 1.6 t / m 3 (see table. 1). Based on this, for the dump trucks under consideration, the optimal ratio of carrying capacity and platform volume is 1.4 ... 1.6 t / m3. For example, a ZIL-MMZ-4505 dump truck with a load capacity of 6 tons has an internal geometric volume of the platform of 3.8 m 3 (6: 3.8 = 1.58 t / m 3).
An important requirement for the design of a construction dump truck platform is tightness - the exclusion of losses during the transportation of loose and semi-liquid cargo. This requirement is met to a large extent by a platform with one-sided unloading backwards, with one opening tailgate. This method of unloading is necessary in many cases of operation of a construction dump truck, for example, when carrying out planning work or removing garbage to a landfill, when unloading is carried out “on a dump”. For dump trucks of the group under consideration, this method is also sufficient. Dump trucks are not designed to work with a trailer - in most cases, working on cramped construction sites does not allow road trains to maneuver.

Excavator loading of such hard loads as stone, frozen soil, construction debris causes large concentrated shock loads on platform parts. This imposes increased requirements on the strength of the platform.
In order to avoid damage to the cabin by the load falling off the excavator bucket, a canopy is fixed on the front side of the platform, protecting the rear wall and the cabin window.
The specific engine power (the ratio of engine power to the total mass of the dump truck) for construction dump trucks is chosen within 7 ... 9 kW / t.
The desire to increase the maneuverability of the dump truck explains the use of the ZIL-130D1 chassis for the ZIL-MMZ-555, ZIL-MMZ-4502, ZIL-MMZ-45021 dump trucks, while the flatbed truck has a base of 3800 mm.
Long-term operation has also revealed a disadvantage of short-wheelbase dump trucks - instability on slippery roads. In case of inept or careless driving of a dump truck on high speeds cases of skidding of a dump truck were noted. This forced the designers on the construction truck latest model ZIL-MMZ-4505 use the ZIL-130B2 chassis with a base of 3800 mm.
Statistics show that, as a rule, the length of one trip for construction dump trucks is on average 10 ... 30 km, and sometimes, for example, during planning work, several hundred meters. In such conditions, the driver often has to get in and out of the cab during the shift. The most convenient conditions for entering and exiting the cab are provided by the layout of the car according to the cab-behind-engine scheme.
In the operation of construction dump trucks, there are frequent cases of overload in excess of the established norm. This is due to the large spread in the density of transported goods and the generally accepted approximate accounting for the amount of cargo not by weight, but by volume.
Therefore, there are Additional requirements to the reliability and ease of maintenance of dump trucks.

Group II. Construction dump trucks of average carrying capacity (5 ... 6 tons), designed for systematic work with a dump trailer (as part of a road train). This group includes, for example, a ZIL-MMZ-4501 dump truck with a GKB-818B dump trailer.
In terms of load parameters, dump trucks are designed for operation on roads of all categories, but unlike group I, these dump trucks are not designed to work on dirt roads, since working with a trailer in difficult road conditions- difficult. The main purpose of these dump trucks is mass transportation along established routes to construction sites of non-metallic materials from berths, railway bases, from quarries, mainly in large cities.
Characteristic features of operation are relatively good roads, without steep climbs and descents; specially prepared points of departure and acceptance of goods, providing through traffic road transport without additional maneuvering. Relatively long transportation distances prevail (15...25 km). Loading is more often carried out by stationary loading means: conveyors, bunkers, excavators. Overloads are observed less frequently than for group I dump trucks, which is explained by long-term transportation of the same cargo. The main cargoes are the same as for group I dump trucks, with the exception of semi-liquid cargoes (concrete, solutions). Therefore, there are no increased requirements for body sealing.
A mandatory requirement for a road train is the possibility of unloading on the sides. A dump truck, as a rule, has an unloading on three sides, and a trailer on two sides.
To work with a trailer, a more powerful engine must be installed on a dump truck-tractor, its power, related to the total mass of the road train, must be at least 6 kW / t.
To ensure work with a dump trailer, a number of additional units are installed on a dump truck tractor: brake valve; pneumatic outlet for connecting the trailer brake drive: electrical outlet for connecting light signaling devices; hydraulic valve-distributor for controlling the tipping device of the body of both the tractor and the trailer; hydraulic output for connecting the hydraulic drive of the trailer tipping device.
Installing more powerful engine, additional units, a body having unloading on two or three sides, increases the cost of a dump truck-tractor compared to a single dump truck.

Group III. Agricultural dump trucks designed for systematic work with a dump trailer as part of a road train (4X2 or 6X4 wheel arrangement).
This group includes dump trucks: ZIL-MMZ-55!M with trailer GKB-819; ZIL-MMZ-4504 with GKB-8529 trailer, GAZ-SAZ-4509 with GKB-8536 trailer; KAMAZ-55102 with GKB-8527 trailer.
Road transport in agriculture according to road conditions and distance can be divided into two groups. The first group is transportation long distance(grain export to elevators, fertilizer delivery from warehouses or factories, trips to the city, for example, for building materials and other goods). Due to the relatively long distances and movement only on roads, it is economically feasible to use road trains with one or two trailers for such transportation. The second group is on-farm transportation over relatively short distances and often in difficult road conditions: traffic on dirt roads, field, meadow, shallow fords, light wooden bridges; maneuvering on on-farm sites, currents, inside warehouses. Under these conditions, only single dump trucks without a trailer can be operated. Transportation over long distances and on-farm alternate during the season.
In terms of cross-country ability, load parameters, load distribution over bridges, the requirements for dump trucks of this group and dump trucks of group I are similar.
By adaptability to the transportation of a wide variety of goods (agricultural products, fertilizers, Construction Materials, household goods, equipment, packaged and piece goods) the most universal requirements are imposed on dump trucks of this group. These dump trucks are often used as flatbed trucks, for example for transporting livestock and poultry.
The diversity of cargo determines the most different ways loading: augers from the bunkers of harvesters, conveyors, mowers, excavators, cranes. Very often manual method of loading and unloading is used.
A variety of cargo, loading and unloading conditions determine the requirements for the design of an agricultural dump truck platform. The platform has rectangular shape with three opening sides (side and rear). The sides open on the lower hinges, which reduces the spillage of cargo under the wheels.
A wide range of transported goods, in particular bulk, with a density of 2 ... 3 t / m 3 (construction) to 0.4 ... 0.5 t / m 3 (grass, silage) forces the production of agricultural dump trucks with extension board sets (Table 2).
The most important requirement for the platform of an agricultural dump truck is reliable sealing, which excludes grain loss through gaps in the porches of the sides. This is ensured by the installation of removable rubber seals.

2. The ratio of load capacity and volume of the platform

To protect the grain from being blown out during transportation, as well as to protect cargo from atmospheric precipitation, an awning for shelter is included in the dump truck kit.
As for the group II dump truck, mandatory requirement is the possibility of unloading the platform on the sides, which ensures the work with the trailer. Dump trucks are produced both with three-sided and two-sided unloading of the platform. Tipper trailers, as a rule, have two-sided unloading.
The relative power of the engine when operating as part of a road train must be at least 6 kW / t.
On tractor dump trucks, additional units are installed that provide work with a trailer (similar to group II dump trucks).

Group IV. Agricultural off-road dump trucks (wheel arrangement 4X4 and 6x6), designed for systematic work with a dump trailer (as part of a road train); this group includes: KAZ-4540 with a GKB-8535 trailer and Ural-5557 with a GKB-8551 trailer.
These road trains-dump trucks are designed mainly for on-farm transportation. High permeability provides reliable performance off-road in spring and autumn. However, the use of an all-wheel drive chassis significantly increases the cost of production and maintenance of a dump truck. Such dump trucks have a significantly larger own weight.
The requirements for the platform structures of these dump trucks are the same as for group III.

Group V Heavy duty construction dump trucks are designed for single operation (without a trailer); wheel formula 4X2 and 6X4. Of the dump trucks in operation, this group includes: MAZ-205, MAZ-503A, MAZ-5549, MLZ-5551, KrAZ-222, KrAZ-256, KrAZ-256B, KrAZ-6505.
The main application is the bulk transportation of bulk and bulk cargo at large construction sites and quarries. Due to the big gross weight and axial loads can be transported on roads that allow an axial load of more than 100 kN per axle.
Most of the time, these dump trucks are operated off-road in difficult conditions: steep ascents and descents in quarries; movement on the ground when planning construction sites, etc. They work a lot of time on intermediate gears and gear reversing. Transportation over short distances prevails.
Loading is mainly carried out by excavators with a bucket capacity of up to 3 m 3 . When dumping heavy loads such as stone, rocks, frozen ground, etc. into the dump truck platform. there are large shock loads on the bottom and sides of the platform. Overloads are possible as a result of a large variation in the density of transported goods. Especially difficult conditions operation impose increased requirements on the strength of the chassis and dumper installation.

Group VI. Heavy-duty construction dump trucks. In our country, dump trucks for such road trains are produced on the basis of trucks MAZ and KrAZ families.
Heavy-duty dump trucks are used in the organization of mass stable transportation of bulk and bulk cargo along established routes in cities and suburbs. Specially prepared points of dispatch and acceptance of goods provide direct-flow movement of road trains. Routes are laid along roads and city streets that allow axial loads over 100 kN. Comparatively large (for dump trucks) transport distances predominate - 15 ... 20 km. The platform of both the tractor and the trailer must be able to unload on the sides.

Group VII. According to the accepted classification, this group includes mining dump trucks with especially large payloads. These include: MAZ-525, BelAZ-540, BelAZ-540A, BelAZ-548A. Bel A3-549, BelAZ-7519, BelAZ-752. They are not designed for road traffic and therefore are not subject to weight and dimensional restrictions. They are operated off-road or on specially prepared tracts for long-term transportation along one route. The designs of such dump trucks differ significantly from the design of road dump trucks of all groups (not considered in this book).

Trucks are rightfully considered the most popular type of special equipment, since the profitability and efficiency of any work in the construction industry, as well as industry and trade, largely depends on the timing of the delivery of materials and transportation of the finished product. Functional flexibility, versatility and market liquidity - these are the factors contributing to the increased demand for special equipment for cargo transportation, in the ranks of which you can safely write standard trucks, semi-trailers and trailers, as well as trucks - dump trucks.

A dump truck is, in fact, a truck equipped with a movable body, which has the ability both to be in its normal state and, if necessary, to unload the cargo contained in it. Usually the cargo is bulk materials, such as sand, soil or fertilizer.

Dump trucks have the widest scope, their use can reduce the time spent on transporting cargo, as well as carrying out the necessary loading and unloading operations.

Dump trucks are used to transport both bulk and loose, as well as any cargo that can be unloaded by tipping the dump truck body.

And although the load capacity of dump trucks is less when compared with machines that have cargo platform fixed, their use is advantageous due to the fact that the unloading time is reduced.

The most commonly used dump trucks with an inclined bottom (tilting body). There are also dump trucks with auger (forced unloading). Hydraulic lifts are used in machines of this type.

Varieties of dump trucks, scope Classification of dump trucks.

Dump trucks are commonly used in agriculture, construction, and open pit mining of various minerals. Dump trucks according to the place of application are divided into:

Construction dump trucks

Serve for the transportation of bulk cargo (earth, sand, crushed stone, etc.) and liquid solutions(concrete, lime, etc.). They can be used in the construction of industrial facilities, residential buildings, highways, hydroelectric power plants, bridges, canals, etc. Chassis basic models trucks trailers and semi-trailers is the basis for the creation of dump trucks that differ in shape cargo body and short base. The shortened base improves the maneuverability of the dump truck. Produced in our country whole line models of construction dump trucks and their modifications. Among them, the most common are GAZ-SAZ-53B, ZIL-MMZ-555, KamAZ-5511, MAZ-5549, KrAZ-256B-1.

Construction dump trucks are designed for road traffic, therefore they have a 4×2 or 6×4 wheel arrangement. They can be equipped as carbureted engines, and diesel engines and have relatively high maximum speeds movement (70-90 km/h).

Construction dump truck KAMAZ - 65115\

Mining trucks

Off-road (otherwise career) dump trucks are usually used in open-pit mining of various minerals. Optimal even for heavy dump trucks, a scheme with two axes is considered, as well as a drive on rear wheels and, of course, unloading the body back. In the 70s, they tried to establish the production of three-axle dump trucks, for example, WABCO 3200B and Terex Titan, but these schemes for dump trucks did not take root. To date, more than twenty enterprises specialize in the production of mining dump trucks. The main part of the market (>95%) is made up of dump trucks with a load capacity of less than 40 tons.

Mining dump truck BelAZ-549\

Articulated dump trucks