Severe operating conditions include: navigation in ice, transportation of goods that lead to corrosion damage, mechanical damage, etc.; swimming in the places of location of shoals, rifts.

Icebreakers and polar ships have specific damage: dents, cracks, damage to the seams in the bow, mainly on the sheets located at the level of the ice due to impacts of the frames against it, which are bent and torn from the pressure action of the ice, breakage and bending of the blades propellers, wear of the edges of the covering sheets of the riveted structure, which leads to leakage of the seam and intense corrosion in this place (this is due to the destruction of the color and exposure of the metal by ice friction), as a result of impact and compression by ice, deformation and the appearance of cracks, dents, holes in the stem and sheets adjacent to it.

Enhanced corrosion of hull sheets is observed in the area where kingstones are attached due to the heating of the latter with steam (temperature change enhances the corrosion process), in the forepeak, where water more often enters due to impacts on the ice of the bow of the vessel and damage to the seams.

Oil tankers have increased corrosion inside the tanks. These ships carry crude oil, fuel oil, kerosene and light oil products - gasoline, alcohol. The greatest corrosion destruction of oil tankers occurs during the transportation of gasoline; the smallest - during the transportation of oil; kerosene occupies an intermediate position. This is due to the fact that gasoline does not leave any protective layer on the metal surface, as happens in part when transporting kerosene and especially oil.

For ships carrying bulk cargo (coal, salt, ore), corrosion failure of the structure is associated with the following. Salt is hygroscopic, absorbing moisture from the air. Small salt crystals penetrate into the cracks and, being dissolved by moisture, create an aggressive environment that causes an enhanced corrosion process. Coal promotes corrosion destruction due to the release of sulfur gases and moisture.

Dredgers wear out significantly due to frequent overloads and the destructive effect of soil particles falling on rubbing parts. Swimming in the area of ​​shallows and rifts when the hull touches the ground and the predominant trim to the stern can lead to abrasion of the keel sheets and the stern.

HeadJl

DAMAGE TO PARTS OF MACHINES, MECHANISMS AND STRUCTURES

$11. HULL

Damage to the ship's hull includes its breakage, deflection, as well as holes and ruptures in the outer skin, decks, bulkheads; cracks in sheets of outer plating, decks, bulkheads, framing; corrosion of plating sheets, decks, bulkheads, second bottom, framing and, as a result, their thinning (local or general); local deformations (dents, corrugation, buckling), deformation of the set; violation of the density and joints of the seams; bottom plate wear.

Breakage of the ship's hull is an extraordinary phenomenon and is caused by special circumstances: construction flaws, violation of design rules, deterioration of the mechanical properties of the metal during operation, the action of the sea (wave impacts, ice compression), landing on stones, collision, etc.

Holes, ruptures, cracks, dents, corrugations, crooks in the plating, decks and other parts of the hull, deformation of the set, violations of the tightness of the joints may appear as a result of mechanical damage during the collision of ships, grounding, and stones, shocks on coastal structures, collisions with ice , actions of the sea, etc. Damage to the hull is also possible due to improper loading and use of the vessel for other purposes. The wear of the bottom sheets of the hull appears in ships sailing in the presence of shoals and rifts. The wear of the edges of the sheets is typical for ice-going ships.

Corrosion of a metal case causes thinning of its elements and is one of the main types of damage. The metal body corrodes very intensively, as it is in favorable conditions for this. Corrosion can be continuous (uniform) and local (ulcers, spots, pitting).

The depth of corrosion damage to the outer skin with timely docking, referred to one year, is, according to statistical data, 0.25 0.8 mm. Violation of the terms of docking of ships, and the following

Respectively, untimely cleaning and painting of the outer skin of the hull significantly increases the corrosion damage (the depth of corrosion damage reaches 0.7-1 mm/year).

Intensively corrode welds outer sheathing, as well as the area of ​​\u200b\u200bvariable waterline, the bow in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe breaker, the stern valance, the sternpost, the places of the floor of the scuppers, at the openings of the outboard reinforcement. along the zygomatic belt, etc. In tugs and barges, the skin under the fenders and fenders is subject to significant corrosion.

Inside the vessel, the plating is affected by corrosion especially strongly in portholes, in a chain box, near scuppers, in side bilges, in bunkers, near receiving grids of systems, in double-bottom ballast tanks. In tankers, tanks (especially their upper parts, not protected by cargo) corrode significantly, which alternately contain either liquid cargo or ballast water.

The ship's framing corrodes in places where moisture accumulates and from environmental influences, for example: frames, beams and bulkhead posts in the area of ​​​​bunkers, and peaks and deep tanks, flora in peaks and ballast tanks, bulkheads mainly in the lower part, especially at bilges; flooring of the second bottom in the area of ​​the boiler room, in cargo holds - when transporting grain, coal, chemical fertilizers. In the tanks under the boilers, the wood chips corrode especially strongly all the days, because here, due to elevated temperatures and the presence of moisture create favorable conditions for this. The shafting tunnel is affected by corrosion mainly in the lower part - at the facing square and the adjacent part of the sheet, parts of the metal spars, rigging and booms in places where moisture and dirt accumulate.

Especially intensive places of sternpost corrosion are ruderpost and starnpost.

According to statistics, many motorists have the wrong concept associated with the term severe operating conditions. If you do not go into detail in the chemistry and physics of the processes that occur in the car system, you can see different modes operation. They take into account product quality, driving mode, weather, etc. But what exactly is meant by “difficult conditions”? For example, a long downtime of the car, or occasional use. After all, it is not for nothing that they say that the car should always drive. Everything is said correctly. If you do not start the engine for a long time, especially in winter, then in the future you will need to pay more attention to its diagnosis, as breakdowns may occur. And compared to an engine that is used every day, it will last less.

This is due to condensate, which can form inside the motor system during long break in use. When mixed with fuel, condensate is like an acid that corrodes the engine from the inside. So if, when buying a used car, they say that they almost never drove a car, then you should be careful. But often this is not true in order to sell the car as "new", and you should not worry too much. Daily short distance driving shortens the life of the engine. So when driving to and from work, the distance can be short, and driving on a cold engine also leads to condensation. This is especially important in winter.

Therefore, it is recommended that, before starting to move, stand idle for a couple of minutes, if this winter time, then it is better to warm up the engine longer. The "start-stop" mode in traffic jams also makes operation more difficult. Since a significant load on engine goes during the start of the movement, then jerking in place will not lead to anything good, but due to a large number Vehicle on the roads, you can't get away from it. A bad influence on auto goes due to the fact that at these moments the oil heats up more and loses its properties more intensively. Also, when idle, the cooling system does not work well, which leads to heating of the oil. Riding with a heavy load is undesirable, such riding is considered driving on bumpy terrain, towing, frequent driving under a full load. All this entails a high load on the engine, and, accordingly, the oxidation and thickening of the oil. Frequent driving in a dirty area leads to increased wear car. These include places with dusty air or polluted roads. You may notice that when you go out into the street in clean shoes, upon arrival home they will be in a layer of dust, although not large, but they will be. In order to prevent this from happening, it is necessary to regularly wash the streets, but no one does this in our country.

Automakers make cars with clean streets in mind, and, of course, the oil change interval is calculated based on driving on clean streets. This dust pollutes not only the oil, but also other parts of the car that require replacement or cleaning. Also following the example of clean streets, you can often see in service book that the filters are changed every 60,000 km. Poor quality fuel and oil reduces the life of the car. It is clear that if these components are not of high quality, then unburned particles will settle in engine compartments, cylinders, and all this reduces the efficiency of work. All modern engines designed for quality fuel, but what we add and what they dilute, in the hope of earning more, no one knows. Express oil change does not lead to anything good. With such a replacement, a considerable part of the used oil can remain in the engine. Also, as a result of work, a sediment forms at the bottom of the pallet, which is not so easy to remove. If you carry out such an oil change, then it is better to carry out a traditional replacement soon.

When determining shift intervals engine oil guided by the manual.

The interval for changing engine oil is always specified by the manufacturer of your car. in the manual (manual) or in the service bulletin (Service bulletin). As a rule, the manufacturer indicates the engine oil change interval in kilometers (or miles). There are also restrictions in the time period - 3 months -6 months - 1 year. The car can stand in the garage all winter and not go out on the road, and the oil in the engine will still lose its original properties - that is why the manufacturers have also introduced a temporary restriction. You can’t conclude “I roll on the mileage very little, so I will change the oil every 2 years.”

Deciding for yourself how often you change the oil, not based on the manufacturer's recommendations, is not right! Only the manufacturer of your vehicle, who designed and built your vehicle, knows better How often should the oil be changed? The car manual is a kind of bible, when making decisions, you should always look back at this document. Remember, your car was designed and built by thousands of engineers and specialists, they have already calculated and tested everything for us - there is no need to consider yourself smarter than VW or Toyota and reinvent the wheel. It is necessary to adhere to the manufacturer's recommendations as much as possible!

Rely on the manufacturer, but don't make a mistake yourself ...

But the manufacturer must also be able to interpret correctly! Recently, manufacturers have begun to increase the service intervals for changing engine oil. For the sake of economy, ecology, restrictive legislative acts of some countries, oil change intervals have increased markedly 30,000 km, 50,000 km, etc.

There are special "long-lived" oils for extended oil change intervals "LongLife". But such oils can only be poured with extended drain intervals into engines that are suitable for this! You can’t conclude “If I fill the VAZ Kalina with Longlife oil, then you can not change the oil for 30,000 km.” Kalina's engine will kill such oil much faster!

Extended oil change intervals are relevant for countries with a "mild" climate, with good quality fuel, with clean roads, quality oils, timely service. IN difficult conditions vehicle operation - such long shift intervals can lead to premature aging engine oil and engine wear!

For example, when you try to start the engine at -30C, fill the crankcase with gasoline and eventually do not start, the oil liquefies, loses its properties under the influence of gasoline, and the manufacturer does not take this into account. You can drive 30,000 km on such spoiled oil and then guess where the wear comes from.

Example: In the list of approved Longlife-04 oils, BMW writes:

Use of Longlife-04 oils in gasoline engines only allowed in European countries (EU plus Switzerland, Norway and Liechtenstein). Outside this region, their use is prohibited due to the often questionable quality of the fuel.

Link to official document: BMW Longlife-04 approved oils. That is, for Russian conditions These oils are not suitable for extended change intervals!

What is severe operating conditions?

Severe operating conditions include:

1. Poor fuel quality. Fuel never burns out completely. During the combustion of fuel in the engine, combustion products are formed - ash, soot, tar, sulfur, etc. Deposits form on the inner walls of the engine - soot, sludge, varnish, etc. How worse quality fuel, the more deposits and unwanted combustion products. Engine oil wears out faster! Russian oil already initially considered to be of lower quality due to high content sulfur, as well as heavy and cyclic hydrocarbons. To this we must add the peculiarities of the "Russian business" and the lack of strict control over the production and sale of fuel. The quality of fuel constantly jumps from refueling to refueling. Production of gasoline from 76th to 92nd by adding additives. Water condensate, sand, dirt in storage and transportation tanks, etc. All this affects the resource of engine oil! Therefore, at least somehow to protect yourself from these negative factors, it is possible only by gas stations at trusted gas stations And frequent oil change intervals! It is frequent oil changes that help to remove unwanted products from the engine, neutralize sulfur from burnt fuel, slow down oxidative processes, etc. No "super-long life" LongLife oil or PAO-synthetic with long drain intervals can miraculously remove all this from the engine.
2. Trips over short distances. On short trips over short distances, the engine does not have time to warm up. The engine oil does not have time to warm up to operating temperature. Additives that neutralize the products of combustion of fuel work more slowly due to the slowdown of chemical processes in a cold engine. Low-temperature deposits are formed that clog the filter elements and impair the circulation of oil through the lubrication system. Operation of the engine in the "started - drove 5 km - turned off" mode leads to the transformation of the condensate formed on the inner walls into water. Water in the oil leads to oil flooding - premature "aging" of engine oil.
3. Dusty roads, or roads that are treated with anti-icing agents. Air filter does not capture all dust particles - a small amount still enters the engine. It is also not uncommon for unfiltered air to enter the engine through the filter. Bad quality, abnormal air suction (cracked air hose, numb gasket), etc. When operating the engine in dusty conditions, dust particles accumulate during engine operation, cause abrasive wear of parts and reduce the anti-wear properties of the oil. talking plain language, dust and sand fall into piston-cylinder group and nothing good, of course it does not bring.
4. Traffic jams, long trips low speeds, long "idle" on Idling. Constant acceleration and deceleration in traffic jams load the engine the most, the oil is used up faster. At idle (XX), the oil pressure in the system is several times lower than at full speed - the oil enters the engine components, not as well as it does at full speed along the highway. It also happens when long trips at low speed. For example, by dirt road“Where you can’t really accelerate.” The load on the engine is large, and the engine oil does not flow abundantly. Engine on idling(XX) is poorly washed with oil, as a result of which, again, rings can lie, deposits can accumulate on the walls of the engine. The owner of the car at this time calmly looks at the odometer, where the cherished 15,000 km have not yet arrived and convinces himself that "everything is fine!".
5. Operation in conditions of extremely high or extremely low ambient temperatures. When operating the vehicle in summer heat the engine is exposed to high temperatures, the oil heats up, and therefore the oil film becomes thinner, the coefficient of friction increases, and the oil film on the surface of the friction pairs may break. If we add to this the towing of a trailer, and even high speeds along the highway, we get a very tough regime. Remember yourself, on a trip to the South, during the holidays - we will load the whole family, pick up a trailer and "spear" on high speeds on the highway - it would be faster to get to the sea / or back home. This is just the case! Heat air also accelerates the oxidative processes in the engine and affects the development of the engine oil resource. Operating the engine at low temperatures also affects the life of the engine oil! Attempts to start the engine in cold weather often result in the engine not starting while fuel was being supplied. Settling in the crankcase, the fuel enters the engine oil and dilutes it. Subsequently, the fuel, of course, burns out and evaporates, but the oil has already been spoiled and, in a miraculous way, cannot be restored to a fresh state. In winter, we often warm up the engine before we start driving, but long periods of idling (XX) are again not good for engine oil. The engine is running - but the car does not “wind up” the mileage, meanwhile we change the oil according to the mileage!
6. Towing a trailer, transporting heavy loads in the trunk, operating a car in mountainous areas. It's not a secret, in heavy-loaded equipment, oil depletes its resource much faster. If you uproot stumps in the country with your car, you will wear out the motor ten times faster than during normal operation. The more the engine is loaded, the faster the oil wears out in it. The operation of a car in mountainous areas, where there are frequent ups and downs, also seriously affects the reduction of engine oil life.

It is generally accepted that in Russia there are difficult operating conditions! On our resource, the site has repeatedly seen examples and confirmations that the Japanese in Japan, Europeans in Europe, Americans in the USA consider their “greenhouse” operating conditions to be difficult and reduce shift intervals by half! Then what are the operating conditions we have in Russia?

On-board computer as a guideline for oil change dates.

In modern cars on-board computer based on the received data, it itself signals when to change the oil. Service interval (mileage until the next Maintenance) is calculated from the distance traveled over a certain period of time, the fuel consumed and the change in temperature over the same period. Data is collected from various sensors in the car, the turnover sensor crankshaft, oil temperature gauge, distance traveled from the tachometer, fuel consumption, etc. Based on this data, the control unit calculates the remaining mileage until maintenance and signals the required service interval on the display.

Fig 2. An example of how it is calculated service interval in Skoda cars:

Fig 3. Depending on the received data, the on-board computer may issue various options:

But you need to understand that the on-board computer is just a machine, which does not take into account many factors, and was created by its manufacturer, which cannot take into account all factors either! Therefore, you will not make it worse if you change the oil more often - you will only make it better!

So after all, what engine oil change interval should I choose?

Let's highlight the main points when choosing an engine oil change interval.

1. Look at the manufacturer's manual. It is the manual, and not translations of third-party Russian publications, taken from nowhere! In the manual we find a plate with shift intervals, and the lines "under severe operating conditions, we recommend halving the shift interval." Sometimes there is nothing in the manual about mileage. We are looking for official technical papers, usually they English language. Be sure to follow the official recommendations of the manufacturer of your car!
2. We define our operating conditions. In most cases, if you live in Russia, you have a difficult operating conditions! But there are exceptions! For example: You live in a quiet, provincial town, where there is no traffic jams. Temperate climate, the temperature in summer is not more than + 30C, in winter there are no frosts. The car is operated daily and travels at least 20-30 km after starting. The car does not idle XX for 20-30 minutes (you do not use the auto-start function of your alarm - yes, this is also harmful!). You fill up the fuel at one gas station, you know for sure that it is of good cleaning, with a low sulfur content. Fuel is supplied directly from the refinery, all documents are in order (and in general this is your relative's gas station 🙂). The terrain is flat, not dusty, the roads are paved (because the president recently came to your city 🙂). In these cases, you can not shorten the shift interval and consider that you have normal conditions operation! In all other cases, consider your operating conditions as severe!
3. What oil are you using? If you pour mineral oil, it lives less - you need to make discounts for this. The same applies to "synthetic" oils based on hydrocracking (VHVI, Group III). If you pour real PAO / Ester synthetics - they live longer mineral oils and hydrocracking - but do not flatter yourself! In engine oil, in addition to the base oil, there is a package of additives that work out, regardless of whether they are dissolved in synthetics or in mineral water. If you have severe operating conditions, you need to pay attention to the characteristics of engine oil. On oils with low alkaline number(for example, TBN = 5-6), as well as on poor high-sulfur fuel - driving with long shift intervals is not advisable!
4. What engine do you have? If the engine of your car is equipped with a turbine, the oil wears out its resource faster than in a simple atmospheric engine. There are manufacturers who recommend in difficult conditions, for turbo engines, the change period is 2500 km!

Example 1: Let's try to determine the shift interval for toyota camry 2008 release.
We find Toyota white paper:, below in small text is written "In severe operating conditions, reduce the shift interval by two." We divide 14000/2=7000km. Final Choice: Change interval 7000 km.

What do motor oil manufacturers say?

Motor oil manufacturers almost always stand in solidarity with automakers when it comes to change intervals. Almost everywhere it says "Consult your vehicle owner's manual." But there are answers of experts in the form of advice. In their responses, motor oil manufacturers almost always rely on the recommendations of automakers!

In conclusion of the article, I would like to quote FAQ, a very famous and popular in the West, motor oil manufacturer - Valvoline.

Question: Do I need to shorten my oil change interval to 3000 miles (about 5000km)?
Answer: Valvoline recommends changing the oil every 3000 miles (about 5000km). The majority of motorists (more than 80% of drivers, according to a study in California) operate the car in severe conditions (start-stop mode, short distance driving, towing, very high or very low temperatures air, etc.) Automakers recommend shorter shift intervals in heavy duty applications, most recommending 3,750 miles or less, with 3,000 miles (about 5,000km) being the most common recommendation. engine oil and oil filters have a shorter service life in severe operating conditions, due to an increase in the amount of pollution. Thus, changing the oil and filter every 3,000 miles (about 5,000 km) is the best way to ensure a healthy engine.

You can subscribe to every word! It is the frequent intervals for changing engine oil - 5000 km, that will protect you from the accumulation of deposits in the engine, from the negative effects of poor quality fuel, from harsh vehicle operating modes, etc. Shortened engine oil change intervals, one of the most effective ways keep the engine excellent condition! With change intervals of 5000 km, the car's engine will serve faithfully for many years!

Published: March 6, 2013

The roof is in very difficult operating conditions, since it is exposed to atmospheric factors for a long time. Uneven precipitation, temperature deformations, creep phenomena and shrinkage of reinforced concrete floorings have a harmful effect on the strength and water tightness of the roof. In industrial areas, in addition, chemically aggressive substances contained in the atmosphere have a destructive effect on the roof and form weak concentrations of acids and alkalis in the first minutes of rain. In particular adverse conditions operation are the roofs of hot shops, experiencing not only excessive heating, but also significant dynamic effects from overhead cranes with a rigid suspension of working equipment (rolling, stripper shops, etc.).

The foregoing allows us to conclude that when choosing the material and construction of the roof, in addition to the physical and chemical properties of the material and the construction area, it is necessary to take into account the specifics and microclimate of production.

The roofing material must be lightweight, durable, allow the smallest slope of the coating, ease of installation and repair, meet the requirements of deformability and fire resistance.

Roofs are divided into rolled, asphalt rollless, asbestos-cement And metal.

Roll roofs meet many of the requirements noted above and allow you to arrange coatings with a zero slope. The materials used for rolled roofing include isol, brizol, polyethylene film, roofing material, glassine, roofing felt, hydroisol, tar-bitumen and gudrokamovy materials, roofing fiberglass and fiberglass.

Depending on the slope, rolled roofs of industrial buildings can be flat (slope<2,5%) и скатные (уклон ≥ 2,5%). Наибольшие уклоны скатов при рулонных кровлях не должны превышать 25%.

In order to ensure water tightness, roofs are arranged from several layers, the number of which is assigned based on the magnitude of the slope:

at i ≥ 15% - two-layer without a protective layer;
with i ≥ 10% - three-layer without a protective layer;
at 2.5 ≤ i< 10% - трехслойные с защитным слоем;
for 0 ≤ i< 2,5% -четырехслойные (и более) с защитным слоем.

Rolled roofs with more than four layers are used in operated coatings or in those areas of the coating where technological equipment is installed and passages are provided.

The sticker of rolled materials is produced with bituminous, tar and other mastics, depending on the roofing material. When assigning the heat resistance of the mastic, it must be taken into account that on clear summer days the roofing carpet can heat up to 70-80 °, and in the coatings of hot shops up to 100 ° and above. In case of insufficient heat resistance, the mastic softens and flows down the slope. This causes disorder of the seams of the carpet, the formation of folds from the slipping of the panels, changes the physico-chemical properties of the mastic (volatilization of light fractions of mastic oils), clogs the valleys and funnels of the internal drain. Mastics with excessive heat resistance are undesirable, as they have increased brittleness at low temperatures.

Panels of rolled materials with slopes of up to 15% are placed parallel, and with slopes of more than 15%, they are perpendicular to the ridge. The value of overlapping panels on each other is taken: in width - in the lower layers of 50-70 mm. and in the upper 70-100 mm, along the length - in all layers not less than 100 mm.

Experiencing significant heating and large daily (up to 60-70°) and annual (up to 100°) temperature fluctuations, the roof is subjected to significant alternating deformations, which often leads to rupture of the carpet and disruption of its adhesion to the base. In order to reduce the harmful effects of atmospheric influences and protect against direct mechanical damage, a protective (armoring) layer is arranged over rolled roofs with a slope of less than 10%. It is made of light-colored gravel with a grain size of 5-15 mm or mica chips. The connection of the layer with the roof is carried out with the same mastic that is used to stick the waterproofing carpet. Sometimes the protective layer is made of concrete or other slabs laid on a sandy layer.

To reduce the heating of the roof, you can paint it in a light tone (for example, with lime or aluminum paint). However, the color of roofs is short-lived, especially in areas with a polluted atmosphere; more durable and reliable roofing material, covered on the outside with aluminum foil, reflecting most of the sun's rays.

In places where rolled roofs adjoin protruding elements (parapets, gables, lanterns, etc.), as well as in areas and cornices, additional layers of a waterproofing carpet (2-4 layers) are provided.

The roofing carpet, lubricated with mastic, is led onto the protruding elements, attached to them with nails or dowels, and the joint is protected with grease or upholstered with galvanized steel roofing. In the areas of the valleys of all pitched coatings, a protective gravel or mica layer is necessarily laid (Fig. 80).

Rolled roofs in foreign industrial construction, with a variety of design solutions, do not fundamentally differ from ours. Most roofs are designed with air gaps connected to the outside air along the overhangs and at the ridge and with a protective layer of sand, gravel and slag. It is used abroad and wooden flooring, although steel and reinforced concrete floorings are predominantly common. Flat roofs in the US are often used to accommodate auxiliary equipment, household add-ons, etc.

Roll-free mastic (asphalt) roofs allow you to save scarce roll materials. They have a simple design, are durable, cheaper than rolled ones by 20-40% and less labor-intensive (1.3-1.6 times). Such roofs are more suitable for roofs that are subject to mechanical stress (during frequent renovations, cleaning) and the risk of ignition from sparks and hot gases.
Mastic roofs are used with the same slopes as rolled ones. In zero slope pavements, mastics may have reduced heat resistance. The roof in this case is “self-healing”, as the bumps, cracks and other damages formed during the cold season are leveled out by filling with softened mastic in hot weather.

For non-rolled roofs, rubber-bitumen, asphalt, emulsion and bitumen-latex mastics are used.

The surfaces of leveling layers for mastic roofs, made of cement-sand mortar, asphalt, asphalt concrete, hard wood-fiber and other boards, are coated with a primer solution of a bituminous binder in a solvent, bitumen-latex emulsion, etc.

A waterproofing carpet with a mastic roof consists of several layers (2-5), depending on the slope of the coating, reinforcing pads (fiberglass, fiberglass, burlap, etc.) and a protective layer made of asphalt concrete or cement slabs, sand, gravel or slag (Fig. 80, e). The thickness of individual mastic layers depends on the waterproofing properties of the mastic used, and it is taken from 2 to 6 mm.

Rice. 80. Details of coatings with rolled (a-d), asphalt (e) and water-filled (e) roofs:
a - adjoining the roof to the parapet; b - middle valley; c - adjoining the roof to the pediment with a flat roof; g - the same, with pitched; e - insulated asphalt roof; e - water-filled roof: 1 - wall; 2 - plate; 3 - main carpet; 4 - additional layers; 5 - protective layer; 6 - funnel; 7 - cement mortar; 8 - galvanized steel; 9 - dowel "through 500; 10 - crutches after 500; 11 - steel strip 40X3; 12 - mastic isol; 13 - mastic layers; 14 - vapor barrier; 15 - insulation; 16 - layer of water

In recent years, mastic roofs made of polymer synthetic materials have been introduced: polyvinyl chloride, vinyl, neoprene and others with the addition of plasticizers, stabilizers, solvents and other components. These roofs are applied by spraying. They have high waterproofing properties, weather-resistant, frost-resistant and elastic.

Asbestos-cement roofs used in our country have been discussed earlier (see Fig. 73). Here we point out some features of the arrangement of these roofs in foreign construction. Asbestos-cement sheets produced by firms are not divided into industrial and civil. Their length ranges from 1220-3600 mm, the width does not exceed 1000 mm, the thickness is 5.5-8.7 mm, and the wave height is 30-60 mm.

Along with unpainted, asbestos-cement sheets with various colored surfaces are produced. For example, in England they produce brown, red, blue, green sheets (7-8 colors and shades). In the USA, sheets are usually coated with a thin waterproof layer of bituminous emulsion or paraffin, and they are also hydrophobized with organosilicon compounds that provide complete waterproofing of asbestos cement. Semi-wavy and folded sheets are also used, sheets of the "cascade" type, which make it possible to reduce the slope of the coating to 1: 12. In some cases, the sheets are reinforced with steel mesh. Sheets are fastened to the girders mainly with screws and bolts, and their heads, protruding above the surface of the sheets, are closed with anti-corrosion caps.

Metal roofs in industrial construction are still used to a limited extent. The most promising are roofs made of aluminum sheets, which do not corrode and, due to their high reflectivity, resist temperature changes well, are light in weight (3 times lighter than asbestos-cement and 20 times lighter than reinforced concrete coatings).

Domestic industry produces flat and corrugated aluminum sheets. The flat sheets are 2000 to 4000 mm long, 400 to 2000 mm wide and 0.3 to 10 mm thick. Corrugated sheets are made up to 6000 long, up to 1500 wide, wave height 50-100 and 0.8-1.2 mm thick. Steel sheets have the following dimensions: flat - length 710-4000, width 510-1500 and thickness 0.25-4 mm; wavy - length 1420-2000, width 710-1000 and thickness 1-1.75 mm.

Metal sheets are attached to the girders in the same way as asbestos-cement ones. In order to avoid electrochemical corrosion at the points of contact between aluminum sheets and steel girders, the latter are coated with a special primer or pasted over with a cloth impregnated with this protective material.

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WATERPROOFING OF BALCONIES, TERRACES

Open balconies and terraces, walkways, galleries, loggias, roofs of underground parking lots, open seating areas are constantly exposed to weather conditions. Especially if these zones are intended for mass movement of people, for example, in a shopping center or a stadium, they should not only perform a decorative function, but also provide waterproofing. MARISIL SYSTEM offers liquid waterproofing systems based on polyurethane, providing long-term, multi-year protection of terraces and decks used in public areas.

We suggest using the MARISIL system of polymeric waterproofing materials for waterproofing a balcony or terrace.

MARISIL SYSTEM is a technologically advanced, high-quality waterproofing system that is easy to apply, fully certified, and provides guaranteed long-term results. The system can be used to cover balconies/terraces as well as for repairs and renovations. Products MARISIL SYSTEM includes different systems depending on the characteristics of the surfaces to be applied.

Advantages of polymer waterproofingMARISIL SYSTEM balconies, terraces

• Ease of application (roller or airless spray)
• When applied, it forms a continuous membrane without joints
• Resistant to water, heat and frost
• Crack bridging
• Excellent thermal stability, weather resistance, UV resistance
• Remains flexible at temperatures from -40 to +90 °C
• Various decorative options
• When applied, forms a continuous membrane that adapts to any shape
• Sealing of seams and elements
• Minimum additional weight to the substrate

TECHNOLOGY

Waterproofing of balconies, terraces with severe operating conditions

TYPE OF BASE

Concrete, cement-sand screed

• Foundation preparation

Clean all cracks, seams and joints from contamination. Using a gun or spatula, fill the irregularities with MARIFLEX PU 30 sealants. Consumption Calculated individually

• Padding

Apply MARISEAL 710 primer with a roller, brush or airless sprayer. Consumption 0.10-0.2 kg/m2

• Installation of a waterproofing membrane

Apply MARISIL 250 / MARISIL 260 in 1 or 2 coats with a roller, brush or airless sprayer. On a dry layer of MARISIL 250 / MARISIL 260, we evenly lay the geotextile fabric MARISIL FABRICK and apply a layer of MARISIL 250 / MARISIL 260 on it. Consumption 1.6 - 1.7 kg/m2

• Applying the final layer

Apply MARISIL 250 / MARISIL 260 in 1 or 2 coats with a roller, brush or airless sprayer. Sprinkle the wet finishing coat of MARISIL 250 / MARISIL 260 evenly with dry quartz sand or silica and leave until completely dry. Consumption 1.6 - 1.7 kg/m2

Apply MARISIL 420 in 1 or 2 coats with a roller, brush or airless sprayer. Consumption: 0.2 - 0.4 kg/m2

PRICE OF 1 SQ.M OF POLYMER WATERPROOFING OF THE TERRACE BALCONY

2 311 rub / sq.m. (the price is indicated, based on the average consumption of materials)

Buy a complex polymer waterproofing for a balcony, terraceat the best price from a warehouse in Moscow and delivery to any city in Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh, Saratov, Togliatti, Tyumen, Izhevsk, Barnaul, Ulyanovsk, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Yaroslavl, Makhachkala, Orenburg, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Astrakhan, Ryazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Penza, Lipetsk, Tula, Kirov, Cheboksary, Kaliningrad, Kursk, Ulan-Ude, Stavropol, Tver, Ivanovo, Bryansk, Sochi, Belgorod, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir , Sevastopol, Chita, Kaluga, Smolensk, Volzhsky, Kurgan, Orel, Cherepovets, Vologda, Vladikavkaz, Saransk, Murmansk, Tambov, Grozny, Kostroma, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ryazan, Minsk.

WATERPROOFING MATERIALS MARISIL-SYSTEM

FOR WATERPROOFINGBALCONIES, TERRACES

HEAVY DUTY

materials	a brief description of	Full description
MARISIL 250	MARISEAL 250 is a high quality, durable, flexible, one-component, cold-set, liquid-applied polyurethane membrane used for long-term roof waterproofing. MARISEAL 250 is formulated with pure elastomeric hydrophobic polyurethane resins for roof waterproofing when applied with polyurethane mortars. This method provides excellent resistance to mechanical, chemical, thermal, UV and natural elements. MARISEAL 250 cures by reacting with moisture in the air and the ground.
MARISIL 250 FLASH	MARISEAL 250 FLASH is a high quality, semi-thixotropic, durable, flexible, one-component, cold-set, liquid-applied polyurethane membrane used for long-term waterproofing. MARISEAL 250 FLASH is formulated with pure elastomeric hydrophobic polyurethane resins for roof waterproofing. This system provides the same excellent resistance to mechanical, chemical, thermal, UV and natural elements as MARISEAL 250. MARISEAL 250 FLASH cures by reaction with air and ground moisture and is also semi-thixotropic for use on slopes. surfaces.
MARISIL 260	MARISEAL 260 is a durable, flexible, one-component, cold-set, cold-applied polyurethane membrane used for long-term waterproofing. Like MARISEAL 250 and 250 FLASH, MARISEAL 260 is formulated with pure elastomeric hydrophobic polyurethane resins for roof waterproofing when applied with polyurethane mortars. MARISEAL 260 cures by reacting with air and ground moisture to provide excellent roof waterproofing that is resistant to mechanical, chemical, thermal and environmental wear for use on sloped and flat surfaces. MARISEAL 260 requires a suitable top coat.
MARISIL 420	MARISEAL 420 is a pigmented, abrasion resistant, semi-rigid, UV, weather resistant, long lasting, one component aliphatic polyurethane cold applied liquid cold curing membrane to form a top coat and protect exposed waterproofing coatings, exposed to strong weather conditions. MARISEAL420 cures by chemical reaction with moisture in the air and the ground.

Our company can offer you cars of various carrying capacity, which allows you to choose the option of loading that you need.

1. Delivery of materials in Moscow and Moscow Region, when ordering a minimum lot:

Maximum delivery rate in Moscow

№	Carrying capacity (tons)	Volume (cubic meters)	Cost, rub.)
1	up to 1.5	7-10	2 000
2	1,5	7-10	3 000
3	3	15-17	4 000
4	5	15-20	7 000
5	10	30-40	8 000
6	20	75-96	10 000

Maximum delivery rate outside the Moscow Ring Road in the Moscow region

№	Carrying capacity (tons)	Volume (cubic meters)	Cost per 1 km (rub.)
1	up to 1.5	7-10	28
2	1,5	7-10	30
3	3	15-17	32
4	5	15-20	35
5	10	30-40	40
6	20	75-96	50

Additionally:
Entrance to the interior of the Third Ring Road - 1500 rubles. for the car.
Entrance to the inside of the Garden Ring - 2500 rubles. for the car.

We can offer you the option of delivery by manipulator. Load capacity of the manipulator is 15 tons. The use of a manipulator greatly simplifies the unloading of products at your facility, helps to get rid of the search for unloading equipment, and also significantly saves on unloading.

The price of unloading 1 pallet is 250 rubles.

2. Delivery of materials to other regions of Russia (with the exception of Moscow and the Moscow region), when ordering a minimum lot:

Delivery of regional orders is carried out to the transport company selected by the Customer within the city of Moscow or the Moscow region at the above rates, or by our partners' transport in agreement with your manager to the facility in your region.
Transport companies with which we work for the delivery of materials in Russia:
- Business Line
- PEC

3. Delivery of materials to the CIS countries, when ordering a minimum lot:

Delivery of orders to the CIS countries is carried out to the transport company chosen by the Customer within Moscow or the Moscow region at the above rates, or by the transport of our partners in agreement with your manager to the facility in your region.
Upon delivery to the CIS countries, we carry out the necessary customs clearance, which is processed by our partner LLC "Corporation VED-CENTER"

The success of each shipment depends on competent planning, so for each cargo we select the most suitable transport, the best route and delivery cost.

You have excellent buying conditions! We did the finishing of the basement in our house, we were looking for materials. I drove to the office by car, chose a stone grout and glue. Everything was in stock and the guys shipped everything immediately. Very fast and coherent. I thought it would be closed on the weekend, but it turned out that they are open. Later, I had to buy more grout for the Parel stone. All without problems. I am completely satisfied with the quality of materials and services. They work very professionally, quickly and loyally to the client. Therefore, if you also need various building materials, I highly recommend it. Yes, and I myself, I believe, I turn not the last time.

Victoria Medyanik

My husband and I decided to finish the facade of the house with thermal panels. It is very cold in the house in winter. We have been looking for quality materials at the right price for a long time. As a result, I came across your company on the Internet, called back, clarified the details, ordered 30 bags of Perel thermal panels with delivery. Thank you for helping me choose the most suitable material, calculating the right amount and quickly delivering it on the same day. I am very satisfied with the quality of the service and the panels themselves. And yes, the price is great. We are currently in the process of decorating. Thank you for your efficiency and professionalism. This is very important for buyers today.

Marina Abidova

I independently decided to start building a house from Braer ceramic blocks. Fortunately, I have construction experience, and quite good. It was only necessary to buy Perel 8020 masonry mortar, and it is in short supply in many stores. I called back, consulted, said how many blocks I had and ordered the right amount of solution. Managers very accurately calculated the quantity, delivered the very next day. Before that, I could not find it anywhere at all, but here the right amount was right in the warehouse. They also gave me a nice discount. It is very pleasant and convenient to work with you.

Sergei Simonov

He began to build a new house of ceramic blocks. It was necessary to buy an inexpensive material - warm masonry mortar HAGAst - 720 bags. At first I called local shops in Tver for a long time, but if I was anywhere, then in insufficient quantities. And there was no point in buying less, so that later the work would become. As a result, I contacted your company, told me how many blocks I had, they provided me with a consultation, calculated the required quantity, promptly delivered it at a discount. The material is really great. Especially for its price. I am 100% satisfied with the cooperation and the level of service.

Andrey Ermak

This is not the first time I have been building a house from ceramic blocks and I always face the same problem - finding a warm Perel 2020 masonry mortar. It is difficult to find it, and if it is somewhere, then this is not enough. As a result, I called your company, consulted, asked for a miscalculation of the required amount. I needed a little, but even this I could not find in local stores. I was pleased that you ship any volume, everything is very fast and at a nice price. The material is just excellent. I checked it myself, and I understand this well. Therefore, I recommend you to everyone.

Roman Radchenko

Very fast work and quality materials. For now I am building a house from ceramic blocks and will finish it with clinker bricks. I didn’t want to spend extra money on already expensive materials, so I first came to the office, consulted, looked at samples. As a result, I ordered a system for paving paving stones, drainage mortar and grout. I was pleased that the office had all the samples, they gave me a good discount as a wholesale buyer, they delivered it inexpensively by a manipulator. Plus, you can pay by card through the terminal.

Anton Marchenko

I recently laid paving stones near my house, I needed high-quality materials at a low price. I hoped it was real. I'm glad I turned to you. Right in the office, they showed me suitable samples, suggested what was best to choose. I ordered a paving system, drainage mortar, glue and grout for paving stones. The materials are very high quality, plus they helped me calculate the right amount. It's great that you can see everything right in the office, ask any questions and clarifications. And for large orders, they also give a good discount. Great job!

Mark Nikipelov

The husband was laying stones on the paths in the yard. He asked me to find on the Internet where to buy a mortar for laying stone QUICK-MIX NLV 300. I quickly found exactly your store and decided to call back. As a result, the husband spoke, said the area, the size of the stone. We fully calculated the required amount of solution and completed the delivery. It's great that this solution is both glue and grout. The material is really high quality and reliable. It's been holding up just fine for six months now. And the cost is more than reasonable. Highly recommend to anyone doing any construction or renovation work. Price and quality at the level.

Maria Kostina

This is not the first time I have been cladding a house with clinker bricks. Often made to order, and this reached his hands and to his house. Called back, consulted, asked a couple of questions. I completely calculated everything, took the order and completed the delivery. I bought a solution of QUICK-MIX VZ white. The material is excellent and the price is justified. Thank you for quickly and accurately calculating everything, delivering it directly to Velikiye Luki (we found a good delivery service) and always informing where the car is now. Delivered on time, safe and sound. Everything is fine. Satisfied with the result.

Sergey Belozertsev

I recently insulated my wooden house in the country - we decided to visit here more often in winter. It was necessary to buy Belarusian thermal panels Belan. I could not find anything suitable or any alternative for a long time until I saw your offer. I contacted the managers by phone, clarified the main points, sent my drawings and in the end ordered exactly what I needed. Thank you for helping me choose the material and its quantity. Definitely liked the price and quality. Delivery is fast and reliable - no delays, for which special thanks to your company and your specialists.

Andrey Bazhan

I needed to buy facade decorative colored plaster Bark beetle. I don't know much about this myself, so I needed to ask. I am very glad that I contacted you. First I called back, found out the main points, then I came to the office and looked at the samples. I am very grateful to your specialists for helping me, inexperienced, to make the right choice, they advised good colored plaster at the price of white. All tinted and delivered right on the day of payment. Excellent professional work and the highest quality. And, most importantly, responsibility. Thanks for being you.

Antonina Makarenko

Recently plastered block walls inside and outside the house. It was necessary to buy warm HAGAst plaster (perlite). Very pleased with the quality of service. I was invited to the office, answered all questions, consulted, showed samples and helped to make a choice. The price is just great and the quality is top notch. This is not the first time I have worked with you and I am always satisfied with the result. Even if the material is not enough, you can always quickly re-order. Delivery is very fast - almost always on the same day, and you can pay already upon receipt. I am sure that I will come to you again and again and recommend to friends.

Artem Senatorov

I am constantly engaged in the type of activity of finishing houses with artificial stone. And I always face the same problem - finding the necessary materials. Fortunately, I found your company and ordered everything I needed: SOREL artificial decorative stone, QUICK-MIX FX 600 stone glue, QUICK-MIX RSS stone grout. Everything is of excellent quality, there are samples for review in the office, consultants are well versed in the materials and are always ready to help. I was also very pleased with the discount for a large purchase. Everything needed was delivered on the same day. Paid by card. Very convenient, fast and high quality. I recommend to all.

Maxim Shcherbakov

Recently started finishing the house with natural stone. I had the main material, I had to buy glue for natural stone HAGAst KAS-555. I have worked with him before and have always been happy with the results. But I couldn't find it anywhere at a reasonable price. Or it was out of stock. I am very glad that I contacted you. I called back, clarified whether there was glue in stock, whether there was a delivery. The managers answered all the questions and said that the material was in stock in the right quantity, after which they delivered it directly to me. Thank you for the high quality material and first class service. From now on, I will always turn to you.

Igor Gorelov

I am a foreman and our team of builders are constantly laying marble tiles on the walls and floor. For work we use quick-mix MK 900 marble glue (white). For a long time we worked with one supplier, but in the end he stopped working in the city and it was necessary to look for an alternative. Found you and do not regret. At first they took some material purely for testing, the quality was on the level. Further already ordered for the entire object. The glue is durable, easy to work with and dries quickly - exactly what we need. So we will be applying for new batches soon. Definitely pleased with the fast delivery and quality service. Thank you!

Semyon Lukyanenko

I myself am engaged in the construction of houses, so I know quite well when it comes to choosing materials. And not all of what sellers offer today really deserves attention. This time I needed to buy glue for polystyrene foam, facade glass meshes and dowels. I was looking for something suitable for a long time until I came across your site. Everything you need is there, the price is good, the quality of service is excellent. Especially the speed of delivery. I was advised on the options for choosing the material, calculated the right amount, delivered right on time, as indicated in the contract.

Ivan Artamonov

Our company is engaged in the installation of industrial floors in Moscow (for increased loads). Accordingly, the quality of the materials we use must always be at the highest level. We ordered especially durable industrial floors Reapol 20 from you and did not regret our choice. The material itself performs the functions of a leveling screed and top coat, is very easy to use and has the highest strength. Thank you for clearly calculating the right amount of material, delivering it strictly on time and giving a good discount for a large amount of goods in the order.

Vitaly Zgursky

We are engaged in floor laying in large industrial premises. For us, the quality of the final result is always in the first place. This means that the materials used must be first-class. You ordered concrete floor hardener Reamiks-M - a novelty on the market that completely replaces the topping. The material is more convenient to use and perfectly increases the strength of concrete. Nice to work with you. Specialists are always ready to consult on all issues, give advice and quickly deliver to the place. Good job for reasonable money. We cooperate not for the last time.

Viktor Semagin

I am in the process of laying brick walls. It was necessary to buy mortar for Quick-mix LHM bricks. Searched, I confess, for quite a long time. And at first I didn’t even know for sure whether I needed this solution. Good to be in your office. Here they showed samples, advised what is best to choose and made a miscalculation of the required quantity. After payment, delivered the same day. The material provided is inexpensive and of high quality. Great for laying bricks on your own, even without special building skills. Yes, I enjoyed working with you. You are real pros.

Dmitry Khorolsky

Our small company is engaged in the insulation of facades in high-rise buildings. You bought glue for polystyrene foam, facade mineral plaster bark beetle. All materials are of the highest quality, and the price is more than affordable, which is definitely pleasing. We have been working for the second year and mainly try to find inexpensive, but high-quality material. Just happened to find one here. They called, ordered, took advantage of the delivery to our warehouse. Everything is very convenient. Delivery is generally inexpensive, and deliveries are strictly on schedule. Great job! We will cooperate.

Segey Maksimenko