What is the name of the machine that builds houses. Construction machinery and equipment

IN construction work uses a wide range various kinds technology. We will consider the main and most commonly used machines in the construction.

Excavators

The excavator is one of the most popular types of construction equipment. It is capable of performing several functions useful in construction at once. With a variety of attachments and buckets, the excavator can serve as an earthmoving machine, as well as perform the functions of a loader or motor grader. Such a machine is capable of digging trenches, as well as unloading various cargoes or leveling medium-sized sites. Renting such multifunctional equipment is always in great demand.

Construction cranes

During construction without crane can't get by. He is able to perform the function of lifting and transporting big cargo on the construction site during construction and installation work. There is also such a subspecies as a truck crane, the advantage of which is that it has high power, but at the same time it has great mobility.

In addition, there are a whole variety of varieties of cranes, in accordance with their classifications. Typically, cranes are classified according to several criteria:

• According to the type of lifting body (the crane can be of a magnetic type, as well as a clamshell, hook, container or equipped with tongs);
• According to the degree of rotation (there are rotary and fixed types);
• By type of drive (they are divided into manual drives, as well as hydraulic, pneumatic and, finally, electric);
• According to the methods of movement (there are stationary and more mobile mobile cranes, as well as adjustable, radial and jack-up cranes);
• According to the type of support (among the many types there are support, rail, as well as suspended, tractor and many others).

Loaders

Such machines are needed for unloading and loading goods and for their movement. They are particularly compact and agile when turning. These properties are indispensable in agriculture, as well as on manufacturing plants and in the field of trade.

Bulldozers

Usually they are needed for digging out layers of soil, as well as for transporting a variety of bulk materials and leveling large areas.

Usually bulldozers are divided into three following types:

• Dozers with a fixed blade: the bucket is perpendicular and does not require changes in position;
• Bulldozers with a rotary blade: he, unlike previous model, you can change the location of the blade in one plane;
• The universal bulldozer is able to set the blade at any angle due to its design.

dump trucks

Such machines are essentially trucks with a lifting body. They are needed to move and unload various building materials. For example, unloading is carried out by raising the body. Dump trucks are suitable for moving sand, expanded clay, crushed stone and many other materials. Dump trucks are also used for waste disposal. This machine will come in handy at every construction site.

Buying or renting construction equipment to build a house

Anyone who is thinking about building their own home should plan in advance the costs associated with the purchase or rental of construction equipment.

You can’t do without it, even if a small residential building with several rooms is being built. Without construction equipment, you can only build a small utility room or a garage, and even that is problematic. Building a house requires the necessary equipment, which simplifies and speeds up the work.

Some types of work are simply beyond the power of a person, no matter how hard he tries, for example, to lift a concrete floor slab with his own hands. Crane However, this operation can be completed in a few minutes. Consider what technique is used to build a house.

Types of equipment used in construction

Chainsaw

A chainsaw is easier to buy, so it will always be needed on the farm. A chainsaw can be used to cut trees and shrubs on the site, as they often interfere with construction and the entry of construction equipment to the site.

Bulldozer

A bulldozer will be needed at the very initial stage of work on the site. Often the site is littered with debris or has an uneven surface. Also, the site where the construction will be carried out must be cleared of the top layer of soil. The bulldozer will be able to remove the top layer of soil and level the site in a short time. This will take from a day to a week, depending on the size of the site and the site for construction.

It would be most expedient to rent a bulldozer t 170. this digger has proven itself in construction work since 1980. The rental service features many new and improved models of the T-170 bulldozer that you can rent or buy.

If one-time construction is carried out for oneself, then, of course, it is easier to rent, and at the same time take a driver from the landlord. When construction is the main type of work that is constantly being done, then a bulldozer will be needed at each construction site. Then it is easier for a construction company to buy it if there are free funds for this. It will also be possible to earn money by leasing it to other construction companies.

Front loader and dump truck

The front loader will help load the garbage, and the dump truck will take it to the landfill. It is best to rent such equipment if the work is one-time. But a dump truck may be needed at many stages of construction.

Trucks can deliver Construction Materials in the form of sand, gravel, cement, stone. It is better to bring bricks on a self-loader, as unloading from a dump truck can partially damage it. Most sellers provide the delivery of building materials to their customers, but it is possible that you will have to bring a lot of materials yourself.

When delivering bricks from the seller, it is worth counting the number of pallets, as this can often be deceived. It is worth knowing that in one cubic meter there are approximately 513 units of a single brick.

Excavator

An excavator will be needed in order to dig a foundation pit for pouring the foundation. It can be with one bucket or with two for faster work.

Crane

A crane will be needed to lift loads to a height, it will carry out work throughout the entire construction process. A crane is indispensable if the house has several floors. The excavator lifts floor slabs, building materials, the main thing is to choose it correctly according to its carrying capacity. Also, qualified personnel with experience will be required to operate this machine. The quality of construction and the safety of work depend on this.

Concrete mixer and concrete pump

For large volumes of work, you can order concrete mortar in an automobile concrete mixer. The solution in it is mixed right on the way, she will come and pour the solution into the foundation. These are one-time jobs that can be ordered. For small volumes of work, a concrete mixer is used, which is easier to buy. This fairly inexpensive facility for mixing concrete will be needed for pouring foundations, floor screed and other work. A concrete pump delivers concrete to a height, it is better to rent it, as the machine is expensive.

Aerial platform and scaffolding

For finishing work, you will need to rent an aerial platform. An alternative to it can be scaffolding or a tour tower. Several people can work on them, but the aerial platform is a more mobile device.

What technology can not do without

Most of the listed equipment cannot be dispensed with when building a house. But if the site was flat or there is already a foundation on it, then a bulldozer and an excavator will not be needed to level the site and dig a pit. You can do without a concrete pump if you carry the solution in buckets or lift it in containers with a truck crane.

Many types of equipment are interchangeable, you should not take everything at once. For example, a bulldozer and an excavator can do almost the same work. The bulldozer is located on caterpillar tracks, so it can work in any area, even swampy, where the excavator will get stuck.

Buy or rent construction equipment

Rent or buy construction equipment - here the choice depends on the amount of work and the frequency of their implementation. If someone builds own house, then he rents equipment, it’s easier and cheaper. But sometimes construction companies also rent equipment, since not all of them are available. Construction refers to seasonal work, they are suspended in winter time, because the equipment is idle.

When buying a car, you should take care of where it will have to be stored, maintain technical serviceability. The advantage is that equipment is a good investment of money, you can not only do work on it yourself, but also rent it out. Many firms are not engaged in construction, but they make good money by renting construction equipment.

Construction machinery is able to greatly facilitate construction, therefore, many machines simply cannot be dispensed with. When renting equipment, it is worth checking its technical serviceability. Better to rent new technology, it works faster and more productively. Without the many machines that carry out modern construction, there simply would not be such a huge amount of architecture and real estate.

EXCAVATORS

The main purpose of excavators is digging and moving soil by means of a bucket or mechanism. continuous action(chain or rotary). Based on this, excavators are divided into single-bucket, intermittent, and continuous excavators.

Single-bucket, in turn, are construction universal for earthworks and quarry for quarrying.

The main parts of construction excavators are chassis(wheeled or tracked), turntable with power plant and replacement work equipment. Single-bucket excavators are classified according to the following criteria:

- by type of working equipment - to articulated (Fig. 1) and telescopic (Fig. 2);

- by type of chassis - for caterpillar (Fig. 3) and pneumatic wheels (Fig. 4);

- according to the suspension design of the working equipment - on hydraulic cylinders ( rigid suspension- rice. 5) and rope pulleys (flexible suspension - Fig. 3, 4);

- according to the design of the slewing device - into full-turn (Fig. 3, 4) and part-turn (Fig. 6);

- by type of drive - single-engine and multi-engine, and it can be both mechanical and electric drives.

Figure 1.: 1 - turntable; 2 - running gear; 3 - outrigger, 4 - turntable; 5 - engine; 6, 8, 9 - hydraulic drives; 10 - handle; 11 - bucket (backhoe); 12 - dozer blade; 13 - driver's cab

Figure 2.: 1 - turntable; 2 - running gear; 3 - outrigger; 4 - turntable; 5 - telescopic boom; 6 - hydraulic cylinders; 7 - bucket (backhoe); 8 - driver's cab

Figure 3.: 1 - turntable; 2 - bipedal stand; 3 - boom-lifting cable; 4 - front pillar; 5 - handle; 6 - cabin; 7 - lifting cables; 8 - arrow; 9 - caterpillar undercarriage; 10 - bucket (backhoe); 11 - traction cable; 12 - turntable

Figure 4.: 1 - turntable; 2 - bucket (backhoe); 3 - rack; 4 - boom lifting cable; 5 - front desk; 6 - driver's cab; 7 - lifting cables; 8 - arrow; 9 - handle; 10 - running gear; 11 - traction cable; 12 - turntable

Figure 5.: 1 - caterpillar undercarriage; 2 - axis of the turntable; 3 - driver's cab; 4 - turntable; 5 - bucket (straight shovel); 6, 8, 9 - hydraulic drives; 7 - arrow; 11 - handle

Figure 6.: 1 - blade; 2 - blade hydraulic drive; 3 - engine; 4 - rotary column; 5, 6, 7 - hydraulic cylinders; 8 - thrust; 9 - unified bucket; 10 - handle; 11 - arrow; 12 - hydraulic cylinders of outriggers; 13 - outriggers; 14 - stars; 15 - sleeve-roller chain; 16 - hydraulic cylinders of the rotary mechanism; 17 - frame

Excavators with flexible suspension of working equipment (rope chain hoists) are divided into those with working equipment with a front shovel (Fig. 7) and those with equipment with a backhoe (Fig. 8). The choice of a specific modification of the excavator is dictated by the nature of the work performed, their features, and the correct definition (classification) of the necessary this case cars mean a lot.

Figure 7.: 1 - arrow; 2 - handle; 3 - bucket; 4, 5, 6 - hydraulic drives; h to - digging depth; R to - digging radius; H in - unloading height; R in - bucket lifting radius

Figure 8.: 1 - arrow; 2, 3, 8 - hydraulic drives; 4 - bucket (backhoe); 5 - handle; 6 - composite knee of the arrow; 7 - thrust; 9 - intermediate insert; H to - digging depth; R to - digging radius; H in - unloading height; R in - bucket lifting radius

In addition to the classification of excavators, you need to know well their indexing so that there is no mistake in operational capabilities cars. Fig. will help us with this. 9. The first letters will always indicate the classification - in this case: EO (single-bucket excavator). The four main numbers of the index follow: the size group of the excavator, the chassis (type), the design of the working suspension and the serial number of the particular machine. The figure is given detailed transcript four main digits of the index, but at some points everything needs to be stopped.

Figure 9

For each size group, several bucket capacities are usually indicated - main and replacement increased capacity, moreover, for the latter, smaller linear parameters and weaker soils are provided than when working with the main bucket. The main bucket is considered to be the one with which the excavator can develop soil of category IV at maximum linear operating parameters (digging depth and radius, unloading radius and height, etc.).

The capacity of the main buckets of excavators is: for the 2nd size group - 0.25-0.28 m 3; 3rd - 0.40-0.65 m 3; 4th - 0.65-1.00 m 3; 5th - 1.00-1.60 m 3; 6th - 1.60-2.50 m 3; 7th - 2.50-4.00 m 3.

The type of undercarriage is indicated by numbers from 1 to 9: 1 - caterpillar (G); 2 - caterpillar broadened (GU); 3 - pneumatic wheel (P); 4 - special chassis automotive type(US); 5 - chassis truck(A); 6 - chassis serial tractor(Tr); 7 - trailer undercarriage (PR); 8, 9 - reserve. The design of the working equipment is indicated by the numbers: 1 (with a flexible suspension), 2 (with a rigid suspension), 3 (telescopic). The last digit of the index means the serial number of the excavator model. The first of the additional letters after digital index(A, B, C, etc.) means the serial modernization of this machine, the subsequent ones - the type of special climatic modification (C or HL - northern, T - tropical, TV - for operation in the humid tropics). For example, index EO-5123KhL is deciphered as follows: single-bucket universal excavator, 5th size group, on a caterpillar undercarriage, with a rigid suspension of working equipment, the third model in the northern version. The excavator is equipped with a main bucket with a capacity of 1.0 m 3 corresponding to the 5th size group, and replaceable buckets with a capacity of 1.25 and 1.6 m 3 .

In addition to the listed attachments, excavators with rope hoists can be equipped with a dragline suspension (Fig. 10, fragment "A"), crane equipment(fragment "B"), grader equipment (fragment "C").

Figure 10.: A - equipment with a dragline suspension; B - equipping with crane equipment; B - equipping with grader equipment

Excavators with a rigid suspension of working equipment (on hydraulic cylinders) can be equipped with hydraulic hammers (Fig. 11). The hydraulic hammer is hung instead of the backhoe bucket and is connected to the handle through a quick-release fastener. The breaker itself is powered by the excavator's hydraulic pumps, ensuring optimum use of power and lower costs. Everything lately greater application get small-sized mini- and micro-excavators (Fig. 12). They can dig pits, trenches, perform work in hard-to-reach places. They are indispensable in cottage construction in summer cottages. They have big choice quick-detachable interchangeable working equipment.

Figure 11.: 1 - arrow; 2, 3, 6 - hydraulic cylinders; 4 - handle; 5 - hydraulic hammer

Figure 12.: 1 - bucket; 2 - arrow; 3 - sectional hydraulic distributors; 4 - driver's seat; 5 - engine; 6 - hydraulic tank; 7- rear stop; 8 - handle; 9 - middle supports; 10 - driving wheels; 11 - hydraulic motors; 12 - frame; 13 - gear pump; 14 - rear driven wheels

Trench excavators are a separate group. Their main purpose is the preparation of underground utilities open way. The productivity of trench excavators is higher than that of single-bucket excavators. This is understandable: they are constantly moving in working mode.

Trench excavators consist of three basic parts: a tractor, working equipment and equipment for adjusting the position of all working bodies. On fig. 13 and 14 show a scraper single-chain excavator based on wheeled tractor and trench double-chain based on a caterpillar tractor. The indexing of trench excavators is similar to single-bucket excavators, but has its own characteristics. Let's consider this using the example of indexing the most common models: crawler trench excavators with a combined drive (Fig. 15). The first two letters, like single bucket excavators, indicate the type of machine - a trench excavator (ET), but the third letter already indicates the type of working body (C - chain, R - rotary). The first two digits of the index indicate the greatest depth of the trench to be torn off (in dm), the third - the serial number of the model. The first of the additional letters after the digital index (A, B, C, etc.) means the serial modernization of the machine, the subsequent ones - the type of special climatic modification (HL - northern, T - tropical, TV - for work in the humid tropics). For example, the index ETTs-252A means: chain trench excavator, digging depth 25 dm, the second model - 2, which has passed the first modernization - A.

Figure 13.: 1 - hydraulic lifting mechanism; 2- drive shaft; 3 - additional frame; 4 - inclined frame; 5 - replaceable console cleaning shoe; 6 - sleeve-roller chain; 7 - auger screw conveyor; 8 - three-stage gearbox; 9 - hydromechanical retarder; 10 - power take-off shaft; 11 - dump

Figure 14.: 1 - hydraulic cylinder; 2 - lever; 3 - transverse belt conveyor; 4 - chain drive sprockets; 5 - plate chains; 6 - cutting knives; 7 - inclined frame; 8 - tension sprockets of chains; 9 - intermediate rollers

Figure 15.

LOADING AND UNLOADING MACHINES

The main purpose of these machines and mechanisms is to work on the movement of various goods. They are usually self-propelled universal machines based, as a rule, wheeled vehicles. They also use quick-detachable working devices - grippers, buckets, crane attachments etc.

Loaders are divided into bucket, fork and multi-bucket (continuous). In urban, suburban and cottage construction, the most common are front-end loaders (Fig. 16), bulldozer loaders (Fig. 17), and, of course, small-sized loaders (Fig. 18). Front loaders provide unloading of a ladle forward within the limits of the set height. The main bucket (1 m 3) has a straight cutting edge with removable teeth.

Figure 16.: 1 - cabin; 2 - engine; 3 - power take-off gearbox; 4 - leading bridges; 5 - chassis with articulated frame; 6 - boom hydraulic cylinder; 7 - arrow; 8 - bucket; 9 - rocker; 10 - hydraulic cylinder for turning the bucket; 11 - thrust

Figure 17.: 1 - bucket; 2 - device for changing working bodies; 3 - arrow; 4, 5 - hydraulic cylinders; 6 - basic tractor; 7 - blade-planner; 8 - thrust; 9 - carrier frame

Figure 18.: 1 - caliper; 2 - arrow; 3 - hydraulic cylinders for turning the caliper; 4 - levers; 5 - thrust; 6 - lifting hydraulic cylinders; 7 - semi-portal

The bulldozer loader, along with loading and unloading operations, can carry out site planning, backfilling of pits, demolition of small hills. As the main replacement equipment, a hydraulically controlled blade and a bucket with a volume of 0.38 m 3 or 0.5 m 3 are used.

Small-sized loaders are designed to perform work in particularly cramped conditions. They have a large selection of interchangeable equipment and successfully use a cleaning bucket, a backhoe, a cargo boom, a pitchfork, a hydraulic hammer, a drill, a bulldozer blade, a trencher. The loader can make a 180° turn on the spot with a zone width of up to 4 meters, no more.

MACHINES FOR WORKING WITH CONCRETE AND MORTAR

According to their functional purpose, these machines and mechanisms are of three types: the first ones prepare concrete and mortar mixtures, the second ones deliver solutions to the construction site, the third ones stack and compact mixtures and mortars.

Mixers belong to the first type. various modifications: these are continuous mixers, mixers of a cyclic nature of work, mixers of oar, turbulent types, working on gravitational or forced mixing principles, stationary and mobile mixers. The most modern and mobile representative of this type of machine is shown in fig. 19 truck mixer. He cooks concrete mix on the way to the object, directly on the object and, being already loaded with a high-quality mixture, activates (mixes) it on the way. The optimum temperature for the operation of these machines is from -30° to +40°.

Figure 19. Concrete mixer truck (ready mix - 4 m 3): 1 - KAMAZ chassis; 2 - dosing and flushing tank; 3 - drum rotation mechanism; 4 - mixing drum; 5 - loading funnel; 6 - unloading funnel; 7 - folding tray; 8 - rotary device; 9 - mixer frame; 10, 12 - equipment control levers; 11 - instrumentation

The second type includes all machines for transporting prepared mixtures. These are mostly specialized cars. vehicles: mortar carriers, concrete carriers, concrete mixer trucks already mentioned by us (because they combine the function of delivering solutions in themselves).
This also includes truck-mounted concrete pumps (Figure 20).

Figure 20.: 1 - KAMAZ chassis; 2 - turntable; 3 - rotary column; 4 - distribution boom; 5, 7, 11 - double-acting hydraulic cylinders; 6 - hydraulic tank; 8 - concrete pump; 9 - concrete pipeline; 10 - water tank; 12 - compressor; 13 - flexible hose; 14 - receiving funnel; 15 - boom frame; 16 - outrigger hydraulic supports

The truck-mounted concrete pump is designed to supply a mixture with a cone draft within 6-12 cm in both horizontal and vertical directions. These are mobile vehicles hydraulic drive concrete pump and articulated boom with concrete pipeline. The device of the concrete pump is piston. The range of the mixture supply horizontally - up to 300 m and vertically - up to 70 m.

The third type includes vibrators of various designs and modifications. Their main purpose is to displace the air contained in the mortar and eliminate all voids between the formwork and reinforcement. Most widespread in construction, pneumatic and electric vibrators with circular vibrations were obtained. According to the method of influence on the mixture, surface, external and deep vibrators are distinguished.

Surface vibrators act on the solution through a trough-shaped rectangular platform (Fig. 21, fragment "A"). External vibrators act through the formwork or any other form to which they are attached from the outside (Fig. 21, fragment "B"). Deep vibrators are immersed directly into the solution (Fig. 21, fragment "B").

Figure 21.: A - surface vibrator; B - external vibrator; B - deep vibrator; 1 - vibrator body; 2 - trough-shaped platform; 3 - formwork; 4 - cylindrical vibration tip; 5 - solution

MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR PILING

Talking about excavators in construction processes, we touched on the possibility of using attachments for using excavators in piling. But there are special settings for this.

When installing foundations, two types of piles are used - ready-made (driven) and bored, the device of which is carried out in wells directly on the construction site. In both cases, pile driving and pile driving installations are used, shown in fig. 22 and 23. Replaceable equipment is hung on them: pile hammers, vibratory hammers, vibratory pile drivers. Piling and pile driving installations are mounted on the base self-propelled machines(the same excavators).

Figure 22.: 1 - lower support; 2 - piles; 3 - auger drill; 4 - drive for drilling; 5 - winch; 6 - hydraulic hammer; 7 - lattice boom; 8 - pile mast; 9 - cargo winch; 10 - hook suspension; 11 - head; 12 - hydraulic cylinders; 13 - hydraulic excavator; 14 - mast installation hydraulic cylinder

Figure 23. 1 - base machine; 2 - arrow; 3 - mast; 4 - working tool; 5 - driven pile

Table 1. Machinery for excavation

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	Value
Single-bucket excavators on a tractor chassis	Bucket capacity, m 3		EO-2621V-2; EO-2621-3
Excavators			EO-3322B-2; EO-3322D
			EO-3323; EO-3532
Single-bucket full-rotation crawler excavators
			EO-3221; EO-3122
			EO-4112; EO-4111G
			EO-4125; EO-5111B
Continuous excavators	Development depth, m
Continuous trench excavators	Development depth, m
			ETC-252; ETC-252A
drilling machines
Self-propelled scrapers	Bucket capacity, m 3
Trailed and semi-trailed scrapers
			D3-149-5; D3-77-A-1; D3-172-1-03
Ripper Bulldozers, Loader Bulldozers, Fixed Blade Dozers	power, kWt
			D3-42; D3-42G;
			D3-42G-1; D3-110V; D3-171.5-07; D3-116V; D3-177A; D3-117A; DZ-109B; D3-109B-1
			D3-171.1-03; D3-171.5-07
			D3-132-1; D3-126V-2

Distinguish performance earthmoving equipment theoretical, technical and operational.

Theoretical performance “P o ” is the performance provided by the design capabilities of the machine when continuous work(Table 2).

Table 2. Theoretical number of cycles per minute

Note: the number of cycles per minute is determined for normal conditions(normal face height, average rated hoisting line speed, 90° platform slewing and stockpiling).

Technical productivity P t is the highest productivity in the given conditions of soil and slaughter per hour of continuous operation:

where K c - coefficient of cycle duration; K t - coefficient of soil influence, taking into account the degree of filling of the bucket and the effect of soil loosening.

Operational productivity depends on the use of the excavator in time, taking into account the inevitable downtime during operation ( Maintenance, downtime for organizational reasons, moving machines, preparing a face, etc.)

where K in - the coefficient of use of the excavator in time during the shift.

Usually, K in is taken equal to 0.75 when working in transport and 0.9 when working in a dump.

The performance of a bucket-wheel excavator can be determined by the formula

where q - bucket capacity; V is the speed of the bucket chain in m/s; t - bucket pitch; K n - coefficient of filling of buckets, equal to an average of 0.8; K p - coefficient taking into account the loosening of the soil, is taken equal to 0.7-0.9; K in - the coefficient of use of the excavator in time, equal to 0.8-0.9 with good organization of work (Table 3).

Table 3 Piling mechanisms

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	Value
Tubular diesel hammers	Impact weight, kg
Diesel hammers
Copra universal on rails	Useful height, m
Copra self-propelled
Pile attachments
Devices for cutting pile heads	Section of sheared piles, cm
Installation for the device of bored piles	Drilling depth, casing pipe diameter, m

The productivity of a concrete mixer can be determined by the formula

where N is the number of batches in 1 hour; G - drum capacity for loading in l; F - concrete output coefficient 0.67 (Table 4).

Table 4 Mechanisms for concrete work

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	Value
Gravity concrete mixers	The volume of the finished batch, l
			SB-1BG; SB-91B
Forced concrete mixers
Concrete mixer trucks	Capacity, m 3		SB-159A; SB-82-1A; SB-92V-1
	Productivity, m 3 / h		SB-126B-1; SB-126B; SB-170-1
Concrete mixing plants			SB-109A (automatic) SB-145-2; SB-145-4
Concrete mixing plants of cyclic action
Vacuum complexes
vibrators general purpose electromechanical	Synchronous oscillation frequency, Hz		IV-10A; IV-106; IV-105; IV-99A; IV-101A; IV-92A
Electromechanical deep vibrators	Case diameter		IV-117; IV-95; IV-102

To obtain the performance of lifting equipment in weight units, it is necessary to multiply the number of lifts per hour by the weight of the load being lifted.

As for other auxiliary machines and mechanisms, their data are given for plastering in Table. 6, for roofing - in table. 7, for painting works- in the table. 8, for the device of floors - in tab. 9.

Table 5 Lifting mechanisms

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	Value
Tower cranes	Carrying capacity, t		KB403A; KB-103B; KB-100.3A-1; KB-100.3B; KB-308A
			KB-309HL; KB-408; KB-504
			KMB-401P; KB-674A; KB-676A
Self-propelled jib cranes:			KS-2651K; KS-2561K-1; KS-2571A-1; KS-3575A
automotive
			KS-3578; KS-4561A; KS-4572; KS-4573
			KS-4574; KS-4562
automotive type			KS-6471; KS-6471A
pneumatic wheel
caterpillar			RDK-250; DEC-252
			MKG-40; SKG-401
			SKG-631; DEC-631
Cargo lifts			PGM-7613; PGM-7623; PGM-7633
Jib cranes, portable, full-revolving	Also, kg (person)

Table 6 Mechanisms for plastering works

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	Value
mortar mixers	The volume of the finished batch, l		CO-133; SO-23V; SO-46B; SO-26B
	Volume, m3
mortar pumps	Productivity, m 3 / h		SO-48V; CO-167; SO-49V
Plastering units
			SO-50A; SO-50B
Plaster stations
Manual plastering machines			SO-86B; SO-112B

Table 7 Roofing machines

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	Value
Units for pumping bituminous mastics	Productivity, m 3 / h
			SO-100A; SO-194
Device for unrolling rolled materials	Rolled material width, mm
Water removal machines	Productivity, l/min

Table 8 Mechanisms for painting works

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	Value
Painting units	Productivity, l/min
Faucets	Same, l/h
Puttying and painting units	Also, m 3 / h
	Same, l/h
	The same, l/min
Dispersants	The same, kg/h
Installation for applying painting compositions	Also, kg/h
Paint graters	Also, kg/h
Meloterki
Painting stations	The same, m 3 / h
Putty sanding machines

Table 9 Flooring machines

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	Value
Wood floor sanding machines	Productivity, m 2 / h
Parquet grinding machines
Vibroslats
Machines for smoothing and grinding concrete floors

Basic requirements and indicators.

A construction machine is a device that, through mechanical movement, transforms the dimensions, shape, properties or position in space of building materials, products and structures (SMIK).

Construction machines:

transport - these are cars, tractors, tractors;

technological - these are lifting, transporting.

The state of operation of the machine, during which it produces products, is called production operation.

Activities that ensure the maintenance of the quality of machines during their operation - acceptance, delivery, running-in, installation, dismantling, transportation, storage, conservation, maintenance, repair, supply of materials and spare parts, ensuring safe operation - all this is technical operation.

The limiting state of the machine is the impossibility of its further operation due to an unrecoverable violation of safety requirements.

The service life is the calendar duration of the operation of the machine from its beginning to the onset of the limit state.

The technical life is the time in hours of net operation of the machine before the limit state is reached.

These two mandatory characteristics are indicated in the technical documentation for specific types or models of machines.

Obsolescence of the machine - compliance with the design solution state of the art technology development. Since over time, car models become obsolete and are inferior in their output parameters to the new models that have replaced them.

A parameter is a quantitative, less often qualitative, characteristic of some essential feature of a machine.

There are main, main and auxiliary parameters:

The main parameters are the mass of the machine, the power of the power plant or the total power of the main engines in the electric drive, performance, and others. They most determine the technological capabilities of the machine.

Basic parameters - the parameters necessary for the selection of machines in certain conditions of their operation. These options include:

cross-country characteristics (specific ground pressure in operating and transport modes);

maneuverability characteristics (turning radii);

characteristics of others running gear(speeds of movement, limit angles of elevation);

characteristics of efforts on the working bodies;

Auxiliary - all other parameters (characterize the conditions of maintenance, repair and relocation).

Within each functional group, machines are combined according to standard sizes, characterized by a single main parameter.

Mandatory components of any machine:

drive, consisting of a power plant;

transmission devices (transmissions);

control system;

one or more working bodies;

frame (bearing structures).

For mobile machines, a chassis chassis is added.

Performance - important characteristic construction machines. This is the number of products produced by the machine per unit of time.

There are calculated (theoretical or constructive), technical and operational performance.

Design productivity is understood as productivity for one hour of continuous operation at design speeds of working movements, design loads on the working body and design working conditions.

For cycle machines:

Prtsyk = 3600∙Q/tc,

where Q is the estimated amount of production;

tc - estimated productivity of 1 working cycle.

For continuous machines:

Prtsik=3600∙F∙V,

where F is the estimated amount of product per 1 m of its flow length.

V is the calculated flow rate.

Technical productivity (Pt) is understood as the maximum possible productivity under the given production conditions during continuous operation of the machines.

The operating productivity of the machine (Pe) is the actual performance of the machine in given production conditions, taking into account its downtime and incomplete use of its technological capabilities.

Pe=ΣQ/Ttot,

where ΣQ is the actual volume of manufactured products;

Тtot - the duration of the machine's stay on the working site, during which this product was produced.

3 coefficients are also used: Kt, Kv, Kp

Kt \u003d Fri / Pr, (transition coefficient from technical and settlement pr-ty)

Kv=Tm/Ttot., (use of machines over time)

Kp=Pe/Pt, (use of technological possibility)

Kp \u003d Kt ∙ Kv,

where Tm is the duration of the clean operation of the machine (minus downtime).

About the requirement for a set of sets of machines. This is due to the structure of the car park. The wider the range of standard sizes of the main types of machines, the more effectively the tasks of complex mechanization are solved.

The most important requirements are the provision of favorable working conditions for drivers and maintenance personnel. This is the social adaptability of machines (their operational, ergonomic (hygiene, vital activity, human performance), aesthetic, environmental properties).