Diesel engines were invented a long time ago, but the technology continues to develop to this day. One of the latest innovations was the use of a particulate filter. Since the early 2000s, Volvo, BMW and Mercedes have been actively using it in new models. After the Euro-5 standard was adopted in the European Union, the particulate filter has become an invariable component of diesel engines.
What is a diesel particulate filter for?
The diesel particulate filter has several abbreviations. For example, in a Ford Kuga car, it will be designated DPF, in Volkswagen, Audi and Opel Astra 2.2 cars - RPF, and in Renault Megan 3 or Renault Laguna 3 - FAP. All these are abbreviations from English, French and German language. So don't be surprised if dashboard one of these symbols will appear. So the filter needs service.
This little gadget is of great importance for the environment, as it helps to reduce the amount of emissions in environment. Engines without a particulate filter emit 99% more waste into the air.
Diesel engines, unlike gasoline analogues combustibles are not completely burned, as a result, soot is formed. Soot microparticles ranging in size from 0.1 micron to 1 micron, they include water vapor, sulfur, carbon compounds and heavy metals. A more specific composition depends on the quality of the diesel and the type of engine. If this deposit is not cleaned in time, the filter will have to be replaced with a new one. The price for it is quite “biting”: from 900 to 3000 euros, depending on the brand of the car.
Where is the particulate filter
The particulate filter is located in the exhaust pipe. In some vehicles, it may be located behind the catalytic convector or combined with it. In this case, the filter is located behind the outlet distributor. At this point, the heat of the exhaust gases reaches its maximum.
Diesel particulate filter video
What does a particulate filter look like
The most important part of the particulate filter is a ceramic matrix, it is made from carborundum. In order for the matrix to be conveniently fixed, it is placed in a metal base. If we take a closer look at the ceramic matrix, it will be seen that it consists of cells of small cross section, which are alternately closed on both sides. The design also includes end walls with a spongy structure, which act as an additional filter.
In the first versions of the matrix, the cells had rectangular shape. Now manufacturers are gradually switching to octagonal, as it is more practical. The fact is that this form gives an advantage: it becomes possible to place large quantity cells and extend the life of the filter.
The principle of operation of the particulate filter
Passing through the particulate filter, soot goes through two main stages: filtering and cleaning. During the first, soot microparticles pass through the filter and settle on its walls. The most difficult in this process is the capture of microscopic particles up to 1 micron in size. They account for only 5% of total weight exhaust gases, but they are the most undesirable for the human body. Fortunately, innovative technologies make it possible to detain even such microparticles.
The microparticles that accumulate during filtration form soot, which prevents the exhaust gases from escaping. As a result, engine thrust is lost. Therefore, the filter needs regular cleaning. There are two ways to clean these days: calm and proactive. New filters usually use both technologies.
The quiet method occurs due to the design features of the exhaust pipe. As already mentioned, the particulate filter is located in the place where the heat from gases is the strongest (it can reach 1000 ° C). Or when using special additives that are injected into the fuel. They are able to provide soot oxidation at 450-550 °C.
Such additives are necessary for light engine loads, for example, when driving in city driving conditions. Then the motor is not able to generate sufficient temperature to burn unwanted soot. In these cases, forced quiet regeneration is used.
Intensive cleaning is a little more difficult, because it needs additional actions, after which the temperature rises to 600-700 ° C. There are several ways to do this:
- delayed fuel injection
- Additional fuel injection during intake
- Application of an electric heater before the filter
- Fuel injection in front of the particulate filter
- Heating gases with microwaves
- Designers are trying to facilitate the regeneration process, so modern filters are increasingly equipped with a tank with a fuel additive.
Diesel particulate filter with catalytic converter
A number of manufacturers use for some car models (Santa Fe, Tuareg 3.0, Nissan X Trail) a particulate filter with a cataloger, which is able to provide both active and passive filter cleaning.
The operation of this system is provided by a plate with a catalyst. At the same time, a calm and intensive cleaning takes place.
Peaceful cleaning occurs continuously. The coating allows the soot to be oxidized. As a result, it burns to form carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The process is carried out at 300-400 °C.
Intensive cleaning occurs due to the injection of heat gases (over 600 ° C) by the diesel control mechanism. You can determine when the filter needs active cleaning using special sensors. These include: an air flow meter, an exhaust gas thermometer and a pressure gauge.
When the sensors signal that it is time to clean the filter, the computer activates the intensive cleaning process. First, fuel injection inside the combustion chamber is increased. Secondly, the valve is closed, which is responsible for the amount of oxygen supply to the motor. It also turns off the exhaust recirculation process. All this allows you to create the necessary conditions for intensive cleaning.
Diesel particulate filter with reservoir for fuel additives
Another popular way to clean the particulate filter is to install an additional additive injection mechanism into fuel system. Such filters are also called FAP filters, since they were first proposed by French designers. The technology was later adopted by car manufacturers Ford and Toyota.
To implement the idea, the designers used a special additive - cerium. It is able to ensure the oxidation of soot even at a low temperature of 400 °C. But engines that are not exposed heavy loads, are not able to provide the required temperature, so active cleaning is carried out in parallel. When using a diesel particulate filter with additive injection, the filter is usually installed separately from the catalytic converter.
The additive is located in a special tank inside or outside the fuel tank. At each refueling, an additive is added to the fuel. One tank is enough for about 100-110 thousand km. run. The filter itself serves about the same amount. The downside of using the additive is that during its combustion, ash is deposited on the filter walls, creating additional problems.
Diesel particulate filter replacement
When the filter is completely clogged, it will have to be removed physically and programmatically. That is, you will have to additionally change the computer program, otherwise it will give an error.
If desired, a new particulate filter can be omitted. In Russia, there is no penalty for its absence. At the same time, engine thrust will improve, fuel consumption will decrease and it will be possible to fill in ash oil. However, in Europe, for such a ride, a fine shines, almost equivalent to the cost of replacing the filter.
How to extend the life of the particulate filter
After the end of the cycle of using the particulate filter, it is not so easy to buy a new one, it costs a lot. Therefore, it is important to extend the life of your own during operation. To do this, you need to clean it in a timely manner and choose the right engine oil.
Ash, low-ash and ultra-low-ash types are now produced. engine oil. Ash from the oil settles on the surface of the combustion chamber, and then collects inside the particulate filter. This means that the ash content of the oil has a direct effect on the life of the filter. So good oil and timely service can help extend the life of the particulate filter by several tens of thousands of kilometers.
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Compliance with environmental standards often turns around for vehicle owners additional problems, due to the complexity of the design of individual components and assemblies of the machine. In particular, particulate filters installed on modern diesel engines become clogged over time and quickly become unusable, due to which certain malfunctions appear in the operation of the machine. What to do in this case? There are two ways out: either remove the particulate filter or clean it, but for some reason many motorists choose the first option.
Why is the particulate filter removed
A heavily contaminated particulate filter adversely affects the performance of the entire car, and which owner will like the fact that his car has decreased traction, fuel consumption has noticeably increased, and besides, annoying control lights. Of course, you can solve the issue by replacing the part, but you will have to pay a fairly decent amount for this. In such a situation, the only reasonable solution, at least from the point of view of many motorists, is complete removal particulate filter from a car, but not everyone thinks about the possible consequences.
According to experts, the opinion that the extraction of this part has a positive effect on "well-being" iron horse- nothing more than a myth, because even despite temporary improvements in dynamics, problems will still appear over time.
Diesel particulate filter removal methods
There are two ways to remove a particulate filter from your car:through the physical removal of all components of the part, or through software deactivation, which is a more competent approach to the issue.
In the first case, you need to get to the location of the DPF and, using a grinder, cut out the block with the filter element itself and the catalyst. After that, a special flame arrester is installed in their place or an ordinary piece of pipe is welded. Mounting a flame arrester allows you to increase the durability of the exhaust system, in particular, and the muffler. Moreover, thanks to this device, the engine power is significantly increased, and the exhaust sound becomes much quieter.
The software removal of a diesel particulate filter is considered a more humane method of dismantling a part. It is used when they want to avoid errors in the operation of the engine ECU, which is achieved by adding an exhaust temperature sensor and a lambda probe to a piece of welded metal pipe. Also, after removing the particulate filter, you will have to perform chip tuning of the car, which eliminates black combustion products.
After completing the specified procedure, you will notice a decrease in the "capriciousness" of the motor in terms of maintenance, although you will have to forget about the manufacturer's warranty. Station DPF Removal Procedure Maintenance it will cost about 25-30 thousand rubles, but it all depends on the complexity of the work and the location of the element itself.
What happens if you remove the filter
Removing clogged filter from his vehicle, you, of course, will solve the problem with power and fuel consumption, but at the same time, some other inaccuracies in the car will appear. extraneous sounds when the power unit is running and incorrect display of the state of the part - these are just a few of them. The system will see that the diesel particulate filter is not clogged, which simply cannot be, then decides that it is simply faulty, and puts the car into "emergency" mode. To avoid all these nuances, you should reprogram (or, as people say, “reflash”) the control unit, otherwise the ECU will constantly generate fault codes. There are two main options for how to do this.
In the first case, take the “firmware” of the version of the vehicle on which the particulate filter was not installed and upload it to your control unit. However, no one can know for sure what is not yet in this firmware, and what consequences of removing the particulate filter will “come out” here. It is likely that standard parameters the car will not be able to "get along" with the new changes, as a result of which any other function that was not in the old program may stop working.
You can download the required firmware on the Internet, but in this case it will be impossible to predict the result at all. If such firmware works for some time, then no one will be able to guarantee its proper functioning after a year. Floating speed, forever shaking speedometer needle and uneven injection- Not everyone possible consequences use of low quality software.
Most the best option Solving a software problem is installing programs that the manufacturer uses, but supplemented by some changes made by an experienced programmer. Such software is loaded into the chip control unit using a special device - a programmer.
Did you know? The particulate filter is the development of Peugeot, who installed the first ever diesel particulate filter on their 607 car. model range 2000 year.
There is another way to avoid the problems associated with removing the particulate filter. You are required to install an emulator that would simulate the presence of a new particulate filter in the machine's system. Such electronic device sends signals identical to those of a real filter, thus deceiving the on-board computer.
Advantages and disadvantages of filter removal
Why remove the particulate filter, you have already learned, but you should always consider not only the advantages, but also the disadvantages of any action performed. The positive aspects of removing the particulate filter include:
increase in engine power and thrust (can be achieved by reducing the resistance in the exhaust pipe);
No need for expensive maintenance and filter cleaning;
Saving motor resources due to the lack of regeneration processes;
The absence of pop-up errors that are associated with the operation of the particulate filter.
As for the shortcomings, there are not so many of them. The main one is that the car ceases to comply with Euro-4 / Euro-5 standards, which means that the car will no longer pass the technical inspection, at least without additional material costs. True, if you look at the problem from the other side, then this nuance will not be so significant, especially in comparison with the cost of the part replacement procedure. We should not forget about the above-described technical problems associated with the absence of a particulate filter, which appear as a result of its removal from the vehicle.
Any filter has an unpleasant feature: over time it becomes clogged. There are several filters in cars: air, one or two fuel filters, more and more often there is a cabin filter, and sometimes you can also find particulate filters. It is clear that if the cabin filter is clogged, nothing bad will happen, and some generally look at it as a dull unnecessary detail. Clogged fuel or air is usually changed, because otherwise the car does not really drive. But the particulate filter was not lucky: most often it is simply removed. How to do it correctly so as not to let the diesel run out or burn own car, we'll talk today.
What is a particulate filter and how does it work?
In general, everything is clear from the name of this device: it is just a filter that traps soot. It was invented for the sake of the environment, and therefore, initially against the interests of motorists. Although it would be foolish to say that this is a completely useless thing. Of course it isn't. See the new diesel car- put your nose on the exhaust pipe. The absence of black deposits on your face interested in the experiment and the sour smell instead of the stink of burnt diesel fuel are the merit of the particulate filter. In general, this is where his merits end. One hundred (or even five hundred) Horse power it does not add to the engine, but while it is fresh, it does not take away. Problems begin when the filter becomes clogged with soot. But more on that later. First, let's see what it is from a technical point of view.
Before us is a car particulate filter Volkswagen Transporter T5. By the way, T5 is one of the leaders in service attendance with the need to do something with a particulate filter. So, the filter has already been dismantled and lies in front of us. To an inexperienced eye, it may seem that this is some kind of piece of iron with wires. This is partly true, but let's look at its device.
The catalytic converter and particulate filter are combined in one housing. If you look from the beginning of production, then the catalyst will be the first on the exhaust gas road, but inside the can of a larger diameter there is just a particulate filter. But look: there are still some tubes and wires! What it is?
Let's throw the first wire aside: this is the oxygen sensor connector, which has nothing to do with the soot. But everything else just has the most direct relation to the filter. One of the connectors is a temperature sensor connector. There are two of them in total, one before the filter, the other after (we left it on the outlet behind the filter, and there is no connector in the photo). Two more tubes belong to the differential pressure sensor. As the name implies, it measures not just pressure, but the pressure difference before and after the filter. More, in general, there is nothing interesting in the filter. But let's see how it works.
Exhaust gases through the catalyst (in this model through the catalyst, but it happens that there is a filter, but there is no catalyst) enter the filter. The particulate filter itself consists of a large number of crypts - deaf perforated gas channels. Passing through these channels, unburned carbon particles settle on their walls. Detaining these soot particles is the task of the filter. The question arises: why do we need temperature sensors and a differential pressure sensor? These devices monitor the condition of the filter. The control unit contains parameters of temperature and pressure difference at the inlet and outlet of the filter. If, for example, the inlet temperature is very high, and the outlet temperature is too low, the ECU “understands” that something is wrong with the filter. It's the same with pressure. If it is too high at the inlet and too low at the outlet, then the filter is clogged. Since the filter clogged with soot is no longer able to pass gases in normal mode, the engine has a hard time. And in this case, the situation must be corrected. Here we come to next question, which cannot be missed - particulate filter regeneration.
What is regeneration?
Regeneration is a filter self-cleaning procedure. It is performed in different ways, depending on the type of filter and directly on the regeneration start algorithm.
There are two types of particulate filters: DPF (such as on our experimental Transporter, these are usually found on German cars) and FAP (development PSA concern, stand on Peugeot, Citroen, can be found on Fords, Volvo and some other brands). The differences between DPF and FAP are small.
Consider how regeneration takes place in DPF filters.
The self-cleaning method is simple: everything that has settled in the filter channels is burned out. For this, fuel is used, supplied either additionally through the engine nozzles, or through a separate special nozzle. At a temperature of 600-800 degrees, the soot in the filter burns out (although not always). FAP is distinguished by the presence special liquid, which is poured into a separate tank. This liquid is called Eolys, it acts as a catalyst that allows you to reduce the temperature of soot burning. In this system, regeneration takes place at 400-450 degrees.
Regeneration can be spontaneous or forced. In the first case, the computer starts it based on the readings of the temperature and differential pressure sensors. In addition, the control unit may sometimes have a fuel consumption counter, and then regeneration can be started when the amount of fuel burned prescribed in the computer is reached. All this is spontaneous regeneration. Forced, as the name implies, is run manually to clean the filter, for example, in a service.
Normally, regeneration, depending on the brand of the car and its operating conditions, can take place every 1,500 - 5,000 kilometers. If it starts running more often, then the filter will soon end: the procedure cannot ensure that the temperature parameters and pressure difference enter the norm. Most likely, the deposits in the filter have passed to the stage when they can no longer be burned.
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In services, they don’t really like to turn on forced regeneration. Firstly, it can be simply dangerous: the temperature rises strongly, the car must be far from combustible and flammable materials. Secondly, if spontaneous regeneration does not help, then forced regeneration is also unlikely to give anything.
However, the ECU is not always able to start regeneration. This procedure requires certain conditions: a sufficiently long rectilinear movement of the car with a relatively uniform high speed. In urban mode, such conditions are sometimes simply not there. And it is highly recommended not to interrupt the regeneration that has begun. This is a big inconvenience. We arrived at work - and here regeneration is in progress. Sit and wait 10-15 minutes, or better yet, drive along the highway. And if you forcibly turn off the engine, then the regeneration will not be completed. Therefore, after the next start and warm-up, there will be a request again and again until the procedure completes correctly. And this is fuel consumption, up to 3-4 times more by idling and in heavy traffic. This is an increase in oil level. With all the consequences: from extrusion of oil seals to spacing. And always - a decrease in the lubricity of the oil. In especially severe cases, when the regeneration does not go well and does not complete, errors on exceeding the limit of regeneration attempts or "regeneration is impossible, forced is required." Or similar errors - they are different for different brands.
Perhaps this is all the main thing we need to know about regeneration. Let's move on to the next question: why does the particulate filter fail.
What affects the life of the particulate filter?
It is obvious that the excess soot in the exhaust gases quickly “kills” the filter. There are only two reasons for the increase in the amount of soot: excess fuel and lack of air. The first is possible with a malfunction fuel equipment- for example, when a nozzle leaks.
The lack of air can be arranged by the owners themselves. Service specialists recalled a case when a car came to them with a clogged air filter already began to curl up inside the duct. I don’t know how you should not love your car, but it turns out that this happens.
Sometimes there is not enough air due to boost air leaks or incorrect operation of the turbine.
And, of course, the quality of the fuel affects the smokiness.
However, even if everything is in order with the motor, over time the filter will fail due to natural wear and tear(critical clogging on long runs). And even if the owner looks after the car well, short winter trips from home to work or to the store also reduce the resource: the engine sometimes does not have time to warm up, and there is simply no time for regeneration to start. And the filter is gradually clogged with soot. Here the question arises: what to do with it?
What is good and what is bad
There are several ways to solve the problem, but only one of them is good.
- The first method is to replace the filter with a new one. OK, looks like it's good. Only worth it original filter sometimes for a hundred thousand rubles. So the output is good, but only for Rockefeller's son-in-law. Well, or for Rockefeller himself. In general, this is not for us.
- The second method is the installation of an analogue. This is one of the most unfortunate solutions to the issue. The fact is that the original filter is not just expensive, it uses precious metals, so its cost cannot be low. Those analogues or universal filters not only useless, but also dangerous. Do you remember regeneration? So, far from all of them are able to survive this operation, and enough cases of fire have been recorded to abandon the idea of putting some dubious nonsense instead of a filter. By the way, sometimes they suggest filling a jar with metal filings instead of a remote filter - they say it will be the same as the filter, but cheap. This also applies to "doubtful nonsense." Such a self-made filter will not ensure that the performance of the filter sensors is within an acceptable range, and errors will occur again and again. And what with such a packing and with the rest of the release can happen when trying to regenerate, it’s better not to even imagine.
- And finally, the third way - physical removal particulate filter with its software removal from the system. This - The best way get rid of the problem once and for all. There will be no fatal consequences, except that the very sourness in the smell of the exhaust will disappear. But this, I think, is not terrible.
How is the filter removed?
So, first it is removed from the car. In our case, this has already been done, and the filter is ready to survive all subsequent procedures. More precisely, do not survive, because now it will have to be removed from the jar.
To do this, the jar is cut with a grinder. Now we have a catalyst left on one side, which we will not touch, and on the other, the filter itself. The latter is removed in two ways: they are pressed out entirely or hollowed out in pieces. Here we see the implementation of the second method in all its glory.
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Let's take a look at the extracted fragment. It can be seen from the color that at the beginning it is clogged: closer to the beginning of the release, it is already almost black. However, soot, which can be collected with a finger from the inner surface of the can itself, and from the surface of the filter, says the same.
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Now the empty jar is brewed. This can be done with argon welding, or with the usual “semi-automatic”. The first method is more suitable for rich aesthetes, because it is long and expensive, but the seam is beautiful. But there is no need to cook with argon, welding with a “semi-automatic” is quite enough here. The main thing is to then treat the seam with an anti-corrosion agent.
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Everything, the bank is collected. Some prefer to put a downpipe instead - they say, an empty can will publish unpleasant sounds. In fact, due to the design of the diesel engine, the sound of operation will not change, it will not become louder. Although, of course, if the client wants, then why not.
Now it remains to install the jar in place and ... do programming.
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As we remember, there is a set of sensors that control the operation of the filter. Physically removing the filter will change their readings, which can bog down the ECU. For example, the absence of a difference in temperature or pressure at the inlet and outlet will make him doubt the correct operation of the sensors or the filter. And then the error will appear again, and possibly emergency mode Same.
And don't forget about regeneration. Even if the ECU does not start it according to the readings of the sensors, it is quite capable of doing this based on the amount of fuel used. Since after such a “regeneration” of an empty can, nothing will change in the readings, the control unit can run it indefinitely. In the end, this will again lead to an error at best. At worst, the release will be well “fried” high temperature, which is also not very good and even dangerous. Finally, do not forget that additional fuel is needed for regeneration. The mildest consequence is increased consumption fuel. But it's better not to face the heavy one at all. It comes when diesel fuel begins to get into the oil, as a result of which its concentration in the crankcase grows so much that the oil becomes no longer oil, but quite suitable for diesel fuel. As you know, a diesel engine does not need a spark to ignite, so if the engine starts running on a mixture of oil and fuel from the crankcase, it will not be possible to stop it by turning off the ignition. And the engine will begin to work “in the spacing”. The spectacle is terrible, but for the motor itself, this mode usually ends with exactly the same spacing.
But it is worth noting that main reason going into "spacing" - just not the removal of the particulate filter, but its malfunction, due to which frequent regeneration attempts lead to an increase in the oil level. Spacing can also occur if the filter is not removed. However, this is a topic for a separate discussion. For now, let's just say that such an outcome is possible with improperly performed work, and oil level control can reduce the risk. If it is above the norm, this is a cause for concern, and it is better not to start the engine at all.
In a word, it is simply necessary to disable the filter in the program. Best of all, when there is an opportunity to simply turn off this system. If there is no switch, then there are other ways that we will not talk about - a professional secret.
You also need to remove the particulate filter errors, but do not affect the entire diagnostic system. Some not the best “specialists” bang all the diagnostics, after which the car owner then drives to other service stations, where innocent servicemen dance with a tambourine around the car, which says that everything is OK in her life, but does not drive .
What is it needed for particulate filter:
On a variety of cars and trucks with diesel and engine and since 2001, a particulate filter has been used. WITH 2005 (by 2005, most modern diesel engines were equipped with a direct fuel injection system - common rail, CDI, CDTI) application particulate filters became ubiquitous, tk. was introduced new standard environmental emissions of exhaust gases into the atmosphere - Euro-4.
This forced diesel car manufacturers to adopt a new technical solution, which made it possible to achieve a significant reduction in the emission of harmful substances into the environment. The particulate filter has become installed on modern diesel cars in 95 percent of cases.
In the photo: particulate filter in the "section"
Are common principles of operation of the particulate filter(principle DPF operation, FAP):
DPF or FAP (Diesel Particular Filter) is an exhaust particulate filter (soot) of diesel engines, built into the exhaust pipe behind the oxidizing catalyst.
The diesel particulate filter ("particulate" filter, DPF, FAP, particulate filter) is always a metal housing (outwardly similar to a gasoline engine catalyst) filled with a special ceramic material with a cellular structure impregnated with a catalyst substance similar to a matrix that is capable of retaining small particles of soot from combustion products in the engine. main element particulate filter is a matrix, which is made of "ceramics" (silicon carbide). This ceramic matrix has a honeycomb structure consisting of cells of small cross section, alternately closed on one side and the other. The engine ECU continuously monitors throughput particulate filter and its temperature using special sensors. If necessary (in case of contamination), it starts regeneration, i.e. the process of cleaning the filter from soot dirt accumulated in it. Diesel particulate filter regeneration can be passive or active. When passive regeneration occurs, soot on the "ceramics" is burned while the car is moving and when the engine is running under load, with constant movement, when the temperature in the particulate filter reaches 350-400 degrees Celsius. When the car is moving over short distances or with constant stops (city conditions and traffic jams), when it is not possible to warm up the particulate filter to the temperature required for passive regeneration, and the sensors detect that the filter throughput is below normal, the process starts active regeneration. At the same time, in engine cylinders, through the injectors, after the main portion of fuel, another portion is supplied - an additional one, the exhaust gas recirculation valve is closed and, if necessary, the engine ECU changes the turbine geometry control algorithm. The completely unburned mixture, through the intake manifold, enters directly into the catalyst, which is installed directly in front of the particulate filter, and there the final combustion of the mixture occurs. This significantly increases the temperature of the exhaust gases passing through the catalyst. This leads to an increase in the temperature in the particulate filter to 500-700 degrees and the soot from the filter begins to burn out. When regenerating, you can sometimes see black smoke coming out of the car's exhaust pipe. During regeneration, in active mode, fuel consumption increases. It should be noted that any filter can perform a certain number of regeneration cycles and usually, after several years of vehicle operation, it needs to be replaced.
.Particulate filters are of two types:
DPF (DPF - Diesel Particulare Filter - particulate filter) closed type filter
FAP (FAP - Filtre a Particles) soot th closed type filter with regeneration function
The photo above shows the main components of the diesel particulate filter:
1.Instruments control panel
2.Powertrain control panel
3. Tank with fuel mixture
4. Level sensor combustible mixture in the tank
5. Pump filter detail fuel mixture
6. Fuel tank
7.Diesel engine
8. Turbine temperature sensor
9. Turbine
10.Lambda probe
11.Oxidation catalyst
12.Filter temperature sensor diesel engine
13. Diesel particulate filter
14.Exhaust gas pressure sensor
15. Silencer
16.Air mass meter
When operating a car in city traffic jams, the service life of the particulate filter is usually decently reduced and most often does not exceed more than 100 thousand km. When particulate filter vehicle is dirty, the engine may not start well, run erratically Idling, not have sufficient traction and consume fuel with increased consumption.
If further effective regeneration of the particulate filter is not possible and it has become unusable, it should be replaced. As an alternative - disabling the particulate filter from the vehicle configuration (reprogramming the ECU and software removal particulate filter) and further physical particulate filter removal.
If the diesel particulate filter was disabled correctly in the ECU management program, then the subsequent physical removal of the filter does not lead to wrong work engine, and vice versa, the operation of the engine without a diesel particulate filter becomes more stable and efficient.
By the way, with the introduction of the Euro-5 standard on many modern diesel cars (and not only commercial ones), in addition to the particulate filter, a selective catalyst appeared, requiring for its normal operation continuous injection into the system of a special additive - ADBlue ("urea"), which is in the car in a special reservoir and is constantly consumed (on average 1-3 liters per 100 km).
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An article about the particulate filter - what it is for, features and operation of the part. At the end of the article - a video about the device and the purpose of the particulate filter.
The content of the article:
Diesel equipment cars received since 2000 an additional part in the exhaust system - a particulate filter. The filter element is expected to reduce high performance emission of heavy particles and CO2 into the atmosphere.
According to the status of the Euro-5 standard, the installation of a filter unit on a car is mandatory. The unit really reduces the emission of soot into the environment by 90%, but at the same time it requires a full cleaning after a maximum of 20-30 thousand mileage.
Given that diesel fuel Russian-made has five times more sulfur in its composition than European diesel fuel, drivers are forced to clean or completely replace the filter every 10,000 runs.
The classic purpose of the part
particulate filter for diesel engine reduces the emission of fine soot particles by filtering exhaust gases. Carbon deposits are formed when fuel is not burned properly. Chemical composition soot depends on the parameters of the fuel, most often it is heavy particles, hydrocarbon dioxide and oxide, sulfur dioxide, water, nitrogen oxide, in different proportions.
At the heart of the part is a ceramic ingot of a cellular shape, enclosed in a welded metal casing. An exhaust gas purification unit is installed immediately after the catalyst, making up a single part with it. The filter and neutralizer are located in the same bank, directly after the outlet manifold. In some models, an oxidation-type auto catalyst and a filtration element are combined into one unit. Technologically, the part is called a catalytic type filter.
The original part is quite expensive due to precious metal, which is part of the filter structure. Iridium and platinum neutralize exhaust emissions and trap soot particles.
The particulate filter cells are either square or octagonal in shape. Closed since different parties, they create a complex passage for the exhaust gas, due to which new filter according to measurements, it releases almost clean air under high pressure into the atmosphere.
The unit performs two functions during operation:
- spent fuel filtration;
- soot regeneration.
Restoration of the filter unit
Filtering units latest generation(since 2010) have two types of soot recovery - automatic (passive) and forced (active).
IN modern foreign cars more often used passive system, burning soot using exhaust (from 500 degrees). It happens on high speeds without additional command from the ECU.
Method passive regeneration is that the manufacturer came up with the idea of adding a special additive to diesel fuel. This method is acceptable if the car is not often used for country trips. Mode of operation in the city with frequent stops most detrimental to diesel trim levels.
Active recovery involves forced temperature build-up in the node for complete oxidation (combustion) of plaque. Depending on the parameters of the engine, there are several ways of forced regeneration:
- Late fuel supply.
- When the gases are released, an additional injection occurs.
- Electrical heating
- Using microwaves to heat spent fuel.
Volkswagen engineers most often install a particulate cleaner with a catalytic shell (coating) on their models. The exception is the Transporter minibus models, which are the first in line at the car service to remove this unit. After a run of 30,000, no regeneration of the unit, cleaning, flushing, etc., help these cars. Analogues fail after 5,000 km.
The catalytic coated particulate assembly is installed immediately after the turbine compressor and constitutes one unit with catalytic converter in a common building. When replacing or changing to a flame arrester, both parts are knocked out. The unit is based on a ceramic porous jar, the cell walls of which are coated with a layer of platinum, iridium, cerium oxide and aluminum.
The catalytic material coated filter assembly can be passively and actively regenerated. Passive recovery occurs every minute during engine operation at high speeds due to the exhaust temperature (at least 500 degrees).
Active recovery is carried out through additional heating of the soot unit, either with additional injection at different cycles, or with the connection of additional units. Active cleaning occurs within 10 minutes after the ECU has processed the data from the exhaust system sensors. The indicators are based on:
- air flow;
- gas temperature before and after the filter unit;
- parameters of the pressure drop in the catalyst.
The developers of the design of the exhaust gas purifier is the Peugeot-Citroen concern. As a basis, the engineers took a cerium additive, which ensures the combustion of soot at medium temperatures (from 450 degrees). This design is installed after the catalyst and is a separate unit.
A fuel additive with a volume of up to five liters is located in a separate container, which is either built into the fuel tank or placed in engine compartment. A volume of 5 liters is enough for a run of 150,000 - 180,000 km. Measuring the additive level is similar to checking the level brake fluid, based on a float with a scale. Additive supply occurs during filling fuel tank proportionally.
The particulate filter, like the catalyst, is certainly a necessary unit in a car, but since there are enough problems with maintenance, replacing the unit, drivers prefer to remove the regular unit after the resource is exhausted. At the same time, it is worth remembering that removing the catalyst and filter, as well as replacing it with a flame arrester, is an administratively punishable action. To risk or not is an individual choice.
Video about the device and the purpose of the particulate filter:
