In the field of modern cargo transportation, motor transport is one of the most accessible and convenient ways to deliver goods. The term "wagon" comes from the old German name large carts for transporting various kinds of things. In the modern sense, it is covered cargo trailer, semi-trailer or road train for the transport of consignments of goods, which are classified by volume and carrying capacity. The load capacity of a truck depends on several characteristics, such as design, number of axles, dimensions.
Trailers and semi-trailers
Trailer - a non-self-propelled vehicle designed for transportation by a self-propelled vehicle (tractor vehicle). They are divided into three classes: trailers with a number of axles from 1 to 6, semi-trailers without a front axle and trailers for long loads. Based on the purpose, there are several types of trailers and semi-trailers: covered, open, flatbed, platforms, refrigerators, dump trucks, low loaders, etc.
IN in general terms design of all trailers Vehicle consists of a frame with a body, suspension, brake system And hitch. The trailer is attached to the towing device of the tractor vehicle by means of a horizontal lever (drawbar) of various shapes. Semi-trailers are transported special vehicles equipped with fifth wheel towing mechanisms (saddles). Hence the name of the vehicles - truck tractor. When a trailer or semi-trailer is connected to a tractor vehicle, the whole structure is called a road train (truck).
The main types of trucks and trailers
The volume and carrying capacity of the truck depends on the brand and purpose:
- Semitrailer. The most common type. Suitable for transporting most types of cargo. Depending on the body structure, it allows loading and unloading from above, from the side and from behind. Useful volume from 60 to 92 m 3 . The load capacity of the truck is 20 tons, but depending on the tractor, the frame design and the number of axles, it can be 25 tons or more.
- Refrigerator. Semi-trailer for which temperature control is required. Equipped with an installation capable of maintaining a stable temperature in the range of +25 0 C to -25 0 C. Due to additional expense fuel necessary for the operation of the refrigeration unit, the operation of a refrigerated semi-trailer is 10-25% more expensive compared to other types of trucks. Internal from 60 to 92 m 3. The load capacity of the refrigerated truck is 12-22 tons.
- A road train with a trailer (trailers) - a frame train with one or more trailers. The useful volume of such a hitch truck can be from 60 to 160 m 3 . Couplings are not suitable for transporting long loads, the advantage is convenient loading and unloading. Maximum load capacity hitch trucks up to 25 tons, but for the most common cubic capacity coupled road trains with a volume of 115-120 m 3, this value does not exceed 18 tons due to design features.
- Platforms for heavy and construction and special equipment. Load capacity of the truck is 40 tons and above. Some types of platforms are capable of supporting a weight of 200 tons.
Curtainsider semi-trailer
Eurotents, eurotrucks - curtainsider semi-trailers, most practical look motor vehicles for the transport of goods. The main advantage is the universal body structure. If necessary, the awning, frame, sides can be removed, which allows loading / unloading from above, from the side using cranes and special lifting mechanisms. When unawned and with the frame removed, it can be used as an open area. The height of the side is 30-50 cm. The dimensions and shape of the euro truck are standardized for loading with cargo) in two rows in width. Useful volume, depending on the height of the frame, reaches 92 m 3. Cargo transportation by eurotrucks, largely due to its versatility, is the most demanded service of cargo carrier companies. Truck capacity up to 25 tons.
Isotherms and refrigerators
Designed for the transportation of food products, pharmaceutical products, other goods that require the maintenance of a certain temperature regime, thermal insulation from external environment. Isotherms and refrigerators can be semi-trailers, trailers and single frame cars. The load capacity of a truck depends on the design of the trailer (semi-trailer), namely its own weight, and can reach 25 tons.
Isothermal semi-trailers do not have their own refrigeration unit, but due to thermal insulation they are able to maintain the temperature inside the cargo compartment for a long time. Refrigerated trucks, in addition to thermal insulation, are equipped with their own autonomous system cooling. In fact, refrigerators are mobile refrigerating (freezing) chambers. Suitable for transporting deep-frozen products.
Trucks of large capacity
The maximum load capacity of a high-capacity truck is lower than that of a standard euro truck, but at the same time, the useful volume is much higher.
This type includes:
- Road trains-couplings with a volume of 110 to 125 m 3.
- MEGA road trains - semi-trailer with a flat floor and great height(3.0-3.1 m).
- Semi-trailer of large volume Jumbo. Capacity is increased due to the L-shaped floor. Due to this, the entire distance of the cargo compartment after the fifth wheel is located lower on the wheels of reduced diameter. Volume: 96-125 m 3, load capacity up to 20 tons.
Restrictions on the size and mass of road trains in the world
The biggest allowable length and a lot of road trains are allowed in the Nordic countries (Finland and Sweden were the first). Valid parameters up to 60 tons of curb weight (road train + cargo) and up to 25.25 m in length, while the volume reaches 160 m 3. In these countries, road trains are operated, which include a tractor vehicle, a standard semi-trailer and an additional 2-axle trailer.
The maximum permissible curb weight of a 6-axle road train in the CIS countries is 38 tons, in the EU countries - 44 tons. The length of a semi-trailer in North American countries should be no more than 16.15 m, width - 2.6. Similar width restrictions apply in Europe, but the allowable length is no more than 13.6 m.
For the delivery of large cargo over long distances in the shortest possible time, cargo transportation by trucks is most often used. The popularity of this type of cargo transportation is primarily due to the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of the services provided. To determine the weight and possible volume of the transported cargo, it is necessary to take into account the carrying capacity and dimensions of the truck.
The dimensions of a truck usually mean the dimensions of a semi-trailer of a truck (Eurotruck or Eurotent). The capacity or useful volume of a semi-trailer depends on its length, width and height. Semi-trailers are various kinds: tentovanny, isothermal, refrigerator and open.
Tilted eurotruck
Tilted eurotruck- the most common transport for the transport of most goods. In a curtain-sided semi-trailer, the curtain can be completely removed, so loading and unloading can be done from four sides: rear, top and side. The racks of the frame and the sides of the euro truck semi-trailer can also be removed, which allows you to load a long load. Due to this versatility, euro trucks are used most widely. The standard capacity of a tilt truck is 33 euro pallets, and the load capacity allows loading 20 - 24 tons of cargo. Curtain semi-trailers manufactured by Kogel, Lamberet, Krone and Schmitz are currently the most common in Russia.
Scheme of placing pallets in eurotruck
There are a large number of modifications of semi-trailers, among which the most common ones can be distinguished:
Semi-trailers with a volume of 55-80 m3, have a shorter length of 10-13 m, a width of 2.4-2.42 m and a height of 2.3 m.
Semi-trailers with a volume of 80-120 m3, have a length of 13.6 m, a width of 2.45 m, and a height of 2.45-3 m.
Eurotruck 82 cu. m. (EURO)
Internal length - 13.6 m
Internal width - 2.45 m
Internal height - 2.45 m
Eurotruck 86 cu. m. (EURO)
Internal length - 13.6 m
Internal width - 2.45 m
Internal height - 2.60 m
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - 20-24 tons
Standard tarpaulin semi-trailer with a flat floor.
Eurotruck 90 cubic meters m. (EURO)
Internal length - 13.6 m
Internal width - 2.45 m
Internal height - 2.70 m
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - 20-24 tons
Standard tarpaulin semi-trailer with a flat floor.
Eurotruck 92 cu. m. (EURO)
Internal length - 13.6 m
Internal width - 2.45 m
Internal height - 2.80 m
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - 20-24 tons
Standard tarpaulin semi-trailer with a flat floor.
Jumbo truck 96 cc m. (JUMBO)
Internal length - 4.2 + 9.6 = 13.8 m
Internal width - 2.45 m
Internal height - 2.45 and 3.0 m
Semi-trailer with a "broken" frame, L-shaped base of the floor, reduced diameter of the wheels of the semi-trailer.
Mega truck 100 cubic meters m. (MEGA)
Internal length - 13.6 m
Internal width - 2.45 m
Internal height - 3.0 m
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - 20-24 tons.
Curtainsider semi-trailer with a flat floor and high height.
Hitch 110 cu. m.
The length of the inner van - 7.1 m
MEGA hitch 120cc m.
The length of the inner van - 8.0 m
The length of the inner trailer - 8.0 m
The width of the inner van and trailer - 2.45 m
The height of the inner van - 2.95 m
The height of the inner trailer - 3.0 m
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - 20-25 tons.
The road train consists of a vehicle coupling and a trailer.
Refrigerated truck 86 cu. m. (Ref)
Internal length - 13.6 m
Internal width - 2.45 m
Internal height - 2.6 m
The semi-trailer is equipped with an autonomous refrigeration unit, which allows maintaining a certain temperature inside from -20°С to +12°С throughout the entire route, regardless of the external temperature.
Isothermal truck 86 cu. m. (Termos)
Internal length - 13.6 m
Internal width - 2.45 m
Internal height - 2.6 m
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - 20-22 tons.
The walls of the semi-trailer consist of heat-insulating materials, which allows maintaining the initial temperature of the cargo for a short time.
Open platform (container ship)
Length - 12.6 m
Width - 2.5 m
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - 25 tons.
Semitrailer with open platform(container ship) - used to transport two 20-foot or one 40-foot containers.
Low bed platform (trawl)
Length 11 - 20 m
Width - 2.5 - 3.7 m
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - up to 93 tons.
Semi-trailer with a low platform (trawl) - is used for transportation of oversized and heavy cargo. The number of axles can be from one to eight. By increasing the number of axles, the carrying capacity of the trawl is increased. The sliding frame is made according to the principle of a telescopic boom of a truck crane, as well as the extensions of the low-frame platform.
Open flatbed semi-trailer (scow, long length)
Internal length - 13.6 m
Internal width - 2.45 m
Board height - 50-80 cm
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - 20-24 tons
An open flatbed semi-trailer, a scow or a long length is mainly used for the delivery of goods that do not require special transportation conditions, resistant to atmospheric precipitation. open onboard machines can be additionally equipped with bunks, for example for transporting pipes.
The tank truck is freight car with a tank designed for the transport of food and non-food food products, bulk (liquid or bulk) cargo varying degrees aggressiveness. It can have a different configuration, one or more internal sections.
Standard load capacity - 12-20 tons.
Capacity (useful volume) - 20-40 cubic meters. m.
Dump truck - a self-unloading truck with a trailer or semi-trailer designed to transport bulk or bulk cargo, as well as other cargo, which can be unloaded by "tilting" the body. In the direction of unloading, there are machines with rear, side and two-way unloading. The main advantage of the dump truck is fast time unloading.
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - up to 40 tons.
The car carrier is equipped with a semi-trailer and is designed to transport cars, light trucks and other wheeled vehicles. It is a two-level platform on which cars are placed. The capacity is directly proportional to the length of the semi-trailer and ranges from 7 to 10 B-class vehicles, depending on the dimensions.
The maximum permitted length is up to 20 meters.
Carrying capacity (tonnage) - 15-20 tons.
Grain carrier - a car equipped with a body with an increased volume in the form of a tank or bunker for the bulk transportation of bulk cargo, grain crops, granular and compound feed. They can have a self-unloading system or folding unloading side boards.
Carrying capacity - 15-24 tons.
Useful volume - 45-60 m3.
The timber carrier is equipped with a semi-trailer designed to transport mainly long timber, lumber or pipe metal. For comfortable fit and secure fixation cargo around the entire perimeter of the timber truck are installed - horses.
Carrying capacity - up to 30 tons.
This article will talk about different classes of trucks. All their main characteristics, types and others will be presented. technical features. At the end of the article, a table will be given with the main indicators of various types of trucks, from Eurotruck 82 to
Truck classification
To date, the following types of trucks are distinguished:
- tarpaulin;
- onboard;
- refrigerator;
- isothermal.
The concept of "truck" includes a tractor and a semi-trailer with a carrying capacity of twenty tons. According to generally accepted standards, the volume of a truck in m3 ranges from 86 to 120 units. The name of the vehicles: "wagon-tent", "thermos" and others comes from the type of semi-trailer.
Fura-tent (Eurotent)
In a truck equipped with an awning, it is possible to place various equipment, for example, fastening rails or other elements. It is possible to remove the awning, and load from the top, side or rear.
If necessary, racks are dismantled and long items are loaded into a truck. Because of this feature, tent trucks are most in demand in the trucking market. The volume of the truck in this case varies between 86-120 m 3, as mentioned above.
Thermally insulated trucks are used to transport goods without a special regulated temperature during transportation, because this design of the machine only maintains the initial temperature for a short period of time, for long-term transportation with a given temperature inside, you need to choose a refrigerator. The dimensions inside and the volume of the truck in cubes largely depend on the amount of insulation used in the construction of the vehicle.
Refrigerator dimensions (refrigerator truck)
The truck for the transportation of perishable products is equipped with an independent refrigeration unit, which is mounted in a semi-trailer, so it is possible to create the required temperature inside the semi-trailer. The temperature inside the truck can be set from minus twenty to plus twelve, regardless of the temperature around.
Refrigerators are divided into classes, in accordance with European classification. Depending on the temperature regime, trucks can be divided into the following classes:
- Class A - temperature inside from +12 to 0 degrees Celsius;
- Class B - temperature inside from +12 to - 10 degrees Celsius;
- Class C - temperature inside from +12 to - 20 degrees Celsius;
- Class D - temperature inside ≤+2 degrees Celsius;
- Class E - temperature inside ≤-10 degrees Celsius;
- Class F - temperature inside ≤-20 degrees Celsius.
With a load capacity of 20 tons, the following:
- height - 2400-2500 mm;
- length - from 13200 to 13600 mm;
- width - from 2430 to 2450 mm.
At the same time, what volume of a truck to choose is determined by the consumer in the range from 82 to 86 cubic meters.
Dimensions of an open long length (scows)
Scow is used to transport, as a rule, building materials and equipment that is not afraid of precipitation. The characteristic of the scow is as follows:
- load capacity - 20000 kg;
- length - 11700-13600 mm;
- width - 2350-2450 mm;
- body type - open;
- loading is possible - side, back and top.
Road train parameters
Under the road train is understood the articulation of at least the machine of the tractor. The total volume of the truck will be 120 cubic meters. Road trains carry from 86 to 120 cubic meters of cargo, without the need to issue special permissions. However, the carrying capacity of the road train does not go beyond fifteen tons. 120 cubic meters machine - the best option for transporting bulky light goods.
Road trains have a carrying capacity from 15,000 to 20,000 kg, dimensions wherein:
- height - 2600-3000 mm;
- length - from 13600 to 16000 mm;
- width - about 2430-2450 mm.
And the volume of the truck reaches 120 cubic meters, the body is made closed, loading is carried out from the side, from above and from behind.
Specifications and length standard truck(depending on the type) are presented in the table.
Machine name | Truck volume, cubes |
"Eurotruck 82" | |
"Eurotruck 86" | |
"Eurotruck 90" | |
Eurotruck 92 | |
Truck "Jumbo" | |
Refrigerator | |
Isothermal van | |
Platform low loader | |
open platform |
Conclusion
Regardless of the type of truck, when choosing these vehicles for transporting goods, you get universal car With high traffic and sufficient carrying capacity. Trucks remain an integral element in the implementation transport service enterprises.
Dimensions of trucks with trailers.
Eurotent
conditional concept denoting a truck with a semi-trailer having overall dimensions and characteristics close to the following:
length - 13.6 m.
width - 2.45 m.
height - 2.45 m.
volume - 82 m3
load capacity - 20-22 tons.
Curtainsider semi-trailer may have different optional equipment(belts, lift-shovel, fixing handrails) significantly expanding its scope. The design of the semi-trailer allows you to remove the tarpaulin and thus makes it possible to load / unload from the side or from above. In addition, a semi-trailer without an awning allows you to use the semi-trailer as an open area with a side height of 35 to 50 cm. The suspension of semi-trailers is made in a spring or pneumatic version. Air suspension guarantees the road train a smooth ride, ensuring the safety of easily breakable cargo.
Isothermal semi-trailer with a volume of 82 cubic meters
The isothermal semi-trailer with a volume of 82 m3 has similar consumer properties with smaller isothermal vans. reference, for of this type semi-trailer can be considered the following overall dimensions:
length - 13.6 m.
width - 2.45 m.
height - 2.45 m.
volume - 82 m3 load capacity - 20-25 tons.
There are a large number of modifications of semi-trailers, among which the most common ones can be distinguished:
Semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - has a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m)
Semi-trailers with a standard or greater length, width and height (13.6 m, 2.5 m, 2.7 m.)
The suspension of semi-trailers is executed in spring or pneumatic version. Pneumatic suspension guarantees the road train a smooth ride, ensuring the safety of easily breakable cargo.
Distinctive feature cargo compartment type "Thermovan", is the ability to maintain for a long time (10-20 hours) the temperature at which the loading was carried out, provided the external temperature is from -10C to +20C. In addition, on some models, there is the possibility of heating the cargo compartment, which allows for a longer time and at lower external temperatures to maintain the internal temperature. The sides of the cargo compartment are made of foam plastic sheathed with tin. The doors of the cargo compartment are equipped with a seal. There are ventilation holes. As a rule, the cargo compartment is equipped with an additional side door that facilitates loading / unloading.
Refrigerated semi-trailer with a volume of 82 cubic meters
The refrigerated semi-trailer is cargo semi-trailer the temperature in which can change from minus (- 7-12C) to plus (0-10C) regardless of the external temperature. This ability of the cargo compartment is provided by an autonomous refrigeration unit. Modern refrigeration units have different levels of protection against emergency temperature changes, which ensures the safety of the cargo. Installations may be able to record the temperature regime on specialized "blanks". The main scope of these semi-trailers is the transportation of perishable products or goods requiring special temperature conditions.
The semi-trailer has the following overall dimensions:
length - 13.6 m.
width - 2.45 m.
height - 2.45 m.
volume - 82 m3
load capacity - 20-25 tons.
There are a large number of modifications of semi-trailers, among which the most common ones can be distinguished: Semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - have a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m) Semi-trailers with a standard or greater length, width and height (13.6 m , 2.5 m, 2.7 m.)
The main consumer characteristic of this semi-trailer is the volume or number of pallets that can be loaded.
The suspension of semi-trailers is executed in spring or pneumatic version. Pneumatic suspension guarantees the road train a smooth ride, ensuring the safety of easily breakable cargo.
Road train total volume: 86 sq.m
Trailer dimensions: length-13.6m, width-2.45m, height-2.5m, volume-82 sq.m
Road train Total volume: 96 sq.m ("JUMBO")
Trailer with a "broken" frame.
Dimensions of the "step": length-4.4m, width-2.45m, height-2.5m
Dimensions of the rest of the trailer: length-9.2m, width-2.45m, height-3.05m
Road train Total volume: 100 sq.m ("JUMBO")
Trailer with a "broken" frame.
Dimensions of the "step": length-4.4m, width-2.45m, height-2.7m
Dimensions of the rest of the trailer: length-9.2m, width-2.45m, height-3.15m
Road train total volume: 110 sq.m
Body size: length-7.50m, width-2.43m, height-3m, volume-54.67 sq.m,
Trailer dimensions: length-7.50m, width-2.43m, height-3m, volume-54.67 sq.m
Road train total volume: 120 sq.m Body size: length-8.05m, width-2.43m, height-3m, volume-58.68sq.m
Trailer dimensions: length-8.05m, width-2.43m, height-3m, volume-58.68 sq.m
A considerable number of customers, at the first call to the forwarding company, asks for a "price for a twenty-ton truck." Why exactly 20 tons? (and why "wagon"?). Wikipedia suggests that a truck is heavy vehicle with a semi-trailer, and that the word itself historically comes from the German name for a long horse-drawn cargo cart. It is worth clarifying that this term is not well-established, slang. As a rule, the word "truck" is pronounced by customers who are superficially familiar with the trucking business; professionals (forwarders, carriers) prefer more specific designations, for example, “tent so many tons”, “standard ref” and the like; or a neutral "machine" - but this is at the stage of work when the characteristics are agreed with the customer, and there is no misunderstanding. Any tractor with a semi-trailer is suitable for the definition from Wikipedia - at least, at least. However, in 99% of cases, a wagon means precisely a tented or van, which is why the clarification about “20 tons” is actually used - a widespread standard for carrying capacity.
Truck dimensions
Leaving aside financial issues, the potential customer of the truck will be primarily interested in the size of the truck body. The cargo is different, very rarely a twenty-ton truck is ordered to transport one unit of a hefty brick that fits neatly into the body and weighs 20 tons. As a rule, the cargo is a certain number of units of goods that have their own dimensions, and all of them must be placed in the body. To understand in advance how convenient / problematic it will be to load this cargo, you need to know inner dimensions truck bodies - information about which we will try to give in this article. Curtain semi-trailers manufactured by Krone and Schmitz are currently the most common. On the Krone website there is a pdf-document with the technical characteristics of modern Profi Liner tilt semi-trailers, an excerpt from which (with the data and diagram of interest to us) in the form of a picture, we will give:
The Schmitz website also has data on modern Universal semi-trailers; let's use the diagram and table of characteristics taken from there:
As you can see, the length (13.62 m) and width (2.48 m) are the same, while the Krone semi-trailers win slightly in height. However, we took for this example two modern common semi-trailer models; but, since many more varieties of them are exploited, from various manufacturers and different years release, then, of course, not all of them will correspond to the same size. Therefore, when an experienced customer calculates a preliminary scheme for loading and unfastening his cargo, he usually focuses on the internal dimensions of a 20-ton truck 12.5m x 2.45m (and the height, in most cases, is not critical). If, with such parameters, the cargo fits normally, then you can order a regular twenty-ton tarpaulin without much effort. If, however, it turns out that the cargo is “close-to-earth”, to the last millimeter, then the dimensions of the cargo compartment of the vehicle supplied under the load must be coordinated and controlled in advance. (Follow the link for information about with a tractor.)
Truck volume
Based on the parameters given in the tables above, the volume of the Krone semi-trailer will be (when calculated according to minimum height) 86.9 m 3 , and Schmitz semi-trailer respectively 86 m 3 . It is the latter value that is usually taken as the volume of a truck of 20 tons "by default", i.e. for preliminary calculations. When calculating the loading of a cargo that occupies large volume, the same approach is valid as for calculating the dimensions - if the total volume of the cargo corresponds to the volume of a 20-ton “default” truck, somewhat inferior to the latter, then everything is in order; if the volume of cargo is exactly 86 m3, or very close (for example, 85.2 m3), then you need to make sure in advance that a truck with a standard or larger body will be served.
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