The concept of specialized and special cars. Vehicles: classification

03.03.2020

The name itself - special transport, implies the uniqueness of this type of vehicle. Almost any car used for special purposes differs from its “civilian” counterparts in internal content (special engine, interior, additional equipment), and some of the special vehicles also stand out for their unusual appearance.

We can give a formal definition of special transport:

Special vehicles are specially equipped vehicles designed to solve specific tasks.

A classic example of special transport is a car that is used in the activities of the "power" structures of the state: law enforcement agencies, intelligence and counterintelligence services, rescue services and other paramilitary formations.

Types of special transport:

police transport

The first example of a special transport was a police railcar, designed in 1899 by engineer Frank Loomis. The customer of this unusual transport was the police department of the city of Akron (USA, Arizona). As a basis, a "civilian" trolley equipped with an electric unit was used. The power reserve of this device was 30 kilometers, and the maximum speed reached 25 km / h. As special equipment, stretchers were used, designed to transport injured (or especially violent) passengers from the scene to the police trolley.

Since then, almost all police (or militia) vehicles have inherited the main design principles of the first sample of special vehicles - the "civilian" basis of a special car, the presence of special inventory or equipment "on board" the car, the presence of color marking on the body that allows you to identify this vehicle vehicle like a police car (truck, snowmobile, motorcycle, bus and so on).

A modern police car, as a rule, is created on a reinforced platform of a civilian car. A special, "police" version is produced only by Ford and GM or similar giants of the auto industry. Of course, a civilian car requires fine-tuning the chassis, strengthening the engine and installing additional devices - long-distance communications, medical equipment, weapon mounts. Part of the cabin is reserved for a kind of bullpen on wheels. A considerable plus for a police car is a voluminous trunk that can accommodate additional equipment - means for blocking violators, special equipment for fixing violations.

A variety of vehicle classes can be used as a donor car - from a sports car to a heavy SUV or minibus. The latter option is preferred by the special forces of the police, since it is very easy to hide a hidden observation point inside a roomy minibus or simply use the voluminous interior to transport a group of special forces equipped with massive weapons or equipment to the scene of the incident.

The transport of structures responsible for counterintelligence activities (or intelligence) differs from police cars in external stealth in civilian traffic. Such machines are not distinguished by special markings or special signals, since they are intended for operations hidden from public attention. But this transport also belongs to the category of special vehicles, therefore, under the "ordinary" body, indistinguishable from the civilian counterpart, a special filling is hidden.

It is the special services that prefer exclusively internal fine-tuning of the car. Most often, a forced engine, means of communication and tracking are installed on a serial machine. Sometimes they carry out booking of glasses and hulls. Of all the samples of special vehicles, it is the cars of special services that have the most ordinary appearance. Very often, ordinary drivers do not even know which car is moving in the neighborhood, assuming that the cars of counterintelligence and spies look like this:

Rescue transport. Ambulance. Fire trucks.

Completely different tasks are solved with the help of vehicles of rescue and accident elimination services. Unlike cars of counterintelligence officers and spies, cars of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the fire service, the ambulance and other similar structures shine in the general traffic flow like a Christmas tree. Screaming colors, an abundance of special signals, both visual and sound, demonstrate that these cars belong to a separate caste of vehicles used in special cases that do not tolerate delay and delay. But the special transport of the rescue services is distinguished not only by the colorful color of the paintwork - under the flashy colors of the durable body, very complex mechanisms and devices are hidden that can solve any problem.

It is these models of special vehicles that can be called truly unique. For example, "Ambulance" is an outwardly simple car that can be distinguished in the general traffic only by the special color of the body and the "chandeliers" of the special signal. But this simplicity is deceptive. Behind the standard body of the minibus is a special set of equipment that allows you to start treatment or a set of resuscitation measures already on the road.

Ordinary citizens do not even know that there are more than a dozen variations of ambulance vehicles, which differ in the types of assistance provided. There is a psychiatric, obstetric, neurological, pediatric, cardiological "Ambulance".

Vehicles of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and fire protection are equipped with no less special equipment. However, unlike the "Ambulance", in the transport of the Ministry of Emergency Situations all the "chips" of the design are visible from afar. For example, a fire ladder truck - this option of special transport cannot be confused with another car. After all, not a single military, civilian or police car has the main distinguishing principle - a huge sliding ladder.

The first samples of such equipment appeared in 1951. Modern ladders are able to "reach" up to a height of 60 meters. The basis for ladders, as a rule, are the chassis and frames of trucks.

A classic fire truck, equipped with a tank, a pumping station, a hydraulic barrel on a carriage and other devices designed to fight fire, has a no less original look.

This "monster", based on the chassis of a heavy, eight-wheeled tractor MAZ-543, is capable of transporting more than 10 tons of water and about a ton of special powder suspension.

Special trucks. Cars of collectors.

A separate category of special vehicles are armored trucks, buses or cars designed to transport extremely harmful and dangerous substances. The transport of collectors can be attributed to the same category.

Dangerous goods are transported in a specially prepared body, which excludes the contact of a harmful substance (or a container with a harmful substance) and the environment. Therefore, the most interesting part of special trucks or tractors is such a body (or trailer). There are covered cargo compartments, tanks, thermal containers and more.

The main task of these containers is to protect the environment from their contents.

Cars of collectors are intended for a diametrically opposite purpose - to protect the contents from the environment. To do this, they use prepared chassis from minibuses and a special - "armored" body.

Special armored vehicle AS-1925 "ONEGA". There is even air conditioning inside.

By and large, the car of collectors is a hybrid of a mobile safe and police transport. Inside the armored corps, separated from the driver's part, a group of armed people is always on duty. Therefore, in addition to the place "under the safe" in the car of collectors, places "for passengers" should also be provided, which increases the volume of the body. In terms of technical support, the car of collectors is not inferior to other police cars. In such a specialized vehicle, communications equipment, a satellite beacon, and special equipment activated in emergency situations are necessarily present. It is this feature of the "structure" of the cash-in-transit vehicle that makes us talk about it as an ideal special vehicle.

unusauto.ru

Which vehicles are classified as specialized vehicles?

Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated February 13, 2013 No. 36 establishes a list of types of vehicles that cannot be equipped with tachographs. Specialized and special vehicles fall under the exception from equipment:

Specialized vehicles are vehicles designed to carry certain types of goods. For example, milk carriers, vehicles for transporting petroleum products, food products, etc. An exhaustive list of specialized vehicles is specified in Appendix No. 2 of the Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 36.

It is important to understand that a car acquires the status of a “specialized” vehicle not due to the nature of the cargo being transported, but due to design features that ensure proper conditions for the transportation of a particular cargo.

Special vehicles are vehicles designed to perform special functions that require special equipment. Such as truck cranes, fire trucks, etc.

The list of special vehicles is open. Special equipment must be provided by the factory design of the vehicle or be registered as a modification to the vehicle design. It must be remembered that the re-equipment of the car is subject to registration and making the appropriate marks in the vehicle passport and certificate of registration.

Miroshin Gennady Svyatoslavovich Expert

Expert of the Association of organizations in the field of development of tachographic control "Rustakhokontrol"

naviport.info

Classification of cars by purpose

The classification of cars appeared as a result of the rapidly expanding fleet and the emergence of new types of vehicles. In order for motorists to quickly get an idea about any car, systems were created that made it possible to unify all cars and divide them into main types according to purpose, dimensions, body type, engine size and other features.

One of the most common is the classification of machines by purpose.

Vehicle types

All vehicles are divided into the following types:

cars;
cargo;
cargo-passenger;
buses;
special transport.

Let's take a closer look at each type of car.

Cars

Passenger cars include cars carrying passengers (up to 8 people) or oversized cargo, as well as special vehicles (towing vehicles, etc.). Within this category, there is also a classification according to body type, its dimensions, engine volume and power, and other parameters. Most often, the European system is used to determine the type of passenger car.

The European classification is based on the division of cars by size. All vehicles receive a letter designation.

A - compact small cars designed for trips around the city. A 3- or 5-door hatchback usually fits 2-4 people and small cargo. The maximum length of class A machines reaches 3.6 m, width - 1.6 m.
B - cars up to 3.9 m long and up to 1.7 m wide. Front-wheel drive, compact size and economical engine are ideal for use in the city.
C - a group of passenger cars, the most common in Europe. It also has a second name - “golf class”, after the name of the Volkswagen Golf car, popular among representatives of the middle class. The parameters of the car body of this category are up to 4.3 m in length and up to 1.8 m in width.
D - sedans and hatchbacks with a body length of up to 4.6 m and a width of 1.8 m. Reliable and roomy cars for the whole family.
E - cars of the upper middle or business class. Body parameters - from 4.6 m in length and from 1.8 m in width. They are distinguished by an increased level of comfort, safety, stylish design and prestige.
F - executive luxury cars with a body length of 5 m or more.

Video about car classes:

Another popular classification of passenger cars is by body type.

The sedan is a classic of the automotive industry. The four-door body has structurally separated luggage and engine compartments.
Hatchback - "rear hatch", 3 or five-door cars in which one door belongs to the luggage compartment.
Station wagon - a car with a combined passenger and luggage compartments. Popularly known as the "family car".
Convertible - a car with an opening soft top. May also be called "Roadster".
A crossover is a car that combines the capacity of a "station wagon" and the cross-country ability of an SUV.
Coupes are sports compact two-door cars with a separate compartment for luggage.
Limousine - long-body premium class cars with a roomy and richly trimmed interior. The passenger compartment can be separated from the driver's partition.

Video about different body types:

Trucks

There are three main groups of trucks:

Onboard - these include cargo vans.
Specialized - dump trucks, refrigerators, ballast and truck tractors, container carriers.
Tank trucks.

In addition, the classification of trucks is carried out by body type, carrying capacity, number of axles, etc.

According to the body type, trucks are divided into closed and open, tilt, flatbed, dump trucks, isothermal vans, cranes, minibuses, timber trucks, containers, truck tractors, etc.
The division of trucks by the number of axles distinguishes 2, 3, 4 and 5-axle models. The number of axles in some cases may exceed 5 pieces.
According to the type of engine, trucks are divided into diesel and gasoline.
By carrying capacity, small trucks, medium, large, with a carrying capacity of 1.5-16 tons and from 16 tons are distinguished.

Freight transport

These include cars designed:

on the basis of passenger models - minibuses, minivans, pickups;
on the basis of cargo models - all-terrain vehicles, "watches", special purpose vehicles.

Minivan - a combination of a small bus and a passenger car. Key features: a short hood, a spacious passenger compartment with three rows of seats and high ceilings.

Minibus - transport for transportation of 8 and more passengers. Body length usually does not exceed 5 meters.

Pickup - a symbiosis of cars and trucks. Four-wheel drive, increased cross-country ability and the ability to transport large loads make these machines indispensable for farming, forestry and other industries.

Buses

The fleet of buses includes a wide variety of models, which were created taking into account the peculiarities of operation. There are tourist, school, suburban, intercity, two-level and single-level city buses, buses for transporting passengers at airports, platform buses and others.

Special transport

This category of cars includes truck cranes, mobile shops, construction equipment, racing cars, amphibians. This group also includes ambulances, armored vehicles, hearses, harvesting units, etc.

Different countries have their own classification systems.

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automobilabc.ru

Vehicle classification: special vehicles

Part 1: Classification of vehicles: trucks. Part 2: Vehicle Classification: Passenger Vehicles. Part 3: Car classification: utility vehicles.

In the modern world, vehicles can be assigned tasks of the most diverse nature. Far from always they are limited only to the transportation of passengers and goods, and often a number of additional functions are required. To solve such problems, special vehicles, or special vehicles, are used. Today, this category of vehicles is represented by a wide variety of types and models.

What is special transport

Most of the cars on the market today are designed to solve traditional problems. As a rule, cars are used for transporting people or for transporting goods, and can also combine these functions. In addition, some cars are designed to please owners with comfort and functionality, high speed performance and perform image tasks.

However, in some areas, the car is faced with the task of combining the function of the vehicle with other narrow-profile functions. For these purposes, ordinary cars are not suitable, and it becomes necessary to use special cars.

Special vehicles, as a rule, are manufactured on the basis of serial models. Typically, commercial vehicles are used as chassis - trucks, minibuses, vans, etc. Re-equipment is carried out by installing attachments, special devices and devices in the cabin or cargo compartment of the vehicle. Also, certain changes can be made to the design of the suspension, body, brake system and other vehicle systems.

Special vehicles are indispensable in the work of a variety of services, performing important functions that are often of high social importance. In particular, they can be used in solving problems of medical, fire and rescue services, law enforcement agencies, the army, etc.

Thanks to special transport, the daily operation of these services can be ensured. It is also possible to use these vehicles to solve emergency tasks in emergency situations. Therefore, the quality, reliability and functionality of vehicles in this category are extremely important.

Types of special vehicles

Special vehicles are produced today in an extremely wide range, which allows you to select a car for a wide variety of tasks. The most common types of vehicles include the following types:

Police cars. This category includes patrol cars made on the basis of cars, special forces vehicles, prisoner transport vehicles, etc.
Collection machines. Armored cars with a compartment for carrying cash.
Fire trucks. Machines that provide extinguishing fires in a variety of conditions.
medical vehicles. A broad category of vehicles, the most typical of which are ambulances. It also includes special vehicles for transporting patients in serious condition, mobile operating rooms and other types of vehicles.
Vehicles of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the military - mobile headquarters, recreation vehicles for rescuers and maintenance personnel, mobile video surveillance points and much more.

In most cases, vehicles from leading Russian and foreign manufacturers are used to create special vehicles, which are distinguished by high quality, reliability and cross-country ability.

Modern special vehicles are equipped with advanced technological solutions.

cnev.ru

" /> At the present time, one cannot do without tank semi-trailers and tank trucks. They are used at gas stations, in road trains, etc. In addition to these types of vehicles, there are several more types of special-purpose freight transport. equipment and special equipment Despite the external similarity in names, these 2 types of vehicles are not similar. Special equipment - these include truck cranes, fire trucks, concrete mixers, and other installations on the chassis of a truck. Let's look at this type of technology.

Specialized technology. Types of auto special equipment.

The main type of truck body is an onboard platform. The most popular type of body is an onboard tent semi-trailer. This type of body is convenient primarily because it allows you to load almost all types of cargo. The carrying capacity of this semi-trailer reaches 20 tons, and when the awning is removed, an onboard platform is obtained, the sides and rear of the platform have folding sides, which greatly simplifies the loading and unloading of cargo.

For oversized and heavy loads, low-frame platforms (low loaders) are most often used. The length of the low loader reaches 12 meters, the load capacity is up to 60 tons.

Panel carriers, timber carriers and car carriers have an open platform located behind the driver's cab.

The platform of the panel carrier is equipped with metal structures along the sides, they serve as limiters for the transported goods. The panel carrier platform reaches 8 meters in length and its carrying capacity is up to 25 tons, the loads are secured with winches and safety chains. Panel carriers are used to transport slabs, crossbars, columns and other building materials.

The car carrier differs significantly from the panel carrier and has a 2-tiered platform. Car carriers are designed with the condition of maximum preservation of cargo and are equipped with supporting, anti-recoil devices. The platform of the car carrier is capable of loading up to 10 cars, the length of the car carrier is up to 20 meters, the carrying capacity is up to 25 tons.

Timber carriers are special vehicles designed for transporting timber, they are also called log trucks, (striment truck is a trailer for transporting assortments, i.e., timber blanks). Different types of log trucks transport different volumes of wood, the standard load capacity of a timber truck trailer is 10-20 tons, but there are log trucks with increased carrying capacity. The log truck has reliable stops and a flat platform for loading. Some log trucks are equipped with loader cranes for faster timber loading.

The special vehicles described above - log trucks, panel trucks and auto transporters have a narrow specialization, for other works they use other types of special vehicles - dump trucks, vans, etc.

Dump trucks, this type of special equipment is used daily and everywhere, with the help of dump trucks they deliver crushed stone, take out construction debris, etc. Due to its size, the dump truck, unlike the same short log truck, is more maneuverable, which allows it to be used in settlements. When driving along the highway, the dump truck is capable of reaching a speed of 80 kilometers per hour, the load capacity of the dump truck reaches 40 tons.

Vans.

Vans are specialized equipment, the transported goods are located in all-metal bodies or semi-trailers. The body of the van allows you to load it as much as possible with cargo, such as boxes with office equipment or fruit, thanks to the one-piece body, the delivery of the cargo will be as safe as possible.

There are two types of vans: manufactured goods and isothermal.

Manufactured goods van - used for the transportation of goods that do not require certain delivery conditions, for example, a certain temperature in the back. The carrying capacity of a manufactured goods van directly depends on the number of axles and the body itself. A van mounted on a vehicle body usually has a carrying capacity of up to 5 tons, and semi-trailer vans reach a carrying capacity of 16 tons, and the vans are also equipped with a tail lift, which greatly facilitates loading and unloading.

Isothermal van - used to transport goods that require a certain ambient temperature, these goods include food, plants and medicines. The isothermal van is sheathed inside with polyurethane foam (heat-insulating layer), this thermal insulation maintains a constant temperature and air humidity inside the van. This type of special equipment is subject to special tightness requirements, since, with a temperature drop, the transported cargo may deteriorate.

Refrigerated van - also refers to the type of special vehicles, in addition to vans, there are refrigerated semi-trailers. The principle of a refrigerated van is similar to that of an isothermal van, however, the refrigerated van also has its own refrigeration unit, which allows you to accurately control the temperature inside the van and maintain it for the entire duration of the cargo transportation. The temperature inside the refrigerated van can reach -20 ° C, regardless of the temperature outside the car. It is refrigerated vans that are most often used for transporting food, since isothermal vans are not able to keep the temperature inside the body for a long time in the summer heat. The carrying capacity of a refrigerated van reaches 20-25 tons.

Refrigerated containers are refrigerated containers used for the transportation of perishable goods over long distances. The temperature inside the refcontainer is able to stay in the region from +25?С to -25?С. Container ships are used to transport refrigerated containers. The carrying capacity of a container ship reaches 30 tons. Container ships transport not only refrigerated containers, but also standard containers, the main advantage of which is tightness, which contributes to the safety of the cargo. Containers are used to transport various goods, from the delivery of building materials to the transportation of expensive cars.

Semi-trailer tanker - used to transport liquid cargo such as: oil, gasoline, printing ink, etc. Tanks contain thousands of liters of liquid and are transported in absolute tightness. Tankers with thermal insulation are used to transport alcohol by alcohol carriers. Transportation of gaseous substances is carried out in special safety tanks with double inner walls.

Online magazine - "Cargo Transportation Manager".

dispatcher-gruzoperevozok.info

Construction machines and equipment, reference book

Transporting and loading and unloading machines

Specialized vehicles

Such vehicles are adapted for the transportation of one or more homogeneous goods, which differ in the specific conditions of their transportation, and are equipped with various devices and devices that ensure the safety and quality of goods delivered to construction sites and comprehensive mechanization of loading and unloading operations. The use of specialized transport improves the efficiency and quality of construction, reduces the cost of transportation, minimizes the loss of building materials and semi-finished products, as well as damage to building products and structures, which are very significant when using general-purpose vehicles. At present, without the use of specialized transport, it is practically impossible to deliver many goods to construction sites. Most specialized vehicles are interchangeable trailers and semi-trailers for trucks, air-tired tractors and tractors, which allows more efficient use of the base machine.

In the conditions of urban construction, specialized automobile transport is widely used. Modern specialized vehicles for construction are produced in accordance with the “Type of specialized vehicles for construction” approved by the State Construction Committee and are designed to transport soil, bulk and lumpy goods (dump trucks), liquid and semi-liquid (bitumen carriers, lime carriers, concrete and mortar carriers), powdered ( cement carriers), small-piece and packaged cargo (container carriers), long-length cargo (pipe carriers, metal carriers, timber carriers), reinforced concrete structures (panel carriers, farm carriers, plate carriers, bulk carriers, block carriers, sanitary cabin carriers), technological equipment and construction machines (heavy carriers).

Dump trucks transport construction cargo in metal bodies with a trough-shaped, trapezoidal and rectangular cross-sectional shape, which are forcibly tilted during unloading using a lifting (tilting) mechanism back, to the side (one or two) sides, to the sides and back. By purpose, special mining and universal general construction dump trucks are distinguished. In the conditions of urban construction, universal dump trucks are used (Fig. 2.7) with a carrying capacity of 4 ... 12 tons, designed to transport soil, gravel, crushed stone, sand, asphalt, concrete mix, mortar, etc. Modern universal dump trucks are produced on the chassis of flatbed trucks general purpose (sometimes with a shortened base) and are equipped with the same type of hydraulic systems that provide quick lifting and lowering of the body, high reliability and safety.

The main components of such systems are an oil tank, a hydraulic pump driven by a car's power take-off, one or more (depending on the carrying capacity) single-acting telescopic hydraulic cylinders that directly affect the body, distributor or control valve, connecting pipelines and safety devices. Hydraulic cylinders of lifting mechanisms can have a horizontal, inclined and vertical arrangement and are installed on the vehicle frame under the front part of the body or on its front side (Fig. 2.7, a). The separator or control valve directs the flow of working fluid from the pump to the hydraulic cylinder (or synchronously operating hydraulic cylinders) when the body is overturned, connects the cavities of the hydraulic cylinders to the drain tank when the body is lowered, limits the pressure in the system and ensures that the body is fixed in certain positions (extreme or intermediate).

The most common in construction are dump trucks consisting of a dump truck and a dump trailer or a truck tractor and a dump truck semi-trailer (Fig. 2.7, b).

Rice. 2.7. Dump trucks

The dump truck is unloaded to the sides, and the dump trailer is unloaded to the sides and back. Dump trailers can have split (double) bodies, the front of which is unloaded on two (side) sides, and the rear - on three (side and back) sides. Modern dump trucks and dump trailers have a unified body, running gear, lifting mechanisms and are equipped with an automatic opening and closing system of the sides controlled from the driver's cab.

For the transportation of expanded clay and other bulk materials with a low density, specialized trailers and semi-trailers are used - expanded clay trucks with a carrying capacity of up to 12 tons, i.e. dump trucks with an increased body capacity.

When transporting small-piece and packaged goods (sanitary and ventilation equipment, finishing, insulating and roofing materials, bricks, window and door blocks, prefabricated reinforced concrete structures of small weight and size, etc.) to construction sites, containerization and packaging. For the delivery of containers and packages, flatbed vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers of general purpose and specialized vehicles - self-loaders and container carriers are used.

Self-loaders, along with the performance of transport functions, can load and unload the transported packaged goods, reload cargo onto nearby vehicles and trailers using hydraulic loading and unloading devices installed on the vehicle itself. Self-loaders are equipped with onboard manipulators, swinging portals, tail lifts and hinged load lifting devices.

Self-loaders with a swinging portal (side or rear location, Fig. 2.8, a) are designed for transportation, loading and unloading containers weighing up to 5 tons. angle up to 120° by two synchronously acting double-acting long-stroke hydraulic cylinders. Swinging portals are also used for loading and unloading swap bodies-containers. For the transportation, loading and unloading of containers with a large carrying capacity (20 tons or more), semi-trailers equipped with side hydraulic loaders are used (Fig. 2.8, b).

Self-loading trucks and container carriers are equipped with retractable and folding hydraulic supports 3, which act during loading and unloading operations and ensure the stability of the machine and the unloading of its running gear.

Self-loaders with onboard hydraulic manipulators carry out self-loading and self-unloading of the base vehicle and trailer, loading and unloading of other vehicles located nearby, and can also be used in small-scale construction and installation works.

A manipulator with a lifting capacity of 2.5 tons (Fig. 2.9) consists of a swivel column, articulated boom equipment, two outrigger hydraulic supports, a boom rotation mechanism in plan, two control panels and a set of interchangeable working equipment.

Rice. 2.8. Self-loaders and container trucks

Rice. 2.9. Car-loader with onboard manipulator

The boom equipment is mounted on a swivel column mounted on the chassis base frame and consists of a stick, lever, telescopic boom with main and retractable sections, control hydraulic cylinders, hook suspension or rotator. The rotator provides for the manipulation of the load in a horizontal plane through a rack and pinion gear and a double-acting hydraulic cylinder, the rod of which is the rotator rack engaged with the gear.

The set of interchangeable working equipment of the manipulator includes a manually extended boom extension, fork pickup, tongs for packaged goods and a grab for containers. Rotation of the boom equipment in terms of an angle of 400° is provided by a rack and pinion rotary mechanism, which includes two alternately operating hydraulic cylinders, a rack and pinion rigidly fixed to the shaft of the rotary column. The drive of the axial-piston pump of the hydraulic system of the manipulator is carried out from the vehicle engine through the power take-off. The manipulator can be controlled from any of the two control panels located on both sides of the vehicle.

The designs of domestic onboard manipulators are made according to a single concept and differ from each other in terms of cargo moment, load capacity, lifting and lowering height of the hook, weight, and overall dimensions. The layout diagrams for the placement of onboard manipulators on vehicles are shown in fig. 2.10.

Rice. 2.10. Placement of onboard manipulators on vehicles

To transport liquid binders (bitumen, tar, emulsions) in a heated state from manufacturers to places of production of road, roofing and insulation works, bitumen carriers and asphalt distributors are used. They are elliptical tanks, mounted on the chassis of cars or on semi-trailers for truck tractors, and are equipped with heating systems (to maintain the temperature of the transported material at least 200 ° C) and mastic dispensing. The capacity of tanks for asphalt distributors is 3500 ... 7000 l, bitumen trucks - 4000 ... 15000 l.

For the transportation of pipes with a length of 6 ... 12 m with a diameter of up to 1420 mm and welded sections of pipes (lashes) with a length of 24 ... 36 m, special road trains are used - pipe carriers and whip carriers. The pipe carrier includes an autotractor, a single-axle trailer with a rigid drawbar or a semi-trailer. The traction force on the loaded trailer-dissolution is transmitted from pipe carriers through a towing device and a drawbar, for lashers - directly by pipes (lashes) mounted on a tractor and a two-axle trailer-dissolution. The number of simultaneously transported pipes is set based on the carrying capacity of the road train. In multi-row laying, pipes are tied with a safety rope. For the transportation of insulated pipes in urban areas, specialized pipe semi-trailers are usually used with hydraulic unloading mechanisms that ensure the safety of the insulating layer and the pipe ends prepared for welding during transportation, loading and unloading.

Rice. 2.11. Road train for transportation of pipes

On fig. 2.11, a, a truck tractor with a semi-trailer-pipe carrier with a carrying capacity of t equipped with two (front and rear) hydraulic unloading mechanisms 2 is shown. The semi-trailer is equipped with front and rear metal safety shields 5 that prevent axial movement of pipes during transportation. The unloading mechanism consists of a telescopic boom (Fig. 2.11, c), extended by a built-in hydraulic cylinder, and two telescopic hydraulic cylinders for turning the boom with a cargo grip for pipes in a vertical plane. On fig. 2.11, b, c shows the positions of the boom, respectively, before unloading and at the end of unloading. The stability of the road train is provided by folding supports 6. The control panel for unloading mechanisms is located in the front of the semi-trailer. Pipe carriers and pole carriers are equipped with overall signals. The carrying capacity of automobile pipe carriers is 9 ... 12 tons, pole carriers - 6 ... 19 tons.

For the transportation of large-sized reinforced concrete structures and parts from manufacturing plants to construction sites, specialized trailers and semi-trailers are used: panel carriers, farm carriers, bulk carriers, plate carriers, block carriers and sanitary cab carriers. The choice of vehicle type is determined by the dimensions, weight and conditions of transportation of products.

Panel carriers (Fig. 2.12, a) are made in the form of semi-trailers for truck tractors and are designed to transport wall panels, ceilings, partitions, slabs, flights of stairs, etc. in a vertical or steeply inclined position. There are truss and frame semi-trailers-panel carriers. The supporting metal frame of truss panel carriers is made in the form of a spatial truss ("ridge") of trapezoidal (Fig. 2.12, b) or rectangular section or in the form of two flat longitudinal trusses interconnected by front and rear support platforms and horizontal ties (Fig. 2.12, V). The backbone truss is located along the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the semi-trailer, and the transported panels are in cassettes on both sides of it at an angle of 8 ... 12 ° to the vertical. The front and rear platforms of the truss have handrails for riggers. For panel trucks with flat trusses, the panels are arranged in several rows vertically in a cassette between the trusses. Some designs of panel carriers also have additional side inclined cassettes for transporting shortened panels in one row (Fig. 2.12, d), which makes it possible to better use the load capacity of the road train. For fastening the panels, screw clamps, clamping strips and ropes tightened with a hand winch are used.

Frame trailers-panel carriers (Fig. 2.12, e) have a frame that carries the cassette and takes the main load. The panels are installed inside the cassette on a wooden deck and are kept from lateral movement by clamping screws. The front part of the semi-trailers-panel carriers rests on the fifth wheel coupling of the tractor, and the rear part - on a single-axle or two-axle bogie with steerable or non-steerable wheels.

Rice. 2.12. panel carriers

In cramped conditions of urban development, panel carriers with steerable rear bogies are usually used, which improve the maneuverability of the road train. Modern panel carrier semi-trailers are equipped with separately controlled hydraulic supports with double-acting hydraulic cylinders operating from the vehicle’s hydraulic system and have an automatic coupling with a tractor, which allows mounting directly from the panel carriers (mounting from “wheels”), more efficiently using the base vehicle that can serve several interchangeable semi-trailers (shuttle method of operation) and carry out loading and unloading of the panel carrier on uneven ground. Carrying capacity of semi-trailers-panel haulers 9…22 t.

Truss and frame panel carriers can be converted into platform-type semi-trailers and used to transport slabs, beams, foundation blocks and other goods. This increases their versatility and mileage utilization by allowing the machine to be loaded while driving in reverse.

Long base truss semi-trailers are designed to transport trusses 12…30 m long, installed and fixed in a position close to the working one. Semi-trailers-farm locomotives have a truss or beam structure with a cassette platform and a two-axle bogie with twin wheels. In conditions of cramped construction sites, semi-trailers with a hydraulically controlled bogie are used, in which each wheel turns to the appropriate angle depending on the angle of the “folding” of the road train.

On fig. 2.13 shows a truss trailer for transporting trusses of any design up to 24 m long and up to 2.5 m high. 4. The wheels of the trolley are automatically controlled by a hydraulically driven servo system. The front mobile support of the semi-trailer is installed along the frame, depending on the length of the transported trusses, and is moved using a hand winch. The truss rests on the cargo platforms of the frame and is fixed in its upper belt with clamping screws. The carrying capacity of semi-trailers-farm locomotives is 10 ... 22 tons.

Rice. 2.13. Road train-farm locomotive

Semi-trailers-sanitation cabins and block carriers are designed for transportation of volumetric elements of residential and industrial buildings (unified sanitary cabins, block rooms, marches), technological equipment (sections of elevators, transformers, boilers, bunkers, tanks, etc.) and containers. By design, they have much in common with frame-type panel carriers and are distinguished by a low location of the cargo area and the absence of special means of fastening.

Rice. 2.14. Santekhkabinovoz

The semi-trailer-sanitation cabin carrier (Fig. 2.14) is a cassette-type frame welded from bent and rolled profiles, the front part of which rests on the fifth wheel coupling device of the tractor vehicle, and the rear part rests on a single- or two-axle bogie with steered or non-steered wheels. They are equipped with mechanical or controlled hydraulic support devices. Load capacity 4…30 t.

Semi-trailers-plate carriers are used for transportation of floor slabs and coatings in a horizontal position, as well as beams, columns, crossbars, lumber, etc. The supporting part of the loading platform of a slab carrier is a back frame with consoles for flooring and retractable side racks. Semi-trailers have a single-axle or two-axle rear bogie. Some designs of plate carriers are made with a sliding telescopic frame. Load capacity of slab carriers up to 22 tons.

Three-, four- and six-axle multi-wheeled trailers and semi-trailers with a carrying capacity of 20 ... 120 tons with a low-lying platform are used to transport heavy-weight large-sized equipment and construction vehicles. Trailers are transported by ballast automobile tractors, and semi-trailers - by truck tractors. Heavy-duty trailers and semi-trailers are equipped with hydraulic lifting mechanisms for lowering the platform during loading and raising it when transporting goods. For loading and unloading cargo, a winch is installed on the tractor, driven by the car's power take-off.

The main directions for the development of specialized vehicles are: expanding their mass production and range with a simultaneous decrease in the number of standard sizes, creating multi-purpose vehicles, improving cargo securing mechanisms, supporting, clamping and handling devices, increasing unit load capacity and wide unification of vehicles.

The need to create specialized vehicles is associated with a variety of transported goods. This applies primarily to the transportation of construction cargo: large-sized building structures of various configurations, bulk non-metallic materials and other types of cargo necessary for industrial and civil construction. For the transportation of industrial, commercial and agricultural goods, a variety of specialized rolling stock is required: container carriers, container carriers, timber carriers, pipe carriers, metal carriers, cars equipped with self-unloading devices, etc. Inventors and rationalizers of Leningrad automobile enterprises and car repair plants, as well as designers and developers and create new models of specialized vehicles that contribute to the mechanization of loading and unloading operations and ultimately increase labor productivity in road transport.

The T-325A model dump trailer is designed to work as part of road trains with Tatra-148SZ, Tatra-815SZ dump trucks and is used for transporting bulk materials. The trailer consists of a welded frame made of channels No. 14 and 12. A coupling device is located in the front part of the frame, brackets for mounting the hydraulic lift are mounted in the middle part, rear axle suspension brackets are welded in the rear part of the frame.

The trailer platform is a welded structure of rolled and bent profiles, its internal dimensions are 3224X2350X618 mm. The platform tilts to the sides. Side boards are suspended on the top hinges, locks of boards - lever type. Trailer axle suspension is made on longitudinal semi-elliptical springs. Wheels are diskless, with onboard and locking rings.

The pneumatic drive is carried out according to single-wire ("Tatra" -148СЗ) and two-wire ("Tatra" -815СЗ) schemes. The parking brake has a manual mechanical drive only on the rear axle pads; a ratchet device is used to fix the drive.

The trailer is equipped with a telescopic hydraulic lift from a dump truck MA3-503.

A-978 model semi-trailer (Fig. 1) is intended for transportation of sanitary cabins with overall dimensions not exceeding 2700X1600X X2600 mm, as well as silt, blocks and containers. This low loader semi-trailer has three loading platforms (one cabin is installed on the front and rear, three cabins on the middle one).

The platform of the semi-trailer is a welded structure of a stepped shape with longitudinal bearing beams. The support and wheel frames have three-sided protection. The axle with wheels and springs as an assembly is borrowed from the MA3-93801 semi-trailer. The pneumatic drive of the brakes is carried out according to a single-wire circuit.

The MAZ-5429 (MAZ-504) or K.amAZ-5410 tractor is used as the main truck tractor.

A cassette-type semi-trailer model A-490-P2 (Fig. 2) is used for transportation of building reinforced concrete flat wall panels and three-dimensional products. The semi-trailer frame has a welded structure, made of channel No. 20, in the upper part along the entire length it is closed by the upper truss belt, and in the middle part - by the lower truss belt. Side farms form a cassette in the middle part of the semi-trailer.

Rice. 1. Semi-trailer-sankabinovoz model A-978

Rice. 2. Cassette-type semi-trailer model A-490-P2

Rice. 3. Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2-PS-2

Rice. 4. Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2-PS-3

The supporting device, suspension and axle are borrowed from the MAZ-5245 semi-trailer. The supporting device consists of two screw jacks hinged to the frame of the semi-trailer. The suspension is made on two longitudinal semi-elliptical springs. The ladders and upper platforms of the semi-trailer have guards for the safe work of riggers. The main semi-trailer tractor is the MAZ-504A truck tractor.

The cassette-type semi-trailer was manufactured at the car repair plant of the Lenavtoremont production association according to the drawings of the Glavlenavtotrans design and technology bureau.

Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2 is available in three modifications: 84A2-PS-1 - for transportation of bulk building materials with a large specific gravity; 84A2-PS-2 (Fig. 1.3) - for the transportation of ordinary bulk building materials; 84A2-PS-3 (Fig. 1.4) - for the transportation of long building products and materials.

The supporting device of the semi-trailer is unified with the supporting device of the A-483 and A-490 semi-trailers and consists of two screw jacks hinged on the frame. The axle with wheels and suspension assembly is taken from the semi-trailer MA3-93801.

The semi-trailer is equipped with two hydraulic cylinders from a ZIL-MMZ-555 dump truck. It is possible to install hydraulic cylinders from ZIL-MMZ-4502 and MAZ-5549 cars.

The main tractor of the semi-trailer-dump truck is a MAZ-5429 truck tractor with hydraulic equipment or a KamAZ-5410 tractor with hydraulic equipment.

A tractor with a lifting fifth wheel based on the ZIL-130 model A-824 is used in the territories of transshipment bases, freight stations and other cargo-generating facilities, where there is a constant need to transport semi-trailers over short distances to places of loading and unloading. To perform these operations, auto enterprises use shunting tractors with a lifting fifth wheel based on a standard ZIL-130 vehicle. The design of the tractor, made at the suggestion of innovators of the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans, eliminates the need for mechanical lifting of the semi-trailer road wheels and frees linear vehicles from unproductive work on cargo areas.

Re-equipment of a standard ZIL-130 vehicle into a shunting tractor is not particularly difficult and can be performed in a car company. To do this, a lifting frame is installed on the frame of the ZIL-130 car, the front end of which is hinged to the bracket, and the rear end to the hydraulic lift rods. Hydraulic lifts (2 pcs.) Used from the car ZIL-MMZ-555. A saddle device, borrowed from the ZIL-130V1 tractor car, is mounted on the lifting frame. Saddle lift height - 300 mm. The frame spars are interconnected by a base plate, in the front part of which there are guide slides to facilitate the coupling of the tractor with the semi-trailer.

The fifth wheel coupling is connected to the lifting frame by a brake chamber, which serves to open the fifth wheel lock. The lifting frame in the raised position (for unloading hydraulic cylinders) is held by support shoes; the rotation of the shoes is carried out through the second brake chamber mounted on the cross member of the lifting frame. The brake chambers are controlled through pneumatic actuators from the cab.

The entire installation of the lifting and coupling device is carried out without dismantling or any modification of the chassis of the ZIL-130 car. Wiring of signaling and lighting devices is carried out according to the electrical circuit of the ZIL-130V1 tractor.

Rice. 5. Potato Car

The potato carrier shown in Fig. 5 is made on the basis of the GAZ-53 car.

The existing methods of transporting potatoes (in flatbed trucks, vans, containers, pallets, various containers) do not provide proper mechanization of loading and unloading operations and the safety of potatoes in the cold season. .

The main equipment of a potato carrier is a special bunker body with a retractable belt conveyor. The bunker body of the frame type has

U-shaped base. Outside, the body of the bunker is sheathed with sheet iron. Inside, the lining is wooden, protecting the potatoes from impacts and at the same time serving as a heat insulator. The vertical walls of the bunker are covered with heat-insulating material sheathed with plywood.

There is a loading hatch in the roof of the bunker, which is opened and closed with a handle through a system of blocks on the rear wall of the bunker. The unloading hatch is closed by a slide gate, above which a tedder lever is mounted in the socket. The lever is driven by a handle on the left side of the hopper. For free rolling of potatoes, the unloading hatch over the skin is covered with an aluminum sheet. To monitor the loading and unloading of potatoes, a viewing window is provided in the left wall of the bunker.

The belt conveyor has drive and tension drums. The drive is an electric motor with a power of 1.3 kW. The electric motor is powered from the city network 220 V.

An electric motor with a drive drum is located at the front of the conveyor under the hopper. The rear part of the conveyor with the tension drum in the transport position partially protrudes beyond the bunker. When unloading, it can be raised to the required height (up to 2300 mm) from the surface level of the car parking area. In the working and transport positions, the conveyor is fixed with a locking device. The conveyor control panel is located in a cabinet on the rear wall of the hopper.

When unloading the bunker, the potato carrier is installed with the rear end of the conveyor against the storage room at a distance of at least 2 m from the wall of the building, the conveyor is raised to the desired height to the place of receiving the cargo, and the electric motor is turned on using the connecting cable. Upon completion of unloading, the conveyor is set to the transport position, then the power supply of the electric motor is turned off. With the loading hatch and slide gate closed, the vehicle is ready to move.

The potato carrier provides for air heating of the bunker due to heat removal from the exhaust pipeline. Air circulation is carried out by a fan of the driver's cabin heating system.

The technical documentation for the car-potato-cart is in the design and technology bureau of Glavlenavtotrans.

Semi-trailer-panel transporter model A-483 of the spinal type is designed for transportation of house-building panels up to 7.5 m long. The panel transporter is a welded frame structure that provides transportation of panels in an inclined position. The semi-trailer-panel carrier works in conjunction with the MAZ-5429 tractor.

The semi-trailer was developed in the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans.

A semi-trailer for the transport of building products in a vertical position (Fig. 1.6) provides transportation of various types of building products, including structures that need to be transported in a suspended state, such as T-shaped frames. The semi-trailer consists of a welded frame made of two longitudinal trusses. The trusses are connected by crossbars, which form a closed cassette in the middle part, which serves to transport wall panels. For transportation of structures such as T-shaped frames in a suspended state, movable transverse beams with rollers and locking devices are installed on the upper chords of the longitudinal trusses. To prevent transverse movement of building structures, the movable beams are equipped with side vertical rollers.

Rice. 6. Semi-trailer for transportation of building products in a vertical position

The semi-trailer is towed by a truck tractor made on the basis of the KrAZ vehicle.

Van model 84A15 is designed for transportation of industrial and food cargo. It is mounted on the chassis of GAZ-52-28 or GAZ-53-27 LPG vehicles. The van is made of metal, its frame is made of a rectangular profile, the outer casing of the frame is made of a steel sheet 0.8 mm thick. On the front and side walls of the van there are wooden lattice-type bars. There is a double door in the rear wall, securely locked with a special rod lock with a device that ensures the safety of the seal from damage. For ease of entry and exit from the van, a retractable folding ladder is located at the rear door, which is mounted under the floor of the van in the transport position.

The body-van model 79A2, designed for the transportation of bakery products in containers, is installed on a GAZ-52-01 car. The body has a welded frame made of rectangular tubes. Outside, the frame is sheathed with sheet metal 0.8 mm thick, inside the ceiling and walls are upholstered with plywood, the floor is made of boards 25 mm thick, the top of the frame is covered with galvanized sheet.

For the convenience of loading and unloading containers, there are two guides from an unequal corner with stops, fastened with pins to the base of the van, and two clamps that press the containers to the front wall of the van and protect them from longitudinal displacement.

The van has five doors - four doors on the right side and one in the back. The doors are welded, double-leaf, equipped with internal upper and lower locks, sheathed with sheet steel on the outside, plywood on the inside.

The van has natural ventilation, fenders and a drain. Ventilation hatches are located in the front and rear walls of the van.

Rice. 7. Trolley for towing defective light vehicles

The van body was developed by the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans and manufactured at the car repair plant of the Lenavtoremont production association.

A trolley for towing faulty light vehicles (Fig. 7) is designed for towing vehicles NYSA, ZHUK, ErAZ, UAZ, etc. The axle of the trolley is made of a thick-walled pipe with a diameter of 130 mm. Hubs from the NYSA-522 car are mounted on the axle. Truck wheels are used from a UAZ car. Wheel track width - 1400 mm.

The bogie axle passes through a box section drawbar made of 10 mm thick sheet steel. A towing loop is welded to the front of the drawbar, the rear of the drawbar is a support platform, on which a hydraulic jack with a lifting capacity of 5 tons is installed. Two vertical posts 240 mm long are welded to the middle part of the drawbar, interconnected by a steel jumper. Details are made of channel No. 10.

Lifting paws are pivotally mounted on vertical racks, resting in their middle part on hinge racks. At the end of the paw, a turntable is fixed for installing a towed vehicle. The trolley is provided with a safety device in the form of a steel pin for fixing the car in a suspended state. The cart is equipped with a brake light and turn signals.

The towing trolley is successfully used by the trucking enterprise No. 71 of Glavlenavtotrans, it gives a significant economic effect and ensures the safe transportation of out-of-service vehicles. The authors of the proposal are L. I. Fomin and A. A. Zinin.

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what's happened? Types and purpose of transport

The movement of people and goods is an absolute necessity of society. For their implementation, there are special means - transport. What he is, even a child knows. However, it is a complex system that requires absolute understanding.

concept

From the point of view of an integrated approach, the named concept can be considered as follows:

The totality of all existing methods of movement.
Branch of economy and production.
System integration of all modes of transportation and related infrastructure.

In a generalized sense, transport is:

a link between cities, countries and continents;
the main component of any production;
means of moving people, as well as providing them with vital goods.

As a branch of production, it consists of:

from the object of labor - the actual transportation;
means of labor - rolling stock;
the work being done – managing them.

Functions

Given the absolute need for it, transport has entered into all spheres of life. It has many functions:

Economic. It acts as a means of labor in the extraction and provision of the state with minerals: oil, gas, coal, ore, precious metals. It makes possible and accessible the specialization of industries simultaneously with their cooperation. It is the main link in the domestic and international trade of any country.
Social. It manifests itself in providing opportunities to live, work and rest in different parts of the settlement, country, mainland, planet and simplify human labor.
Cultural significance lies in the opportunities to exchange experiences and values, visit any culturally rich places, replenish with new works of art.
The political role is to establish international and trade relations.
Military - in providing the army with the possibility of peaceful and armed movements, medical care and food.

Thus, regardless of the type and features, transport is an integral part of the state and society.

Classification

All existing methods of movement can be divided into two main groups: the environment for the implementation of the main activity and the service area.

Depending on the environment, the following groups and types are distinguished:

Ground: rail, wheel.
Underground (metro).
Air (aviation).
Space.
Water and underwater.
Pipeline.

By type of service sector, there are:

Public transport.
Means of a special purpose.
Transport for personal use.

Types of public transport are represented by a set of rolling stock for the movement of goods and passengers, aimed at performing their characteristic economic, social, cultural, and sometimes political functions.

The most important public transport options include rail, road, water, air and pipeline transport. What each of the groups is, we will consider further.

Horse-drawn and pack transport

Horse-drawn transport can be considered the prototype of all land vehicles. Since antiquity and until the beginning of the 20th century, it performed all the functions corresponding to the current transport industry. At the same time, it served as an incentive to search for more technological and productive ways to move goods and passengers.

Depending on the territorial features, horses, donkeys, bulls, elephants, deer, dogs, camels were exploited. Animals were used for riding or harnessed to transport carts, wagons, carriages.

Pack transport was used for off-road (mountains, deserts, taiga) - animals with packs on their backs were led by leashes.

With the development of rail and road communications, it gradually went out of public use, moving into rare personal use.

Water transport

Water sea transport also has ancient roots dating back to the III-II millennium BC. e., and was the only way to implement international trade and the conquest of overseas countries.

Today it is divided into sea and river. Its advantages include:

lower energy costs than railway and automobile;
no need to build communication routes;
the ability to transport bulky non-urgent cargo over long distances, as well as where it is complicated or too expensive to build bridges.

Flaws:

Weather dependent.
Low movement speed.
The high cost of building ports and docks.
The possibilities of the river are limited by the patency of the rivers.

An important feature of loading and unloading operations is the need to involve several types of transport within the framework of one port facility, namely road and rail.

Railway transport

It is a freight and passenger transport, the work of which is based on the movement of rolling stock along specially equipped tracks - rails. Its advantages:

Versatility, independence from weather conditions, reliability.
High cargo and passenger capacity, which makes it possible to implement the movement of large flows in small time intervals.
The possibility of direct deliveries from the manufacturer, if there are appropriate access roads.
Good speed.
The comfort of passenger travel.

If we consider the types of freight transport, then the railway occupies a leading position in the transportation of non-valuable, oversized cargo, including timber, grain, coal, building materials, and products of the oil refining industry. Containerization is used if necessary.

Flaws:

Capital intensity and engineering difficulties in building communication lines and rolling stock.
Limited direction of railways, maneuvers and simultaneous movement of several trains.
Almost always requires previous or subsequent use of vehicles, which is reflected in the total costs.
Difficulties in loading and unloading.
International traffic is often hampered by the difference in gauge.

Cargo turnover averages 40-50% in the Russian Federation and 15-20% in the world market. The corresponding passenger turnover in Russia is 30% and 10% in the world. Thus, it is a productive and reliable transport.

What is a steam locomotive - our ancestors knew. Today, its future lies in the electrification of railway lines. Modernization of communication lines and rolling stock, along with the comprehensive introduction of high-speed technologies, is a stable prospect for increasing the profitability of the industry.

Automotive

The types of public transport are represented by the automotive industry - the most mobile, technological and exploited. At the same time, it represents personal, special and departmental vehicles and their infrastructure. The share of Russian road freight traffic is only 4-6%, global - 8-10%. Automobile passenger transportation in the Russian Federation takes 30-40% of all carried out, while in the world - 70-75%.

Advantages:

Mobility, the possibility of direct deliveries without the use of intermediate types of movement.
Advantage in the transportation of valuable, fragile and perishable goods, including small volumes.
A method of food delivery, including to hard-to-reach regions.
Variety of vehicles by load capacity and body type.
Good speed, low cost and ease of passenger movement.
The simplicity of the paths.

Flaws:

Energy intensity, negative impact on the environment.
High cost.
Insignificant carrying capacity, in comparison with the capabilities of other types.
The minimum degree of passenger comfort.
A significant degree of wear and tear of the rolling stock.
Dependence on compliance with traffic safety. The presence of risks associated with them downtime and additional capital losses.

Passenger transport is almost half represented by automobiles. It remains the leader among the options for moving within the locality and the country. For international, and especially intercontinental, rail, water or aviation are used.

Air

Airplanes and helicopters are the highest human achievement, literally and figuratively, which greatly simplifies the solution of super-complex tasks, which include: moving over long distances at high speed, delivering medicines or humanitarian aid to areas of natural disasters and catastrophes, performing complex actions in construction, firefighting, evacuation, agriculture and more.

Advantages:

High speed.
Decent level of passenger comfort.
Possibilities of transportation of valuable and perishable goods.
Do not require the construction of communication lines.

Flaws:

Low security.
The need for the highest qualification of pilots and dispatchers.
Meteorological dependence.
Significant capital intensity and cost.
Limitation of cargo transportation.

Along with significant risks and high costs, it occupies about 20% of the world's passenger traffic.

Pipeline

The totality of pipe-like ways of moving liquid and gaseous "goods" over long distances is pipeline transport. With its help, they provide interregional, international and intercontinental supply of oil and gas. The work is carried out using the pressure difference in the system and their regulation, respectively, transport workers are represented by dispatchers and controllers of points.

The advantages include manufacturability, high performance and availability in any conditions. The disadvantages are high safety and compliance requirements, continuous monitoring and a narrow focus of the system.

It is extremely necessary to ensure a comfortable life for the population, since the possibility of convenient cooking and the level of heat in dwellings during the cold season depend on its functioning.

The most important system of any society is transport. What is a state without territory and population, without industry, cultural heritage and opportunities for movement? It is the bloodstream of any country and the world as a whole. It is the problem of ecology, but also, which is quite possible, the salvation of mankind.

Specialized vehicles

The most common in construction are dump trucks consisting of a dump truck and a dump trailer or a truck tractor and a dump truck semi-trailer (Fig. 2.7, b).

Rice. 2.7. Dump trucks

Rice. 2.8. Self-loaders and container trucks

Rice. 2.9. Car-loader with onboard manipulator

Rice. 2.10. Placement of onboard manipulators on vehicles

Rice. 2.11. Road train for transportation of pipes

Rice. 2.12. panel carriers

Rice. 2.13. Road train-farm locomotive

Rice. 2.14. Santekhkabinovoz

The trailer is equipped with a telescopic hydraulic lift from a dump truck MA3-503.

The MAZ-5429 (MAZ-504) or K.amAZ-5410 tractor is used as the main truck tractor.

Rice. 1. Semi-trailer-sankabinovoz model A-978

Rice. 2. Cassette-type semi-trailer model A-490-P2

Rice. 3. Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2-PS-2

Rice. 4. Semi-trailer dump truck model 84A2-PS-3

The supporting device, suspension and axle are borrowed from the MAZ-5245 semi-trailer. The supporting device consists of two screw jacks hinged to the frame of the semi-trailer. The suspension is made on two longitudinal semi-elliptical springs. The ladders and upper platforms of the semi-trailer have guards for the safe work of riggers. The main tractor of the semi-trailer is the MAZ-504A truck tractor.

The cassette-type semi-trailer was manufactured at the car repair plant of the Lenavtoremont production association according to the drawings of the Glavlenavtotrans design and technology bureau.

The semi-trailer is equipped with two hydraulic cylinders from a ZIL-MMZ-555 dump truck. It is possible to install hydraulic cylinders from ZIL-MMZ-4502 and MAZ-5549 cars.

The main tractor of the semi-trailer-dump truck is a MAZ-5429 truck tractor with hydraulic equipment or a KamAZ-5410 tractor with hydraulic equipment.

Re-equipment of a standard ZIL-130 vehicle into a shunting tractor is not particularly difficult and can be performed in a car company. To do this, a lifting frame is installed on the frame of the ZIL-130 car, the front end of which is hinged to the bracket, and the rear end to the hydraulic lift rods. Hydraulic lifts (2 pieces) were used from the ZIL-MMZ-555 car. A saddle device, borrowed from the ZIL-130V1 tractor car, is mounted on the lifting frame. Saddle lift height - 300 mm. The frame spars are interconnected by a base plate, in the front part of which there are guide slides to facilitate the coupling of the tractor with the semi-trailer.

Rice. 5. Potato Car

The potato carrier shown in Fig. 5, made on the basis of the GAZ-53 car.

The main equipment of a potato carrier is a special bunker body with a retractable belt conveyor. The bunker body of the frame type has

The belt conveyor has drive and tension drums. The drive is an electric motor with a power of 1.3 kW. The electric motor is powered from the city network 220 V.

The potato carrier provides for air heating of the bunker due to heat removal from the exhaust pipeline. Air circulation is carried out by a fan of the driver's cabin heating system.

The technical documentation for the car-potato-cart is in the design and technology bureau of Glavlenavtotrans.

The semi-trailer was developed in the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans.

Rice. 6. Semi-trailer for transportation of building products in a vertical position

The semi-trailer is towed by a truck tractor made on the basis of the KrAZ vehicle.

Van model 84A15 is designed for transportation of industrial and food cargo. It is installed on the chassis of LPG vehicles GAZ-52-28 or GAZ-53-27. The van is made of metal, its frame is made of a rectangular profile, the outer casing of the frame is made of a steel sheet 0.8 mm thick. On the front and side walls of the van there are wooden lattice-type bars. There is a double door in the rear wall, securely locked with a special rod lock with a device that ensures the safety of the seal from damage. For ease of entry and exit from the van, a retractable folding ladder is located at the rear door, which is mounted under the floor of the van in the transport position.

The van has natural ventilation, fenders and a drain. Ventilation hatches are located in the front and rear walls of the van.

Rice. 7. Trolley for towing defective light vehicles

The van body was developed by the design and technological bureau of Glavlenavtotrans and manufactured at the car repair plant of the Lenavtoremont production association.

A trolley for towing faulty light vehicles (Fig. 7) is designed for towing vehicles NYSA, ZHUK, ErAZ, UAZ, etc. The axle of the trolley is made of a thick-walled pipe with a diameter of 130 mm. Hubs from the NYSA -522 car are mounted on the axle. The bogie wheels are used from a UAZ car. Wheel track width - 1400 mm.

TO Category: - Transporting and handling machines

Following the development of mass production of universal trucks, it became necessary to produce specialized vehicles on their basis, that is, vehicles specially adapted for transporting certain types of goods: dump trucks for bulk goods, tanks for liquids, isothermal vans for perishable goods, etc. Equally, the national economy of the country showed demand for the so-called special cars-machines, the chassis of which was not used to transport any goods, but to transport various special equipment: fire fighting, construction, and utility services.

Dump trucks made up the most numerous group among the specialized ones. During the years of the second five-year plan, the scope of construction reached a scale at which it was impossible to do without the mechanization of work. Soil removal, delivery of crushed stone, concrete and other bulk materials - the scope of dump trucks. Heavy-duty machines are the most cost-effective. Therefore, the role of a pioneer in the production of dump trucks went to the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant.

The design of our first dump truck YaS-1 with a Hill-type lift on the chassis of the YaG-4 truck began in August 1934. Its wooden body with a volume of 5 ml was tilted back at an angle of 50 "by two hydraulic cylinders. Oil was supplied to them under pressure by a gear pump driven by the cardan shaft from the gearbox.The pump is made in a block with hydraulic cylinders - all hydraulic drives operating under a pressure of 20 kgf / cm 2, in the form of drillings in a common crankcase.Thus, the possibility of fluid leakage through the connecting fittings of external hydraulic lines was excluded. The body lift took 20 s, descent - 18.

Of course, additional dumping equipment made the car heavier. The curb weight of the YAS-1 was 5640 kg - 890 kg more than the YAG-4. Therefore, the load capacity of the dump truck did not exceed 4 tons.

Serial production of YaS-1 began in January 1935. Already that year, 261 dump trucks left the gates of YaAZ, in 1936 - 700, and then an average of 1000 trucks per year. Thus, the plant produced almost half of its cars with dump bodies. With the transition to the basic cargo model YaG-6 in May 1936, its dump modification YaS-3 also appeared, also with a carrying capacity of 4 tons. With the development of the YaG-7 production, it was planned to make the YaS-4 dump truck, but it remained a prototype.

Another dump truck produced in the prewar years by our industry is the GAZ-410. It was manufactured in Gorky on the GAZ-AA chassis by the Sverdlov plant. This machine unloaded due to the rotation of the loading platform around a horizontal axis under the action of the load. For overturning, it was enough for the driver to release the stoppers that fix the loaded platform in a horizontal position. Since the mass of the tipping mechanism was 270 kg, the load capacity of the dump truck did not exceed 1300 kg.

Various transport organizations and car repair plants in the pre-war period produced small batches of dump trucks on the ZIS-5 chassis, mainly of the inertial type (like the GAZ-410). There were also attempts to use hydraulic lifts such as YaS-1 or YaS-3. Among them, an interesting design was proposed by the Aremz Moscow car repair plant - a hydraulic dump truck with a tipping body on three sides, made on the ZIS-5 chassis. Unloading took 7-8 s.

In Leningrad, the 2nd ATUL car repair plant carried out small-scale production of dump trucks on the ZIS-5 chassis with a horizontal hydraulic cylinder - a kind of Wood type lift. The piston rod of its piston rested through the roller on the segment fixed on the bottom of the platform and, acting on it, overturned the body. High contact stresses in the "roller-segment" pair and oil leakage through the joints of the pipelines connecting the hydraulic pump driven by the gearbox with the hydraulic cylinder became an obstacle to the further spread of this scheme.

Trust "Mosavtogruz" equipped a batch of ZIS-5 chassis with tipper bodies equipped with a manual lift. This is a column of channels mounted between the cab and the cargo platform. By means of a cable wound on the drum of a manual winch and blocks installed on top of the column in 4 minutes. the body could be tilted back at an angle of 48 °.

On a small scale, specialized self-unloading machines for transporting bricks and cement were manufactured. Among them, the design of the Moscow trust "Mosavtogruz" should be singled out, which in 1937 equipped seven YAG-4 trucks for its transport needs (transportation of cement). These cement trucks had a bunker-type body with an auger placed in its recess for unloading cement. The auger was driven by a gearbox, and a double hatch in the roof of the bunker was used to load cement.

Gantry vehicles used to transport lumber, pipes, containers have been produced in our country since 1934. Their design is specific. The cargo, fixed with grippers, is transported under the frame of the car, raised high above the road. All wheels mounted on high racks have independent spring suspension. All four wheels are steerable, and a reversible gearbox is provided in the transmission to increase maneuverability.

The first Soviet portal cars of the SK-5 and SK-7 models began to be produced by the Severny Kommunar plant in Vologda. They were equipped with GAZ-AA engines and had a chain drive to the drive wheels. SK-5 could transport 4.5 tons of cargo in stacks or containers and reach a speed of 25 km/h, and SK-7, respectively, 7 j and 30 km/h.

In the history of the development of domestic automotive technology, the portal SK-5 is the first design with independent suspension of all wheels. The later model SK-7 is interesting with the installation of the engine in the rear of the car and the front (!) Drive wheels.

Since 1936, the entire production of cars of this type was transferred to the Solombala Machine-Building Plant in Arkhangelsk. His model "Solombalets-5-S-2" with a carrying capacity of 5 tons, like the SK-7, has front drive wheels with a chain drive and a rear-mounted power unit from the ZIS-5. In 1939-1940. the plant created the car "5-S-Z" with a gas generator, as well as "5-S-5" with the ZIS-5 engine located in front.

For the transportation of petroleum products, tanks with a capacity of 3000 liters were widely used, which since the mid-30s. produced on the ZIS-5 chassis by the Leningrad plant "Primet". They were equipped with a manual pump for refueling, pistols for dispensing fuel. Many enterprises, which, alas, remained nameless for history, not to mention the indices of their specialized vehicles, made tanks on the YaG-4 chassis for watering the streets with water, built specially equipped tanks on the ZIS-5 chassis for transporting live fish.

A rather large group of specialized vehicles consisted of bread trucks, vans for the delivery of ice cream, meat products, and butter. They were also made by small scattered body shops using artisanal technology: a wooden frame sheathed with steel sheet, mounted on a truck frame. Apparently, it was possible to produce centrally at one large enterprise all these specialized all-metal, more durable and cheaper bodies with mechanized production. At the same time, a wide unification of fittings, corner curly panels and other elements would become possible. This question was repeatedly raised in special magazines in those years, but the automotive industry could not solve it.

The production of semi-trailers was not organized, which would allow the most cost-effective solution to the problem of specialized transport.

Attempts to create truck tractors date back to the beginning of the 30s. These are AMO-7, released in 1932, and Ya-12D, designed by NATI specialists and built in 1933 in Yaroslavl. From the basic cargo model I-5 with an onboard platform, the latter differed in a fifth wheel coupling, an increased final drive ratio and a shortened base. I-12D could tow a single-axle semi-trailer with a carrying capacity of 10 tons, and AMO-7 - 6 tons.

the stop of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, issued in January 1937, ordered the factories of Narkomtyazhmash, Narkomvnudel, Narkomles and Narkommestprom to organize the production of 27 thousand single-axle and two-axle trailers, as well as semi-trailers and a thousand ZIS-10 truck tractors. This program was only partially completed...

ZIS-10 was a modification of the ZIS-5 truck. Its curb weight was 27,800 kg, it retained the same wheelbase as the ZIS-5, but the main gear ratio was increased from 6.41 to 8.42, and the top speed was reduced from 60 to 48 km/h. The corresponding universal single-axle trailer NATI-PPD could carry 6 tons of cargo and had mechanical brakes. These tractors and trailers then existed in very limited quantities.

Thus, in the pre-war period, specialized bodies were carried out in overwhelming numbers on the chassis of trucks, and not trailers or semi-trailers. Their production was carried out at small, sometimes handicraft-equipped enterprises.

k, the production of grain vans on the AMO-3 and ZIS-5 chassis in Moscow for many years was carried out by the Aremkuz plant. He had extensive experience in bodybuilding, since since 1928 he had been making new bus bodies on the Leyland, Ya-6, AMO-4 and ZIS-8 chassis. Moreover, in the early 30s he mastered luxury bus bodies on chassis ZIS-8, sedan body on the GAZ-A chassis, and until the end of 1935 produced a total of 750 different bodies.

In the production of grain trucks, Aremkuz competed with the body plant of the Transport Reconstruction Plant (KRT) in Moscow, which in 1935 sharply increased the production of outwardly attractive luxury vans on the ZIS-8 and GAZ-AA chassis for transporting bread, as well as flour, fabrics , dishes, finished dress. By the middle of 1935, KRT had produced 295 grain vans, including 68 luxury streamlined ones, and by the end of 1935 it was supposed to reach the milestone of 600 bodies.

Since the automotive industry could not provide the meat processing plants with the necessary specialized transport for transporting finished meat products to retail outlets, the auto depot workshops at these plants themselves undertook the construction of the bodies they needed. So, in 1935, the workshops of the auto depot of the Mikoyan Meat Processing Plant (MAB MKIM) in Moscow mastered the manufacture of small batches of very beautiful delivery vans on the ZIS-8 and GAZ-AA chassis for meat products. The first model with a carrying capacity of 1800 kg had an isothermal body, where there were 64 boxes for finished products in four compartments, the second one had three compartments for 45 boxes.

In turn, the Leningrad meat-packing plant in 1934 began to make isothermal meat vans with cork-insulated walls.

Even the manufacture of isothermal vans in the early 30s. presented a well-known problem, since there was no practical knowledge on the insulating properties of various materials, and often the majority of enterprises opted for felt. Lightweight aluminum-based insulating material - thermofoil - was still a rarity.

Three organizations at once became pioneers in the creation of refrigerated trucks: the All-Union Scientific Institute of the Refrigeration Industry (VNIHI), Giproholod and Glavmoloko. In 1932-1933. they built prototypes of vans on the Ford-AA chassis (VNIHI) and AMO-4 (the other two organizations). Dry ice or an ice-salt mixture served as a source of cold maintenance. The most successful was the Giprokholoda refrigerated truck, and, curiously, it turned out to be the first Soviet car that was blown in the TsAGI full-scale wind tunnel.

Then, in 1934, VNIHI developed two very successful auto-refrigerators on the GAZ-AA and ZIS-5 chassis, the production of which, since 1935, was launched by the Odessa plant "Frigator".

Refrigerators on the ZIS-5 chassis were also mastered in 1937 by the auto body plant of the People's Commissariat for Internal Trade (AKZ-NKVT), for which an annual plan of 400 vehicles was set. Their angular bodies could hardly compete with the Aremkuz grain carriers or the Frigator vans in the elegance of lines. In the AKZ-NKVT van with thermofoil thermal insulation and 0.8 mm thick steel sheet sheathing, there are two chambers cooled by two containers with an ice-salt mixture.

Our industry mastered isothermal milk tanks in 1934. For that time, their design was very progressive - an aluminum body (with a large shortage of this metal in those years) with reliable thermal insulation. The Leningrad dairy plant began to make them on the ZIS-5 chassis.

Specialized vehicles for transporting patients - ambulances began to be produced in the late 1920s. on the AMO-F-15 truck chassis.

According to the project of I.F. Herman, since 1932 such bodies began to be made in small batches by the ambulance car depot in Moscow. At the same time, changes were made to the design of GAZ-AA vehicles, on the chassis of which they were mounted. The front and rear springs were replaced with softer ones, both axles were equipped with hydraulic shock absorbers. Since the load (seven people, including the driver, the patient and the medical staff) was small, the rear axle was equipped not with twin, but with single wheels, and the cars stood out with a narrow rear track. These cars did not have any factory or production designation at all, therefore, to simplify references, we will conditionally assign them the index SP-32, that is, an ambulance of the 1932 model.

Since 1937, in the branch of the Gorky Automobile Plant (since 1939 it was called the Gorky Bus Plant), the production of the GAZ-55 medical vehicle began, the design of which was a further development of the SP-32 model.

Made on the GAZ-MM chassis, this car is of interest from a technical point of view due to the presence of a heater (heater) and a ventilation system in the cabin. GAZ-55 during the war years was widely used to transport the wounded: in its cabin it was possible to transport either four people on a stretcher (including hanging ones) and two on folding seats, or two and five people, respectively.

The curb weight of the GAZ-55 was 2370 kg, and the base and track remained the same as those of the GAZ-MM. The size, however, was different: length - 5425 mm, width - 2040 mm, height - 2340 mm. From 1938 to 1945, 9130 GAZ-55 cars were made.

A more advanced ambulance design, the SP-36, appeared in 1936 as a product of the same motor depot as the SP-32. A beautiful streamlined body and softer wheel suspension set it apart from other cars of the same type.

Along with the SP-36, we should also mention the medical modification ZIS-101, which was produced directly by the ZIS automobile plant, and the ZIS-16S medical bus. It was produced since 1939 and was a simplified modification of the ZIS-16 city bus, the body of which provided for the transportation of ten bedridden patients and ten seated ones. The car was equipped with a towing device at the rear and two tow hooks at the front.

The rapid development of the urban economy during the years of the pre-war five-year plans made not only increased demands on the development of transport for the delivery of food and goods, the transportation of patients, but also on the provision of cities with fire protection and public services.

The role of fire engines among other special vehicles in the 20-30s. was especially large. Not only in small towns, but also in such large ones as Moscow, Kharkov, Gorky, there were many wooden houses that were especially dangerous in case of fires, and water supply sources were not always at hand, especially in small towns without a water supply network. For these conditions, two main types of fire trucks were produced: a line with a crew of fighters, a ladder and other fire fighting equipment, a reel with a sleeve and a pump, and a tank with a sleeve and a pump. For large cities, ladders were also needed, but the need for them was incomparably less. The fire line remained the universal and most common type.

Initially, they were built on the basis of the AMO-F-15 truck, both directly at the AMO plant and at the Leningrad Promet plant.

Since 1931, the Miussky fire engine plant in Moscow has become a specialized enterprise for the production of fire fighting vehicles. It was a branch of the AMO plant (later ZIS), grew out of a small car repair enterprise and made fire trucks until the start of World War II. Then its production profile changed, and in the 80s. its dilapidated buildings, surrounded by modern residential buildings, were demolished.

The Miussky plant (until 1932 it was called Plant No. 6 VATO) from 1926 to 1929 produced 145 vehicles on the AMO-F-15 chassis. But the pump mounted on these low-powered vehicles did not provide sufficient water supply. Their production was curtailed as soon as the AMO-4 chassis appeared. From October 1931, the Miussky Plant began to build new fire trucks on its basis. They carried a combat crew of 12 people (on the line), a supply of 360 liters of water, ladders, 360 m of a fire hose, and, most importantly, their centrifugal pump could supply 1400 liters of water per minute.

At the end of 1932, the plant launched the production of PMG-1 fire trucks based on GAZ-AA, and in 1934, PMZ-1 based on ZIS-11. To increase the reliability and combat readiness of the PMZ-1, they were equipped with magneto ignition.

Tanks with a water pump located in the front of the frame were also mounted on the ZIS-11 chassis - these machines were called PMZ-8, as well as 45-meter Metz-type retractable ladders on a long-shaped three-axle chassis ZIS-6. Such ladders were also installed on YAG-6 vehicles.

Among the numerous special vehicles of the pre-war years, one can name jib rotary cranes and tanks with a capacity of 5000 liters on the YaG-4 chassis, equipped with sprinklers for watering the streets. There were also sweepers and snowplows made in small batches on the ZIS-5 chassis, asphalt trucks and cars with compressor units.

It is impossible to ignore the special variety of specialized cars, which in the 30s played a tragic role in the history of our country. These are the so-called "black crows" - vans on the GAZ-AA and ZIS-5 chassis for transporting arrested people. They were often camouflaged as grain trucks or isothermal vans.

The head of the administrative and economic department of the NKVD in Moscow and the Moscow region, ID Berg, has the dubious fame of the father of the "gas chamber". The proposed and AL van with the exhaust pipe brought into the body was first used for the destruction of convicts in 1936. In 1939, N. D. Berg was shot.

is the distribution of various cars into groups, classes and categories. Depending on the type of construction, the parameters of the power unit, the purpose or features that certain vehicles have, the classification provides for several such categories.

Classification by purpose

Vehicles differ in their purpose. Passenger and trucks, as well as special purpose vehicles can be distinguished.

If everything is very clear with passenger and cargo cars, then special vehicles are not designed to transport people and goods. Such vehicles transport the equipment that is attached to them. So, such means include fire trucks, aerial platforms, truck cranes, mobile shops and other cars that are equipped with one or another equipment.

If a passenger car can accommodate up to 8 people without a driver, then it is classified as a passenger car. If the capacity of the vehicle is more than 8 people, then this type of vehicle is a bus.

The transporter can be used for general purpose or for the transport of special cargo. General purpose cars have in their design a body with sides without a tipping device. Also they can be completed with an awning and arches for installation.

Special-purpose trucks have in their design various technical capabilities for the transportation of certain goods. For example, the panel carrier is optimized for easy transport of panels and building boards. The dump truck is used mainly for bulk cargo. The fuel truck is designed for light oil products.

Trailers, semi-trailers, drop trailers

Any vehicle can be used with additional equipment. These can be trailers, semi-trailers or dissolutions.

A trailer is one of the types of vehicles used without a driver. Its movement is carried out by means of a car with the help of towing.

A semi-trailer is a towed vehicle without the participation of a driver. Part of its mass is given to the towing vehicle.

The trailer dissolution is intended for transportation of long loads. The design provides for a drawbar, the length of which may change during operation.

The towing vehicle is called a tractor. Such a car is equipped with a special device that allows you to couple the car and any of the trailers. In another way, this design is called a saddle, and the tractor is called a truck tractor. However, the truck tractor is in a separate category of vehicles.

Indexing and types

Previously, in the USSR, each vehicle model had its own index. It denoted the factory where the car was produced.

In 1966, the so-called industry standard OH 025270-66 "Classification and designation system for automobile rolling stock, as well as its units and components" was adopted. This document not only allowed to classify the types of vehicles. Based on this provision, trailers and other equipment also began to be classified.

Under this system, all vehicles, the classification of which was described in this document, had four, five or six digits in their index. According to them, it was possible to determine the categories of vehicles.

Deciphering digital indices

By the second digit it was possible to find out the type of vehicle. 1 - passenger vehicle, 2 - bus, 3 - general purpose truck, 4 - truck tractor, 5 - dump truck, 6 - tanker, 7 - van, 9 - special purpose vehicle.

As for the first digit, it denoted the vehicle class. For example, passenger vehicles, the classification of which was carried out by engine size. Trucks are divided into weight classes. Buses differed in length.

Classification of passenger vehicles

According to the industry standard, passenger wheeled vehicles were classified as follows.

1 - an especially small class, the engine size was up to 1.2 liters;
2 - small class, volume from 1.3 to 1.8 l;
3 - middle-class cars, engine size from 1.9 to 3.5 liters;
4 - large class with a volume above 3.5 liters;
5 - the highest class of passenger vehicles.

Today, the industry standard is no longer required, and many factories do not adhere to it. However, domestic auto manufacturers still use this indexation.

Sometimes you can find vehicles whose classification does not fit the first digit in the model. This means that the index was assigned to the model at the development stage, and then something changed in the design, but the number remained.

Foreign-made cars and their classification system

Indexes of foreign cars that were imported into the territory of our country were not included in the list of vehicles according to the accepted normal. Therefore, in 1992, the Motor Vehicle Certification System was introduced, and since October 1, 1998, its modified version has been in force.

For all types of vehicles that came into circulation in our country, it was necessary to draw up a special document called “Vehicle Type Approval”. It followed from the document that each vehicle should have its own separate brand.

To simplify the procedure for passing certification in the Russian Federation, the so-called International Classification System is used. In accordance with it, any road vehicle can be attributed to one of the groups - L, M, N, O. There are no other designations.

Categories of vehicles according to the international system

Group L includes any vehicle with less than four wheels, as well as ATVs:

The L1 is a moped or vehicle with two wheels that can reach a top speed of 50 km/h. If the design of the vehicle has an internal combustion engine, then its volume should not exceed 50 cm³. If an electric motor is used as a power unit, then the power ratings must be less than 4 kW;
L2 - a three-wheeled moped, as well as any vehicle with three wheels, the speed of which does not exceed 50 km / h, and the engine capacity is 50 cm³;
L3 - a motorcycle with a volume of more than 50 cm³. Its maximum speed is higher than 50 km/h;
L4 - a motorcycle equipped with a sidecar for carrying a passenger;
L5 - tricycles, the speed of which exceeds 50 km / h;
The L6 is a lightweight quad. The curb weight of the vehicle must not exceed 350 kg; The maximum speed is not more than 50 km/h;
L7 is a full-fledged ATV with a mass of up to 400 kg.

M1 is a vehicle for the carriage of passengers with no more than 8 seats;
M2 - vehicles with more than eight passenger seats;
M3 - vehicles with more than 8 seats and weighing up to 5 tons;
M4 - a vehicle with more than eight seats and a weight of more than 5 tons.

N1 - trucks weighing up to 3.5 tons;
N2 - vehicles with a mass of 3.5 to 12 tons;
N3 - vehicles with a mass of more than 12 tons.

Vehicle classification according to the European Convention

In 1968, the Convention on Road Traffic was adopted in Austria. The classification provided in this document is used to designate different categories of transport.

Types of vehicles under the Convention

It includes several categories:

A - these are motorcycles and other two-wheeled motorized vehicles;
B - cars with a mass of up to 3500 kg and no more than eight seats;
C - all vehicles, except for those that belong to category D. The mass must be more than 3500 kg;
D - passenger transport with more than 8 seats;
E - freight transport, tractors.

Category E allows drivers to drive road trains that consist of a tractor. Also here you can include any vehicles of classification B, C, D. These vehicles can work as part of a road train. This category is assigned to drivers along with other categories, and it is put on the vehicle certificate when registering a car.

Unofficial European classification

In addition to the official classification, there is also an unofficial one, which is used quite widely. It is quite popular among vehicle owners. Here you can distinguish categories depending on the design of vehicles: A, B, C, D, E, F. Basically, this classification is used in reviews by automotive journalists for comparison and evaluation.

Class A contains small-capacity vehicles of low cost. F are the most expensive, very powerful and prestigious car brands. In between are classes of other kinds of machines. There are no clear boundaries here. This is a wide variety of cars.

With the development of the auto industry, new cars are constantly being produced, which subsequently occupy their niches. With new developments, the classification is constantly expanding. It often happens that different models can occupy the boundaries of several classes, thereby forming a new class.

A striking example of such a phenomenon is a parquet SUV. It is designed for paved roads.

VIN codes

In fact, this is a unique vehicle number. In such a code, all information about the origin, manufacturer and technical characteristics of a particular model is encrypted. Numbers can be found on many one-piece units and assemblies of machines. They are mainly found on the body, chassis elements or special nameplates.

Those who developed and implemented these numbers introduced the most simple and reliable method, which greatly facilitates the process of classifying cars. This number allows you to at least slightly protect cars from theft.

The code itself is not a jumble of letters and numbers. Each sign carries certain information. The cipher suite is not very large, each code has 17 characters. Basically, these are letters of the Latin alphabet and numbers. This cipher provides a position for a special check number, which is calculated from the code itself.

The process of calculating the control number is a fairly powerful means of protecting against broken numbers. Destroying numbers is not difficult. But to make such a number so that it falls under the control number is already a separate and rather difficult task.

In conclusion, I would like to add that all self-respecting automakers use common rules for calculating the check digit. However, manufacturers from Russia, Japan and Korea do not adhere to such protection methods. By the way, using this code it is easy to find original spare parts for a particular model.

So, we found out what types of vehicles are, and examined their detailed classification.

The range of services of the transport company TransLines LLC includes specialized freight transportation, which requires specialized motor transport, special working conditions and is associated with certain risks.

What do we transport

Cargoes require special transportation conditions:

heavy, bulky and oversized - weighing more than 500 kg, exceeding the standard dimensions of road dimensions;
perishable - food products with a certain shelf life and other products, the quality of which may deteriorate during delivery;
dangerous - substances that pose a danger to people or material values;
valuable - art and museum exhibits.

We carry out special cargo transportation in Perm, Moscow and throughout Russia. The type of cargo and its volume is one of the components of the cost of the service.

The cost of transporting special goods

vehicle type	Weight, tons	Volume, m3	Cost in rubles/per 1 hour	Cost in rubles/per 1 km.	Minimum number of hours when ordering
Gazelle	1,5	15	350	12	2
goby	3	16-20	750	18	4
Goby, thermos, refrigerator	3	16	800	19	4
Awning, onboard, isotherm, refrigerator	5	22-34	850	20	4
Awning, onboard, isotherm, refrigerator	10	34-45	1000	29	4
"ATV"	10	-	1500	38	8
"ATV"	20	-	1900	45	8
Awning, onboard	20	82-92	1200	39	4
Thermos, refrigerator	20	82-92	1400	42	4
Trawl	-	-	2500	75	8

Our road transport

Having our own fleet of vehicles allows us to provide appropriate conditions for transportation. You can order vehicles from us:

onboard tent semi-trailer, carrying capacity up to 20 tons;
cargo van (manufactured goods, refrigerator);
tank semi-trailer for hazardous substances;
low-frame platform up to 12 meters long, with a carrying capacity of up to 60 tons.

In addition to these machines, there are several other types of special-purpose freight transport.

All vehicles are kept in excellent condition and ready to leave on demand. It is served by drivers with extensive experience in the delivery of dangerous, oversized and valuable cargo, who are well acquainted with the directions Moscow-Perm-Moscow and other cities.

How we are working

Features of work

The trucking company TransLines LLC has been working in the field of cargo transportation for more than 10 years. Our specialists are well acquainted with what they do with the roads of Moscow, Perm and all of Russia. Transportation of goods by specialized vehicles is carried out in compliance with certain rules, for which:

selection of equipment is carried out in accordance with the specifics of the cargo;
the optimal route is developed for prompt and safe delivery;
safety precautions are strictly observed when performing loading and unloading operations and during the movement of the vehicle.

When loading road transport, our specialists strictly monitor the packing and securing of items in the body, the set temperature and do not allow delays on the way. For the careful transportation of museum exhibits and fragile valuables, a car is used, upholstered on the inside with soft material. We offer additional insurance services and provide storage space for rent.