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Control system The control system is formed when a number of links are united by a single chain of information transfer. The principal structure of such a control system is shown in the form of a diagram in fig. IN 1. The condition for the formation of a management system is the presence of a management goal. The management system consists of at least three links: a management body; the means by which control actions are transmitted from the control body to the control object, and the control object. The fundamental element of the control system is feedback - the return of information about the results of control to the input of the control body. Feedback allows you to compare the control result with the task. If they match, no control action is taken. If there is a discrepancy, the control body performs control actions aimed at eliminating the resulting deviation from the required value. Management means achieving the set goal with the greatest efficiency.
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Driving system In the context of a car, driving means transporting cargo at the lowest possible cost. When control is reduced to maintaining a constant level of some parameter, such as the speed or direction of the car, this is called regulation. The principal feature of the control system is that with its creation, a new property arises that is inherent only to this system, while the components included in it do not have this property. Such a new property of the VAD system is active traffic safety. It depends on the consistency of the driver's skill with the driving properties of the car and road conditions. When the capabilities of the vehicle and good road conditions do not match the skill of the driver, safety is reduced. Driving properties of the car and road conditions are constantly improving, and in order to ensure safety in these conditions, it is necessary to constantly improve the skills of drivers.
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Efficiency, safety and environmental friendliness of the transport process The need for the movement of passengers and goods determines the purpose of management. The purpose and conditions in which it is necessary to act form the tasks facing the governing body. Management is carried out on the basis of the regulatory framework through ministries and departments, which are the means of management. The object of control are road users. These include: drivers, cyclists, pedestrians, as well as traffic police officers who regulate traffic. The results of the functioning of the VAD system are returned through the feedback channel to the input of the control body. Comparison of the achieved results with the set task makes it possible to assess the correctness of the decisions made and make the necessary adjustments. The governing body in the country is the government of the Russian Federation. The main departments that deal with traffic safety issues are the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
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Driver-car system The main element of the VAD system is the driver-car system (VA). The purpose of the functioning of the VA system is to move from point X to point Y. The traffic conditions form specific tasks that the driver must solve and which come down to changing the speed and trajectory of the vehicle. A feature of the VA system is that, unlike the driver and the pilot, the driver himself forms an action plan, and, as statistics show, it is at this stage that 85 ... rail and air transport.
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Consider the block diagram of the VA system shown in fig. AT 2. Based on the goal of control and traffic conditions, the driver forms a task: chooses a route of movement, determines the method for solving the problem (maximum average speed, maximum efficiency, maximum reliability). The formation of the task is greatly influenced by the driving style characteristic of the driver (aggressively self-confident, calm and confident, insecure). In accordance with the task set, action plans are formed in emerging traffic situations (TTS): speed Va, distance d and interval b are determined. The choice of action plan is influenced by the skill of the driver, the properties of the car, and road conditions.
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The implementation of the action plan is expressed in the movement of the vehicle controls. As a result of such movements, the parameters of the car's movement change: moving the speed pedal Spc causes a change in the traction force Pt, which leads to a change in the car's speed Va. (For more than a hundred years of the existence of the car, the speed pedal has been called differently: “gas pedal”, “throttle pedal”, “fuel pedal”, “accelerator”. We will call it the “speed pedal” because, moving this pedal , the driver regulates the speed of the car.)
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Moving the brake pedal Sp.t will create a braking force Ptr, causing a deceleration, which changes the speed of the car. Turning the steering wheel αр leads to the rotation of the steered wheels by an angle θ, i.e. causes the appearance of a transverse acceleration jy, which changes the trajectory of motion. In the event of directional instability (skidding) or the danger of rollover, the driver additionally has to stabilize the instability of the vehicle. In this case, the task facing the driver becomes more difficult, and the reliability of control decreases. The result of regulation of vehicle motion parameters in the form of speed Va, distance d and interval b is perceived by the driver, i.e. is the feedback information, and is compared with the action plan. If there is a discrepancy between the plan and the result, the driver corrects the vehicle's motion parameters to eliminate the discrepancy that has arisen. In particular, the driver continuously corrects the deviation of the car from the selected trajectory.
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The result of driving a car in the form of the distance traveled Sa, travel time tp, fuel consumption gs, driving reliability R is feedback information, on the basis of which the driver decides on the need to make changes to the control task. The limiting conditions under which the VA system is able to function with the required accuracy is determined by the functional properties of the car: speed and braking, stability. They determine the maximum values of accelerations that can be realized during acceleration, deceleration and curvilinear motion. Another group of properties, called ergonomic, characterizes the convenience of driving a car and affects the possibility of realizing its functional properties. The higher the ergonomics of the car, the more reliable its control in critical situations. At first glance, it seems obvious that the creation of cars with high functional and ergonomic properties solves the problem of safety. In reality, everything turned out to be more complicated. Yes, by improving the car, we expand the boundaries of the limits in which it is possible to ensure the stability of driving. But as soon as the driver feels the expansion of the boundaries of safety, he changes his plan of action and again approaches the boundaries of sustainable movement.
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A person cannot absolutely accurately determine these boundaries. When the parameters of the action plan are close to them, the driver easily goes beyond the safety limits. Therefore, the cause of 85...90% of accidents are mistakes made by the driver when choosing an action plan, i.e. driver errors are associated with the wrong choice of speed, distance and interval of movement, incorrect assessment of the possibility of changing lanes, driving into the oncoming lane. And only in 10 ... 15% of cases, the cause of an accident is an error in performing a maneuver to exit an emergency (critical) situation. To improve road safety, it is necessary to change the behavior of the majority of drivers - to make it less risky. An obstacle on this path is the mass ignorance of the criteria for mastery of driving. Every beginner and a significant part of experienced drivers believe that the only indicator of skill is speed. Such a driver, at every opportunity, increases the speed to the maximum possible according to his assessment and, due to errors in estimating the permissible speed, regularly goes beyond the safety limits. The movement of the car in this case is uneven - with intense acceleration and deceleration. In fact, an indicator of skill is the uniformity of movement, the ability to reach the destination with the optimal average speed with minimal fuel and vehicle resource consumption.
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From the graph in Fig. B.3 shows that when the driver is careful (Period I), the probability of an accident decreases rapidly as the driver develops "car sense". It is necessary to be wary of overestimating one's capabilities (Period II), a possibility that occurs after the completion of the "technical equipment of mastery", when the driver has felt that the car "submits" to him. At this stage, it is important to realize that at this point you have only learned how to control the movement of the car and that you have to learn how to control it. Driving a car is a multifaceted task, the solution of which is dedicated to driver training. To a greater extent, the solution to the problem of driving a car depends on the condition of the roads.
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The tasks of driving a car Purposeful actions of the driver to achieve certain goals are called his activities. The activity of the driver is aimed at moving the car from one point in space to another. In management theory, management and regulation are distinguished. Management refers to the search and implementation of the optimal way to achieve the goal, regulation - changing the adjustable parameters in accordance with the task. It is possible to set the following tasks: moving from point X to point Y with the maximum possible average speed or moving from point X to point Y with the optimal average speed with the lowest possible fuel consumption.
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Driver Behavior Models The first task corresponds to the driver's behavior model, which, whenever possible, increases the speed to the maximum allowable. The second task corresponds to the carrier's behavior model, which seeks to travel most uniformly at the speed of the traffic flow, implementing an economical control algorithm. Reliability of driving is a condition for achieving the goal. Note that when implementing the racer model, the reliability of control is lower than when implementing the carrier model. At the same time, the average speed either increases slightly or does not grow at all, because its value is determined by the density of the traffic flow, and not by the desires of the driver. To drive a car, the driver needs information that characterizes the state of the driving environment, the environment in the car, the state of its systems and units, as well as its (driver's) state. The list of indicators that describe the information required by the driver is called the "information model of the driving process" or briefly "information model of the car."
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Receipt of information by the driver Information comes to the driver through sensations - reflection in the driver's mind of individual properties of objects and phenomena of the environment of the car, the state of the car and the driver. The process of influencing the sense organs is called irritation. The stimulus acts on the receptors (recipients of information), the resulting excitation is transmitted along the conductive nerve pathways to the corresponding parts of the central nervous system (CNS), in which the nervous (physiological) excitation turns into a mental phenomenon - sensation. The neuro-physiological apparatus for obtaining sensation is called the analyzer. Obtaining information from the environment of movement, the environment in the car interior about the state of the car is based on the action of a group of analyzers, including visual, auditory, skin (tactile), muscular-articular (kinesthetic), static-acceleration. Internal sensations include: cheerfulness or fatigue, satiety or hunger, a feeling of health or illness. The receptors of the analyzers of these sensations of the driver are located in his internal organs. The inner feeling manifests itself as a general well-being and has a great influence on the professional reliability of the driver.
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The driver receives most of the information through the visual analyzer. Its importance is enshrined in the well-known proverb: "It is better to see once than hear a hundred times." Important information is also received through the auditory analyzer - sound signals of other road users; information transmitted to road users by radio; noise generated by the car and allowing to judge the health of its units. Thanks to the tactile analyzer, the driver can identify the controls by touch. With the help of a muscle-articular analyzer, the driver without visual control finds the necessary controls and, smoothly adjusting, changes their position to the required value. Equally important is the feeling of the nature of the change in effort when moving the controls. The static-acceleration analyzer plays an important role in determining the regularity of the vehicle's driving mode, preventing the loss of vehicle stability during skidding, roll. Receiving information by the driver
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Perception Perception is formed on the basis of sensations. As a result of perception, the driver's mind reflects the properties of objects and phenomena in their interconnection in the form of a single image. For example, as a result of a complex of sensations (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, acceleration), the driver develops the so-called “sense of the car”, “sense of the road”, “sense of stability (instability) of the car”. The driver's receptors are affected by a large number of sources of information. One of the tasks of mental activity is cutting off unnecessary and highlighting useful information. This task is solved with the help of mental processes called attention.
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Attention Attention is a concentrated knowledge of some object (phenomenon) or action with simultaneous distraction from the rest. There are two types of attention: involuntary (not dependent on the will of the driver) and voluntary (directed by volitional effort). Involuntary attention is directed to objects, phenomena that arise unexpectedly: the appearance of a new obstacle, previously not visible; car drift; a sharp change in the noise generated by the car as a result of a malfunction, etc. Arbitrary attention is manifested in the selection of objects (phenomena) that are the most significant for solving the problem. So, for example, when driving on a free road, information about the position of the car relative to the road is significant. When driving with an oncoming car, while maintaining the significance of information about the position of your car, you need to know whether or not the oncoming car poses a danger. When a speed limiting sign is encountered on the way, a speedometer is added to the considered objects of attention. With an increase in the number of objects of attention, the reliability of information perception is influenced by such properties as the distribution and switching of attention.
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Distribution of attention - the ability to focus attention on several analyzers at the same time and perform several actions at the same time. For example, when an obstacle appeared, the driver applied emergency braking, as a result of which the car began to skid. The distribution of attention is manifested in the fact that, while continuing to observe the obstacle and brake, the driver performs actions to stabilize the skid by operating the control pedals and the steering wheel. Switching attention is the ability to focus attention on several objects in turn. So, for example, to read instrument readings, it is necessary to switch attention from the driving environment to the instruments and vice versa. When there are several objects on the road, it is necessary to switch attention from one object to another in turn. Concentration of attention is the ability to focus for a long time on the most important objects at the moment. The property of stability of attention is closely related to the concentration of attention, which characterizes the ability to maintain the intensity (tension) of attention for a long time.
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The ability to distribute, concentrate and switch attention is most clearly manifested in the work of the visual analyzer. Considering this issue, we introduce the concept of a sensory field - the space outside and inside the car, from which the driver receives information that is significant for the movement of the car. To collect information, the driver scans the sensor field - switches his attention, directing his gaze to the elements of the road, obstacles on the road and in the near-road space, as well as to other road users, devices in the car cab, rear-view mirror. To obtain information about the scanned objects, the gaze must be fixed on them for 0.2 s or more. The duration of gaze fixation depends on the significance of the object of observation for safety, its visibility, and the speed of the car. The more significant the object, the longer the fixation time; the higher the speed, the shorter the fixation time. The dependence of the fixation time tf on the velocity Va for objects of different significance is shown in fig. 1.1.
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If the number of objects is more than the driver is able to scan in a certain period of time, some of the information will be lost, and this may cause an accident. Therefore, when crossing, for example, an unregulated pedestrian crossing, a low speed will be safe, and it should be the lower, the more pedestrians are near the crossing.
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The driver concentrates his attention in a certain part of the space, as shown in Fig. 1.2. The field of view is limited because the human psyche protects itself from excessive information that cannot be used for control.
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Visibility Visibility is the ability to distinguish features of the environment. The visual perception of objects depends on the illumination of objects and the transparency of the air environment. Visibility is characterized by the range and degree of visibility. The visibility range is understood as the minimum distance at which the object in question cannot be distinguished against the background of surrounding objects. The visibility range depends on the brightness of the object and its contrast with respect to the background. Lighted headlights improve the visibility of an oncoming vehicle during daylight hours, which increases the safety of overtaking on the highway. The degree of visibility is the ability to distinguish individual details of the observed object. Visibility deteriorates at night, in fog, in rainy weather, during snowfall, driving in dust. For safe movement, the distance to the visibility limit must exceed the stopping distance of the car.
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Information processing by the driver The information received by the driver enters the central nervous system (CNS), where a general picture of the movement is formed, called the "information model of the movement of the car." The information model is compared with the experience stored in memory. Based on this comparison, the driver forms action plans (Figure 1.3), choosing the one that, in the driver's opinion, provides the best solution to the control problem, and implements it by moving the controls. The result of this is a change in the information model of the movement of the car, and the process is repeated. Several groups of parameters are used to describe the information model. Information picture reflecting TPA Analyzers Information model of vehicle movement formed in the driver's mind Action plan formed in the driver's mind To the driver's motor output Fig. 1.3. Scheme of information circulation during its analysis by the driver
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The first group should include parameters that characterize the position of the car relative to the road and other road users: the distance traveled; intervals between the car and the edges of the hard surface of the road; curvature of the turn of the road; distance to obstacles, intersections; road visibility distance; distances between vehicles in front and behind; smoothness and slipperiness of the road surface; state of the atmosphere. To the second group - parameters characterizing the dynamics of the car and the operation of its systems and units: speed; acceleration acceleration; deceleration when braking; centrifugal acceleration on a turn; drift and roll angles of the car; angular velocities and angular accelerations of the longitudinal and vertical axes passing through the center of mass of the vehicle; its stability; frequency of rotation of the crankshaft; engine loading; transfer; coolant temperature; oil and air pressure in lubrication and pneumatic systems; voltage in the onboard electrical system.
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To the third group - the parameters characterizing the interaction of the driver with the car: the magnitude of the effort, speed and acceleration of the movement of the controls; the sensitivity of the car to the movement of the controls (car controllability); sensitivity to the action of external disturbing forces and moments (vehicle excitability); the nature of the change in the effort on the control when it is moved (reactivity of the control). The fourth group includes parameters characterizing the driver's state of health: heart rate (HR); blood pressure in the circulatory system; respiratory rate; lung ventilation volume; body temperature; reaction time.
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The information received by the CNS is stored in memory. Thanks to it, experience is accumulated. Distinguish between long-term and short-term memory. The amount of RAM is limited and amounts to 7 ± 2 units of memorized material. Information processing is possible at the subconscious (developed reflexes) and unconscious (innate reflexes) levels. The result of information processing is a signal that the CNS sends to the limbs (arms and legs), which perform a motor action, moving the controls of the car (Fig. 1.4). Motives Formed reflexes. Information processing at the subconscious level Conscious information processing. RAM channel Conscious processing of information. Long-term memory channel Analyzers Information picture, reflecting the DTS Motor output To the controls Fig. 1.4. The scheme of transmission and processing of information by the driver
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Action plan The activity of the driver is significantly influenced by motivation - incentives that push him to activity. Distinguish between positive (striving for a goal) and negative (striving to avoid danger, failure to achieve a goal) motivation. Positive motivation is more effective than negative one. The action plan is formed in long-term memory based on the comparison of the received information with the action plans in similar situations that occurred earlier, and the driver's ideas about the limiting values of the parameters of the information model. Comparison of the current values of the parameters of the information model with the limit values, at which the task cannot be solved, makes it possible to predict the success of the action plan. The difference between the current and limit values of the parameter is called the control reserve. When the current value of the information model parameter is equal to the limit, the control reserve is zero. In this case, the probability of achieving the control goal is also equal to zero. With an increase in the reserve, the reliability of control increases, and at the moment when the reserve of control becomes equal to a safe value, the reliability of control becomes one. The safe reserve value is 0.37 of the limit value of the parameter.
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Reliable driving condition Availability of reserves is a necessary condition for reliable driving. If the current reserves for the parameters of the information model exceed a safe value, the error is eliminated at the level of formed reflexes (at the subconscious level). When the amount of reserves becomes less than a safe value when correcting a mistake at the subconscious level, reliability decreases sharply (black line in Fig. 1.5). Under these conditions, the mechanism of self-regulation of the driver's reliability comes into play, which is manifested in the feeling of mental tension. At the same time, the heart rate increases, blood pressure rises, the respiratory rate and the volume of ventilation of the lungs increase. By improving the blood supply to the brain and muscles, the accuracy of decisions made is increased, the reaction time is reduced, and the speed and accuracy of moving controls are increased. As a result, control reliability decreases more slowly (yellow line in Figure 1.5).
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Speed of reaction of the driver Information processing requires a certain time. The period between the receipt of information and the response motor action is called "reaction time". Distinguish between simple and complex reactions. A simple reaction consists in performing the only possible motor action when a signal appears. For example, when a light comes on, a button must be pressed. So, in particular, the minimum possible time of a simple reaction to light in laboratory conditions is determined. A complex reaction is associated with the choice of a response: when the red lamp is lit, press one button, and when the green lamp is lit, the other. It is clear that the time of a complex reaction is longer than a simple one. In laboratory conditions, it was found that the time of simple and complex reactions increases with age. When driving a car, the driver almost always has to solve the problem of choice. Therefore, the reaction time of the driver with age may decrease, as his experience and experience grow.
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Psychomotor Every mental activity ends with a muscular movement - a motor action. Psychomotor is the connection of mental processes (sensation, perception, thinking, etc.) with muscle movement. There are three components in every working movement: physiological - the perception of the stimulus and irritation of the nervous system, psychological - excitation of the motor or psychomotor centers of the central nervous system, mechanical - muscle contraction and movement of the limbs as the final element of the manifestation of the human psyche. The space in which the controls of the car are located is called the "motor field". A feature of driving a car is the impossibility of separating sensory (associated with sensations) and motor (motor) moments. This process is called sensorimotor.
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Sensorimotor reaction There are three forms of sensorimotor reaction: simple, complex, sensorimotor coordination. Sensorimotor coordination is characteristic of the processes of tracking the parameters of the action plan when regulating the speed, deceleration and trajectory of the car. The coordinated movements of the control pedals and the steering wheel characterize a high degree of skill, in which the perception of changes in the sensory field and the coordination of movements represent a continuous single process of automated activity. At the same time, the correctness of the motor action is corrected (with the help of feedback) by the perception of its results. A high level of sensorimotor coordination ensures the exact implementation of the action plan in regular TTS. The role of sensorimotor coordination increases even more in the event of abnormal DTS. The level of sensorimotor coordination determines the reliability of the exit from emergency DTS. A high level of sensorimotor coordination is also associated with the emergence of a “feeling of a car” in the driver. This feeling does not provide high reliability of the driver, but is one of its components. The high professional reliability of the driver is associated with his ability not to get into emergency traffic accidents. This skill largely depends on the personal qualities of the driver.
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Influence of a Driver's Personal Qualities on His Professional Reliability Theoretically, it is not at all difficult to drive a car reliably - it is necessary that the reserves of speed, distance and interval are always greater than safe values. However, the exact determination of these values in practice is a significant difficulty. The accuracy of the driver's determination of control reserves is influenced by the behavior model he chooses. When choosing a racer model, the driver makes a systematic mistake in the direction of overestimating the real control reserves and regularly gets into emergency situations. Personal characteristics (character traits) of the driver have a great influence on the choice of a behavior model and the nature of errors in assessing the size of reserves.
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1.1. Goals and objectives of the discipline.
Its place in the system of scientific disciplines,
studying the road transport complex
The purpose of the discipline is to form students' knowledge on the influence of the properties of the driver, car and road conditions on the reliability of the "driver - car" system and the use of diagnostic tools to predict the reliability of the driver and car, control road conditions, reliability and control of the car. The tasks of the discipline are determined by the requirements of the qualification characteristics of the specialty 190702 (240400.01).
This discipline includes a range of issues set out in the disciplines: "Organization of traffic", "Technical operation of vehicles", "Operational and consumer properties of the car", "Road safety", "Engineering psychology".
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1.2. Driver-vehicle system
the road - the environment of movement "
The WADS system determines the requirements for the driver, car and road.
The system driver - car - road - traffic environment consists of seven main elements.
Sources of information - the road, its arrangement and surroundings, signs and signals, as well as instrument readings, noise, vehicle vibrations.
The link between the sources of information and the driver, transmitting information to his body, ears and eyes.
Processing incoming information by the driver's brain and issuing commands to his arms and legs.
The connection between the driver and the car is the transmission of commands to the controls.
Transmission of commands from controls to drive mechanisms.
The connection between the car and the road - the execution of commands by the wheels, engine, instruments, etc.
Changing the direction or speed of the vehicle.
on the “driver” link - failure by drivers to comply with the requirements established by the Rules of the Road; a decrease in the driver's performance due to overwork, illness, etc.;
on the link "car" - unsatisfactory technical condition of the car or its units; improper technical use and maintenance of the vehicle or its units;
for the “road” link - the unsatisfactory condition of the road and its individual elements, improper organization of traffic, etc.
the driver must work efficiently, i.e. quickly complete assigned tasks;
the driver must not violate traffic safety requirements, i.e. must work reliably.
1.3. Goals and objectives of driving.
A systematic approach to improving reliability
driving
Vehicle control functions:
1. Perception of the situation.
2. Assessment of the situation.
3. Making a decision.
4. Performing an action.
All information about the road, objects located on it and about the car comes to the driver through the senses, exciting him Feel - display in the human mind of individual properties, objects and phenomena of the surrounding world.
The driver receives information at a rate of 10 9 -10 11 bits/sec. The driver is able to perceive and process only 16 bps.
There are visual, auditory, musculoskeletal, vibrational, vestibular, olfactory and thermal sensations.
The main role in the driver's activity is played by visual sensations, which provide the driver with 80% of the information. 10% of the information comes from the vestibular apparatus and nerve endings of the skin, 6% comes from the auditory canal, and the remaining 4% comes from articular sensitivity.
A large amount of information or its rapid changes often make it impossible to perceive and process it in a timely and accurate manner, and, consequently, to develop the right decision. The driver has to perform a large number of driving actions, some of which turn out to be erroneous due to lack of time to process information.
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1.3.1. Driver error statistics
and their classification by function
The driver does not perceive the situation on the road - 49%;
incorrect assessment of the situation by the driver and incorrect decision making - 41%;
other errors - 10%.
Direct errors:
distraction – 36%;
underestimation of danger - 30%;
fearful behavior and dangerous habits - 25%;
erroneous prediction of the behavior of other road users - 18%;
incorrect assessment of the situation - 12%;
underestimation of their own erroneous behavior - 11%;
conscious unlawful own behavior - 8%;
errors in forecasting traffic conditions - 36%;
haste - 35%;
mood - 17%;
insufficient possession of driving skills - 16%;
temporary deterioration of the functional state due to psychological conditions - 16%;
inaction - 5%;
unsatisfactory technical condition of the vehicle - 4%.
The driver's role in ensuring the reliability of the driver-car-road system is complex. Of the total number of causes of road traffic accidents (RTA), driver errors account for up to 95%, and the psychological aspects of his activity are in the foreground.
Observations show that a high level of driver reliability has a positive effect not only on traffic safety, but also on the durability of the car, fuel economy. When studying reliability, it is necessary to analyze the psychological structure of labor and extensive statistics of traffic accidents. It is important to study and use the experience of various countries with a high level of motorization, to identify common patterns in the dynamics of traffic safety. The analysis can reveal effective methods for improving traffic safety, which can be applied in our country. Let's start with a discussion of common factors.
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1.3.2. Interaction between drivers and pedestrians
Drivers and pedestrians are the main actors in determining traffic conditions. There are profound differences between the conditions in which they are, having approximately equal psychophysiological characteristics (visual acuity, reaction speed, ability to predict, etc.). The speed of the driver in the car is 15-30 times the speed of the pedestrian. Accordingly, the speed of information flow to the driver also increases. At times, there is information overload, fatigue, and the driver misses extremely important signals. A pedestrian, as a rule, is able to independently regulate the amount of information coming to him, reducing the speed of his movement or stopping; the driver in the traffic flow is often deprived of this opportunity and finds himself in tense situations.
In addition, he is required to spread his attention between many objects and directions (forward-backward, right-left, up-down). The pedestrian must protect himself from collisions, and the driver must protect the car, whose perimeter is 15–25 times larger than that of the pedestrian. If we add to this that the pedestrian’s ability to control his body is higher than that of a car driver, and the all-round visibility of a pedestrian is better than that of a driver, then the complexity of the task facing a person to ensure safety when driving a car will be clear. The knowledge that the probability of a dangerous situation on the road is high increases the tension and fatigue of the driver. However, this creates an adaptation to danger, a phenomenon seen in many professions.
The driver over time, especially when tired, monotonous driving, distractions, ceases to take into account the fact that just a second break in observing the road is uncontrolled movement on a 15–20 m section. The driver’s adaptation to danger is one of the reasons for this. that among the participants in the accident often come across drivers with work experience of 10-20 years. The situation is aggravated by the limited information contacts between drivers: if pedestrians meet, they can form a certain idea of each other, predict behavior to a certain extent; the psychological characteristics of the driver are much more difficult to recognize.
There are other differences between a pedestrian and a human driver, in particular, in terms of energy costs for movement (the pedestrian has medium, the driver has low), and most importantly, for increasing speed: the pedestrian's energy costs increase depending on the walking speed, and the driver achieves an increase in speed. a little more pressure on the throttle pedal, i.e. it moves at different speeds with almost constant low energy costs. The perception and exact dosage of physical effort is especially difficult under the influence of stimulants. According to statistics, the majority of road accidents among drivers in a state of intoxication occur against the background of exceeded speeds.
The essential difference between a pedestrian and a driver is manifested in the number of possible causes of traffic violations that can cause an accident. Practical observations show that there are essentially four such reasons for a pedestrian: going out onto the roadway in an illegal place or at an illegal time, drunkenness or physical defects. When a person becomes a driver, the number of possible erroneous actions that cause an accident exceeds 20. Comparing the psychological characteristics of people in the role of pedestrians and drivers, psychologist K. Leman, who specializes in traffic, believes that a driver can experience quite profound changes in the mental sphere. A person behind the wheel shows less discretion than in ordinary life, has increased aggressiveness, accumulates experience and skills more slowly, and repeats mistakes more often.
^ Driver decision flow to a certain extent, it is similar to the activity of a human operator controlling a technological object.
Schematic control actions of the driver include the following five stages: discovery of the source of information, perception of information, analysis of information, development of solutions, executive actions to implement the solution. At each of these stages, the driver can make a mistake.
^ Major mistakes - drivers do not perceive changes in the traffic situation, or make the wrong decisions. This can be avoided by providing the driver with adequate data on the traffic situation, informing, warning, excluding erroneous decisions and prescribing the right ones. It is known what complex information display systems have to be created to ensure high reliability of the professional activity of a human operator. The driver does not receive the necessary information from the dashboard of the car, therefore, additional information means of traffic management are used, such as road signs, traffic lights, road markings, and fences. The number of such funds is steadily growing.
Road signs perform a variety of functions - informing, prescriptive, indicating, prohibiting. Thus, they not only inform the driver about the traffic situation, but also suggest the right actions, keep from making erroneous decisions.
The analysis shows that the appropriate use of various (up to 40) methods of organizing traffic, such as speed limits, the prohibition of stops and parking, one-way or priority traffic for certain types of transport, etc., was one of the decisive reasons for increasing reliability and safety.
^ Psychological features of the driver's work activity. Numerous issues of driver reliability are usually studied in order to find ways to improve the quality and reliability of control actions. Like any task associated with a human operator, the psychological analysis of the driver's work activity is complex and multifaceted. Let's give some examples.
^ The effect of the "ideal road". The reliability of a driver, in addition to his personal professional qualities, depends on other elements of the VADS system: a driver who reliably performs his functions on a truck may turn out to be unreliable, for example, on a high-speed car, a driver who is reliable on one type of road may turn out to be unreliable on another road type, etc. Currently, the possibilities associated with ensuring traffic safety through the improvement of the car have been largely exhausted, which cannot be said about modern roads.
The main thing is a sharp change in the structure of errors, the behavioral characteristics of the driver change significantly.
Let's note some: 1) the transition to the "ideal" road does not remove all the causes of the accident; 2) the removal of the speed limit makes the control more difficult, the consequences of errors are more serious; 3) it can be assumed that the driver has conflicting feelings of danger:
hence the consequences - the number of drunk drivers driving on expressways decreases by 32.7 times compared to ordinary roads and adaptation to it takes place (two thirds of the causes of accidents are generated by excessive speeds); road improvement makes traffic monotonous (almost half of the causes of accidents). This is compensated by lower energy consumption for driving (reducing cases of overwork).
^ Socio-economic factors. These include the effect of high wages for the driver. It is not difficult to foresee that the increase in driver wages from some point on will have an impact on traffic safety.
^ Psychology and professional reliability of the driver. To consider some specific psychological factors of driver reliability, let's turn to the actual material. Drivers were characterized by stability, repeatability of the same type of errors and violations. In other words, drivers' flexible professional adaptation to changing working conditions coexists with a very stable structure of errors and violations.
^ Psychological factors of communication between drivers
An analysis of foreign materials shows that psychologists paid little attention to the study of communication processes, information interaction between drivers. The situational analysis of the accident indicated the need for further development of the signal interaction of traffic participants. Typical mistakes of traffic participants were: untimely or failure to give signals; incorrect signaling; non-perception of the signal; ambiguous signal recognition. For example, in the latter case, the “left turn” light indicator can have a different meaning - left turn, turn, lane change, overtaking, detour on the left, start of movement, combined maneuver.
The limited ability of drivers to communicate using the means existing in cars has given rise to a large number of unregulated signals. The total number of such signals reaches 40. In accordance with the functional classification, these signals are divided into the following four groups: 1) maneuver warning (5 signals); 2) signals about danger (17 signals); 3) request signals (10 signals); 4) permissive (6 signals). All this testifies to the need for further development of means of communication and information interaction of road users.
The problem of communication is one of the key ones in psychological science, which is a general trend in the development of the entire system of psychological sciences and is of particular relevance to engineering psychology and labor psychology. Indeed, the rationalization of the joint labor activity of people, the processes of their information interaction in the management of various objects is impossible without a deep study and engineering and psychological support for communication between people.
The control processes of cars and other interacting objects must be studied not only as a series of independent actions, but, above all, as a single interconnected system.
A hypothesis was put forward that the efficiency and safety of managing interacting non-conflicting objects can be improved by organizing joint management based on the coordination of individual management strategies and the development of a unified strategy in the course of specially organized communication between management participants.
The organization of communication is based on the formation and interaction of primary and secondary mental reflections by each driver of his strategy and the strategies of other participants in the movement. The primary is the reflection of the environment of the movement and its strategy from the standpoint of its own interests and goals, and the secondary is the reflection of its strategy from the standpoint of other participants, their goals, interests, psychological characteristics of behavior. Communication in the form of information interaction should be organized in such a way that, in conditions of limited time, technical means, high speeds and responsibility, high labor efficiency and safety of managing interacting objects are ensured.
A model of self-regulation of human behavior in a situation of communication with other people in the management of interacting objects has been developed. Its main elements are the primary and secondary mental images of the traffic situation and control strategies. Conducting research allowed to substantiate the need to develop additional forms and means of information interaction between drivers, methods for improving the processes of communication between drivers aimed at improving road safety. It has been experimentally established that car drivers independently without outside help, with a large error, visually determine a number of important parameters of the road situation, including the distance and speed of cars moving in the opposite and cross directions.
The psychological structure of reflection of the situation and self-regulation of behavior in the course of active coordination of management strategies includes the following essential elements: primary reflection of the situation, i.e. reflection from the standpoint of their own interests and goals; secondary reflection of the situation and one's own actions from the positions of other participants in the management of interacting objects; maneuver planning and interaction process; choice of methods and means of communication; signaling and receiving feedback, response information. The success of interaction is possible if at each step the driver carries out primary and secondary reflection of the situation, his own goals, actions, signals. An important stage of communication is the establishment of partnership - the achievement of a state of mutual understanding and mutual assistance. In this case, the greatest consistency of maneuvers and the safety of control of interacting objects that make up a single system are achieved.
Driver behavior is largely social, resulting in interaction with other road users. The interaction is indirect, there is no verbal communication, there is some impersonality and anonymity. The signals given can sometimes be interpreted ambiguously.
The statement is known that a person drives a car, how he lives, that is, while maintaining all his basic behavioral habits. From this, it is usually concluded that the negative personality traits of the driver lead to errors in driving and violation of the Rules of the Road.
Human behavior that takes into account the interests of other people and the interests of the enterprise is considered socially desirable.
The problem of establishing a driver's predisposition to commit road accidents is much more difficult than simply assessing his moral and moral qualities, discipline and attitude to technology. More effective for predicting a driver's predisposition to a traffic accident should, apparently, be the study of those psychological qualities, the severity of which among participants in an accident differs markedly from other drivers.
A natural question arises, what reasons determine the different probability of a traffic accident by drivers who have a similar age and experience in driving a car and work on the same roads in approximately the same conditions, on rolling stock of the same models and technical condition.
The low reliability of some drivers is psychologically determined in a certain sense. Moreover, it cannot be said that the peculiarities of their psyche are such that they constantly deliberately break the rules. It is possible that these are quite conscientious and disciplined people in everyday life, but they are not always able to make the right decisions in a critical situation, or even by their actions can provoke its occurrence. No reasonable person would violate the rules of the road, knowing that this can lead to injury, death, administrative or criminal penalties. A person counts on a favorable outcome, but these calculations do not always come true.
The foregoing does not mean that such drivers are fatally doomed to inevitably get into traffic accidents. It is important to know the negative features of your psyche and be able to compensate for them. In general terms, this may resemble the compensation of a disabled driver for the absence of a leg or arm. Thousands of such people drive vehicles and drive safely.
Recognition of the psychological determinism of the emergency behavior of drivers makes it inevitable to decide on the appropriateness of the psychological selection of drivers prone to accidents. To do this, it is necessary to establish by what psychological qualities reliable drivers differ from unreliable ones. In this case, it would be possible, by evaluating the psychological qualities of the applicant for a job as a driver, to predict his reliability. The practical significance of such a forecast is obvious - it would help to prevent some of the accidents.
In the driver's environment, it is quite widely believed that the reliability of the driver is the higher, the shorter the time of his sensorimotor reaction. However, numerous experimental studies show that this is true only for complex selection reactions that include thought processes.
The speed of simple sensorimotor reactions, as it turned out, is weakly related to the accident rate of the driver. Moreover, hasty and premature action is seldom the right thing to do. In an emergency, it is not always important to respond as quickly as possible. In most cases, it is important to react correctly, but, of course, one must not be late with the reaction. The correct reaction is possible only with a full and quick assessment of the situation that has arisen.
Sensorimotor response - this is a motor reaction of the human body to a signal perceived by the senses: signal detection; signal recognition; decision-making; transmission of impulse to the muscles; movement of body organs and transmission of signals of feedback information; stop responding to the signal. Sensorimotor reactions proceed according to the principle of a reflex and include:
- the initial link (transformation by receptors of external stimuli into nerve impulses and their transmission to the brain);
- the central link (processes in the brain that process the information received into commands);
- motor link;
- Feedback link.
A simple sensorimotor reaction is understood as a response to a predetermined, simple movement to a predetermined signal. When a driver, approaching an intersection, presses the brakes at a red traffic light, this is an example of a simple sensorimotor reaction.
If the driver has a choice of actions, then a complex sensorimotor reaction will take place. It is this type of reaction that is predominant in the work of the driver. When driving, the driver usually always makes a choice: change speed, take a maneuver, maintain the existing mode of movement. The sensorimotor reaction time consists of two components.
The first stage of response includes a latent (hidden) period. At this time, the signal is perceived by the driver, information is processed and a decision is made. During the latent period, impulses are transmitted from the motor center to the cerebellum and to the muscles. The cerebellum provides coordination of movements.
From the moment the movement begins to its completion, the next stage of the sensorimotor reaction lasts - the so-called motor (motor) period.
The latent period of the reaction averages from 60 to 75% of the total reaction time. Experts believe that the latent (hidden) period of a simple reaction to sound is on average 0.14 seconds, to light - 0.20 seconds, and the total reaction time of inhibition ranges from 0.4-1.0 seconds.
In the case of a complex sensorimotor reaction, the duration of the latent period can vary over a very wide range. It increases with the sudden appearance of a signal and with a large number of options for action.
The duration of the motor period is determined by the nature of the driver's movements and their amplitude, for example, by the required angle of rotation of the steering wheel. The state of the musculoskeletal system of the driver and the central nervous system matters.
On average, the duration of the motor period of the reaction varies slightly. Fluctuations in reaction time are mainly due to changes in the duration of the latent period.
A generalizing characteristic of the driver's activity is his sensorimotor coordination - the ability to track changes in the road situation and the ability to timely and correctly respond to them with control actions. When applying emergency braking, an experienced driver coordinates his actions so as not to interfere with other vehicles moving in the adjacent lane or behind. It controls the amount of deceleration and engine speed to keep the engine running smoothly. The driver adjusts the pressure on the brake pedal to prevent skidding.
The reaction time is influenced by the type of nervous system. Drivers of choleric or sanguine temperament react faster than phlegmatic ones.
The reaction time of experienced drivers in familiar situations ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 seconds, and for drivers with less experience, the reaction time even in familiar situations increases to 1.0–2.0 seconds. At night, the reaction time increases by 0.6–0.7 seconds. The reaction time increases not only depending on the time of day, but also due to fatigue and unfavorable seasonal and climatic conditions, for example, with chilly cold or relaxing heat.
In complex and unfamiliar situations, the reaction time can even increase up to five seconds! The braking response to an unexpected obstacle can be twice as large as if the driver had prepared to brake in advance. With increased driver attention, for example in a city in heavy traffic, the reaction time is usually less than in conditions of low traffic intensity and, accordingly, low driver readiness.
A number of studies have concluded that the duration of simple reactions does not significantly affect the safe driving of a car, while the duration and correctness of complex choice reactions are extremely important for road safety.
The reaction in conditions of an emotionally unstable state is a manifestation of a defensive reflex, when a person cannot fully realize the reasonableness and correctness of his actions.
The main thing that should ensure a correct and timely response is reserve management.
In the Russian Federation (RF), road safety (RTS) is characterized by a complex set of interaction between the driver, car, road, environment and other road users (VADSU). This system makes it possible to take into account the influence of the specified elements of each subsystem on the degree of traffic safety, to give a comprehensive description of the initial parameters of various subsystems of the VADSU for performing reconstruction and examination of an accident. It should be noted that the four components of the WADSU system (namely, V A D U) are significantly influenced by the following socio-economic factors:
the level of development of the country's economy;
standard of living;
the situation in the workforce;
introduction of scientific developments, etc.
"VADSU" is divided into two types of components: passive and active respectively. The difference between them is the ability of active components to change their state and influence the entire system. The active ones are: the "Driver" of the operator operating the vehicle, who receives information from the rest of the elements of the "VADSU" (namely A D S U), makes a conscious choice in favor of the most appropriate way of responding. Also, the driver must constantly monitor the results of his actions. "other Participants in the movement" cyclists, drivers or pedestrians who are within the limits of interaction with other subsystems.
Both subsystems are active components due to the fact that they have the ability to prevent accidents.
The passive components of the system include the subsystems "Car", "Road", "Environment". In each subsystem, you can specify the characteristic parameters, the values of which can make significant changes to the VADSU system, which are the initial data for the execution of an expert opinion:
1. "Driver" age; floor; driving experience; driver reaction time; psychological features; physical state; degree of fatigue.
2. "Other road users" (pedestrian or other road user) age, gender, driving experience; driver reaction time; speed, direction and nature of pedestrian movement; height and weight of the pedestrian.
3. "Car" type and technical condition of the vehicle; movement speed; slowdown; dimensions; braking distances; direction of movement; visibility from the driver's seat; loading degree.
4. "Road" geometric parameters of the road; quality and properties of the road surface (traction coefficient); type and condition of the road surface; traces of other vehicles; visibility; technical means of organizing traffic.
5. "Wednesday" time of year, hour of the day; weather; climatic conditions; location of objects; illumination, etc.
1. The car as a link in the systems "driver - car - road (environment)" and its impact on road safety
2. Organization of the work of the production and technical service of the AP for the prevention of accidents
3. Basic principles of traffic organization. For what purpose and by what methods are motion studies carried out?
Bibliography
1. The car as a link in the systems "driver - car - road (environment)" and its impact on road safety
The operational properties of the car characterize the possibility of its effective use and allow you to determine to what extent the design of the car meets the requirements of operation. For some cars, speed is the most important feature (ambulances, sports cars). For military vehicles, as well as those working in rural areas and in the forest industry, their high cross-country ability is an important property. Modern cars are capable of developing high speed, some types of cars have a large mass. Therefore, for all cars, without exception, their safety is a mandatory requirement.
Structural safety is the property of a vehicle to prevent accidents, reduce the severity of their consequences and not cause harm to people and the environment. This property is complex and is associated with other performance properties of the vehicle.
Structural safety is divided into active, passive, post-accident and environmental.
Active safety is the property of a car to reduce the likelihood of an accident or prevent it completely. It manifests itself in such a dangerous traffic situation, when the driver still has the opportunity to change the nature of the movement.
Active safety depends on the layout parameters, traction and braking dynamism, stability, controllability and informativeness of the car.
Passive safety is the property of a car to reduce the severity of the consequences of an accident. It manifests itself directly in collisions, collisions, rollovers and is provided by the structure and rigidity of the body (Fig. 35), seat belts, safety steering columns, air bags and other design measures.
Post-accident safety is the property of a car to reduce the severity of the consequences of an accident after a stop and prevent the occurrence of new accidents. It is provided with fire safety equipment, reliable design of door locks, evacuation hatches, emergency alarms, etc.
Ecological safety is the property of a car to reduce the harm caused to the environment in everyday use. It is provided by constructive measures to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases:
improving the working processes of engines; the use of exhaust gas neutralizers; the use of fuel providing low toxicity of exhaust gases, etc.
2. Organization of the work of the production and technical service of the AP for the prevention of accidents
The main task of the production and technical service for the prevention of road accidents is to ensure the release of technically sound rolling stock onto the line. To do this, employees of the production and technical service are obliged to: - Carry out constant monitoring of the technical condition of the rolling stock, excluding the possibility of releasing vehicles with technical malfunctions that threaten traffic safety onto the line. - Monitor the technical condition of rolling stock towing devices with disassembly and inspection of all parts at least twice a year. - Do not allow the installation of retreaded tires on the front axles of buses, regardless of their repair group. - Constantly monitor the technical serviceability of the cable control mechanism of the rear swivel bogie of semi-trailers. - Carry out technical inspections of regular buses at turnover points, the length of routes of which is over 300 km. - Keep track of the time the cars leave for the flight and return them to the garage after work. About all cases of damage to the rolling stock due to a collision, overturning or collision with an obstacle, immediately inform the employees of the traffic safety service of the motor company. - Equip vehicles with additional equipment and identification marks in accordance with the requirements of the Rules of the Road (fire extinguishers, first aid kits, emergency stop signs, identification marks of road trains). In addition, signs "Do not distract the driver while driving" should be installed on buses. - Constantly explain to drivers about the inadmissibility of using the method of supplying fuel to the engine carburetor while driving by gravity from open vessels. - In car enterprises that do not have diagnostic posts, equip and constantly use platforms for adjusting the headlights and checking the serviceability of the brake system of cars. - Keep records and analyze all cases of breakdowns of the main parts of the rolling stock that affect road safety. - At the KTP AP and vehicle fleets, where the procedure for 100% coverage of drivers with a pre-trip medical examination is established, check the presence of marks of a special medical center in the waybills. Drivers who have not passed a medical examination will not be released to the line. - Take urgent measures to remove from the carriageway the rolling stock that has stopped due to a technical malfunction. - Determine the material damage caused from damage to the rolling stock in road accidents within five days in the prescribed manner and submit a report to the traffic safety service. car driver road safety
3. Basic principles of traffic organization. For what purpose and by what methods are motion studies carried out?
Traffic management is a set of engineering and organizational measures on the road network to ensure the safety of road users, the optimal speed and convenience of vehicles.
The activities of traffic management services (traffic police, road maintenance and other organizations) are aimed at simplifying the orientation of drivers on the route, helping them choose the optimal speed, creating conditions for faster passage of route vehicles, and ensuring the safety of all road users.
One of the methods of organizing the movement is the introduction of certain restrictions on the order of movement for its participants. For the most part, the restrictions introduced are a forced measure aimed at improving traffic safety, the capacity of the road network, and reducing the harmful effects of vehicles on the environment.
The organization of traffic on the road network is provided mainly with the help of road signs, markings, traffic lights, various fencing and guiding devices. The order of movement at intersections is organized with the help of traffic lights. Marking allows you to best distribute vehicles on the roadway and increase the efficiency of its use. At the same time, markings serve as the most important means of visual orientation for drivers. Road signs regulate the behavior of drivers in almost all the most typical situations and ensure traffic safety.
Modern computers make it possible to organize traffic light regulation depending on information about the state of traffic flows, significantly increasing the throughput
road network. In the practice of organizing traffic, methods are widely implemented to ensure higher throughput of roads and the safety of road users. Among these methods, the following are most typical:
the introduction of one-way traffic - increases by 20-30 % road capacity;
traffic light regulation based on the “green wave” principle – ensures non-stop passage of intersections located successively on the motorway, reduces fuel consumption, the level of traffic noise and gas pollution;
organization of roundabouts at intersections - eliminates the intersection of traffic flows and eliminates the need for traffic light regulation;
separation of traffic flows by types of vehicles - contributes to the creation of homogeneous traffic flows;
regulation of speed taking into account the load of the road - increases the throughput of the road;
limiting the number of stops and parking - increases the throughput of the road, etc.
The capacity of the road is estimated by the largest number of cars that, subject to the provision of safety, can move within 1 hour through a certain section of it.
With a multi-lane road, this figure is the sum of the capacity of each lane.
The capacity of one lane with a width of about 3.5 m with a smooth asphalt concrete surface in the absence of intersections and junctions is 1600-1800 cars per hour. If the flow consists of trucks, then the throughput will decrease by about half and will amount to 800-900 vehicles per hour (300-450 road trains per hour).
The maximum throughput is achieved at a certain speed of the traffic flow, which for the flow of cars is 50-55 km/h. Based on this, it is possible to estimate what the forced stop in the traffic lane for only 15 minutes of one car will lead to, for example, due to a technical malfunction. If a detour is not possible, about 200 cars or 100 trucks can accumulate on the lane during this time.
On city streets, the throughput is determined by the ability to pass through the intersection during the green traffic light. At a regulated intersection, the capacity of one lane is approximately 800-900 cars or 350-400 trucks per hour.
One of the important tasks of traffic management services is to increase the capacity of roads through the use of rational schemes and methods of regulation (according to the “green wave” principle, the elimination of heavy and extra heavy trucks from the flow, the prohibition of stops, parking, left turns, etc. .).
If more than 600 vehicles arrive at a four-way intersection with traffic in all directions within 1 hour, the passing conditions become dangerous and, at the same time, vehicle delays increase. In such cases, it is necessary to use manual or traffic light regulation for the alternate passage of vehicles in mutually conflicting directions.
Traffic lights are usually controlled automatically by a controller, which also has a device for switching signals manually. Controllers switch traffic signals according to a predetermined program, calculated taking into account traffic data at a particular intersection. More advanced computer-based automated traffic control systems operate according to several programs. They are switched based on the number of passing vehicles received from the traffic detectors.
The nomenclature, main parameters and conditions for the use of technical means of organizing traffic are regulated by GOST 10807-78 “Road signs. General specifications”, GOST 13508-74 “Road markings”, GOST 25695-83 “Road traffic lights. General technical conditions” and GOST 23457-86 “Technical means of organizing traffic. Application Rules".
Bibliography
- Kuperman A.I., Mironov Yu.V. Road safety. - M.: Academy, 1999.
- Traffic Laws. - M.: Academy, 2000.
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SECTION 5 THE ROLE OF THE ROAD FACTOR IN THE DRIVER - VEHICLE - ROAD SYSTEM
5.1. SYSTEM "DRIVER - VEHICLE - ROAD", TYPES OF SAFETY OF THE SYSTEM ELEMENTS
The specifics and problems of road traffic are described in a concentrated manner by the system "Driver-Car-Road"- (IN HELL), consisting of a number of subsystems operating in a specific environment - Environment of motionI.When studying the safety aspects of the system, special attention is required, first of all, for measures and means aimed both at reducing the likelihood of an accident, and at reducing the severity of the consequences of an accident that has taken place.
A set of tools that includes elements of the design of a car, road construction, traffic management, the application or use of which is realized through active actions of a personltransporternth means, It is customary to characterize as an active component of the system security - "active safety" and, in fact, the system of events, directednouch on snAndreducing the severity of the consequences of an accident - passive component - "passivenoh security» . It is logical to state that the dominant feature of the active safety of the system is driver with a standard set of functions of an arbitrary system operator - receiving and processing informationnmaking a decision and implementing control actions and the most complex specifics of the sphere of professional activity.
Under favorable road conditions, the driver works in Parbitrary mode (tempo), he is free to choose the speed, distance of movement and is not limited in maneuvers. In a dense stream, the pace of his activity becomes imposed. Time to assess the situation is reduced. The driver is required readyButto take action in an unexpectedly changing roadbone hundrednovToe.
readinessb OsafeAndvaeTXia stabilitybu and high intensitybyu attention. Important professional qualities include the ability of the driver to predict the traffic situation, and at the same time to follow road signs, traffic lights, road markings, changes in the road in terms of plan and profile, etc. The duration of the driver's stay such a state is determined by a personified« margin of safety" - the most common categoryPOtakeI"reliability". In turn, reliability is provided by such characteristics as suitability, performanceb,trainingnnawn and motivation.
Fitness is determined by the personal, psycho-physiological qualities of the driver, the state of his health. The method used is a medical examination, in some cases - psychophysiological selection, that is, an examination of the applicant's psychophysiological qualities and their comparison with predetermined (obtained experimentally) criteria.
performance depends on the mode of work and rest, conditions at the workplace, health status, diet, lifestyle, etc. Consistently high performance is observed during the first three to four hours from the start of driving, after eight to nine hours of continuous control, performance decreases sharply. It also depends on the use of alcohol, drugs and certain medications.
learning driver is determined by the presence of the necessary amount of knowledge and skills. Partly they are acquired in the process of vocational training, partly - as a result of self-learning in the process of work. Of particular relevance are the quality and efficiency of the educational process, the individual characteristics of the student, the properties of the nervous system and personal characteristics.
Motivation expressed in the driver's interest in the process of work, the results of work, job satisfaction in general. Motivation is provided and maintained by the working regime, wages, working conditions, the condition of the car, relations with the administration of the enterprise and the staff of the enterprise, and many other factors. Ifndriver's concernslhedgehog outside the scope of his professional activitiesbnews, then this makes it difficult to form “new skills”, reduces the efficiency of his work, mistakes appear, there is no need to improve his qualifications and skills.
The next link in the system, which is important for ensuring active safety, is automobile.
Structural safety The property of a car is called the ability to prevent an accident, reduce the severity of its consequences and do no harm to people and the environment. Structural safety is divided into active, passivenwow, afterVarianatYuand environmental.
Active safety is the property of a vehicle to reduce the likelihood of an accident or prevent it completely. It manifests itself during a period when, in a dangerous traffic situation, the driver can still change the nature of the movement of the car. Active safety depends on the layout parameters of the car (overall and weight), its dynamism, stability, controllability and information content.
Passive safenostb- this is the property of the car to reduce the severity of the consequences of an accident, if it does happen. It manifests itself in a period when the driver is no longer able to drive a car and change the nature of its movement, i.e. directly in the event of a collision, collision, overturning.
PosleavarAndthnth security- this is the property of the car to reduce the severity of the consequences of an accident after a stop and prevent the occurrence of new accidents. To do this, fire-fighting measures are being introduced, facilitating the evacuation of passengers and the driver from an emergency vehicle.
Environmental safetynostb- this is a property of the car, which allows to reduce the harm caused to road users and the environment during operation. Measures to reduce the harmful effects of vehicles on the environment should be considered to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases and noise levels.
The essence of the main functions active safetynawnauthOmaboutsiltI- the absence of sudden failures of the structural systems of the car ( fail safe n awn ), especially related to the ability to maneuver, as well as providing the driver with the ability to confidently, comfortably control the mechanical subsystem "AvTOmobilb - DoroGA» (operational safety b ).
An important function of active safety is compliance traction and braking dynamics of the vehicle road conditions and transport situations, as well as the psycho-physiological characteristics of the driver. The ability to maneuver on the move mainly depends on the traction and braking dynamics of the car: braking dynamics affects the stopping distance, which should be the smallest and, in addition, the braking system should allow the driver to very flexibly select the required braking intensity; Traction dynamics have a significant impact on driver confidence in traffic situations such as overtaking, detours, crossing junctions and crossing highways, i.e. when maneuvering in plan. In those situations where braking is no longer possible, traction dynamics is of paramount importance for getting out of critical situations.
The main qualities of the vehicle design that affect active safety are:
- layout car;
- atresilience (vehicle resist abilitybskidding and overturning in various road conditions at high speeds);
- controllability (vehicle performance, enablingbmanagementeat the lowest costTah mechanical and physical energy, while doing maneuros in the plan to save or set the direction of theizheneitherI);
- maneuverability (the quality of the car, characterized by the valuenAAndmenowits turning radius and overall dimensions);
- stabilization (abilitybsystem elements« IN HELL » opposeb nerratic vehicle movement andland waynthe spine of the system withXranitboptimalbns positionnia naturalnth axles of the vehicle when movingnai);
- Tbraking system;
- steering;
Correct installation control wheels car;
Reliable tires;
- whitefishnlighting and lighting.
Safe car parameters ( passive safety) must meet the objectives of the greatest protection of the driver, passenger ( internal liabilitynth security), pedestrian ( Vnpresent, passive safetyb).
Maximum protection for the driver and passenger is required in frontal collisions - this is achieved to a large extent by the use of seat belts. In addition, the number and severity of injuries are greatly reduced by properly designing the front end of the vehicle in terms of the energy-absorbing function of the applied instantaneous impact load. The passenger compartment must meet all safety requirements, i.e. must be protected from the engine if it is dislodged on impact, the steering wheel and column must absorb the impact without causing injury to the driver.
It is practiced to design individual protective and restraining means at passenger accommodation, car parts must be safe and easily deformable; gas tanks should not be moved and their integrity should not be violated.
The protective zone around the driver and passengers is provided by the rigid frame of the passenger compartment in combination with the front and rear parts of the body that are easily deformed during impacts.
The passive safety system comes into action if the driver failed to avoid an accident using the vehicle's operating systems.
Such a system provides: reduction of inertial loads acting on the passenger at the time of the collision, restriction of the movement of the driver and passengers in the cab, protection of the driver and passengers from injuries, injuries when they hit the internal surfaces of the driver's cab, elimination of the possibility of throwing passengers and the driver out of the cab at the time of the collision and ensuring their unhindered evacuation from the emergency vehicle.
The most effective means of ensuring the safety of the driver and passengers of the car - seat belts. The use of seat belts reduces the number of injuries by 62-75% according to the US and Germany. The severity of the consequences of an accident is also sharply reduced. Various designs of seat belts are used.
With sharp frontal impacts, passengers receive an acceleration of up to 40-50g. If there is a reliable shock-absorbing means, then such accelerations can be tolerated without significant injury. Systems serve this purpose. pneumatic cushionTo, instantly inflating during the period of time between the car hitting an obstacle, until the driver hits the steering wheel or interior elements. This time interval is 0.03-0.04 sec. The system works automatically upon impact without any additional conditions, does not constrain movements, and is invisible when not inflated. When the airbags are deployed, up to 90% of the impact kinetic energy is dissipated. Such a system does not prevent occupants from being ejected from the vehicle in an accident and does not protect against side impacts.
An important element of the interior arrangement of the car - WithAnddenbI. The use of specially designed seats can significantly improve the safety of the driver and passengers. There are seat designs of various automotive companies. They use shock absorbers, reinforced seat mounts, fixing the backs of the front seats with latches, limiting the movement of the head at the time of impact with the help of head restraints. In recent years, serious attention has been paid to the secure fastening of the rear seat cushion and backrest. When locking the seat backs with a latch, passengers in the rear seat do not hit the interior parts of the front of the cabin.
Much attention is paid to the study of the influence steering column the safety of the driver in an accident. With a well designed and correctly positioned steering column, the risk of injury to the driver is reduced by 30-40%. There are various designs of safety steering wheel, such as safety padded steering wheel, flexible rim steering wheel, etc.
A large number of injuries are associated with windshield. Injuries caused by a windshield are always particularly severe: concussion, skull damage, eye damage, etc. In different countries, the requirements for windshields are different.
Next an important component of the active safety system are road conditions and traffic organizationAndzheniya.
It should also be noted that it is difficult to separate the impact of road conditions and traffic management on active and passive safety, i.e. identify which parameters influenced the likelihood of an accident and which ones increased the severity of the consequences. Thus, we are considering Vlradiance of the roadXconditions and organization of traffic for both active and passive safety.
Road conditions that reduce safety include the following factors:
The discrepancy between the dimensions of the geometric elements of the road (the width of the carriageway, the dimensions of bridges, overpasses, the radii of road curvatures in the plan, slopes, turns) with the actual speeds of the vehicle;
Unsuccessful combination of elements of the road plan and profile in neighboring sections, contributing to an increase and then a sharp decrease in the speed of movement (curves in terms of small radii at the end of slopes or horizontal straight lines; short horizontal straight lines on winding roads);
Poor condition of the roadway and roadsides (insufficient evenness and roughness of the pavement, loose soil of unreinforced roadsides, dirt on the roadway from snow, rain, stones and other foreign objects);
Incorrect location of massive obstacles (lighting poles, road signs, overpass supports, buildings, bus pavilions, etc.);
Insufficient information about the boundaries of the carriageway, traffic lanes, the length and shape of dangerous sections, the nature of the possible danger, recommended driving actions and traffic restrictions, the absence of barriers that keep the car from exiting the road and crossing the median lane;
Poor visibility at night; ice, fog, precipitation.
It should be remembered that the higher the technical capabilities of the car, the stronger the influence of road conditions on the process of movement.
According to experts, bad road conditions increase the cost of car operation by 2.5-4 times. In particular, the service life of tires is reduced by 30%, and the specific fuel consumption increases by 1.5-2 times.
Installation of road barriers ( affects bothnbut the occurrenceeaccidentsthdue to the exit from the road or the exit into the oncoming lane, and to reduce the severity of the aftermathTin andthcar accident);
Reducing the length of road sections characterized by a high frequency of car exits ( affectsnand the probabilitynaccidents and reduce the severity of the consequences);
Reducing the length of sections with high embankments due to the length of cuts (when designing roads) ( affects the faithyatnawn of the onset of an accident and onlowereneithere severity of the aftermathTVuy);
Reducing the height of the embankment, in particular, by arranging drainages (soil filling) ( affects withnmitigation of the severity of the consequences);
Arrangement of a wide dividing strip on the roads of the 1st technical category and the implementation of separate tracing of the subgrade for different directions of movement ( affects the probabilitybthe onset of an accident and at a lowernieTthe severity of the consequencesth);
Designing gentle slopes of recesses on the outer side of the curves in the plan, reducing the depth of drainage ditches using drainage devices ( affects lessnno severity of consequences);
The use of a non-symmetrical cross profile of the embankment in areas with high land value ( affects the likelihood of an accident);
Reducing the frequency of placement of massive structures and structures in a zone 15 m wide at the edge of the carriageway ( affects the probabilitybaccidents and reduce the severity of the consequences);
Reducing the injury risk of structures used for road construction, the use of fence structures with progressive deformation characteristics ( affects lessnno severity of consequences).
In the field road organizationsnth movementnand I the following factors affecting the active and passive safety of the system can be distinguished:
Vehicle traffic patterns.
Pedestrian traffic patterns.
Technical means of control and organization of traffic.
To improve active safety through funds movement organization necessary:
Identify places of increased danger of vehicle traffic;
Eliminate dangerous road conditions (repair and construction of roads, arrangement of a dividing strip, roadside arrangement, etc.);
Reduce the number of conflict points by:
Sewer traffic flow;
Separation of traffic and pedestrian flows;
Vehicle speed limits;
Regulation of the composition of the transport flow;
Alignment of the speed of traffic;
Prohibition of maneuvers;
Introduction of circular motion;
Forced traffic control, etc.
By all these means, homogeneitybtransporttnogabout the flow, alignmentnno speeds consequently, the level of road safety is increased. Ogrenichenno speedsnand I, moreover, not only in the direction of decrease, but also an increase is also an effective measure, this event can be both temporary and local, and permanent.
Rationflaxorganization of traffic routesnand I transport allows not only more efficient use of transport, but also to improve traffic safety and environmental performance.
