In the summer of 1896 at the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod presented the first model domestic car, a joint project of the Petr Frese carriage factory and machine-building plant Evgenia Yakovleva.
The first 20 years for our automotive industry turned out to be much more turbulent and fruitful than subsequent eras.
Yakovlev-Frese (1896)
The engineers of the first self-propelled carriage planned to put it into mass production, but the death of one of them, Yevgeny Yakovlev, put an end to the idea. His companions considered the production of cars to be unpromising and ceased cooperation with the Frese factory. He was forced to buy engines abroad, and then sold the company to the Russo-Baltic Plant, which began to produce the first mass-produced cars. The idea to assemble and produce a car in Russia came to Frese and Yakovlev back in 1893 at an exhibition in Chicago. There they saw the car of Karl Benz, which impressed them with its simple and efficient design. Russian industrialists spent three years to get around patent barriers and reinvent the wheelchair on their own. Weight finished model amounted to 300 kg. The gasoline engine contained two horsepower, allowed to drive without refueling for 10 hours and could accelerate to a speed of 21 km per hour. There were only two gears: forward and mode idle move.
Romanov (1899)
3 years after the appearance of the first gasoline engine, the first electric motor appeared. And the first electric car. It was created by Ippolit Romanov, a nobleman from Odessa. Romanov's car was much faster, but also heavier than Yakovlev-Frese's car. He accelerated to 37 km per hour with a weight of 750 kg. It is noteworthy that almost half the mass of the car was the battery. It was disposable, it was not subject to recharging and worked only 65 km: on average, it was enough for two to three hours of driving. In addition to cars, the enthusiast Romanov developed a model of an omnibus designed for 17 people, which could accelerate to 19 km per hour. Alas, Romanov's electric vehicles were not put into serial production: the engineer could not find financial support, although he received a state order for 80 models.
Dux (1902)
Russian cars ran not only on gasoline and electricity, but also on steam. Yes, they didn’t just drive, but in all respects they left behind both electric and gasoline counterparts. They seemed elegant to contemporaries, were relatively silent and faster. The first steam car (or, as it was also called, a locomobile) was assembled at the Duks enterprise. The engines of locomobiles had from 6 to 40 Horse power. The company produced not only passenger models, but also motorcycles, omnibuses, railcars, snowmobiles. racing model"Duksa" could reach speeds of up to 140 km per hour! All this was not enough for the inventor and entrepreneur Julius Meller, who owned the Dux company, and since 1910 he began to produce aircraft and airships. Gradually, with the development of aircraft construction, the automotive component of the enterprise fades into the background. And in 1918, "Dux" was nationalized and turned into the "State Aviation Plant No. 1".
Leitner, motorcycle "Russia" (1902)
In the same 1902, the first motorcycle appeared in Russia, which was called "Russia". It was assembled by the Riga industrialist Alexander Leitner. The first motorcycle was an improved bicycle equipped with a motor. The engine had a volume of 62 cubic centimeters, consumed 3.5 liters of fuel per 100 kilometers and developed top speed at 40 km per hour - at 1.75 horsepower. The first motorcycle cost three times more expensive than a bicycle: 450 rubles against, for example, 135 for a Duxa bicycle. However, this price was 10 times lower than the price passenger car: inexpensive "Renault" cost 5 thousand rubles, Russian models- even more expensive.
Cheapness in comparison with cars is relative, because 450 rubles is almost a six-month income of a Russian with an average income. therefore, the trade in the first motorcycles was sluggish, at ten units a year, and by 1908 had ceased altogether.
Lessner (1904)
What is an omnibus or a motorcycle - in 1904, the first one appeared in Russia fire engine. It was made at the Lessner company by order of the Alexander Nevsky fire department of St. Petersburg. Its designer was already at that time well-known in Russia and abroad Boris Lutsky. Back in April 1901, two of his five-ton trucks and one passenger car arranged a test drive along Nevsky Prospekt and were shown to the emperor. However, it is the two-ton fire engine "Lassner" that is considered the first car completely assembled according to Lutsky's drawings in Russia. The model was designed for 14 people of the fire brigade and developed a speed of up to 25 kilometers per hour.
Another "Lessner", a dark green limousine of 1907, became one of the inhabitants of the densely populated garage of Nicholas II, who passionately loved cars. Due to the similarity in design and appearance this car was called "Russian Mercedes".
Russo-Balt (1909)
The most popular car brand in Tsarist Russia was Russo-Balt, first released in 1909. There were two main engines: C and K. The first was larger, more powerful, with an estimated engine power of 24 horsepower. The second is smaller, with twelve horses under the hood.
Due to production costs, the price of the Puzyrev-28-35 car amounted to eight thousand rubles, which even exceeded the price of the expensive Russo-Balts. The car was reliable, but bulky. All this did not add to her popularity. And in the press, the patriotic car was disliked: they called it handicraft and compared it with the worst foreign models.
Bad luck added to the failures in the market. In January 1914, a fire broke out at the Puzyrev plant, destroying eight assembled machines and fifteen sets of parts ready for assembly. And in September, the patriotic engineer died.
It's time to touch on such a popular question: as well as who and when invented it. We have already found out who invented the first car in the world, but our craftsmen are only 10 years behind Henry Ford and Gottlieb Daimler.
The very first Russian car created by two inventors, then living in St. Petersburg - Yakovlev Evgeny Alexandrovich, a retired lieutenant in the Russian navy, and Frese Pyotr Alexandrovich, mining engineer. It was in St. Petersburg that the first in Russia self-propelled carriage. It was presented to the public at the All-Russian Art and Industrial Exhibition, which took place in June 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod. According to the creators of the first Russian car, they created it a little earlier - in May of the same year.
But following the letter of the law, it is known that everyone saw it in June at an exhibition in 1896. This is confirmed by a report in the St. Petersburg newspaper Novoye Vremya, which appeared on June 8, 1896. It is also known that the first Russian car was equipped with a body for two passengers, while it weighed 300 kg and could reach speeds of up to 20 km / h.
Yakovlev in 1891 founded in St. Petersburg on Bolshaya Spasskaya Street "The First Russian plant gas and kerosene engines E. A. Yakovleva ", now it is called" Volcano ". And Petr Frese owned the Joint Stock Company, which produced the crews of Frese and Co. It was located at St. Petersburg, Ertelev lane house 10 (now it is Chekhov street)
E. Yakovlev made for the first Russian car an engine with one horizontal cylinder and a transmission consisting of a differential and a two-speed gearbox. The engine had a power of 2 horsepower. Producing these inventions, Yakovlev used the experience of Karl Benz. It is worth noting that other car makers of those years from France, the USA, Germany and many other countries did the same.
An interesting fact: the first car on the streets of St. Petersburg was the Benz, a four-seat Victoria model.
The first Russian automobile plants.
At the dawn of the growth of the automotive industry in Russia, there were almost no full-cycle automobile plants. Almost all factories produced only chassis and motor base. In order to receive full car it was necessary to buy a chassis and deliver it to the factory for the production of carriages, where, taking into account your wishes, they created the car body. At that time, the body was called "carosseri".
However, it should be said that Russian carosseri were highly valued even abroad. Bodies produced by Russian factories many times received the highest awards at prestigious international exhibitions cars in the period from 1907 to 1913 held in Russia.
For example, at the first of these exhibitions, held in 1907, a large gold medal was awarded to car bodies firm "P. D. Yakovleva. And at the 4th International car exhibition In 1913 (Petersburg), half a dozen Mercedes cars were presented, having the bodies of the Breitigam carriage factory in the city of Petersburg.
Among the best carriage factories there were such names as Pobeda, Frese, P. D. Yakovlev”, “Bubbles” and “Otto”. But among them, only the Frese and Co factory tried to start producing trucks and cars. At the beginning of the 20th century, she created several dozen cars with a transmission and a De Dion Bouton engine, as well as the first trolleybus and train with an electric transmission. But all these inventions were never developed to complete final samples.
The first Russian automobile plant Puzyrev.
Naturally, the first Russian automobile plant was founded in 1909. It was called "Russian Automobile Plant I.P. Puzyrev". Its creator wanted to and made a plant that made all the parts for cars himself from Russian materials, by the hands of Russian workers under the guidance of domestic engineers. Also, this plant had a goal - to invent and make a car for Russian roads. And soon it was created: the models were named "28-35" (1911) and "A28-40" (1912). These cars were simple in design. They were embedded large stock strength, but they were a bit heavy. They had great cross-country ability, thanks to the high ground clearance - 320mm.
On cars produced by the Puzyrev plant, for the first time in the world, gears in the transmission were switched using cam clutches - this is the plant's own invention. All levers for gear shifting were placed inside the body. And all the crankcases of the engine, differential and gearbox were created from aluminum. The engine developed power up to 40 hp.
At the IV International Automobile Exhibition in St. Petersburg (spring 1913), already mentioned by us, Puzyrev presented 3 cars - a closed five-seater limousine and an open seven-seat car with a torpedo body, as well as the first Russian racing car with an overhead valve engine and a sports chassis.
Exactly 120 years ago, on July 14, 1896, the first mass-produced Russian car was presented at the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. First car domestic production with engine internal combustion was ready and passed a series of tests in May 1896. In July, at an exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, he made demonstration trips. It was Frese and Yakovlev's car.
In the wake of the rapid industrial boom that was observed in the Russian Empire from the second half of the 19th century, the emergence domestic automotive industry seems to be quite organic. The pioneers of this industry in our country were the retired lieutenant of the imperial fleet Evgeny Alexandrovich Yakovlev and the mining engineer Petr Alexandrovich Frese, who designed the car presented to the general public in July 1896. They were the ones who started serial production cars in Russia. The St. Petersburg factory Frese became a pioneer in the field of serial production of passenger cars and trucks. Only from 1901 to 1904 more than 100 cars were assembled here, including those equipped with an electric drive. Also, a trolleybus and a road train with electric transmission were tested here.
Creators of the first Russian car
Petr Alexandrovich Frese was born in St. Petersburg in 1844. In his native city, he graduated from the Mining Institute, after which he ended up at the famous K. Nellis carriage factory. He almost immediately managed to prove himself with better side, quickly gaining the full confidence of the owner of the enterprise. The business of this company in those years went uphill, and Nellis made a talented young engineer his companion. At the same time, in 1873, Peter Frese created his own carriage workshop, which in 1876 merged with the Nellis factory, forming new company"Nellis and Frese". Five years later, he becomes the sole owner of the company, which was renamed the Frese & Co. Crew Factory.
It is worth noting that in those years the products of Russian carriage factories were highly valued all over the world, which is clearly evidenced by the fact that they received quite a lot of awards at international exhibitions. The fact that at the beginning of the 20th century Russian bodies equipped with cars of today's legendary German car brand"Mercedes".
Evgeny Aleksandrovich Yakovlev was born in 1857 in the St. Petersburg province. Until 1867 he studied at the Nikolaev Cavalry School, and from 1867 at the Nikolaev Naval Junker Classes. In 1875, after graduation, he was transferred to the fleet as a cadet. The pinnacle of his naval career was the rank of lieutenant, which he received on January 1, 1883. In the same year, he was dismissed on indefinite leave, and a year later he completely left the service "due to domestic circumstances." After leaving the naval service, Yakovlev began to actively develop engines, acquiring patents for their manufacture. The liquid fuel engine he created even earned the approval of the famous Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev. Yakovlev's projects turned out to be quite profitable, over time he got regular customers, so in 1891 he opened the First Russian Plant of Gas and Kerosene Engines.
Fate, with its invisible hand, brought these people together, their love for automotive technology. Their personal acquaintance took place at an exhibition in Chicago, it predetermined the future fate of their joint offspring. It is worth noting that the engines designed by Yakovlev in those years had a large number of advanced constructive solutions(removable cylinder head, electric ignition, pressure lubrication, etc.). In 1893, at the World's Fair in Chicago, they were awarded a prize. At the same exhibition, one of the world's first mass-produced cars, the German Benz of the Velo model, was also presented for the first time. This machine attracted the attention of Evgeny Yakovlev, as well as Peter Frese. It was then that they decided to create a similar car, but already in Russia.
Car debut
The debut of the first Russian car and its first public display took place in July 1896. The car was demonstrated at the XVI All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition, which was held in the Nizhny Novgorod region of Kunavino. In the pre-revolutionary era, it was the largest exhibition site in the country, which demonstrated the best domestic achievements in the field of industry. The emperor personally financed the exhibition. Among the many wonderful and interesting exhibits at the exhibition, the joint development of Frese and Yakovlev was not lost.
Description of the Frese-Yakovlev car
Externally presented at the exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, the car, like many foreign analogues of that period, quite strongly resembled a light horse-drawn carriage. In its features it was possible, if desired, to consider a span. The prototype of the car was the German "Benz Velo", which inspired the creators. The weight of the model they developed was approximately 300 kg.
The heart of the car was a single-cylinder four stroke engine, which was located in the rear of the body and developed power up to 2 hp. Such a small motor allowed the car to reach speeds of up to 20 km / h. Especially for cooling the engine on a car, an evaporative system was implemented in which water was used, and the role of heat exchangers was performed by brass tanks placed along the sides in the rear of the hull. Together, these tanks can hold up to 30 liters of liquid. During the movement, the water periodically boiled, and the steam, heading to the condenser, returned back to the liquid state.
The car used electric ignition, which was made in the form of a battery and an induction coil. For cooking fuel mixture answered the simplest evaporative carburetor. Which was a container filled with gasoline, while the engine was running, gasoline was heated by exhaust gases and evaporated, combining with air. With the help of a special mixer, it was easy to change the composition of the mixture. But its quantitative adjustment was not provided.
The gearbox of the car was similar to that used on the Benz car, but the leather belts on the Russian car were replaced with more reliable ones made of multi-layered rubberized fabric. The belt transmission provided two gears: forward and idle. The gearshift process was controlled using levers located on the side of the steering wheel. The car had two brakes. The main one was foot and acted directly on the drive shaft of the gearbox. The second brake was manual, he pressed the rubber bars against solid tires. rear wheels car.
Complemented simple design car double wooden body type phaeton, which had a folding leather top. The body of the car was articulated with a spring suspension, which worked on the principle of friction damping. The springs consisted of a sufficiently large number of sheets, which, interacting with each other, damped sharp vibrations and shocks while the car was moving. The use of this design did not require the installation of shock absorbers, but forced the springs to rotate in time with the wheels, the rotation of which was provided by special metal bushings. The wheels of the car were quite bulky (the front wheels are smaller than the rear ones) and, like their spokes, were made of wood. The wheels were covered rubber tires. The production of inflated tires in Russia at that time was still absent.
It is worth noting that Frese and Yakovlev were quite talented in bringing to life many ideas that were used in the global automotive industry at the end of the 19th century. In this regard, their development was not some kind of unique or exclusive. At the same time, the idea to turn the presented copy into a mass commercial stock car looked very interesting at the time. There is still no information about what exactly happened to the sample presented at the exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. Perhaps it was simply destroyed by the inventors themselves. From preserved photographs this car, for its centenary, which was celebrated in 1996, its exact copy was created - a replica. The car was recreated in scientific and technical center Russian newspaper"Autoreview" with the direct assistance of the editor-in-chief of the publication M. I. Podorozhansky.
After the untimely death of Yevgeny Yakovlev in 1898, his partners decided to re-profile the plant, abandoning the production of internal combustion engines. This forced Peter Frese to look for ways to produce his own motors. As a result, he was forced to conclude an agreement with the French company De DionButon, with which he worked closely until 1910. This year, he sold his factory to the Russian-Baltic Plant, after which he gradually retired. Frese died in 1918 in his native St. Petersburg.
One year after the first demonstration at an exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, sales of the presented car started in the Russian Empire, but exactly how many copies of the Frese-Yakovlev car were produced and sold is unknown. According to some reports, the price tag for a Frese-Yakovlev car began at 1,500 rubles. It was half the cost of a Benz car and about 30 times more expensive than the cost ordinary horse.
Characteristics of Frese and Yakovlev's car:
Body type - phaeton (double).
Wheel formula - 4x2 (rear-wheel drive).
Overall dimensions: length - 2450 mm, width - 1590 mm, height - 1500 mm (with folded awning).
Rear track - 1250 mm.
Front track - 1200 mm.
Weight - 300 kg.
Power plant - single cylinder Gas engine 2 hp
Maximum speed - up to 20 km / h.
Interesting fact
At an early stage of the automotive industry, along with automobile plants, bodywork (crew) ones also appeared. Most of the factories produced only chassis and the buyer, acquiring the chassis, gave it to the carriage factory, where, in accordance with his wishes, "carosseri" were made - that was the name of car bodies at that time. Evidence of the high appreciation of Russian carosseri is the report on the IV International Automobile Exhibition held in St. Petersburg in 1913. Among its exhibits at stand No. 29 were presented five Mercedes cars with bodies of the St. Petersburg carriage factory Breitigam. Among other carriage factories, the leading places were occupied by such St. Petersburg factories as Frese, Pobeda, P.D. Yakovlev", "Otto" and "Bubbles". The bodies of Russian factories were repeatedly awarded the highest awards at international automobile exhibitions in 1907-1913. in Russia. At the first of these exhibitions in 1907, bodies of the P.D. Yakovlev". But of all these carriage factories, only Frese and Co. made an attempt to organize the production of cars and trucks. From 1901 to 1904, she manufactured several dozen cars with engines and transmissions from De Dion Bouton, and also tested an experimental trolleybus and road train with electric transmission. But weakness production base did not allow the development of the started business.
In 1909, the “Russian Automobile Plant I.P. Bubble". Its founder set out to set things up in such a way that Russian production it would not have been just a name, but it would have been really Russian "... the plant independently produced all automotive parts from Russian material, by Russian workers and under the guidance of Russian engineers." The second task was to create a car that meets the requirements of movement in Russia (in relation to the features of our roads) .In 1911, the main model of the plant was designated "28-35", in 1912 "A28-40". This machine was quite simple in design, had a large margin of safety, but it was a bit heavy. Its differences were high cross, ground clearance in 320 mm and other innovations. On Puzyrev's cars, for the first time in the world, all gears in the checkpoint switched on by cam clutches- it was the factory's own invention. The gear levers were no longer located outside the body, but inside it. The crankcases of the engine, gearbox and differential were cast from aluminum, rear axle had axle shafts of a fully unloaded type.
The working volume of the engines was up to 6325 cc, power up to 40 hp. At the IV International Automobile Exhibition in St. Petersburg in the spring of 1913, I.P. Puzyrev exhibited three cars - an open one with a seven-seat "torpedo" body and a closed one with a five-seat "limousine" body - both with 40-horsepower engines, as well as a sports chassis with an overhead valve engine.
Story modern car began quite recently - just a few hundred years ago, and the pace of development of the automotive industry is accelerating every year. The very first cars, which most often looked like motorized carriages, developed slowly and their owners and inventors were either not taken seriously or considered very strange people who were engaged in unnecessary and incomprehensible research. However, their work was not in vain, so let's remember today what were the first cars?
What was the first car in the world
The very first car was an ordinary cart, which was equipped with steam engine, which was capable of delivering the power needed to move the car itself and the driver. Such the first steam car was created in 1768 and there was only one copy, which is quite logical, since there was simply no need for such machines.
The very idea of moving from horse-drawn carriages to mechanized carriages is a real breakthrough, which can be compared to the transition from the usual preservation of fire among cavemen to its production.
However, steam cars did not receive development due to too bulky design and inconvenience when loading fuel, and the inventors tried to come up with new version engine.
The first car with a gasoline engine
It took almost 40 years to search for new engine options, and already in 1806 the first car with an internal combustion engine was created. Its design was also not perfect, but it was more convenient to use, so it was this branch of cars that was developed.
Already 80 years later, in 1885 Karl Benz introduced the first car ready for sale and serial production. It was very different from modern ones and the first thing that catches your eye is that it had not 4, but only 3 wheels.
Around the same time, the first motorized bicycle was invented, and a year later, the motorized cart, but Gottlieb Daimler became its inventor.
However, back to the three-wheeled miracle from Benz. This car was equipped with a 954 cm³ engine and was controlled by a T-handle. Despite the fact that this car made a splash among the world community, widespread this miracle of technology did not receive due to the huge cost of the car.
Separately, it is necessary to say a few words about the engine, since it is he who is a real breakthrough in the era of mechanical engineering. Despite the fact that his weight was about 100 kg, the best options The engine didn't exist at the time. It is worth noting that in the patent for the invention of the automobile, received by Benz, the engine power was indicated at 2/3 horsepower, although the actual power of the car was slightly higher and reached 0.9 horsepower at 400 rpm. This tricycle miracle technology could reach a speed of 16 kilometers per hour, which for that time was a very good result, and already in 1890 the car began to be mass-produced. You can see this car in operation in the video:
Four wheels instead of three
A three-wheeled car for a modern person is a curiosity and antiquity, although it was very much quoted among connoisseurs of the beauty of that era for its unusual and elegant design. But despite this, a few years after the appearance of the first car with an internal combustion engine, even Benz himself came to the conclusion that the three-wheeled car needed to be improved. Despite the fact that the four-wheeled version seemed less elegant and looked more like a carriage or cart, it was the four-wheeled car that was easier to maintain and more durable due to the lower load on front wheel. And already 3 years later, in 1893, the first four-wheeled car appeared, which in fact was a modified version of the Benz car, and was no different from his first invention.
The modifications did not end there, and in 1885 the Victoria car appeared. The improvement of the four-wheeled car created by Benz continued until 1890 and during this time more than 2300 such cars were produced and sold.
From functionality to appearance
Naturally, Benz was not the only inventor who was involved in the creation of cars. In parallel with him, Gottlieb Daimler conducted his work, who decided to approach the issue of creating a car in a slightly different way. The first models of his cars were simple horse-drawn carriages, which were driven by a motor.
Such carriages appeared as early as 1886, but due to design features and too much load from a single-cylinder engine on the structure, were extremely inconvenient, which prompted the inventor to continue working on his car.
Gottlieb Daimler himself spoke of himself as a restrained and patient designer who does not rush forward, but thinks more judiciously. Instead of modifying the current model, he primarily focused on developing own engine internal combustion, for which he soon received a patent.
At this time, his employees were also working on a new car, which was put into production in 1895 under the name "Daimler". New engines were subsequently used to produce completely revolutionary car models.
It is worth saying that by that time the first car had already been produced that could reach a speed of 80 km / h, and this happened in 1985. This car was equipped four-cylinder engine with a capacity of as much as 24 horsepower, which was a real breakthrough at that time.
However, this high-speed car was very bulky, very difficult to drive and far from the safest, so the company still had a lot of work to do.
The very first Mercedes
The Daimler company did the best job with this work, and by the end of 1890 a world-famous car appeared, which was named after the daughter of the founder of the company, Mercedes Daimler. This car, according to experts and historians, has become the prototype of modern cars.
Mercedes, with a capacity of 35 horsepower, is a real achievement and the pinnacle of the engineering skill of that time. The ignition in this car was carried out using a magnet. low voltage, the car had the ability to shift gears, and there is nothing to say about the quality of the body - it was the last know-how in the automotive industry of that era. A high-quality stamped frame made the car stronger and made it possible to apply fundamentally new techniques in the manufacture of a car body.
The brakes of the new car have become more advanced, and the car itself has become more reliable and obedient, which made it so popular among motorists. A little later, models equipped with a 5.3-liter side-valve engine were released, which also became popular and is still considered almost the best example of cars of that era.
The first car in Russia
Russia, although lagging behind foreign manufacturers cars, but still eventually realized the prospects for the development of this industry. The first car that appeared in Russia was the French handsome Panard-Levassor - french car brought to Russia in 1891 by Vasily Navrotsky. At that time, he served as editor of the Odessa Leaf newspaper. After that, interest in cars in Russia became more lively, and by the end of the year several more cars were imported into the country. However, despite this, for the first time cars on the streets of Moscow, the first cars appeared only in 1899.
At this time, the country also developed its own models of cars with an internal combustion engine, and the first such production car was the Frese and Yakovlev Car, which was first presented to the public in 1896. However, a lot of interest among the highest circles and official representatives This car did not call the Russian Empire at the fair.
This practically set the tone for the development of the automotive industry in the country, because in Russia, although they began to produce trucks and cars, they were going under license foreign companies from spare parts produced abroad. Unfortunately, until 1917 own production spare parts and vehicles Russian Empire it wasn't.
The situation changed after the Revolution, when the old system and the old views on pre-revolutionary life changed dramatically. Since then, mechanical engineering in Russia and the countries of the former CIS has begun its difficult path.
From mechanical carts to modern cars
The history of the automotive industry also includes several dead-end branches of development, including electric cars of the 20th century and the like, which were not directly developed, but can give food for thought to current engineers, since the ideas of some cars were quite sensible and just lacked technical feasibility implement these projects.
Since every day the automotive industry and the number of cars produced are only increasing, more powerful engines and committed brake systems, new materials are being used to make car bodies and even computers are being installed, it is quite possible that another industrial revolution is waiting for us soon and on modern cars in the future will look the same as we now looked at the cars of the 19th and 20th centuries.
