For the engine to develop full power, the following conditions must be met:
1 - good engine compression;
2 - stable and plentiful supply of fuel;
3 - a large number of air.
If one of the above conditions is not met, then Engine efficiency will be low.
When traction is lost under load, this means that the engine control unit has switched to emergency mode. Emergency mode engine operation is provided for all modern machines. This mode is necessary so that the car does not quickly, but safely reach its destination.
To find the right reason I need to do computer diagnostics of the engine.
According to the results computer diagnostics we will understand in which direction to move and where to dig in order to find out the true cause of the malfunction.
If diesel the engine does not have enough fuel then check fuel equipment: .
If the diagnostics shows that there is enough diesel fuel, and the turbine is under-blowing and there are no errors in other systems, then it is advisable to measure the engine compression.
Lack of proper engine compression will result in the engine will not pull and develop full power. If there is no piston compression, but there is enough air and fuel, then a strong explosion will not happen anyway, thus there will be no good exhaust, and as we know, the exhaust spins the turbine, so the turbine will not inflate the required amount of air. Lack of air boost will cause the car to not pull.
The most common reason for lack of airflow- problems in the operation of the turbine and shutdown of the turbine itself.
Consider an engine with variable geometry turbines (the most common).
Turbine shutdown is usually due to one of two problems: one is related to air, the other is related to mechanical failure the turbine itself (impeller wear, axle play).
There are variable geometry turbines that are controlled by vacuum, and there are those that are controlled by an electronic actuator.
The machine has four sensors that fully affect the operation of the turbine.
1 - Boost pressure sensor. It will measure the air pressure in the intake manifold.
2 - Boost pressure regulator. This is a valve that controls the geometry, i.e. turns the turbine on and off.
3 - Temperature sensor intake air. Shows the temperature of the air entering the motor.
4 - Atmospheric pressure sensor. Measures the atmospheric pressure where the vehicle is moving (normal atmospheric pressure relative to sea level).
Most often it happens that the tightness of the air intake system is broken in the car. Thus, the turbine drives all the air out (the pipe is torn, the connection is poor at the joints, the intercooler (air cooling radiator) is cracked).
To identify such a problem, you need to check all intake system air for tightness.
Next most common problem: Faulty geometry in the turbine.
To check the geometry on the car, you need to remove the vacuum hose from the actuator on the turbine itself. Put another hose on it and try with your mouth or special device draw in air. After this procedure, the stem that controls the geometry must change its position. If it does not change its position, then there may be 2 reasons, either the membrane in the actuator is torn, or the geometry itself is jammed.
Failure of the boost pressure regulator and boost pressure sensordetected by the presence of errors in them in the results of computer diagnostics.
The boost pressure regulator can also be checked with a vacuum gauge.
Don't forget to check Vacuum pump And vacuum tubes throughout the machine for tightness. This is done as follows, disconnect the pipe in some place, put your hand on it, you should feel air being drawn in.
A turbine with an electronic actuator is checked only with the help of computer diagnostics!
Please note that "swirl" flaps (not available in all vehicles) can also affect the loss of traction.
We hope that this information will help you identify the reason why your car is not pulling or gaining full power, as well as gaining enough knowledge to communicate with car service specialists.
In general, the engine can stop pulling for a variety of reasons - this is one of the most common malfunctions, which can have a huge variety of reasons, and below we will consider the most likely ones, describe their symptoms and explore this issue in detail. After all, one day it can happen to each of us that the engine will lose power, without being accompanied by any more symptoms. Probably the engine is not giving any obvious signs no illnesses, it seems to be almost perfectly fine and does not make any unusual noises and vibrations, but it just does not pull as well as it usually does. And the problem seems to be getting worse and worse every day, although you probably didn’t even notice when the engine started to pull worse for the first time.
If you are familiar with this situation, then let's consider the following reasons reduction of motor thrust:
Poor quality fuel
First of all, you need to blame the fuel - remember where you last refueled - perhaps this is a new gas station or one with the fuel of which you had no experience of driving before. It is quite possible that this fuel simply turned out to be of very poor quality (it happens so much that you are just lucky if your engine just stops pulling - after all, for someone, the engine will probably stop starting at all until the owner completely replaces the fuel in the tank).
If you refuel at the gas station where you usually do, and nothing raises suspicions, go to local communities on social networks, a car club in your region / district, or just a city portal - perhaps there was simply a bad delivery of fuel at the gas station.
However, most often, along with the loss of traction, the incompatibility of the engine with such low-quality fuel has other symptoms - for example, such as instability of engine speed, difficulty starting, and some others, depending on how bad the fuel turned out to be and on the car model.
But it is most likely to determine poor quality you can use gasoline yourself by unscrewing the candles from the engine (this will require a special candle key) - in general, candles can often be used as a primary diagnostic method certain malfunctions in the combustion chamber of the engine, since it is they who most closely cooperate with this combustion chamber and, at the same time, are quick-detachable. If the fuel contains a large amount of metal-based additives, then the contacts of the candle and the "skirt" of the central diode will have a coating reddish color(as if a red brick was crushed onto a candle).
Dirty air filter
You may also simply have your air filter, and in this case, the elimination of power loss will cost you, perhaps, cheaper than all other options - just replace the air filter - you can either buy it yourself or replace it yourself.
The problem with a dirty air filter is that fuel-air mixture, which enters the combustion chamber of your engine cylinders, enters there without a sufficient amount of air, and therefore the fuel does not burn out completely, because for its combustion it is necessary enough oxygen. It turns out a situation similar to a runny nose in a person - he seems to eat enough and leads a healthy lifestyle, but at certain points in his life (during illness with this runny nose), clogged nasal passages do not allow him to breathe normally.
Dirty or old spark plugs
Spark plugs can very well be dirty or excessively worn, in which case if the engine is not pulling because of them, this is also a relatively inexpensive troubleshooting option - just clean the spark plugs or replace them. However, it should be borne in mind that both periodic fouling and wear of spark plugs is an abnormal process, and the reason for this lies, most likely, somewhere deeper, or in the spark plugs themselves.
Dirty fuel filter
The fuel filter, like the air filter, can cause loss of engine power. And the physics of the process here is similar to the air filter - if in the case described above the fuel did not completely burn out due to lack of air, then in the case of a contaminated fuel filter, on the contrary, fuel is supplied an insufficient amount. In this case, it's simple.
Mechanical problems with the engine
If all the above methods did not save, and the engine still pulls the car badly, then it is time to entrust the matter to professionals - stop by good car service and diagnose the operation of the engine - checking the compression (degree of compression in the combustion chambers), for example, can tell a lot about the operation of the engine, including approaching the limit of its resource and upcoming expensive repairs.
Fuel system malfunction
It is quite probable that such a reason for the drop in engine traction is a violation of the normal operation of the fuel supply system to the cylinders, and here it can also be whole line the reasons that the motor is not gaining momentum, let's list the main ones:
- A defective (dirty) fuel pump due to, for example, low-quality fuel or suction of gasoline from the bottom of the tank, where most foreign particles of dirt have settled.
- Injector failure or oxygen sensor.
- Leakage in hoses or fuel supply pipes where air is sucked in.
Catalyst or exhaust system clogged
The cause of a decrease in engine traction can also be contaminated catalytic converter or exhaust line. In both cases, replacing the corresponding contaminated component will help. It should be borne in mind that the catalyst, as a rule, is very expensive due to the content of noble metals in it in certain quantities.
We have listed the main and most likely causes possible loss engine power - you need to remember that there are a great many such reasons, and if you were unable to install them yourself, then you definitely need to go to a car service workshop to entrust this matter to professionals.
Modern cars drives It is characterized by a certain scheme of work. Inside the chamber of this system burns fuel-air mixture. This means that when refueling a car with gasoline or diesel, the driver provides only one necessary element for the movement of the vehicle.
The fuel is mixed with air. gasoline or diesel. The fuel evaporates in front of the valves. In the cylinders, the mixture of fuel and air is burned by an electric spark. If issued, this means that the system has detected a deviation. This rich mixture. But you can independently see the engine malfunctions caused by such a problem. How to fix it, every car owner should know.
General concept
Understanding what is too rich mixture (VAZ, Skoda, BMW, Chevrolet, etc.), a few words should be said about the fuel itself. It consists of gasoline (diesel) and air correlated in a certain proportion. Liquid fuel is supplied to the engine cylinders. This ratio largely depends on its quantity.
A rich mixture is one that contains more gasoline and less air. Since there is not enough oxygen inside the combustion chamber, the process of engine operation loses power. Afterburning of gasoline occurs because of this already in the muffler. Some auto mechanics call this state of the fuel high-calorie.
These violations are reflected on the outside. A characteristic black soot, soot appears on them. There may be several reasons for this state of the engine system. They must be found and eliminated.
When the mixture gets rich
Deviations in the preparation of the mixture appear as a result of certain failures of the vehicle's systems. The injector is responsible for the process of creating fuel. It prepares mixtures with a certain percentage of oxygen. It is this ability of the presented engine element that allows the engine to operate in different modes.
If necessary, the driver can, thanks to such a device, increase speed, cope with the rise, overtake, etc.
It is determined by a mathematical formula. The ratio of 14.7 kg of oxygen per 1 kg of liquid fuel is considered normal. If in this formula, for some reason, the amount of oxygen increases, such a composition is called poor. If the amount of fuel in the mixture rises, the mixture acquires the status of rich.
The car owner can independently adjust the level of oxygen supply to fuel mixture. Mistakes made in this process lead to breakdowns and improper operation of the vehicle.
Signs of deviation
Rich mixture - VAZ, UAZ, BMW, Audi and others existing brands cars - can be manifested by a wide range of deviations in the operation of the car. If such violations occur, it is urgent to find out the cause of this condition of the engine.
In vehicles in which an autoscanner is installed, when the deviations presented occur, an indicator lights up with the corresponding error code (P0172). The muffler in this case may emit loud pops. This is due to the combustion of air in the exhaust pipe. This is one of the first signs of violations.
At the same time, one can notice the appearance in exhaust gases black, grey. This is also due to the inappropriate way the fuel burns out. Exhaust is not cleaned. The pipe contains a large amount of atmospheric oxygen. Therefore, the exhaust gas acquires a characteristic dirty tint.
Driving a car
Too rich mixture also appears in the management vehicle. Almost any driver will immediately notice this. The car becomes less dynamic. Engine power drops sharply. Since the combustion process in the motor chamber is slower, the mechanism is not able to work at full strength.
In some cases, the car may not even go. But this is with very serious deviations in the ratio of fuel and air in the combustion chamber.
When driving a car, the owner may notice that fuel consumption has increased. it's the same feature engine malfunctions due to operation with a rich mixture. This violation is explained simply. The engine in such conditions does not work efficiently. The fuel mixture is consumed incorrectly. To prevent low speed combustion, the engine begins to inject more liquid fuel into the chamber.
Main reasons
There are several main reasons that cause deviations in the ratio of air and gasoline. The most basic of them may be deviations in the engine control system, as well as drive malfunctions. air damper. An injector malfunction can also explain why rich mixture. Carburetor if set incorrectly, it can also cause deviations. Another factor in the formation of a rich mixture is the clogging of the air filter.
Often the cause of violations in the fuel system is the wrong actions of the car owner. In order to reduce gas mileage or increase engine power, the driver may not properly adjust the system. As a result, he gets problems with the engine and the need for extraordinary maintenance or even repairs.
Fuel deviations
Since the formation process combustible mixture consists of two main components (gasoline and air), violations are possible from the supply side of each of them. Excess fuel is determined much less frequently than lack of air. But typical fuel supply violations should be considered in more detail.
Too rich a mixture, the causes of which are related to the fuel system, can be caused by high pressure in the line. This deviation is caused by a malfunction of the fuel pump or regulation system. To check this version, use a special fuel gauge.
Deviations in the composition of the mixture can be caused by the adsorber. Due to a malfunction in the vapor recovery system, a large amount of gasoline is admitted through it.
Also may be faulty when closed may be unable to hold fuel. This causes it to enter the chamber even when the nozzles are closed.
Air supply problems
"Rich mixture" error, which is determined by the vehicle diagnostic system, is much more often caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the combustion chamber. There are several reasons for this violation.
First of all, the air filter may be elementarily dirty. For some reasons ( difficult conditions operation, driving dirty roads) this element of the oxygen purification system may become unusable even earlier than the period specified by the manufacturer. Therefore, it is necessary to visually evaluate the cleaner. If it is dirty, covered with oil, it must be replaced urgently. Otherwise, the motor will quickly fail.
In some cases, the cause of inadequate air supply to the combustion chamber may be a breakdown of its flow sensor. This will help to identify the system readings of the scanner. Sometimes a malfunction of the air pressure sensor in the manifold system is determined.
Automatic diagnostic system
If the vehicle diagnostic system indicates that a "Mixture too rich" error certain actions need to be taken. To do this, you need to understand the principles of the scanner.
Air is supplied to the fuel when diagnosing the MAP sensor and the lambda probe. Maybe it is caused by deviations of these particular systems. However, in addition to them, problems may be associated with deviations in thermal gaps (engine with LPG), with mechanical damage sealing materials, insufficient compression or deviation during timing operation.
To understand why automatic diagnostics indicates such an error, the vehicle owner can take several actions. First of all, you need to analyze the information that the scanner provides. Next, you can artificially simulate the conditions for the appearance of such a malfunction.
The next step may be to check the components and mechanisms, such as contacts, the absence of suction, as well as the operability of systems associated with the supply of fuel and oxygen to the combustion chamber.
Troubleshooting a system error
If the diagnostic system indicates that the vehicle is using a rich mixture, a number of actions must be taken. Failed node is found during the sequential check of each system. To do this, the JOT, MAF sensors, as well as the lambda probe, are checked with a multimeter.
If no deviations are found in these systems, it is necessary to pay attention to candles, coils and wires. Next, the fuel pressure is measured using a pressure gauge, and the ignition marks are also checked.
Then check the seals and connections at the air inlet, as well as the exhaust manifold. There shouldn't be any suction. After carrying out all the manipulations and eliminating the malfunction, the fuel supply adjustments are reset. In this case, long-term programs with respect to this setting return to their original value.
If in fuel tank getting ready mixture too rich, the first thing that experienced auto mechanics recommend doing is to reset additional settings injector work. If the owner made self settings fuel control system, he could make serious mistakes. A rich fuel mixture will lead to inevitable engine failure very soon.
If the cause of deviations is related to the nozzle system, this can be determined visually. With such a malfunction outside the injector shows traces of fuel combustion.
Burning and soot can also be found on one side of the sealing copper ring. Such deviations are caused incorrect installation injector. If the O-ring is in the wrong place, similar malfunctions are also possible.
Rare breakdowns
Experts say that 90% of all errors are related to injector adjustment. Eliminating it is easy. The main thing is to pay attention to wrong work car engine.
The most rare, exotic are considered to be malfunctions of the engine control unit, as well as the poor condition of the contacts. Sometimes there are cases of oxygen sensor poisoning. An experienced specialist is able to identify such deviations. In this case, not every car owner can solve the problem on their own.
Having considered what a rich mixture is, one can understand the danger of such a situation. In the event of an emergency, it is best to contact service center. Service stations have essential tool which can be used to diagnose. This will save the car's engine.
In this article, we will look at a few common faults. diesel engine, And possible methods eliminate them on their own. And we will also figure out why these malfunctions can appear in a diesel engine.
The diesel engine does not pull (does not develop full power), but it does not smoke.
The most common causes of such a malfunction are a decrease in filter patency. coarse cleaning fuel in the car tank and a decrease in filter patency fine cleaning fuel. Many conscientious drivers change fuel filter after a certain mileage of the car, as prescribed by the car manufacturer. But we forget that any manufacturer of an imported foreign car writes the terms for replacing the filter, counting on the fact that the car will be operated on normal European fuel.
It cannot even enter their heads that there may be dirt or water in the fuel, which in our domestic fuel common occurrence. Therefore, in order not to harm the engine and not lose power, the fuel filter should be changed twice as often, especially if you visit remote gas stations somewhere in the outback. And best of all, upgrade the fuel system of a diesel foreign car, as described in.
In order to be sure of such a malfunction, you need to change the regular opaque fuel line going from the fuel filter to the injection pump to a transparent hose (as in the photo on the left), which will be very useful in the further operation of the car (after replacing the hose, and the fuel filter, too, you will need bleed the fuel system, that is, remove air, read how to do this).
After replacing the hose (fuel line) with a transparent one, and pumping fuel system, start the engine, and if the fuel filter is clogged, then when the engine is running, circulating air bubbles will be visible in the transparent hose, and when the engine speed increases, they will be visible even more clearly. Moreover, from the presence of these air bubbles in the fuel system, the diesel engine can work intermittently (“troit”), naturally, engine power is lost from this.
We get rid of such a malfunction by replacing the fine filter, but before that it will be useful to unscrew at the bottom of the fuel tank drain plug and drain the sludge. It will also be useful to clean the coarse fuel filter (mesh in the form of a barrel) located in the gas tank from dirt.
To do this, many cars have a special hatch (the one in which there is a fitting for connecting the fuel hose), by unscrewing which you can get to the coarse fuel filter. After all these operations, it will be necessary to bleed the fuel system in order to remove air from it (how to do this, follow the link above and read).
At idle and medium speeds, the diesel engine runs normally, but at high revs works intermittently ("troit").
Such a nuisance may be due to a malfunction of the gas distribution mechanism of the engine (timing), as well as due to air being sucked into the fuel system, or due to the above-described loss of fuel filter patency (the filter is clogged with dirt).
First, let's make sure whether the fine fuel filter is to blame or not and whether it is worth changing it. To do this, disconnect the fuel hose from the filter fitting (I hope you have already replaced it with a transparent one), which goes to the injection pump. Dip the end of the hose that you removed from the filter fitting into a bottle of clean diesel fuel and now start the engine.
If now the diesel engine works in all modes (at any speed) normally without interruption, then the malfunction was precisely due to a dirty fine filter and it should be replaced. If the malfunction does not disappear, then try to clean the coarse filter located in the fuel tank from dirt (I wrote about this above). Don't forget to bleed the fuel system afterwards.
If after that the malfunction does not disappear, and the fine filter is new, and you cleaned the coarse filter in the tank, then pay attention (when the engine is running) if there are air bubbles in the transparent fuel hose. If yes, then it is possible that the fuel system is leaking somewhere and air is getting into it.
Check all connections of metal and rubber fuel lines and fittings of the tank, pump, return hose (including under the bottom of the car), it may be necessary to tighten the clamp somewhere, or replace the rubber hose cracked from time to time. Typically, leaks are clearly visible in the characteristic wet spots from the fuel. After the leak has been eliminated, the fuel system should be bled (bleeded).
If you have replaced and cleaned all the filters, and no air bubbles are observed in the hose when the engine is running (and everything is tight), but still the diesel engine maximum speed(or above average) works intermittently (“troit”), then it remains to be checked (which, by the way, can “float away” due to a malfunction valve mechanism), and it is also worth checking and adjusting thermal gaps in the valves (read how to do this).
But sometimes this does not help, and either valves or restoration of their geometry is required. But before you remove the head for repair, you should determine why the compression is lost - due to leaks in the valve mechanism or due to piston wear.
How to do this, I already wrote and those who wish can read about it. If you are unable to eliminate all of the above malfunctions, then you should contact the services of specialists to repair the engine head and restore normal work Timing.
For more modern diesels, in the head of which hydraulic valve compensators are installed, interruptions in the operation of the engine may be due to a malfunction of the hydraulic compensators, for example, if one of them is jammed due to dirty oil. In general, such diesel engines are loved more quality oil and more frequent replacement (and filter too), just like turbo diesels.
To eliminate the jamming of the hydraulic compensator, in any case, you will have to disassemble the head, followed by washing or replacing parts (if they have scuffs).
When the diesel engine is running, it knocks, and if you sequentially disconnect the fuel lines from the injectors, then the knock disappears.
Such a malfunction may occur due to the failure of some kind of nozzle (for example, the nozzle needle may jam in the open position). You can determine which cylinder injector is out of order by disconnecting the fuel lines one by one. high pressure from injectors.
Well, the last reason why a diesel engine can smoke and not develop full power is the unsatisfactory operation of the nozzles (for example, wear and loss of tightness of the needle and its seat - I wrote about the diagnosis and repair of nozzles on my own in), but before unscrewing them from the engine and take it to specialists for inspection (pressure testing), first perform the above steps, starting with replacing the air filter.
By the way, I advise you to clarify the mileage of your car, I mean real mileage(how to find out the real mileage,), as on modern diesel engines with a system common rail, modern electro-hydraulic, or piezoelectric nozzles (I wrote about them) walk on our domestic fuel, as a rule, no more than 150 - 200 thousand km. And if your odometer does not have low mileage, as described just above, and the car is modern, that is, with a common rail fuel system, then injector diagnostics are definitely needed.
That's not all possible faults a fairly run-through diesel engine, and there are other ways to eliminate them, but I will try to talk about them in one of the following articles (we find the article).
I hope this article will help those drivers who like to fix most diesel engine problems, and the whole car with their own hands, good luck to everyone.
So, let's start listing the reasons.
1) Malfunction or deterioration of the fuel supply system.
Both petrol and diesel engines, this item is always checked first if the engine does not pull and is gaining momentum poorly.
At gasoline engines often the fuel pump fails, so the first thing to do is check it, and here it doesn’t matter whether it is electric or mechanical, there are enough examples from life. Even here one, recently familiar with the trade wind with single injection, came, complained about the lack of traction, and where do you think the dog was buried? That's right, the fuel pump was slowly dying, as a result, there was not enough fuel, and the hungry engine was no longer so peppy. Also look at the fuel supply and distribution body itself, carburetor, single injection or injector, but this is already on the site for the fuel workers and not for me. Let them check, adjust, repair.
As for diesels, in most cases, when equipment with injectors dies, the problems described in the title appear. Death of injector sprayers and demise plunger pairs High pressure fuel pumps lead to a large loss of engine power, up to the point that it will completely stop starting.
If you are sure that the equipment with injectors is alive, but the engine stubbornly does not want to gain momentum as expected, you probably have a late ignition, that is, you need to conjure with the ignition timing, do it earlier.
Air leakage in the diesel fuel system is a real evil. It can suck both through dead sealing washers (copper or aluminum), and a small hole in any of the hoses of the fuel supply system. In general, the leak must be found and neutralized.
Fuel filters apply to both diesel and gasoline, if they have not been changed for a long time and are clogged, thrust from the engine can also not be expected.
2) Ignition system malfunction.
Here it is worth determining whether your engine is troiting, if it is troiting then. If it doesn’t troit, then let’s start with a simple one, with a distributor. Firstly, it’s worth spinning it on a running engine, trying to catch the moment (if there is such a thing, of course) when the engine will work more responsively. If it doesn't work out, look carefully at the wires and candles, and other electrical crap.
If you have an injection engine, start with the timing marks, because it is precisely from the correct installation of them that injection engine depends on the moment of spark supply and fuel injection. If the labels are in order, it is possible that one of the sensors has failed, of which injection motor darkness, starting with mass air flow sensor, crankshaft position sensor, camshaft sensor, sensor idle move, ending with lambda probes and other electronic heresy, which will have to be checked for performance either by you or by the auto electrician you contact.
If your engine started to pick up speed poorly after replacing the timing belt or timing chain, you may have made a mistake during installation, because here the tooth to the left, the tooth to the right plays a big role, an error of just one tooth can deprive you of the pleasure of pressing the pedal into the poly, instead of jerking from a place with slipping, you can get an uncertain displacement from a place with increased consumption fuel.
3)Air supply problems.
Air leak on the way to the cylinders after the sensor mass flow air is also fraught with a loss of power, because the computer calculates the composition of the fuel mixture based on the indications of the amount of incoming air that the DMRV transmits to it, but if there is more air, then as a result, a lean mixture and weak traction.
The air filter, it should be changed every six months, but there are smart people who do not change it for years. As a result, the air intake is difficult, black smoke, the engine is gaining momentum poorly and does not produce the required power. Replacing the filter solves the problem.
4) Exhaust problems.
Before embarking on prose on this topic, I advise you to check the catalyst, if you still have it. If it is clogged, it's sad, there was a case on the Audi 100 C4, 2.3 engine, does not gain momentum, 4000 limit, they racked their brains for a long time, threw out the catalyst, the engine became like a beast.
I think it's not a secret for many that an engine without a muffler system produces 10-15% more power, so when tuning engines, they often put forward flow with an increased diameter of exhaust pipes, but this is so, for general development.
And now prose, a case from the recent past. The KAMAZ engine was brought for overhaul, the reason: there is no power and it is not gaining momentum. They opened the heads, and there was an ass in general, apparently the engine ate oil well, and the oil burned out just in the exhaust manifold, shorter than carbon deposits on the walls exhaust manifold it was unrealistically much, there was a hole with a diameter of 3-4 cm, it's like a person has constipation, and without intervention from the outside, he is not treated.
