We invite you to look at a bold example of the desire to raise automotive art to new level. Craftsman and inventor José Manuel after he retired after a long job as a maintenance mechanic marine engines, began to collect miniature copies of engines. It is noteworthy that all the motors that the master creates are made in the smallest detail, reproducing an exact copy.
Watch a video clip that demonstrates the operation of a mini engine with 32 cylinders. The engine has 850 parts, 632 screws and bolts. In order to make this masterpiece, the master spent 2520 hours of work.
This is not his first job. José Manuel has been into tiny engines for a long time. His collection contains many various models starting from new generation modern motors and ending with old power units.
The most difficult thing, according to the master, was to create copies, which, due to the size of the miniature, must be very small.
All motors are powered by compressed air.
Recall that the past work of the inventor was shown in 2012 and impressed everyone who is not indifferent to automotive world. Then the master introduced the world's smallest V12 engine.
The most amazing thing is that all the unique masterpieces are made of such high quality that there is practically no vibration during engine operation. To demonstrate this, the master puts coins on top of the unit during the engine's working cycle, which really show that all the details of the mini-engine are matched and designed perfectly.
M-32- Soviet aviation V-shaped 16-cylinder water-cooled engine, designed at the Institute of Aviation Motors () under the direction of V.M. Yakovlev.
| M-32 | |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | |
| Years of production | 1932-1934 |
| Specifications | |
| Volume | 21.7 l |
| Power | 600/750 hp |
| Compression ratio | 6,0 |
| Cylinder diameter | 120 mm |
| piston stroke | 120 mm |
| Number of cylinders | 16 |
| Fuel system | carburetor |
| Cooling system | water cooling |
| Dimensions | |
The engine for fighters of this design has been developed since 1929 at plant number 24, and since February 1931 at the IAM under the direction of V.M. Yakovlev. In October 1934, the engine was started on the stand. In 1934, an assignment was received to modify the engine under the name M-32RN. The engine was manufactured and put on the stand. In 1935, the engine was being refined. By this time, the M-32 was already outdated, so work on it was stopped. A total of 5 copies of the M-32 were made.
Design
The M-32 engine was a 16-cylinder V-shaped four-stroke water-cooled piston engine. Camber angle of cylinder blocks 45°. In the first version, there was no gearbox and supercharger. The test revealed cracking of the heads and chipping of the bearings. On following engines reinforced blocks were used. When modifying the engine, a gearbox and a single-speed monitoring station were installed.
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The diesel 4-cylinder engine Nissan QD32, with a volume of 3153 cm 3, has been produced since the mid-90s. last century one of largest manufacturers in the world - by the Japanese auto corporation nissan motor Co.,Ltd. A more technically advanced unit replaced the TD series motors.
However, already in the early 2000s. it was replaced by ZD engines, in particular the ZD-30. In the marking, the first two letters indicate the series, the numbers 32 indicate the volume in deciliters. The uniqueness of the unit is that in the entire history of the brand, a similar volume of fuel combustion chambers was available only to several series (ED, UD, FD) of engines internal combustion(ICE).
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The QD32 diesel engine was planned to equip mainly commercial minibuses, heavy SUVs, trucks and special equipment. IN different modifications and equipping them with such models as Nissan Homy, Nissan Caravan, Datsun Truck, Nissan Atlas (Atlas), Nissan Terrano(Terrano) and Nissan Elgrand (Elgrand).
Peculiarities
A key feature of the QD32 diesel unit is that it does not have a fuel injection system. common rail. At the time of the development of the motor, this system was very common. However, the company's engineers deliberately did not introduce it into the engine. The reason is that a simpler motor device allows you to do repairs in the field with improvised means, in the absence of a car service, with your own hands.
Together with a timing gear drive that eliminates the problem of valve interaction with the piston, and a cast iron cylinder head, this leads to high reliability and long-term resource of the unit as a whole. Thanks to this, among the people, the engine received the status of “indestructible” among car owners. In addition, QD32 is well known among tuners-motorists for replacing the native motor of a car with a more unpretentious, cheap and durable one.
Specifications
Main specifications basic version power unit QD32 are presented in the table:
| Manufacturer | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. |
|---|---|
| Motor brand | QD32 |
| Release years | 1996 – 2007 |
| Volume | 3153 cm3 or 3.2 liters |
| Power | 73.5 kW (100 HP) |
| Torque | 221 Nm (at 4200 rpm) |
| Weight | 258 kg |
| Compression ratio | 22.0 |
| Nutrition | injection pump with electronic control(electronic injection) |
| motor type | in-line diesel |
| Ignition | switching, non-contact |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Location of the first cylinder | TVE |
| Number of valves per cylinder | 2 |
| Cylinder head material | cast iron |
| intake manifold material | duralumin |
| Exhaust manifold material | cast iron |
| camshaft | original cam profile |
| Block material | cast iron |
| Cylinder diameter | 99.2 mm |
| Type and material of pistons | cast aluminum low skirt |
| Crankshaft | cast, 5 supports, 8 counterweights |
| piston stroke | 102 mm |
| Environmental standards | Euro 1/2 |
| Fuel consumption | On the highway - 10 liters per 100 km Combined cycle - 12 liters per 100 km In the city - 15 liters per 100 km |
| Oil consumption | Maximum 0.6 l per 1000 km |
| Engine oil viscosity ratings | 5W30, 5W40, 0W30, 0W40 |
| Engine oil manufacturers | Liqui Moly, LukOil, Rosneft |
| Oil for QD32 by quality composition | Synthetic in winter and semi-synthetic in summer |
| Engine oil volume | 6.9 l |
| Temperature is normal | 95° |
| ICE resource | Declared - 250 thousand km Real (in practice) - 450 thousand km |
| Adjustment of valves | washers |
| Glow plugs QD32 | HKT Y-955RSON137, EIKO GN340 11065-0W801 |
| Cooling system | forced, antifreeze |
| coolant volume | 10 l |
| water pump | Aisin WPT-063 |
| spark plug gap | 1.1mm |
| Timing drive | gear |
| The order of operation of the cylinders | 1-3-4-2 |
| Air filter | Micro AV3760, VIC A-2005V |
| Flywheel | 6 mounting holes and 1 centering hole |
| Oil filter | Filtron OP567/3, Fiaam FT4905, Alco SP-901, Bosch 0986AF1067, Campion COF102105S |
| Flywheel mounting bolts | M12x1.25 mm, length 26 mm |
| Valve stem seals | manufacturer Goetze, inlet light |
| graduation dark | |
| Turnover XX | 650 – 750 min-1 |
| Compression | from 13 bar (the difference between adjacent cylinders is not more than 1 bar) |
| tightening force threaded connections | candle - 32 - 38 Nm flywheel - 72 - 80 Nm clutch bolt - 42 - 51 Nm bearing cover - 167 - 177 Nm (main) and 78 - 83 Nm (rod) cylinder head - three stages 39 - 44 Nm, 54 - 59 Nm + 90 ° |
Addition
Depending on the equipment with one or another type of drive for the high-pressure fuel pump, the motor power can vary significantly:
- WITH mechanical drive (mechanical injection pump) - 135 l. s at a torque of 330 Nm.
- With electronic drive - 150 liters. With. and a torque of 350 Nm.
The first type, as a rule, was equipped trucks, and the second - minivans. At the same time, in practice, it was noted that mechanics are more reliable than electronics, but less comfortable to operate.
QD32 engine modifications
Over the 11-year production period of power diesel unit released in 6 modifications to equip different models auto.
| Modification, years | Technical data | Car model, gearbox (gearbox) |
|---|---|---|
| QD321, 1996 - 2001 | Torque 221 Nm at 2000 rpm, power - 100 hp. With. | Nissan Homy and Nissan Caravan, automatic |
| QD322, 1996-2001 | Torque 209 Nm at 2000 rpm, power - 100 hp. With | Nissan Homy and Nissan Caravan, manual (manual transmission) |
| QD323, 1997-2002 | Torque 221 Nm at 2000 rpm, power - 110 hp. With | Datsun Truck, manual/automatic (automatic transmission) |
| QD324, 1997-2004 | Torque 221 Nm at 2000 rpm, 105 hp With. | Nissan Atlas, automatic |
| QD325, 2004-2007 | Torque 216 Nm at 2000 rpm, power - 98 hp. With. | Nissan Atlas (European model), automatic |
| QD32ETi, 1997-1999 | Torque 333 Nm at 2000 rpm, power - 150 hp. With. | Nissan Terrano (Rpm System), Nissan Elgrand, automatic |
The modification of the QD32ETi unit is significantly different from the others. First of all, it differs from the standard version in the intercooler and a different design of the collectors with the same volume.
Advantages and disadvantages
Among the obvious advantages of the QD32 unit are:
- Gas distribution OHV-scheme, excluding breakage / jumping of the chain or belt.
- Rugged, compact and robust construction engine.
- Large working resource and low price.
- High maintainability, including with your own hands.
- The collision of pistons and cylinders due to the use of gear transmission is completely excluded.
The engine also has disadvantages:
- Limited power.
- Noise.
- Inertia.
- Lack of 4-valve cylinders.
- The impossibility of using more modern channels of the inlet / outlet tract.
Car models on which the QD32 engine was installed
Aspirated QD32 was installed mainly on cars Nissan brand and one model of the Datsun Truck line (1997-2002):
- Minivan Homy/Caravan in production years from 1996 to 2002.
- Atlas commercial truck between 1997 and 2007
The turbocharged modification of the QD32ETi unit was installed on the following machines:
- Minivan with rear-wheel drive layout Elgrand.
- SUV with all-wheel drive Regulus.
- SUV with full and rear-wheel drive layout Terrano.
maintainability
The QD32 diesel engine as a whole, according to reviews, is seen as quite reliable and “indestructible” even under the most severe operating conditions and with unpretentiousness in the quality of diesel fuel and oil. However, sooner or later the unit may fail. Therefore, each driver should know which symptoms of malfunctions correspond to the causes of engine failure.
Fault table QD32
How to do a motor self-diagnosis (manual)
To carry out self-diagnosis of the QD32 motor, you first need to find the so-called diagnostic connector. As a rule, it is located under the steering column (7 holes in two rows). Before starting the diagnostics, you need to move the starter to the “ON” position without starting the engine.
Next, using a paper clip, you need to close contacts No. 8 and No. 9 in the connector (when viewed from left to right, these are the first two holes located in the bottom row). Contacts are bridged for only a couple of seconds. The paper clip is pulled out, the CHECK light should blink.
You need to accurately count the number of long and short blinks. In this case, long blinks mean tens, and short blinks mean ones in the self-diagnosis code cipher. For example, 5 long blinks and 5 short blinks make code 55. This means that there are no faults in the engine. To restart the self-diagnosis, you need to perform the sequence of the described actions again.
For example, here is a table of self-diagnosis codes for the QD32ETi engine.
Breakdown Prevention - Maintenance Schedule
Not only careful operation, but also timely implementation of measures will help to extend the operation of the QD32 diesel engine and avoid its breakdown. Maintenance. Manufacturer Nissan set the following maintenance periods for his offspring:
- Replacement fuel filter every 40 thousand kilometers.
- Adjustment of thermal valve clearances after every 30 thousand kilometers.
- Replacement engine oil, and oil filter after passing 7.5 thousand km of the route.
- Cleaning the crankcase ventilation system once every 2 years.
- Replacement air filter every 20 thousand kilometers.
- Antifreeze update every 40 thousand kilometers.
- Replacing the exhaust manifold after 60 thousand kilometers.
- Candles require replacement after passing 20 thousand kilometers.
Tuning QD32
The original purpose of the QD32 engine, as the manufacturer created it, is to be smooth, reliable and safe movement. Such stability is needed, for example, for commercial minibuses. However, those who have to force off-road or who just want to squeeze the maximum power out of the unit should spend minimal necessary tuning motor. 
To increase the torque and power of the QD32 engine, the following measures must be taken:
- Replace injectors with higher performance ones.
- Install a contract turbine with a pressurization system of 1.2 atmospheres.
- Perform an upgrade electronic drive injection pump to mechanical.
- Carry out the adjustment of the injection pump and injectors on the stand.
- Make a flashing program control ECU.
Modernizing power unit, we must not forget that at the same time the load on undercarriage car and its security system. Special attention should be given brake system, engine mounts and brake pads/discs. The QD32 motor is often re-equipped domestic models(UAZ, Gazelle).
Today we will recall the truly few engine configurations - both in terms of the number of cylinders and their arrangement. And let's go in ascending order...
single cylinder engine
Now you will find single-cylinder engines only on mopeds, small-capacity motorcycles, auto rickshaws and other equipment with the prefix "moto". Meanwhile, in the 50s and 60s of the last century, the lion's share of post-war microcars was equipped with such simple engines. Take, for example, the British Bond Minicar with a Villiers engine: yes, let it be three-wheeled and cramped, but it has a hood, a roof, a full-fledged steering wheel - a minimum set of amenities is present.
Forked twin piston engine
A similar motor is a mechanism in which two pistons work in parallel in two cylinders. But there is one snag - the combustion chamber for these cylinders is one, common. This results in more efficient combustion. air-fuel mixture Compared to conventional single-cylinder engines, fuel efficiency is improved, power is increased. This type of engine was used in Western Europe before the war, but after the Second World War it became much less in demand. One of the few split-engined cars was the Iso Isetta, whose 236cc engine developed 9 horsepower.
V-shaped 2-cylinder engine
The pride of Harley-Davidson, unlike in-line or boxer 2-cylinder engines, did not take root in cars - the vibrations from them are too large. V-engines with two "pots" are found only on a variety of exotics, like the three-wheeled "Morgans" of the 30s, as well as some kei cars of the early post-war period. One example is the Mazda R360 with a miniature V2 air cooling. Later on its base appeared commercial vehicles B360 / B600 - also with V-shaped "twos".
V-shaped 4-cylinder engine
Three-cylinder V-motors they are not found on cars (only on motorcycles, and even then rarely), but V-shaped “fours” are quite. True, in terms of popularity they lose to both in-line and boxer engines with the same number of cylinders. You can meet this outlandish power plant these days, for example, on Zaporozhets, LuAZs, some early versions Ford Transit, as well as sports cars like the Saab Sonnet or, for a second, the triumphant Le Mans Porsche 919 hybrid.
V-shaped five-cylinder engine
Now in-line five-cylinder engines are experiencing a rebirth: now they can be found not only in the elderly Audi 200 / Quattro of the 80s, but also in more than modern Audi TT RS. But the hands of engineers have not yet reached the revival of the V-shaped "five". In the 90s, engineers from Volkswagen thought of this unusual scheme, sawing off one cylinder from the VR6 engine - formally, the Volkswagen V5 is exactly the VR5, since the engine has only one cylinder head with a slight collapse of these same cylinders. With a pleasant voice V5 was installed on many models Volkswagen Group late 90s: VW Golf, Bora, Passat, and Seat Toledo.
V-shaped in-line six-cylinder engine(VR6)
By the way, VR6 is also a rare configuration. And it is also found only on cars of the Volkswagen concern. The VR6 was a V6 with a very small camber angle (10.5 or 15 degrees), which had only one cylinder head, and the cylinders themselves were arranged in a zigzag pattern. Now the motor has a controversial reputation: being installed in the most powerful Volkswagen 90s (Golf VR6, Corrado VR6 and even Volkswagen T4), it stands out with great torque and a velvety growl, but in the event of a malfunction it starts to devour gasoline - there have been cases when consumption increased to more than 70 liters per 100 kilometers.
Inline 8-cylinder engine
Before the Second World War, in-line "eights" were the favorite engines of American premium brands (Packard, Duesenberg, Buick), but they were no less popular at that time in Europe: it was with this engine that the Bugatti Type 35 won more than a thousand races around the world , it is with an in-line 8-cylinder engine that the original Alfa Romeo The 8C shone at the Mille Miglia and the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The swan song of the long engine was 1955, when Juan Manuel Fangio became the champion for the second time driving a Mercedes W196. However, in the same year, the famous tragedy at Le Mans also occurred, when Pierre Levegh's Mercedes 300 SLR (also with an inline "eight") claimed the lives of more than 80 spectators. After this incident, Mercedes retired from motorsport for more than 30 years.
Boxer 8-cylinder engine
Although such engines are more common in aviation, at one time Porsche experimented with them - the racing Porsche 907 and 908 built in the 60s were just equipped with opposed 8-cylinder engines that provide high power and low center of gravity. Not to say that the idea was unsuccessful, but the company quickly abandoned such engines, preferring the boxer "sixes" to them, but with a pressurization system. At the end of its life, the 908—like the one that brought Jost and X to second place at the 1980 24 Hours of Le Mans—was already a six-cylinder.
W-shaped 8-cylinder engine
The W8 engine, which was installed only on Volkswagen Passat B5+ can be thought of as two V4 motors that are mounted side by side at an angle of 72 degrees to each other. Thus, four rows of cylinders are obtained, for which the motor received the name W8. Before appearance of Volkswagen Phaeton model Passat W8 was the company's flagship sedan, developing 275 horsepower and accelerating to "hundreds" in a sports car's 6 seconds.
Boxer 10-cylinder engine
Alas, this idea turned out to be too cool to become a reality, although GM worked on a similar engine in the 60s, based on the 6-cylinder boxer of the Corvair model. It was assumed that the new 10-cylinder engine will take its place in full-size sedans and light-duty pickups. General Motors, but the project was quickly curtailed for reasons unknown now. There were no in-line 10-cylinder engines on the cars either - except for heavy sea container ships.
Inline 12-cylinder engine
In his book The Illustrated Car Encyclopedia of the World, David Bergs Wise states that the only stock car with 12-cylinder inline engine was Corona, which was produced in France in 1908. However, this does not mean that the idea did not appeal to other companies - for example, it is reliably known that Packard experimented with this type of motor. The running copy was built in 1929, and Warren Packard personally tested it for six months ... until he died in a plane crash. After his death, the luxurious convertible was dismantled, and the 150-horsepower unique engine was destroyed.
V-shaped 16-cylinder engine
With the advent Bugatti Veyron/ Chiron 16-cylinder engines are mostly presented only as W-shaped, but this was not always the case - all last century 16 cylinders almost always lined up in two rows. Auto Union Type A, Cadillac V16, Cizeta V16T are just a few examples of V16 vehicles. But such a motor could well appear on modern cars Rolls-Royce - running prototype Rolls-Royce Phantom Coupe with a 9-liter V16 was introduced in the film "Agent Johnny English: Reloaded."
Boxer 16-cylinder engine
Obviously, such a motor could only be created with an eye on motorsport. However, the irony is that the 16-cylinder "opponents" never raced: the Porsche 917 prototype with 16 cylinders was sent to the shelf of history almost immediately, opting for 12 "pots", and new motor The Coventry Climax FWMW, which was supposed to equip the formula Lotus and Brabham in the 60s, turned out to be so unreliable that a more conservative V8 was preferred to it.
H-shaped 16-cylinder engine
The H-shaped engine is a "sandwich" of two "boxers", which has a positive effect on the compactness of the power plant, but negatively - on its center of gravity. In the 60s similar engine the BRM formula team ventured to build ... and the results were mixed - the engine was powerful, but not particularly reliable and difficult to repair. However, Jim Clark's Lotus 43, equipped with such an engine, was the first to cross the finish line at the 1966 US Grand Prix. It was the first and last triumph of the H16.
V-shaped 18-cylinder engine
When it seems that there is nowhere else, mining trucks enter the scene and prove the opposite. V18 car? And there are some - such as, for example, BelAZ 75600, equipped with a 78-liter diesel Cummins engine QSK78. Such a “heart” produces 3,500 horsepower at 1,500 rpm, and its torque reaches 13,770 Newton meters. Well, how else to budge a loaded colossus weighing 560 tons?
W-shaped 18-cylinder engine
Now, probably, few will remember that the Bugatti Veyron was originally supposed to be an 18-cylinder - the original concept car was with just such a power plant. However, Bugatti could not get the engine to work properly (there were problems with gear changes), so the Veyron ended up with a 16-cylinder. At one time, Ferrari minder Franco Rocci thought about the W18 engine, but he did not advance beyond the idea.
V-engine
Similar power plants are used on heavy ships or as industrial diesel generators, but sometimes they fall over and dump trucks. One of these 20-cylinder monsters is the Caterpillar 797F, which is powered by a Cat C175-20 engine with a power of 4000 horsepower. This is what 106 liters of displacement look like. There are also more complex multi-cylinder engines, but this is mainly makeshift installations, created by connecting several 8- or 12-cylinder engines.
X-shaped 32-cylinder engine
If for motors with a W-shaped scheme, the V-shaped blocks converge under acute angle, then in X-shaped engines they are located at an angle of 180 degrees. Thus, four rows of pistons and cylinders are formed, forming the letter X. Honda once intended to build such a 32-cylinder engine for Formula 1, but changes in the regulations and disappointing results of bench tests forced the Japanese to abandon the bold experiment. But see (and hear) X-shaped engine Muscovites and guests of the capital will be able very soon on the main square of the country - after all, TSUE "Armata" uses a 12-cylinder ChTZ A-85-3A engine with an X-shaped scheme.
