How it works: row control system. How does the lane control system work and what is it? "Trip computer" on

The Lane Keeping Assist System (other names are Lane Keeping Assist, Lane Keeping Assist) helps the driver to stay in the selected lane and thereby prevent emergencies. The system is effective when driving on motorways and equipped federal roads, i.e. where there is good quality road markings.

There are two types of lane control systems: passive and active. passive system warns the driver of a deviation from the selected lane. The active system, along with the warning, corrects the trajectory of the movement.

Different car manufacturers have their own lane keeping system. trade names, but the proposed systems have basically a similar design:

lane assist from Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT;

Lane Departure Warning System from BMW, Citroen, Kia, Ceneral Motors, Opel, Volvo;

Lane Departure Prevention by Infiniti;

Lane Keep Assist System from Honda, Fiat;

Lane Keeping Aid by Ford;

Lane Keeping Assist from Mercedes-Benz;

Lane Keeping Support System from Nissan;

Lane Monitoring System from Toyota.

The lane keeping assist system is electronic system and includes a control key, a video camera, a control unit and executive mechanisms. The control key is used to turn on the system. The key may be located on the turn signal lever, instrument panel or center console.

The video camera records an image at a certain distance from the vehicle and digitizes it. The system uses a monochrome camera that recognizes lane markings as a sudden change in grayscale. The camera is integrated with the control unit. The combined unit is located on the windshield behind the rear-view mirror.

The actuating devices of the lane keeping assistance system are a warning lamp, sound signal, vibration motor on the steering wheel, a heating element windshield, the electric motor of the electromechanical power steering.

Information about the operation of the system is displayed on the instrument panel in the form control lamp. The driver is warned by vibration of the steering wheel, as well as visual sound and light signals. Vibration is generated by a vibration motor built into the steering wheel.

The heating element is located on windshield, automatically turns on when necessary, eliminates fogging and icing of the camera window.

Correction of the trajectory of movement is carried out by forced steering of the steering system using an electromechanical power steering (most systems) or by braking the wheels on one side of the vehicle (Lane Departure Prevention system).

During work active system Lane assist provides the following main functions:

1) lane trajectory recognition;

2) visual information about the operation of the system;

3) correction of the trajectory of movement;

4) warning the driver.

The situation in front of the car is projected onto the photosensitive matrix of the camera and converted into a black and white image, which is analyzed electronic unit management.

The operation algorithm of the control unit determines the position of the lane marking lines, evaluates the quality of the marking recognition, calculates the width of the lane and its curvature, and calculates the position of the car on the lane. Based on the calculations carried out, a control action is carried out on steering (brake system), and if the desired effect of keeping the car on the lane is not achieved, the driver is warned (steering wheel vibration, sound and light signals).

It should be noted that the amount of torque applied to the steering mechanism (braking force on two wheels on one side of the car) is small and can be overcome by the driver at any time.

When deliberately changing lanes from one lane to another, the turn signal must be turned on, otherwise the system will interfere with the maneuver. At adverse conditions(absence of one line or all markings, polluted or snowy road surface, narrow band movement, non-standard markings on repaired areas, small radius turns) the system is deactivated.

There are three modes of operation of the lane keeping assist system:

1. the system is turned on and activated (active mode);

2. the system is on and off (passive mode);

3.system is off.

BMW does not consider driving intervention mandatory. On the verge emergency the steering wheel of the Munich flagship vibrates slightly. Fortunately, this electronic assistant in BMW it works impressively reliably. When the "seven" recognizes the markings, a slight vibration is heard on the steering wheel - you can be sure that the car is following the road.

Figure 3.22 - BMW Lane Tracking System

Cross-traffic warning is given in advance, so the driver has enough time to react. Even at steep interchanges, the system does not lose vigilance and controls the markings. In our BMW hands The 740d made a minimum of errors, even recognizing heavily worn lines and an unmarked border between asphalt and lawn on the side of the road. Mistakes were made on the road passing through the forest - there the car was confused by colorful shadows. Temporary markings also did not succumb to BMW electronics. In BMW, tracking is active at speeds over 70 km / h, so it is dormant in repair areas.

C-class drivers are forced to steer on their own. Although here, just like in Audi and VW, electric amplifier steering, he is not trained to interfere with the management. But Mercedes is still trying to correct the course and does it in its own way.

Figure 3.23 – Mersedes Lane Tracking System

At speeds over 60 km/h, the machine recognizes the marking and, if it is crossed unauthorized, creates a short brake impulse to change course. On gentle trajectories, such intervention is quite effective. But if the car approaches the markings at a steep angle, biting on the brakes won't help. But the C-class will notify the driver with a vibration on the steering wheel. At all, Mercedes system reacts to solid marking lines, and ignores broken ones. She also does not favor yellow markings and does not pay attention to the curb.

The camera is installed in front of the rearview mirror. She readily recognizes bold marking lines and gives a signal to apply the brakes.

No. 2157326 Vehicle steering

CLAIM

Steering control of a vehicle with a variable gear ratio, consisting of a steering wheel, a gearbox, driveline with the possibility of changing the angles between the telescopic cardan shafts, multiplier, steering mechanism and drive, characterized in that the body of the telescopic cardan shaft connected to the fixed element of the steering wheel by means of a toothed plate and a toothed sector having a position lock.

Figure 3.24 - Steering diagram

The invention relates to transport engineering, in particular to the steering of vehicles.

Known steering, consisting of a steering wheel, gearbox, cardan transmission with the ability to change the angles between the telescopic cardan shafts, multiplier, steering gear and drive.

The disadvantage of the known steering is the difficulty of adjusting the angles between the telescopic cardan shafts to change the gear ratio.

The invention is aimed at simplifying the process of regulating the nature of the change in the steering gear ratio.

The solution of this problem is achieved by the fact that the body of the telescopic cardan shaft is connected to the fixed element of the steering wheel fastening by means of a toothed plate and a toothed sector having a position lock.

The steering consists of a steering wheel 1, a gearbox 2, a cardan transmission 3, 4, 5, 6, a multiplier 7, a steering mechanism 8 and a drive 9. The body of the telescopic cardan shaft 3 is connected to the fixed element of the steering wheel 1 by means of a gear plate 10 and a gear sector 11 having a position lock 12.

The claimed steering works as follows. If it is necessary to change the steering gear ratio, which depends on the angle of inclination between the telescopic cardan shafts, sector 11 should be released from lock 12 and moved to the desired position.

As a result of the application of the proposed steering, the process of regulating the nature of the change in the steering gear ratio is simplified.

No. 2139200 Amphibious steering

CLAIM

The steering of the vehicle, consisting of a steering column, a steering mechanism, a bipod, a longitudinal link, a two-arm lever, a transverse link, a rocker arm and a pivot lever, characterized in that the axis of movement of the transverse link coincides with the axis of rotation of the suspension arm, which is hollow at the point of attachment to board.

Figure 3.25 - Amphibious steering scheme

The invention relates to transport engineering, in particular to the steering of vehicles for moving on land and water.

Known steering of the vehicle, containing steering column, steering mechanism, steering gear. The steering gear consists of a bipod, a longitudinal rod, a two-arm lever, a transverse rod, a rocker arm and a rotary lever (Kruglov S.M. Device, Maintenance and repair cars: practical guide, 3rd ed., revised. and additional -M.: Higher school, 1991, -351 p.: ill. Rice. 82, p. 138 and fig. 83 p. 142).

The disadvantage of the known steering is the inability to lift steered wheels to move through the water and return them to their original position without changing the angles of their installation.

The invention is aimed at eliminating labor costs for adjusting the angles of the steered wheels after changing their position when moving through the water.

The solution of the problem is achieved by the fact that the transverse Tie Rod installed inside the hollow axis upper arm pendants. Moreover, the axis of movement of the transverse rod and the axis of swing of the suspension arm are the same.

The inventive steering with the ability to change the position of the steered wheels without the subsequent need to adjust their installation differs from the prototype in that the tie rod passes inside the upper suspension arm, which is made hollow for this. Since the axis of the transverse movement of the steering rod coincides with the axis of swing of the suspension arm, there is no violation of the adjustment of the installation of the steered wheels when changing their position in the vertical plane.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing, which shows a diagram of the steering of the vehicle for movement on land and water.

The steering of the vehicle consists of a steering column 1, a steering mechanism 2, a bipod 3, a longitudinal link 4, a two-arm lever 5, a transverse link 6 passing inside the axis of the suspension arm 9, a rocker arm 7 and a pivot arm 8. Moreover, the rocker arm 7 has an intermediate support on suspension arm 9.

The inventive steering of the vehicle to move on land and water works as follows. When moving the amphibian on land, the driver's force from the steering column 1 is transmitted to the steering mechanism 2. The bipod 3, making a rotational movement, moves the longitudinal rod 4 and the two-arm lever 5. Further, the force through the transverse rod 6, installed inside the axis of the suspension arm 9, is transmitted to the rocker 7 and a swivel lever 8, which ensures the rotation of the steered wheels in the longitudinal plane. When moving through the water, the steered wheels rise in top position along a trajectory corresponding to the trajectory of movement, which is described by the suspension arm 9 and the rocker arm 7 and the pivot arm 8 connected to it. Thus, located inside the axis of the suspension arm lateral thrust allows you to change the position of the steered wheels for movement on land and water without disassembling the steering gear and subsequent adjustment.

As a result of the application of the proposed steering, it is possible to change the position of the steered wheels for the movement of the vehicle on land and water without disassembly and subsequent adjustment.

No. 2370398 Electric power steering with wave gear, active steering with cycloidal variator

CLAIM

Active steering, characterized in that as a gearbox transmitting rotation from the control to the wheels, a cycloidal gearbox is used, the intermediate body of rotation of which is installed on the shaft of the control external drive, which has the ability to rotate and fix, and the gears of the steps installed with the possibility of free rotation on this shaft, are connected to the input and output shafts of the steering, and the control external drive rotates the shaft with a variable frequency according to the signals of the control unit, depending on the vehicle speed, the angle of rotation of the control body and the speed of its rotation, while changing the gear ratio of the gearbox in a wide range.

Figure 3.26 - The drawing shows in section (top view) a cycloidal variator assembly with a steering shaft

The invention relates to the field of automotive industry.

A power steering is known, containing as a gearbox transmitting rotation from the electric motor to the steering column shaft, a worm gear (magazine "Behind the wheel", No. 10, 2000, "In the bowels of the EUR" A. Budkin, and also http: // zr.ru/articles/40870). Its disadvantage is the complexity of manufacturing a three-way involute worm, a constant gear ratio, and insufficient feedback.

The closest analogue of the proposed device is active steering BMW cars(Active Steering), having as a gearbox planetary reductor, the carrier of which is moved by an electric motor through a worm gear, by regulating the speed of which the control of the gear ratio of the gearbox is achieved (magazine "Behind the wheel", No. 10, 2002, "On the way to the joystick" A. Fomin, as well as http://zr.ru/articles /41034). Its disadvantage is the presence of a worm gear, the complexity of manufacturing technology, the need to use a powerful high-torque electric motor.

The aim of the invention is to increase the ability to control the gear ratio in a wide range, steering resource and improve its technical characteristics.

This goal is achieved by the fact that as a gearbox that transmits rotation from the control to the wheels, a cycloidal gearbox is used, the intermediate body of rotation of which is installed on the shaft of the control external drive, which has the ability to rotate and fix, and the gears of the steps mounted with the possibility of free rotation on this shaft, connected to the input and output shafts of the steering, and when activated, the control external drive rotates the shaft with a variable frequency according to the signals of the control unit depending on the speed of the vehicle, the angle of rotation of the control body and the speed of its rotation, while changing the gear ratio of the gearbox in a wide range. In a simplified version, a wave transmission (reducer) can be used, containing a wave generator on the motor shaft, a flexible wheel fixedly fixed in the housing, a rigid wheel connected to the steering shaft, and the electric motor rotates the shaft according to the signals of the control unit, depending on the angle of rotation of the body control and the speed of its rotation, while there is an increase in the moment of rotation from the control to the steered wheels.

STEERING CONTROL WITH CYCLODAL VARIATOR contains housing 1, in which input shaft 2 of steering with gear 3 and output shaft 4 with gear 5, external drive shaft 6, driven gear 7 connected with gear 3 are installed with the possibility of rotation input shaft steering, installed with the possibility of free rotation on the shaft 6 of the external drive and made integral with the internal gear 8, having as a generatrix a closed hypocyclic surface, an intermediate body of rotation mounted on an eccentric 9, rigidly connected to the shaft 6 of the external drive, consisting of a wheel 10 of the first stage and the satellite 11 of the second stage, which has as a closed hypocyclic surface generating a sun wheel 12 of the second stage with an integrated drive gear 13 connected to the gear 5 of the steering output shaft and mounted with the possibility of free rotation on the shaft 6 of the external drive.

ELECTRIC POWER STEERING WITH WAVE REDUCER contains a housing in which a motor shaft and a rigid wave transmission wheel connected to the steering shaft are installed with the possibility of rotation, a wave generator on the electric motor shaft, a flexible wheel fixedly fixed in the housing, the rigid wheel is connected to the steering shaft .

Active steering with a cycloidal variator (hereinafter CV) works as follows. In the absence of torque on the shaft 6 of the control drive and its rigid fixation, the CV works as a gearbox with a constant gear ratio, for example, 1:18 (this ratio is set using a standard steering mechanism, for example, rack and pinion, taking into account the gear ratio of the cycloidal gearbox itself). In this case, to turn the steering wheels by 60°, it is necessary to rotate the control by 1080° or three revolutions. Thus, in the absence of voltage in onboard network the car is controlled according to the traditional scheme with the absence of an amplifier, but with the presence of a mechanical connection between the control and the wheels.

To implement the function of changing the gear ratio, it is necessary to rotate the shaft 6 of the external control drive with the intermediate body of rotation installed on it, and due to the cycloidal gearing, the gear ratio of the gearbox can reach significant values ​​(1:50 or more), which helps to expand the range of gear ratio control of the entire mechanism compared to a worm gear. Wheel 10 of the first stage, rolling on the surface of the inner gear 8, and satellite 11, moving inside the sun wheel 12, depending on whether the direction of rotation of the shaft 6 coincides with the direction of rotation of the gear 7 or opposite to it, accelerates or slows down the rotation of the gear 11 relative to the gear 7 , moreover, the activated control drive rotates the shaft with a variable frequency according to the signals of the control unit, depending on the vehicle speed, the angle of rotation of the control body and the speed of its rotation, while the gear ratio of the gearbox changes in a wide range.

It is also possible to reattach the input and output steering shafts, in which the gear ratio of the CV becomes less than one.

Serial connection of two or more CVs with a common control drive allows you to change the total gear ratio proportionally gear ratio one link to the extent equal to the number of links, which reduces the required range of change in the number of revolutions of the control drive.

As an option, it is possible to manufacture a gearbox, in which the gear 3 of the input shaft 2 is connected to the sun wheel of the first stage, the gear 5 of the output shaft 4 is connected to the sun wheel of the second stage, and the intermediate body of rotation is made in the form of a double satellite.

An electric motor can be used as a control external drive of the shaft 6.

Electric power steering with wave gear operates as follows. When the control is rotated at a certain angle, the signal from the torsion sensor enters the control unit, which gives a command to rotate the motor shaft, which rotates the shaft according to the control unit signals, depending on the angle of rotation of the control and the speed of its rotation. The wave generator transmits rotation through the fixed flexible wheel to the rigid wheel and then to the steering shaft, while the torque from the control to the steered wheels is increased. With a wide range of wave gear options for gear selection, steering customization options are also increased, and the compact size compared to a worm gear makes it easier to integrate the mechanism into the steering.

The advantage of the invention lies in high efficiency and load capacity of the cycloidal gear, reducing the wear of rubbing parts due to the multi-pair engagement, a wide range gear ratios and regulation, ease of manufacture. The longitudinal (parallel to the steering shaft) arrangement of the control drive shaft (electric motor) provides, in some cases, an advantage in the steering layout compared to a transversely located worm gear.

The Lane Departure Warning system uses an ordinary camera that costs a few dollars. But at the same time, the lane departure warning system can save you tens of thousands of rubles on repair work after an accident.

The software, which works in tandem with the camera, keeps track of how close you are moving from the road surface markings. The system warns you when you are about to cross or simply drive over a lane, but only if you have not used your turn signal.

The lane departure warning system originally emerged as a key tool for. The technology has evolved over the past few years and is now part of most unmanned vehicles in its original form.

The Lane Departure Warning system is also part of the so-called " safety circle": adaptive cruise control with a critical distance tracking system to the vehicle in front, lane departure warning, detection dead center and tracking cars in adjacent lanes.

How does the LDW system work?

The most common LDW system involves a camera mounted high in the car's windshield, often mounted in salon mirror rear view. She removes the space in front of the car while driving. The digitized image is analyzed to identify straight or dotted lines - roadway markings.

In any country, the movement of cars is carried out strictly along the lanes - that is, between the markings, and crossing the markings without a clear purpose is considered a violation local regulations. Therefore, the driver must drive between the two lines. When the vehicle deviates and approaches or runs into road markings, the driver is alerted by a visual alert plus an audible warning and vibration in the steering wheel or seat. However, if the turn signal is on, it is assumed that the driver is intentionally changing lanes, so no alert is given in this case.

More rarely, the lane departure warning system is a set of laser or infrared sensors instead of a camera. Sometimes the automaker uses and rear camera to observe the lane behind the vehicle. This technology is used, for example, in nissan car Altima.

So, we have a camera on the windshield, filming the area in front of the car. Agree, it would be foolish to use it only for the sole purpose of determining deviations from the lane. Therefore, as a rule, the signal from this camera is transmitted to other systems listed above as a safety circle. But in the context of perfection in our case LDW systems, the camera can serve several additional purposes:

• Direct Lane Departure Warning (LDW).
• Instead of a simple warning, we can now let the system keep the car in its lane on its own. But this is already a serious swing at. And, in fact, many automakers today allow the owners of their cars to choose in advance, setting up the system - whether it will simply warn you or automatically return you to the lane.
• Collision Warning (FCW). The system tracks the object before vehicle and speed of approach.
• Windshield wiper control. If the image is determined by the camera to be blurry, the algorithm suspects it may be due to rain. Then the system turns on or speeds up the wipers.
• Control for traffic situation. Because road signs and markings are mostly the same, it becomes easy to teach the camera to recognize them and warn the driver about speed limits, no overtaking, and so on.

To prevent accidents, a driver assistance system has been created for Lane Assist, which helps the driver to keep moving in the right direction. The device functions effectively only if the car is moving on a road surface with high-quality lane markings.

At different manufacturers The system has its own characteristics and differs in the name. For the Volkswagen, SEAT and Audi lines - Lane Assist. Honda and Fiat - Lane Keep Assist System, Mercedes - Lane Keeping Assist, Toyota - Lane Monitoring System, Ford - Lane Keeping Aid, Nissan - Lane Keeping Support System, Volvo, Opel, Kia, Citroen and BMW - Lane Departure Warning System.

The system assists the driver in two ways: passive and active.

First the method is aimed at warning the driver if he starts to deviate from his chosen lane. Second- active together with the first one, automatically corrects the direction of movement.

Lane assist system design electronic mode independently affects the control button, which includes the system itself, the video camera, the mechanisms that execute the command and the control unit. The control button can be located on the turn signal switch handle, on the center console, or directly on the vehicle's instrument panel.

The camcorder is designed to record images in the area of ​​vehicle movement, and also digitizes data. It is connected to the combined block, which is fixed on front glass behind the outside rearview mirror. Devices that are involved in the entire executive system Lane driving aids are the vibration signal on the steering wheel, the power steering motor, the horn and the control light.

Data on the functioning of the system is sent to the dashboard, where they are controlled by a light bulb. The driver receives a warning signal from the steering wheel, which begins to vibrate after the vibration is generated by the electric motor mounted in the steering wheel. In addition, the warning is accompanied by a sound and light signal.

To eliminate fogging and ice formation on the camera screen in automatic mode the heating element located on the windshield is activated.

The direction of movement is adjusted by force by adjusting the operation of the steering with the help of a power steering, or by one-sided braking of the wheels.

An active system during its functioning solves four main tasks:

— Determining the direction of the lane line.

- Notification of the operation of the system by lighting up the light bulb.

— Adjustment of the direction of movement.

- Gives a warning signal to the driver.

The situation in front of the car is perceived by the light-sensitive camera grid, where it is converted into a black and white image, which is then processed by the electronic control unit.

The purpose of the control unit is to determine the location and recognition of the marking strip, its quality, width and curvature, to calculate the location of the car on the strip. As a result of the calculations, the steering wheel is controlled through brake system, and if the desired effect of holding the car is not achieved, the driver receives a warning in the form of steering wheel vibration or a light and sound signal.

It must be borne in mind that the torque applied to the steering mechanism through wheel braking is small and can be easily overcome by the driver. We must also not forget that when changing traffic from one lane to another, it is necessary to turn on the direction indicators, otherwise the lane control system will block the maneuver. If for some reason the marking strip is missing, the system does not work.

Lane Keeping Assist System - another development automotive engineers in the field of security traffic. The principle of its operation is perfectly characterized by a bearded anecdote about Russian car roads where the driver can sleep, because the car still has nowhere to go out of the rut. Of course, this is all a little exaggerated - modern system Lane keeping only works on quality highways or federal highways with a distinct road markings. In general, this system has been operating relatively recently and operates using the most advanced technologies and is usually found on cars premium class.

However, one way or another, let's look at the technology of the device in more detail.

System device

First of all, let's figure out which structural elements and sensors consists of a lane keeping assistance system. So, the following elements can be distinguished:

• Power button. It is located on the lever that switches the direction indicators. Located on the driver's door panel.
• Directly radars that monitor the traffic situation. As a rule, they are installed in mirrors. rear view both on the right and on the left side.
• Electronic control units are responsible for the operation of each radar.
• To inform the driver, special signal indicators are provided. They are also mounted in rear-view mirrors on both sides.
• Also on dashboard car is located additional signal lamp to control the operation of the system.

Depending on the manufacturers, the system can be based not only on standard radars, but also on video cameras or sensors based on ultrasound.

Operating principle

So, when it became clear what the lane control system consists of, let's look at the features and principle of its operation. For example, let's take the Side Assist system - it is installed on an AUDI or a Volkswagen - it works very simply - everything is based on controlling all movement within a certain radius from the car, which is most important behind it.

At the moment when the driver intends to change lanes from one lane to another and there is an obstacle on the road, a special warning signal is activated.

That is why this system sometimes referred to as Lane Change Assistance. Initially, it turns on only when a certain key on the dashboard is pressed, however, it switches to the active mode of operation only as soon as the car reaches a speed of 60 kilometers per hour or more. The main role in the work is played by a special radar. As already mentioned in the section on the design of the system, it controls traffic situation and monitors the presence of foreign objects in the control zone.

Analysis of the results obtained from the radar is the business of electronic control units. There are 2 of them in the system - one for each side of the car. In fact, they perform the following tasks:

• Control and tracking of all moving objects on the road.
• Distinguish moving objects from stationary ones - road poles, parked cars, road barriers.
• The control unit is also responsible for turning on a special warning sensor at the time of danger. By the way, if we talk directly about the signal lamp, then it turns on in the following 2 cases:

1. Information mode. It is characterized by continuous burning of a lamp. It works when the interference is in the blind zone of the car.
2. Warning mode. This is how the rebuild help system works. The indicator flashes continuously when changing lanes if there is an obstacle in the blind zone in the form of another road user. By the way, the system understands that the driver intends to rebuild by the included turn signal. If you try to rebuild without warning signal for other road users. The system will interfere with maneuver in every possible way.

Assistance when turning

During long turns, the system also does not stay idle, but actively helps the driver to maneuver. In fact, the control system helps the driver to stay on the calculated trajectory during the entire maneuver.

The device itself in electronic version creates a virtual lane with clear boundaries and does not allow the driver to go beyond them.

If the system for some reason does not cope with the corrective function, an emergency driver alert is activated - usually it is the vibration of the steering wheel and column, which will surely attract attention.

System differences depending on the manufacturer

In general, the traffic assistance system is an adapted name for all such services. active safety. The original names of the systems differ depending on the manufacturer. By the way, the principle of operation itself may also differ slightly in places. So, let's understand the differences in more detail:

• Lane Assist - just the one on the example of which we analyzed in detail the features of the operation of all similar systems as a whole.
• Lane Departure Prevention is the development of infiniti. The difference from other systems is very significant and lies in the fact that when aligning the trajectory - this active safety service does not interfere with the steering, but does this by braking the wheels on one side of the car.
• Lane Keeping Assist from Mercedes-Benz uses exactly the same ultrasonic sensors in its work, which makes the system more accurate and, so to speak, long-range.

In general, similar systems with different names there are many more. However, in fact, only the names of the system that the developers gave them differ. Otherwise, the principles of operation remain similar, and the purpose of the entire system is completely the same - to ensure the safety of the driver and passengers when changing lanes or driving in a straight line in their own lane.

The only thing to consider is the quality pavement on which the system will work correctly. In fact, most Russian roads she simply does not fit because of her deplorable condition.

Not really

Lane assist system (other names - Lane Keeping Assist, Lane Keeping Assist) helps the driver to stay in the selected lane and thereby prevent accidents. The system is effective when driving on motorways and equipped federal roads, i.e. where there is good quality road markings.

There are two types of lane control systems: passive and active. The passive system warns the driver about deviation from the selected lane. The active system, along with the warning, corrects the trajectory of the movement.

Different automakers have their own trade names for the lane keeping system, but the proposed systems have basically the same design:

• lane assist from Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT;
• Lane Departure Warning System from BMW, Citroen, Kia, Ceneral Motors, Opel, Volvo;
• Lane Departure Prevention from Infiniti;
• Lane Keep Assist System from Honda, Fiat;
• Lane Keeping Aid from Ford;
• Lane Keeping Assist from Mercedes-Benz;
• Lane Keeping Support System from Nissan;
• Lane Monitoring System from Toyota.

The lane keeping assistance system is an electronic system and includes a control key, a video camera, a control unit and actuators. The control key is used to turn on the system. The key may be located on the turn signal lever, instrument panel or center console.

The video camera records an image at a certain distance from the vehicle and digitizes it. The system uses a monochrome camera that recognizes lane markings as a sudden change in grayscale. The camera is integrated with the control unit. The combined unit is located on the windshield behind the rear-view mirror.

The actuating devices of the lane control system are a warning lamp, a sound signal, a vibration motor on the steering wheel, a windshield heating element, and an electromechanical power steering electric motor.

Information about the operation of the system is displayed on the instrument panel in the form of a control lamp. The driver is warned by vibration of the steering wheel, as well as visual sound and light signals. Vibration is generated by a vibration motor built into the steering wheel.

The heating element is located on the windshield, automatically turns on if necessary, eliminates fogging and icing of the camera window.

Correction of the trajectory of movement is carried out by forced steering of the steering system using an electromechanical power steering (most systems) or by braking the wheels on one side of the vehicle (Lane Departure Prevention system).

During the operation of the active lane keeping assistance system, the following main functions are implemented:

• lane trajectory recognition;
• visual information about the system operation;
• correction of the trajectory of movement;
• driver warning.

The situation in front of the car is projected onto the photosensitive matrix of the camera and converted into a black and white image, which is analyzed by the electronic control unit.

The operation algorithm of the control unit determines the position of the lane marking lines, evaluates the quality of the marking recognition, calculates the width of the lane and its curvature, and calculates the position of the car on the lane. Based on the calculations performed, a control action is taken on the steering (brake system), and if the desired effect of keeping the car on the lane is not achieved, the driver is warned (steering wheel vibration, sound and light signals).

It should be noted that the amount of torque applied to the steering mechanism (braking force on two wheels on one side of the car) is small and can be overcome by the driver at any time.

When deliberately changing lanes from one lane to another, the turn signal must be turned on, otherwise the system will interfere with the maneuver. Under unfavorable conditions ( lack of one line or all markings, polluted or snow-covered roadway, narrow lane, non-standard markings on repaired areas, small radius turns) the system is deactivated.

There are three modes of operation of the lane keeping assist system:

1. the system is turned on and activated ( active mode);
2. system enabled and disabled ( passive mode);
3. the system is off.