Tires affect the grip of the wheels with the road surface. Their design features impact on driving comfort and safety. In our article you will find answers to next questions: "What are radial tires, how do they differ from diagonal tires?", And also get acquainted with the advantages and disadvantages of these types of tires.
Radial cord layer
What are the main elements of the tire, what does the radial and diagonal type of tires mean? The tire is a metal-fabric-rubber shell, which has a certain rigidity, installed on the rim. rim. The tire provides the area of contact of the wheel with the road surface, affects the stability, maneuverability, speed of braking of the car. At the same time, it can reduce the noise during driving and dampen vibrations caused by driving on uneven surfaces. pavement This increases driving comfort and reduces the risk of accidents.
The main components that form the structure of a tire are:
- Carcass - the supporting part of the tire structure, which affects the strength characteristics of the tire. The frame is subjected to air pressure and the load transmitted from the road surface. It must be rigid enough to prevent deformation of the tire. Its structure consists of one or more cord layers. The cord is a thread, rubberized and drawn in a certain way. The location of these threads in the carcass divides tires into two types:
- radial;
- diagonal.
- A bracket is a tire component located between the tread layer and the carcass. It is a thickened layer of rubber (or crossed layers of metal or polymer cord) that prevents mechanical influences, the formation of cuts, punctures. Also, with its help, the tire is given additional rigidity.
- protective layer. Provides adhesion of tires to the road surface, prevents damage to the carcass. It is a layer of rubber that has a specific pattern.
- Board. This ensures a hermetic seal between the tire and car disk. It consists of bead rings, as well as airtight rubber (if we are talking about tubeless tires). Differs in the small weight and high reliability.
All these components affect the properties of tires and affect their operation.
The main difference in the operation of tires that differ in the structure of the cord layer
Diagonal tires On automotive market There are two types of tires:
- Radial type. Such a tire consists of one cord layer (several layers are also allowed). The cord threads are located perpendicular to the tire rim and do not intersect with each other. In most cases, radial tires are tubeless and have a single bead ring. These tires are marked with the letter "R" or the designations "Radial" or "Belted" located on the side surface of the tire.
- diagonal type. Such a tire consists of several layers of cord (mostly their number is even). Cord threads intersect each other at a certain angle. In most cases, radial tires have two bead rings and are chambered.
The difference in the structure of the carcass affects the main characteristics of the tires. Radial tires have the following advantages:
- It is possible to use the minimum number of cord layers - this allows you to:
- increase the rigidity of tires;
- reduce the overall weight of the product due to a decrease in the thickness of the frame, which has a positive effect on the suspension life of the machine and speed characteristics oh auto, plus the speed of heating tires decreases, its operational period increases;
- increase the depth of the tread layer for better cross cars.
- Withstand heavy loads.
- Can be used without cameras.
- Provide uniform wear of the tread layer.
- They are mainly installed on passenger cars.
Of the shortcomings should be highlighted:
- the side part of the tires is subject to mechanical stress;
- relatively high cost.
- sidewalls are resistant to mechanical stress;
- lower cost than radial products;
- possibility of installation on special types transport - tractors, excavators and so on.
Disadvantages of this type of tires:
- Due to the interlacing of the threads of the cord layer, the voltage increases - this leads to an increase in the number of layers of tires, slowed down heat removal. If you like to ride high speeds, then be prepared for diagonal tires to burst due to overheating.
- The high rigidity of tires affects their elasticity, therefore, the contact of the wheels with the road surface is reduced.
- Poor driving comfort.
- High noise.
- Uneven wear of the tread layer.
- They are distinguished by increased mass - this has an effect on reducing the speed characteristics of the machine, as well as increasing the load on the suspension.
Difference in performance characteristics radial and diagonal tires is significant. Therefore, most manufacturers have abandoned the production of the second type of tires.
Conclusion
Marking of radial tires Radial tires differ from diagonal products in the following parameters:
- the number of side rings;
- the number of cord layers;
- wear resistance;
- duration of operation;
- rolling resistance;
- ensuring the controllability and directional stability of the car;
- thermal conductivity of the frame;
- intimacy;
- scope.
Radial-type tires are significantly superior to diagonal-type products in most of the above characteristics. Therefore, many experts argue that over time, radial tires will completely replace the diagonal.
Invented in the middle of the 19th century, the world's first tire, before becoming the obvious subject of a car today, went through several stages of its evolution, which brought it to new level technical progress. The idea to lighten the load on wooden wheels and reduce the frictional force came to the mind of a young inventor, Robert William Thompson. The design of this tire was very simple. It consisted of an inner chamber and skin that protected it from the outside. This design clearly refers to the first type of tires of our time - chambered. On this moment there are four of them:
- Chamber.
- Tubeless.
- Radial.
- Diagonal.
The next brilliant idea belongs to Chald Kingston Welch, who decided to use steel wire for a stronger connection between the tube and the tire. This tire design has been used for more than a century and only some of its parts have been improved.
Construction of car tires
The car tire of our days consists of several simple parts:
- frame.
- Korda.
- Protector.
- Several layers of rubber inside the carcass.
The frame has an inner and side parts, which are made of rubber. Rubber is considered the most high quality product for its manufacture. The materials used for the cord may vary. Depending on the expected loads, the cord can be made of metal, various polymer alloys or textile materials. The task of the protector is to provide good grip with pavement under certain weather conditions, therefore, there are two new tire definitions:
- Summer.
- Winter.
Winter equipment can be equipped with additional studs that protrude slightly from the tread. This helps keep the car on icy roads. Greater preference is given to combined kits that have high performance both on ice and on dense snow.
Tube and tubeless tires
Robert Thompson, having created a tube tire, simply did not have technical feasibility develop tubeless. His cell, made of glued canvas, was well protected. covered in leather, but technological progress has simply supplanted his work of art.
The main distinguishing ability of the tubeless version is that in the event of a carcass penetration, the air pressure drops much more slowly relative to the first option, making it possible to get to the nearest tire service without calling a tow truck. Although you can repair your own camera and save money, most stick with the new tubeless type.
Radial and diagonal cord arrangement
These two types are distinguished by the structural arrangement of the wire relative to the frame. They differ significantly from each other and require consideration separately. 
Diagonal
Often equipped with a chamber and have two layers of cord that intersect with each other in the middle of the tread. Capturing the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe frame, they have high strength indicators. Cuts and punctures in the side parts are subject to repair, and a side cut in the radial view tells the driver about the inevitable purchase of new rubber. 
The price of the diagonal ones is much lower than the radial ones, and this is probably the second main reason their presence in the market. They are more suitable for trucks who work in polluted areas in the construction industry or other similar areas.
Radial
The cord, located along the radius between the carcass rubber layers, provides best contact with the track due to greater contact. Basically, they do not use the camera and have soft sides that soften bumps on uneven surfaces. High thermal conductivity provides good traction, which allows the car to have good maneuverability at high speeds. 
Due to the uniform load over the entire surface of the tread, its service life is significantly increased. It is these indicators that are more suitable for cars made them so popular. Almost all new cars are equipped with them.
It is impossible to single out a specific type due to the distinctive areas of application. Depending on the type of car and future working conditions, as well as the time of year, choose the appropriate tires. Wear resistance depends only on manufacturers. Prices can make a huge difference, depending on the materials used, but Thompson's design ideas can't be beaten to this day.
Everyone knows what a wheel is and what role it plays in the functioning of a car, but not everyone understands how this part works and what its components directly affect the quality of grip vehicle with the road. Today we will try to figure this out using the example of radial and diagonal tires, so if you are interested in this topic, then you should probably devote a few minutes of your time and get acquainted with the information provided below.
1. What is a car tire and what does it consist of?
car tire- one of the most important and important parts of his wheel, which is an elastic metal-fabric-rubber shell stretched over the rim of the disk. It is thanks to this detail that the contact between the roadway and the vehicle is achieved, which makes the latter move. In addition, the automobile tire is capable of absorbing slight vibrations caused by uneven road surfaces, thereby reducing the force of vibration shocks.
Among the main components of this wheel element, a carcass, breaker, tread, bead, side part (protects the tire from side damage) are distinguished. Frame - the bearing (power) part of the structure, ensuring its strength. It is she who takes on the internal air pressure and the load from the road surface, and then transfers them directly to the wheel. The frame structure includes one or more layers of cord (rubberized fabric) superimposed on each other. The entire structure of the cord fabric consists of almost only longitudinal threads. They have the appearance of laces twisted from multiple intertwined individual threads, as a result of which they receive a high level of strength. The arrangement of the fibers in the cord fabric makes it possible to divide all tires into two types: radial and diagonal. We will talk about the features of each type a little later.
The second component car tire there is a breaker that is located between the carcass and the tread. It has protective functions and protects the carcass from impacts, giving the tire additional rigidity, especially in the area of contact with the road, and also protects the tube from through mechanical damage. The breaker is made of thick rubber (used in light tires), or from crossed layers of metal cord or polymer cord.
The tread, as part of the tire, provides optimal grip and protects the carcass from damage. It has a specific pattern, which may differ for tires for different purposes. Yes, for high level cross-country (for example, off-road vehicles), the tread should have a deeper pattern and corresponding lugs on the sides, while the pattern of ordinary road tires out of the requirements of removing water and dirt from the grooves of the tread, and also provides for the reduction of noise when swinging.
However, in spite of external differences, the general task for all protectors is the same - to provide reliable grip with the road to adverse conditions driving (in rain, mud, snow, etc.), by removing precipitation from the point of contact between the tire and the road. The effectiveness of this process depends on the speed of the vehicle, since the tread can qualitatively remove moisture only up to a certain speed value, and if the car accelerates further, then the liquid will not physically be able to leave the contact point and the car will lose traction, and after it and management.
The next part of the tire design is the bead, which allows the tire to fit tightly to the wheel rim, for which it has everything you need: bead rings and an inner layer of airtight rubber for tubeless tires, which are widely used due to their reliability, relatively lower weight and ease of operation.
Also, separate element car tires can be called anti-skid studs. This addition appeared in order to increase the level of vehicle safety when driving in ice or on snow-covered road surfaces. But the use of tires with metal spikes has some peculiarities. First of all, fuel efficiency is significantly reduced and noise level is increased. Secondly, in the absence of icing, when snow and mud porridge forms on the roads, the effectiveness of studded tires is significantly reduced, and if the asphalt under the wheels is completely dry, then it turns out to be at zero point, losing conventional tires. Therefore, many motorists prefer not to bother with the purchase of studs and get by regular rubber, and in winter time, if necessary, supplement it with bracelets or snow chains.
2. Distinctive features of the operation of diagonal and radial tires
Car tires are made from rubber, which includes synthetic and natural rubber, as well as cord. Cord fabric is, in fact, an interlacing of various kinds of threads: textile, polymeric and metal (metal cord). Textile and polymer variants are used in tires for cars and light trucks, metal cord - only for trucks. Depending on the orientation of the threads, there are two types of tires: radial and diagonal.
Cord threads in radial tires are located along the length of the wheel radius, and in diagonal ones - at an angle to it, with the threads of adjacent layers overlapping each other. The design of radial tires makes them more rigid, non-diagonal, but thanks to this they have greater resource operation, shape stability of the contact patch and provide better fuel efficiency. Radial tires can be produced with different variations in the number of carcass plies (which is impossible in diagonal tires), and a decrease in plyiness also reduces the total tire weight and carcass thickness. Accordingly, this factor affects the heating rate of the tire during rolling (it decreases), thereby increasing the service life of the tire.
In addition, the breaker and tread also easily part with (release) thermal energy, which makes it possible to increase the thickness of the tread and the depth of the pattern for better off-road flotation of the vehicle. Based on all the advantages of using radial tires, we can safely say that in terms of operation on cars, soon they will completely replace the diagonal ones, since the latter have much more disadvantages. Well, for example: the interweaving of the fibers of the diagonal tire carcass increases the stress, obliging to increase the number of rubber layers, which in turn, during the movement of the vehicle, prevents heat removal. If you are to long trip, and you don’t like to drive slowly, then be prepared that diagonal tires can “explode” when moving on hot asphalt.
Also, due to the diagonal and multi-layer structure, its rigidity increases significantly, which reduces elasticity, and the contact area with the road surface decreases, thereby worsening grip with it. Radial tires, on the other hand, provide better handling, since they have a larger adhesion spot, and the rubber wears out more evenly. Due to the complexity of its structure, the diagonal arrangement of the fiber makes the tire heavier, but the bearing capacity, in comparison with radial ones, on the contrary, decreases, decreases, as well as the indicator of the maximum allowable safe speed vehicle movement. However, despite all the disadvantages, such tires are more resistant to lateral damage, but if a puncture or cut occurs with a radial tire, then it will have to be completely written off, since it cannot be restored (completely cut metal weaves cannot be connected, which means that such as before, they cannot become). True, this small advantage did not become decisive in the choice of most motorists and diagonal tires are becoming less and less common on passenger cars.
3. Weaving fibers of bias and radial tires
The differences between diagonal and radial tires lie not only in their performance, but also in the weaving of cord fabric fibers. In fact, the nature of these plexuses is already embedded in the tire names themselves: for diagonals, this is a diagonal arrangement, and for radials, it is a radial.
Let's figure out what this means.
The diagonal placement of the carcass threads runs diagonally, from one rim to another, that is, at an angle to the track. In order to ensure the uniform tension of the carcass layers among themselves and protect the tire from distortions, it is necessary to direct the threads of each new layer, overlapping the previous one, at the same angle, but in the opposite direction. Based on this, it is not difficult to guess that the number of such layers should be equal to a multiple of the number, and this is indeed the case. Most often, manufacturers are limited to four, but sometimes there are more layers.
In the structure of radial tires, there are no such difficulties and all the threads in the layers of the rubber carcass are directed between the rims strictly perpendicular to the direction of motion. It turns out that due to the same size, all layers are independent of each other, and their oddness will not affect the overall balance of the bus. Given this fact, the number of layers can be very diverse.
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Bias tire has a carcass of one or more pairs of cord layers arranged so that the threads of adjacent layers cross. And in a radial tire, the carcass cord is stretched from one side to another without overlapping threads; the thin soft shell of the frame along the outer surface is covered with a powerful flexible breaker - a belt made of high-strength inextensible cord, steel or textile. A radial tire is always marked with the letter R in the dimension label on the sidewall. In addition, on its sidewall there is a large additional inscription Radial, to which Steel Belted ("Girded with steel") or simply Belted is sometimes added. Why is radial better than diagonal? The radial has higher wear resistance, it is more durable. Mileage best models diagonal tires is 20-40 thousand km, and the mileage of the most common, non-elite radial models is 60-80 thousand km. A radial tire has less rolling resistance, resulting in measurable fuel savings.
Radial tire provides better handling and lateral stability of a car: in contrast to the diagonal in corners and during side slip, it does not “lay on its side” - the tread does not “stick off” from the road.
The radial tire provides better grip with the road due to the larger and more stable contact patch. When the load changes and fluctuations while driving, the rigid breaker prevents the radial tire tread from deforming; the lugs of the tread do not wrinkle or slip.
Tube and tubeless tires - which is better?
Main advantage tubeless tire- long-term preservation of pressure during a puncture, and therefore - safety. tube tire when punctured, it loses pressure almost instantly, because the air quickly escapes through the valve hole in the wheel rim. And from a tubeless tire, air comes out only at the puncture site, and if the hole is not too large (from a nail, for example), then pressure is lost very slowly. In addition, a tubeless tire is much lighter than a tubed one, which means that it loads the suspension and wheel bearings less, and also heats up less during long speed driving. A tubeless tire is labeled Tubeless on the sidewall. Chamber - Tube Type.
We warn you! Never try to put a tube in a tubeless tire, as some drivers do, hoping that the "double bottom" will add reliability to the tire. In this case, all the advantages of a tubeless tire over a tube tire disappear. In addition, an air blister inevitably forms between the tire and the chamber, which during driving becomes a hotbed of sharp local overheating - the cause of seemingly incomprehensible destruction of the tire carcass. Relying on a "double bottom" for a tubeless tire, you risk getting a completely different result - "no bottom, no tire."
Design of a radial tubeless tire
Speed Indices
| Speed index | Max Speed km/h |
| A1 | 5 |
| A2 | 10 |
| A3 | 15 |
| A4 | 20 |
| A5 | 25 |
| A6 | 30 |
| A7 | 35 |
| A8 | 40 |
| B | 50 |
| C | 60 |
| D | 65 |
| E | 70 |
| F | 80 |
| G | 90 |
| J | 100 |
| K | 110 |
| L | 120 |
| M | 130 |
| N | 140 |
| P | 150 |
| Q | 160 |
| R | 170 |
| S | 180 |
| T | 190 |
| H | 210 |
| V | 240 |
| W | 270 |
| Y | 300 |
| ZR | >240 |
Load indices
| Ind. | load kg | Ind. | load kg | Ind. | load kg | Ind. | Ind. | load kg | Ind. | load kg | |
| 50 | 190 | 74 | 375 | 98 | 750 | 122 | 1500 | 146 | 3000 | 170 | 6000 |
| 51 | 195 | 75 | 387 | 99 | 775 | 123 | 1550 | 147 | 3075 | 171 | 6150 |
| 52 | 200 | 76 | 400 | 100 | 800 | 124 | 1600 | 148 | 3150 | 172 | 6300 |
| 53 | 206 | 77 | 412 | 101 | 825 | 125 | 1650 | 149 | 3250 | 173 | 6500 |
| 54 | 212 | 78 | 425 | 102 | 850 | 126 | 1700 | 150 | 3350 | 174 | 6700 |
| 55 | 218 | 79 | 437 | 103 | 875 | 127 | 1750 | 151 | 3450 | 175 | 6900 |
| 56 | 224 | 80 | 450 | 104 | 900 | 128 | 1800 | 152 | 3550 | 176 | 7100 |
| 57 | 230 | 81 | 462 | 105 | 925 | 129 | 1850 | 153 | 3650 | 177 | 7300 |
| 58 | 236 | 82 | 475 | 106 | 950 | 130 | 1900 | 154 | 3750 | 178 | 7500 |
| 59 | 243 | 83 | 487 | 107 | 975 | 131 | 1950 | 155 | 3875 | 179 | 7750 |
| 60 | 250 | 84 | 500 | 108 | 1000 | 132 | 2000 | 156 | 4000 | 180 | 8000 |
| 61 | 257 | 85 | 515 | 109 | 1030 | 133 | 2060 | 157 | 4125 | 181 | 8250 |
| 62 | 265 | 86 | 530 | 110 | 1060 | 134 | 2120 | 158 | 4250 | 182 | 8500 |
| 63 | 272 | 87 | 545 | 111 | 1090 | 135 | 2180 | 159 | 4375 | 183 | 8750 |
| 64 | 280 | 88 | 560 | 112 | 1120 | 136 | 2240 | 160 | 4500 | 184 | 9000 |
| 65 | 290 | 89 | 580 | 113 | 1150 | 137 | 2300 | 161 | 4625 | 185 | 9250 |
| 66 | 300 | 90 | 600 | 114 | 1180 | 138 | 2360 | 162 | 4750 | 186 | 9500 |
| 67 | 307 | 91 | 615 | 115 | 1215 | 139 | 2430 | 163 | 4875 | 187 | 9750 |
| 68 | 315 | 92 | 630 | 116 | 1250 | 140 | 2500 | 164 | 5000 | 188 | 10000 |
| 69 | 325 | 93 | 650 | 117 | 1285 | 141 | 2575 | 165 | 5150 | 189 | 10300 |
| 70 | 335 | 94 | 670 | 118 | 1320 | 142 | 2650 | 166 | 5300 | 190 | 10600 |
| 71 | 345 | 95 | 690 | 119 | 1360 | 143 | 2725 | 167 | 5450 | 191 | 10900 |
| 72 | 355 | 96 | 710 | 120 | 1400 | 144 | 2800 | 168 | 5600 | ||
| 73 | 365 | 97 | 730 | 121 | 1450 | 145 | 2900 | 169 | 5800 |
In all countries belonging to the European Community (EEC), from January 1, 1992, it is required that the remaining tread depth of tires for cars was equal to 1.6 mm. It is necessary that such a value residual height the tread pattern was retained in at least the central three-quarters of the tread area around the entire circumference of the tire.
When the remaining tread depth of a tire approaches the legal minimum value, the value stopping distance car when driving on wet roads increases. A film of water between the tire and the road can cause loss of contact with the road surface even at relatively low speeds and create a loss of control situation known as hydroplaning. With this in mind, it becomes extremely important to recommend timely replacement of tires, and it is best to do this before reaching the residual tread height mark (marked with the letters TWI on the sidewall of the tire). International safety regulations require that 1.6 mm residual tread depth (TWI) marks be placed in the tread grooves at several locations along the circumference of the tire.
18:26:41 - 18.04.2019
Agricultural tires: diagonal or radial?
Farmers, industrial managers or suppliers often wonder which is better to buy: radial or diagonal. Each tire type has strengths and functional limitations. Consider the advantages of using each type of tractor rubber.
In the picture: The arrangement of the threads of the diagonal and radial tires.
The main difference is the direction of the reinforcing elements
In diagonal tires, the cord is laid at an angle to the rolling direction of the wheel. The supporting frame consists of polymer or textile threads, an even number of layers are laid in mutually intersecting directions. This technology ensures the same rigidity of all parts of the tire: tread, sidewalls, shoulder areas.
In radial tires, the cord is made from steel and nylon threads. Cord threads are located perpendicular to the direction of movement of the vehicle. The threads go from bead to bead of the tire at a right angle, the reinforcement is laid in one layer. The part of the tire in contact with the roadway is necessarily reinforced with an additional cord belt - a breaker.
In the picture: Cross-sectional and radial tire.
Let's just say:
diagonal tires for agricultural machinery and tractors are heavily reinforced everywhere, and radial tires - only where it is especially needed. Result: A tire with a single ply steel cord is 5% lighter than a similar product with multiple layers of synthetic reinforcement.
Practical benefits of each type of agricultural tire
- The lighter weight of radial tires allows you to reduce fuel consumption, which in the face of constantly rising fuel prices - significant advantage. Lighter tires put less stress on undercarriage, which has a positive effect on the resource of technology. You should also take into account large load capacity: You will need a lighter radial tire for the same job.
- Radial tires are softer and have a larger contact patch with the road surface for improved handling. When driving off-road large quantity tread lugs are in contact with dirt, the wheels do not slip, this increases the maneuverability of the equipment, reduces fuel consumption. Softer radial tires compact soil structure less and do not damage plant roots.
- In diagonal tires, when driving at high speeds, the cord layers, especially on the sidewalls, are mutually displaced, friction occurs, which increases the temperature. Therefore, on such tires it is allowed to accelerate no faster than 40 km / h. Thinner and more solid radial tires do not have this problem: the sidewall works as a single unit. Thanks to this advantage, radial tires are allowed to operate at speeds up to 65 km / h.
- With a load, the situation is the same - radial rubber is able to withstand 15-20% more weight than a similarly sized tire with diagonal cord. Example: Your telescopic loader has a bulk material bucket. If the equipment is equipped radial tires, you can capture 20% more cargo each time, which significantly speeds up the work.
In the picture: Contact patch for diagonal and radial tires.
That's it, are we running for radial tires for agricultural machinery and tractors? Not so simple!
Bias tires have their advantages. These products have a lower cost than analogues with a radial cord structure, since they are easier to manufacture. Also, these tires are more resistant to sidewall damage.
A cord of several intersecting layers gives the product uniform strength throughout the profile. Bias tires have stronger sides. If you often have to drive in places where you can stumble upon broken bricks, scrap metal, driftwood and other sharp objects, it is better to opt for diagonal tires. These tires suffer less from cuts, scuffs and other mechanical damage to the side.
The article was prepared by order of the site
Article author: Abdrakhmanov A. N.
