Turbocharging owes its appearance to the notorious German prudence and practicality in everything. Even Rudolf Diesel and Gottlieb Daimler, at the end of the 19th century, were haunted by such a question. How is it that exhaust gases are simply thrown into the pipe, and the energy that they possess does not bring any benefit? Disorder ... In the twenty-first century, engines equipped with a turbine have long ceased to be exotic and are used everywhere, on a variety of vehicles. Why turbines are used primarily for diesel engines and what is the principle of operation of these useful units, we will analyze further - in a strictly popular science, but visual and understandable form for everyone.

So, the idea of ​​"putting into action" the energy of spent exhaust gases appeared soon after the invention and successful experiments in the use of engines internal combustion. German engineers and pioneers in the automotive and tractor industry, led by Diesel and Daimler, conducted the first experiments to increase engine power and reduce fuel consumption using injection compressed air from exhaust.

Gottlieb Daimler produced such cars, and was already thinking about introducing a turbocharging system

But the first to build the first efficient turbocharger was not them, but another engineer, Alfred Buchi. In 1911, he received a patent for his invention. The first turbines were such that it was possible and expedient to use them only for large engines(for example, ships).

Further, turbochargers began to be used in the aviation industry. Starting in the 1930s, military aircraft (both fighters and bombers) were regularly launched in the United States into a “series”, gasoline engines of which were equipped with turbochargers. And the first ever truck with a turbocharged diesel engine was made in 1938.

In the 60s, General Motors Corporation produced the first Chevrolet and Oldsmobiles with gasoline carbureted engines equipped with a turbocharger. The reliability of those turbines was not great, and they quickly disappeared from the market.

1962 Oldsmobile Jetfire - the first production car to be turbocharged

The fashion for turbocharged engines returned at the turn of the 70s / 80s, when turbocharging began to be widely used in the creation of sports and racing cars. The prefix "turbo" became extremely popular and turned into a kind of label. In Hollywood films of those years, superheroes pressed the “magic” “turbo” buttons on the panels of their supercars, and the car was carried away into the distance. In reality, the turbochargers of those years significantly “slowed down”, giving out a significant reaction delay. And, by the way, not only did they not contribute to fuel economy, but, on the contrary, increased its consumption.

Worker of the Soviet fields - turbocharged

The first really successful attempts to introduce turbocharging into the production of automobile engines series production carried out in the early 80s by SAAB and Mercedes. This advanced experience was not slow to take advantage of other global engineering companies.

In the Soviet Union, the development and introduction of turbocharged engines into the "series" was associated primarily with the development of the production of heavy industrial and agricultural tractors - Kirovets; BelAZ super dump trucks, etc. powerful technology.

Why did turbines end up being used on diesel rather than gasoline engines? Because diesel engines have a much higher air compression ratio, and their exhaust gases are more low temperature. Accordingly, the requirements for the heat resistance of the turbine are much less, and its cost and efficiency of use are much greater.

The turbocharging system consists of two parts: a turbine and a turbocharger. The turbine is used to convert the energy of the exhaust gases, and the compressor is used directly to supply multiply compressed atmospheric air to the working cavities of the cylinders. The main parts of the system are two impellers, turbine and compressor (the so-called "impellers"). The turbocharger is a technologically advanced air pump driven by the rotation of the turbine rotor. Its only task is to force compressed air into the cylinders under pressure.

The more air enters the combustion chamber, the more diesel fuel can be burned in a specific unit of time. The result is a significant increase in engine power, without the need to increase the volume of its cylinders.

Components of the turbocharging device:

• compressor housing;
• compressor wheel;
• rotor shaft, or axis;
• turbine housing;
• turbine wheel;
• bearing housing.

The basis of the turbocharging system is a rotor mounted on a special axis and enclosed in a special heat-resistant housing. The continuous contact of all components of the turbine with extremely hot gases determines the need to create both the rotor and the turbine housing from special heat-resistant metal alloys.

The impeller and the turbine shaft rotate with very high frequency and in opposite directions. This ensures that one element is tightly pressed against another. The flow of exhaust gases first enters the exhaust manifold, from where it enters a special channel, which is located in the turbocharger housing. The shape of its body resembles the shell of a snail. After passing through this “snail”, the exhaust gases are supplied to the rotor with acceleration. This ensures the translational rotation of the turbine.

The axis of the turbocharger is fixed on special plain bearings; lubrication is carried out by supplying oil from the lubrication system engine compartment. O-rings and gaskets prevent oil leaks, as well as air and exhaust gas breakthroughs and mixing. Of course, to completely exclude the exhaust from entering the compressed atmospheric air It doesn't work, but it's not really necessary...

The power of any engine and the performance of its work depends on a number of reasons. Namely: on the working volume of the cylinders, on the amount of supplied air- fuel mixture, on the efficiency of its combustion, as well as on the energy part of the fuel. Engine power increases in proportion to the increase in the amount of fuel burned in it for a certain unit of time. But to accelerate the combustion of fuel, it is necessary to increase the supply of compressed air in the working cavities of the motor.

That is, the more fuel is burned per unit of time, the more air will need to be "shove" into the engine (not a very beautiful word "shove" here, however, it fits very well, since the engine itself will not cope with the intake excess compressed air, and filters zero resistance will not help him).

This, we repeat, is the main purpose of turbocharging - to increase the supply of air-fuel mixture to the combustion chambers. This is ensured by forcing compressed air into the cylinders, which occurs at a constant pressure. It occurs as a result of the conversion of the energy of the exhaust gases, in other words, from waste and lost to useful. To do this, before the exhaust gases must be discharged into the exhaust pipe, and then, respectively, into the atmosphere, their flow is directed through the turbocharger system.

This process ensures the spinning of the turbine wheel ("impeller"), equipped with special blades, up to 100-150 thousand revolutions per minute. On the same shaft with the impeller, the compressor blades are also fixed, which pump compressed air into the engine cylinders. The power obtained from the energy conversion of the exhaust gases is used to significantly increase the air pressure. Due to this, it becomes possible to inject into the working cavities of the cylinders much more fuel for a fixed time. This gives a significant increase in both power and efficiency of the diesel engine.

Diesel turbine in section

Simply put, the turbo system contains two bladed "impellers" mounted on one common shaft. But at the same time they are in separate chambers, hermetically separated from each other. One of the impellers is forced to rotate from the engine exhaust gases constantly entering its blades. Since the second impeller is rigidly connected with it, it also begins to rotate, while capturing atmospheric air and supplying it in compressed form to the engine cylinders.

It took more than a dozen years for engineers to create a really efficient turbocharger. After all, it is only in theory that everything looks smooth: by converting the energy of exhaust gases, you can “return” the lost percentage of efficiency and significantly increase engine power (for example, from one hundred to one hundred and sixty horsepower). But in practice, for some reason, this did not work out.

In addition, when you sharply press the accelerator, you had to wait for an increase in engine speed. It only happened after a short pause. The increase in exhaust gas pressure, the spin-up of the turbine and the injection of compressed air did not occur immediately, but gradually. This phenomenon, called "turbolag" ("turbojama"), could not be tamed. And it turned out to cope with it by using two additional valves: one - to let excess air into the compressor through the pipeline from the engine manifold. And the other valve is for exhaust gases. And in general, modern turbines with variable blade geometry, even in their shape, are already significantly different from classical turbines of the second half of the 20th century.

Bosch diesel turbocharger

Another problem that had to be solved with the development of technology diesel turbines, consisted of excessive detonation. This detonation arose due to a sharp increase in temperature in the working cavities of the cylinders when additional masses of compressed air were injected there, especially at the final stage of the cycle. An intercooler (intercooler) is called upon to solve this problem in the system.

An intercooler is nothing more than a radiator for cooling the charge air. In addition to reducing detonation, it also reduces the temperature of the air in order not to reduce its density. And this is unavoidable during the compression heating process, and from this the efficiency of the whole system drops to a large extent.

Besides, modern system turbocharged engine is not complete without:

• control valve (wastegate). It serves to maintain optimal pressure in the system, and for its discharge, if necessary, into the downpipe;
• bypass valve (bypass-valve). Its purpose is to divert the charge air back to the intake pipes to the turbine, if you need to reduce power and the throttle closes;
• and / or "bleed" valve (blow-off-valve). Which bleeds the charge air into the atmosphere if the throttle closes and the sensor mass flow no air;
• exhaust manifold compatible with the turbocharger;
• sealed pipes: air for supplying air to the intake, and oil - for cooling and lubricating the turbocharger.

The twenty-first century is in the yard, and no one is chasing the name of his car with the prefix "turbo" that was fashionable in the twentieth century. No one believes anymore in the "magic power of the turbine" for the sharp acceleration of the car. The meaning of the application and the efficiency of the turbocharging system is still not the point.

Here is a "snail"!

Of course, turbocharging is most effective when used on tractor engines and heavy trucks. It allows you to add power and torque without excessive fuel consumption, which is very important for the economic performance of equipment operation. There it is used. Turbo systems have found their wide application also on diesel locomotives and marine diesels. And these are the most powerful man-made turbines for a diesel engine.

In this article, we will get acquainted with the answer to the question, what is a turbine. Here the reader will find information about its characteristics, types and methods of human exploitation, as well as consider historical information related to the development of this mechanical device.

Introduction

What is a turbine and how does it work? This is a blade system (machine), which is engaged in the transformation of energies: internal and / or kinetic. This resource gives working body and allows the shaft to fulfill its mechanical purpose. The blades are affected by the jet of the working fluid, which is fixed near the circumferences of the rotors. It also leads to their movement.

It can find its application as a turbine of power plants (NPP, TPP, HPP), a fragment of drives for various types transport, and can also serve as an integral part of hydraulic pumps and gas turbine engines. The real energy industry is not able to do without these devices. Type of heat transfer of turbine rotation in thermal power plants, has a high performance, it is very energy intensive. This allows a person to use various resources in relatively small quantities, in comparison with the amount of electricity received.

Historical data

Many attempts to create a device similar to modern turbine, was committed long before its full-fledged appearance, acquired by it at the end of the nineteenth century. The first attempt belongs to Heron of Alexandria (1st century AD).

I. V. Linde argued that it was in the 19th century that a mass of plans and projects were born that allowed a person to overcome the “material difficulties” that prevented the implementation and creation of such technology. The main events of those years were the development of thermodynamic science, as well as metallurgical and engineering industries. At the end of the XIX century, two scientists, separately and independently, were able to create a steam turbine suitable for various industries. They were Gustav Laval from Sweden and Charles Parsons from Great Britain.

Historical event data

And now let's get acquainted with some events related to the history of the invention of the turbine:

• In the 1st century n. e. Heron of Alexandria tried to create a steam turbine, but for several centuries after that it was not studied due to the erroneous opinion that the idea was untenable.
• In 1500, one can find a mention of a “smoke umbrella” - a device that raises hot air flows from a flame through blades connected to each other and rotating a spit.
• Giovanni Branca in 1629 created a turbine, the blades of which rose due to the action of a strong jet of steam.
• In 1791, John Barber, originally from England, acquired the right to own a patent, which allowed him to become the first owner and creator of the modern gas turbine.
• Turbines running on water were first created in 1832 by the French scientist Burden.
• In 1894, the idea of ​​a ship propelled by a steam turbine was patented and owned by Sir C. Parsons.
• 1903: Edgidius Elling of Norway designed the first gas-fired turbine system of its kind, which was able to transfer more energy than wasted on internal maintenance of the components of the turbine itself. This technology was a significant breakthrough of those times. The problems were caused insufficient level development of thermodynamic knowledge, however, have been overcome.
• In 1913, Nikola Tesla became the owner of a patent for a turbine operating on the basis of the boundary layer effect.
• 1920: The practical theory of gas flow through channels made it possible to formulate clear data for the development of a theoretical understanding of the flow process in which gas moves along an aerodynamic plane. This work was done by Dr. A. A. Grifits.
• For the aircraft, the jet propulsion turbine was created by Sir F. Whittle, and the engine itself was tested with success in April 1937.

Works of Gustave Laval

The first creator of the steam turbine was Gustav Laval, an inventor originally from Sweden. There is an opinion that he was led to the design of such a mechanism by the desire to provide his own made milk separator with a mechanical action that is performed without direct human intervention. The engines of those times did not allow creating the required rotation speed.

Steam served as the working fluid in Laval's machine. In 1889, he made an addition to the turbine nozzles, on which he put conical expanders. His work was an engineering breakthrough, and this is clear, because the analysis of the magnitude of the load that was exerted on Working wheel, shows that she was super strong. Such an impact, even with the slightest violation, would lead to a failure in maintaining the center of gravity and would cause immediate problems in the operation of the bearings. The inventor was able to avoid such a problem by using a thin axis that bends during rotation.

Charles Parsons and his work

Charles Parsons was granted a patent for the invention of the first multistage turbine, and he did it in 1884. The operation of the mechanism actuated the device of the electric generator. A year later, in 1885, he modified his own version, which began to be widely distributed and used in power plants. The device had a leveling apparatus, which was formed from crowns, with turbine shovels, which were sent to reverse side. The crowns themselves remained motionless. The mechanism had 3 stages with different indicators of pressure force and geometric parameters blades, as well as ways to establish them. The turbine used both active and reactive power.

Turbine device

Now we will consider the question of what a turbine is, delving into the mechanism of its action.

The turbine stage is formed by two main parts:

1. Impeller (blades on the rotor that directly create rotation);
2. Nozzle mechanism (starter blades responsible for turning the working fluid, which will give the flow the desired angle to attack in relation to the impeller).

Depending on the direction of movement of the flows, the working bodies can be divided into axial and radial turbine mechanisms. At the first flow of the river. m. moves in the direction along the turbine axis. Radial turbines are those in which the flow is directed perpendicular to the shaft axis.

The number of circuits makes it possible to divide such mechanisms into one-, two- and three-circuit ones. Sometimes you can find turbines with four or five circuits, but this is an extremely rare occurrence. The multi-circuit arrangement of the turbine makes it possible to use large jumps in thermal enthalpy differences. This is due to the placement of a large number of stages with different pressures, and also affects the power of the turbine.

According to the number of shafts, one-, two- and sometimes three-shaft turbines can be distinguished. They are connected by the general parameters of thermal phenomena or by the mechanism of the gearbox. Shafts can be coaxial and parallel.

The device and principle of operation of the turbine are as follows: in places where the shaft passes through the walls of the housing, thickenings are located that prevent leakage of the working fluid to the outside and suction of air into the housing.

The front end of the shaft is equipped with a limit regulator, which, if necessary, will automatically stop the turbine. This happens, for example, as a result of an increase in the rotational frequency that is permissible for a particular device.

Gas Energy Conversion

What is a turbine? IN general view A machine whose purpose is to convert energy into work. There are several types of them, and one of these is a gas turbine.

The device of a gas turbine is based on the conversion of the energy potential of the gas in a compressed or heated state into work performed by the shaft mechanism. The main elements are the rotor and the stator. It finds its application as a part of a gas turbine engine, GTU and CCGT.

Gas turbine mechanism

The operation of the turbine is carried out when the nozzle apparatus passes gases under pressure into the housing, to those places where it is small. In this case, the gas molecules expand and accelerate. Then they fall on the surface of the working blades and give them a percentage of their kinetic energy charge. Blade torque is communicated.

The mechanical arrangement of a gas turbine can be much simpler than piston engine internal combustion. Modern turbojet engines may have several shafts and hundreds of blades on both the starter and the shaft. Aircraft turbines are an example. Their characteristic is also the presence of a complex system of piping, heat exchangers and combustion chambers.

Both radial and thrust type bearings serve as a critical element in this development. Traditionally, hydrodynamic or oil-cooled ball bearings were used, but these were soon overtaken by air bearings. To this day, they are used to create microturbines.

Heat engines

The thermal turbine converts the work done by steam into mechanical work. Inside the blade apparatus, the potential energy of steam in a heated and compressed state is converted into a kinetic form. The latter, in turn, is converted into mechanical and causes the rotation of the shaft.

The steam is supplied by means of a steam-boiler device and is directed to each curved blade fixed around the circumference of the rotor. Next, the steam acts on it, and all together the blades make the rotor rotate. The steam turbine is an element of the PTU. The turbine unit is formed by combining work steam turbine and an electric generator.

The main part of the steam engine

Steam mechanisms are formed, just like gas ones, with the help of a rotor and a stator. On the first, the blades capable of movement are fixed, and on the last - not capable.

The movement of the flow proceeds in accordance with the axial or radial shape, which depends on the type of direction of the steam flows. The axial shape is characterized by the movement of the axle perimeter steam, which the turbine possesses. A radial turbine has vapor flows that move perpendicularly. In this case, the blades are placed parallel to the axis along which the rotation occurs. They can have from one to five cylinders. The number of shafts can also vary. There are devices with one, two or three shafts.

The housing is the fixed part, which is called the stator. It has a number of grooves in which diaphragms are installed, with connectors corresponding to the plane of the turbine casing. Along their periphery, a number of nozzle channels (grids) are placed, which are formed by means of curved blades cast into the diaphragm or welded to it.

Turbocharger

There is a mechanism that uses the exhaust gases to increase the pressure in the intake chamber space. Such a unit is called a turbocharger.

The main parts are represented by a sub-center or axial compressor and a gas turbine necessary to drive it. Has one shaft. The main function is to increase the pressure exerted by the working fluid. This becomes possible due to heating gas turbine engine the operation of the compressor itself, which acquires power thanks to the turbine.

Finally

Now the reader has general ideas about the device, principle of operation, mechanism of action, methods of operation of turbines. Here, specific types of turbines were also considered, differing in the type of working fluid, and historical information showing the general course of development of these mechanisms. Summing up, we can say that turbines are devices that convert energy. Attempts to create them were made long before our era. Currently, they are widely used by people in various industries, which greatly simplifies the process of work, enhances productivity and allows you to perform mechanical actions previously inaccessible to mankind.

Probably every motorist has heard the word "turbocharging" at least once in his life. Back in the old Soviet times there were a lot of incredible rumors among garage masters about the colossal increase in power given by turbocharging, but no one really came across engines of this type in passenger cars then.

Today, supercharged engines have firmly entered our reality, but in reality, not everyone can say how a turbine works in a car, and what is the real benefit or harm from using a turbine.

Well, let's try to understand this issue and find out what the principle of turbocharging is, as well as what advantages and disadvantages it has.

Automotive turbine - what is it

talking plain language, automotive turbine is a mechanical device that supplies air under pressure to the cylinders. The task of turbocharging is to increase the power of the power unit while maintaining the working volume of the engine at the same level.

That is, in fact, using a turbocharger, you can achieve a fifty percent (and even more) increase in power compared to a naturally aspirated engine of the same size. The increase in power is ensured by the fact that the turbine supplies air under pressure to the cylinders, which contributes to better combustion of the fuel mixture and, as a result, power output.

Purely structurally, the turbine is a mechanical impeller driven by the exhaust gases of the engine. Essentially, using the energy of the exhaust, turbocharging helps to capture and supply "vital" oxygen for the engine from the surrounding air.

Today, turbocharging is the most technically effective system for increasing engine power, as well as achieving and toxicity of exhaust gases.

Video - how a car turbine works:

The turbine is equally widely used on both gasoline power units and diesel engines. At the same time, in the latter case, turbocharging is the most efficient due to high degree compression and low (relative to gasoline engines) crankshaft speed.

In addition, the effectiveness of turbocharging on gasoline engines is limited by the possibility of detonation, which can occur with a sharp increase in engine speed, as well as the exhaust gas temperature, which is about one thousand degrees Celsius versus six hundred for a diesel engine. It goes without saying that such a temperature regime can lead to the destruction of turbine elements.

Design features

Despite the fact that turbocharged systems from different manufacturers have their own differences, there are a number of components and assemblies common to all designs.

In particular, any turbine has an air intake, an air filter installed directly behind it, a throttle valve, a turbocharger itself, an intercooler, and an intake manifold. The elements of the system are interconnected by hoses and branch pipes made of durable wear-resistant materials.

As readers familiar with the design of the car will surely notice, significant difference turbo from traditional system intake is the presence of an intercooler, a turbocharger, as well as structural elements for boost control.

A turbocharger, or, as it is also called, a turbocharger, is the main element of turbocharging. It is he who is responsible for increasing the air pressure in the intake tract of the engine.

Structurally, the turbocharger consists of a pair of wheels - turbine and compressor, which are placed on the rotor shaft. Moreover, each of these wheels has own bearings and enclosed in a separate durable case.

How does a turbocharger work in a car

The energy of the exhaust gases in the engine is directed to the turbine wheel of the supercharger, which, under the influence of gases, rotates in its housing, which has a special shape to improve the kinematics of the passage of exhaust gases.

The temperature here is very high, and therefore the casing and the turbine rotor itself, together with its impeller, are made of heat-resistant alloys that can withstand prolonged high-temperature exposure. Recently, ceramic composites have also been used for these purposes.

The compressor wheel, rotated by the energy of the turbine, sucks in air, compresses it and then pumps it into the cylinders of the power unit. In this case, the rotation of the compressor wheel is also carried out in a separate chamber, where air enters after passing through the air intake and filter.

Video - what is a turbocharger for and how it works:

Both turbine and compressor wheels, as mentioned above, are rigidly fixed on the rotor shaft. In this case, the rotation of the shaft is carried out using plain bearings, which are lubricated with engine oil from the main engine lubrication system.

The oil supply to the bearings is carried out through channels that are located directly in the housing of each bearing. In order to seal the shaft from oil ingress into the system, special sealing rings made of heat-resistant rubber are used.

Undoubtedly, the main design difficulty for engineers in the design of turbochargers is the organization of their effective cooling. To do this, in some gasoline engines, where thermal loads are highest, liquid cooling of the supercharger is often used. In this case, the housing in which the bearings are located is included in the dual-circuit cooling system of the entire power unit.

Another important element The turbocharging system is an intercooler. Its purpose is to cool the incoming air. Surely many of the readers of this material will wonder why to cool the "outboard" air, if its temperature is already low?

The answer lies in the physics of gases. Cooled air increases its density and, as a result, its pressure increases. At the same time, the intercooler is structurally air or liquid radiator. Passing through it, the air decreases its temperature and increases its density.

An important part of the car's turbocharging system is the boost pressure regulator, which is bypass valve. It is used to limit the energy of the exhaust gases of the engine and directs part of them away from the turbine wheel, which allows you to adjust the boost pressure.

The valve drive can be pneumatic or electric, and its operation is carried out due to signals received from the boost pressure sensor, which are processed by the vehicle's engine control unit. It is the electronic control unit (ECU) that sends signals to open or close the valve, depending on the data received by the pressure sensor.

In addition to the valve that regulates the boost pressure, in the air path directly after the compressor (where the pressure is maximum) safety valve. The purpose of its use is to protect the system from air pressure surges that can occur in the event of a sudden shutdown. throttle valve engine.

The excess pressure that occurs in the system is vented to the atmosphere using the so-called blue-off valve, or is directed to the compressor inlet by a bypass valve.

The principle of operation of an automobile turbine

As mentioned above, the principle of turbocharging in a car is based on the use of energy released by the exhaust gases of the engine. The gases rotate the turbine wheel, which, in turn, transmits torque to the compressor wheel through the shaft.

Video - the principle of operation of a turbocharged engine:

That, in turn, compresses the air and pumps it into the system. Cooling in the intercooler, compressed air enters the engine cylinders and enriches the mixture with oxygen, providing an effective "return" of the motor.

Actually, it is precisely in the principle of operation of a turbine in a car that its advantages and disadvantages lie, which are very difficult for engineers to eliminate.

Pros and cons of turbocharging

As the reader already knows, the turbine in the car is not rigidly connected with crankshaft engine. Logically, such a solution should level out the dependence of the turbine speed on the speed of the latter.

However, in reality, the efficiency of the turbine is directly dependent on the engine speed. The more open than more revs motor, the higher the energy of the exhaust gases rotating the turbine and, as a result, the greater the volume of air pumped by the compressor into the cylinders of the power unit.

As a matter of fact, the "indirect" connection between the revolutions and the frequency of rotation of the turbine, not through the crankshaft, but through the exhaust gases, leads to "chronic" shortcomings of turbocharging.

Among them is a delay in the growth of engine power when the gas pedal is pressed sharply, because the turbine needs to spin up, and the compressor needs to give the cylinders a sufficient portion of compressed air. This phenomenon is called "turbo lag", that is, the moment when the return of the motor is minimal.

Based on this shortcoming, the second one immediately comes out - a sharp jump in pressure after the engine overcomes the "turbo lag". This phenomenon is known as "turbo pickup".

And the main task of motor engineers creating supercharged engines is to "level" these phenomena to ensure uniform thrust. After all, "turbo lag", in its essence, is caused by the high inertia of the turbocharging system, because in order to bring the boost "in full readiness» takes a certain amount of time.

As a result, the need for power on the part of the driver in a particular situation leads to the fact that the motor is not able to “give out” all its characteristics at once. IN real life these are, for example, lost seconds during difficult overtaking ...

Of course, today there are a number of engineering tricks that allow minimizing and even completely eliminating the unpleasant effect. Among them:

• use of turbine with variable geometry;
• the use of a pair of turbochargers arranged in series or in parallel (the so-called twin-turdo or bi-turdo schemes);
• application combined scheme boost.

The turbine, which has a variable geometry, optimizes the flow of exhaust gases of the power unit by changing in real time the area of ​​​​the inlet channel through which they enter. A similar turbine layout is very common in turbocharged diesel engines. In particular, it is on this principle that Volkswagen TDI series turbodiesels operate.

The scheme with a pair of parallel turbochargers is used, as a rule, in powerful power units built according to the V-shaped scheme, when each row of cylinders is equipped with its own turbine. Minimization of the "turbo lag" effect is achieved due to the fact that two small turbines have much less inertia than one large one.

The system with a pair of sequential turbines is used somewhat less often than the two listed, but it also provides the greatest efficiency due to the fact that the engine is equipped with two turbines with different performance.

That is, when you press the “gas” pedal, a small turbine comes into action, and with an increase in speed and speed, the second one is connected, and they work in total. At the same time, the effect of "turbo lag" practically disappears, and the power increases systematically in accordance with the acceleration and increase in speed.

At the same time, many automakers use not even two, but three turbochargers, such as BMW in its triple-turbo scheme. But the engineers who designed Bugatti supercar, in general, they equipped the power unit with four sequential compressors at once, which made it possible to achieve unique power characteristics with a completely “civilian” behavior of the motor in ordinary driving modes.

Hello dear readers and visitors of the blog Autoguid.ru Today in the article we will deal with you and find out how the turbine works on petrol engine. The topic, of course, is interesting, and first of all for owners of gasoline turbocharged cars. Often, there is little information about the principle of operation and the design of a turbine on a gasoline engine or it is too complicated for the perception of an ordinary person.

The use of a turbine allows any engine with a small displacement to increase power without increasing fuel consumption and reducing the service life. After connecting the turbine, the motor seems to receive an invisible kick and runs much faster. There are features of the use of gasoline engines equipped with turbines.

They must be taken into account in order to extend the life of the device and use the engine of the machine with maximum efficiency. Before talking about the principle of operation of a turbine on a gasoline engine, you need to know the history of its appearance and widespread use by car manufacturers.

The history of the appearance of a turbocharged gasoline engine

The first internal combustion engines, like everyone else technical pioneers had a very "raw" look and required refinement. Time passed and reliable and durable models of gasoline engines appeared on the market, which delighted drivers with their unpretentious maintenance and endurance. The requirements for motors among consumers increased and the criteria of regulatory authorities became tougher.

Initially, the development of gasoline engines was carried out largely along an extensive path. To increase the power of the engine, its volume simply increased. Everything was fine if it were not for the proportionate increase in fuel consumption and the amount of harmful emissions into the environment. It could no longer continue like this, and a very difficult task was set before the engineers and creators of internal combustion engines.

Achieve an increase internal combustion engine power(internal combustion engine) without increasing the volume of the engine and fuel consumption. A large number of solutions were proposed, but the only correct direction for the development of motors was chosen. It was decided to work on increasing the efficiency of the formation and combustion of the fuel-air mixture in the car engine.

The only one the right way to increase the efficiency of combustion of a mixture of fuel and air - this is to increase the flow of air into the engine cylinders. In this case, an additional volume of air had to be forced in due to the pressure created.

The additional amount of air significantly increased the combustion of fuel in the engine cylinders and thereby freed up additional power at a constant volume. The idea is simple, but requires implementation in the form of a device for pumping air into the engine cylinders.

To solve this problem, automotive engineers decided to rely on the developments of the aviation industry. She's been using turbines for a very long time. The first turbocharged gasoline engines appeared on trucks in the thirties of the last century. Trucks using turbines have added power and optimized fuel consumption.

Successful experience of using a turbine as a device for pumping a mass of air into trucks the feat of designers and engineers of the automotive industry to accelerate movement in this direction. The first cars with gasoline engines equipped with turbines began to be sold in the United States in the 60s of the last century.

Motorists from the USA met the first models of cars of this type with caution and suspicion. Only 10 years later, in the 70s of the last century, they were appreciated and began to be actively used to create cars with a sports bias. On production models Turbine cars were installed in very small quantities.

This was due to the fact that the first models of engines with turbines turned out to be very “gluttonous” and had a lot of other minor flaws that spoiled the first impression. Significant fuel consumption did not make it possible to establish a wide production of cars with turbocharged engines. The introduction of turbines into engines was significantly slowed down by the oil crisis, which ended in an increase in fuel prices. People started saving more.

Only at the end of the 90s, after a significant improvement in the design of the turbine and the gasoline engine as a whole, was it possible to change the situation. This was the starting point for the beginning of the era of development and formation of turbocharged gasoline engines.

The turbine of a gasoline engine, due to the use of a compressor, forcibly pumps a mass of air into the cylinders. The oxygen enrichment of the fuel-air mixture is significantly increased and the combustion of gasoline is improved. Coefficient useful action increases significantly. The efficiency of the motor increases at a constant volume.

Engine power when using a turbine increases in direct proportion to the amount of gasoline burned per unit time. To ensure maximum rapid combustion of fuel in the engine cylinders, a significant amount of air is required. It is it that is directed in sufficient quantities by the turbine due to the operation of the compressor. It is forced into the cylinders, enriching the fuel-air mixture.

If you cut the turbine of a gasoline engine along the body, you can see the following working elements:

Bearing housing.

It serves to accommodate the rotor, represented by a shaft bearing turbine and compressor rings equipped with blades. It is they who, during rotation, capture air and direct it into the engine cylinders.

oil channels.

Penetrate the turbine body like blood vessels on the human body. Serve for the timely delivery of engine oil to rubbing and rotating elements. Thus, the wear of the working elements of the gasoline turbine is reduced.

Plain bearing.

Its main task is to ensure the free and smooth rotation of the turbine rotor with its blades to capture a sufficient amount of air. Its lubrication and cooling is provided by engine oil circulating in the turbine.

Frame.

The snail-shaped turbine housing provides protection against external mechanical influences working elements of the device for air injection.

The turbine of a gasoline engine is driven by the supply of exhaust gas, the energy of which causes the rotor to rotate the blades. There is nothing complicated in the design and operation, everything is clear and quite simple.

When starting a gasoline engine, the exhaust gases from the engine cylinders are sent straight to the turbine. They set the rotor in motion, giving it their energy. Then, through the intake pipe, they enter the muffler and are discharged into the environment.

The rotor shaft spins the compressor wheel and the blade wheel. They take the air from environment coming through the engine air filter. It is forced into the engine cylinders. The turbine compressor can boost the air pressure by up to 80%.

The operation of the turbine of a gasoline engine allows the oxygen-enriched fuel-air mixture to fill the cylinders in large quantities. The volume of the engine remains unchanged, but its power increases significantly. On average, the use of a turbine makes it possible to increase power power plant cars by 20-30%.

What you need to know for the proper operation of a gasoline turbine?

To provide durable work turbines on a gasoline engine do not need to save on the quantity and quality of engine oil. Those who like to skip oil change intervals in the engine will sooner or later encounter problems and irregularities in the operation of the turbine. It is very susceptible to the quality of the oil used. Cheap oil will not be able to provide the required level of friction of the working elements and, with intensive use of the car, they will quickly become unusable and require replacement.

When buying a car equipped with a turbine, it is imperative to change the engine oil and clean the entire system. It is impossible to mix adding another oil, as it loses its properties and its efficiency tends to zero. Complete replacement oil will avoid harmful effects and enhance the protection of the turbine of a gasoline engine.

There are some features of the operation of a motor equipped with a turbine. After a long trip by car, the engine does not need to be turned off immediately during a stop. You need to give him time to work on idling and cool down a bit. A sharp shutdown of the motor creates a temperature drop in a negative way, affecting the strength and reliability of the working elements of the motor turbine.

Advantages and disadvantages of a turbocharged engine

The main advantage of any gasoline engine equipped with a turbine is an increase in its power by 20-30%. With the same volume as a traditional atmospheric internal combustion engine, its power is one third higher. Fuel efficiency is greatly improved.

The maximum level of combustion of the fuel-air mixture can significantly reduce the emission of pollutants into the environment. Maximum use of turbocharged engines everywhere real dream environmentalist. On this advantage turbocharged engine are running out.

Turbocharged engines are very demanding on the quality of the fuel and engine oil used. All this together leads to an increase in the cost of using the car in the long run. Maintenance of a turbocharged engine will require a large amount of money from the driver.

Turbine repair requires the use special equipment and materials. It is very difficult to do it on your own. Often the age of a repaired turbine is short and will eventually need to be replaced. This can significantly hit the wallet of the owner of the car.

Conclusion

The appearance of turbocharged engines is another step in the development of power automotive installations. Modern requirements for the environmental component of the engine are significantly tightened and competition between car manufacturers is intensifying.

What is a turbocharger, principle of operation, what does a turbine consist of and what is it for. How does a turbo help your car? All information in our article.

What is a turbocharger, what does it consist of and how does it work. A detailed article on the turbine device and the principle of operation. What are the malfunctions and problems in the operation of turbines, why it is impossible to repair with your own hands, and much more.

Turbocharger device in a car - what is it

The purpose of such automotive device how a turbocharger is creating such pressure air currents in the cavity of the intake manifold, which subsequently allows the exhaust gases to saturate the fuel-air mixture with the element necessary for combustion, oxygen.

This will allow the development of a power plant located in engine compartment, the required power. The magnitude of this power depends on the change in the position of the throttle valve, which is in fuel system. It, in turn, is affected by the accelerator, better known as the gas pedal.Obtaining high power figures, perhaps in other ways.

An increase in the number of engine cylinders, as a result of which the volume of the engine increases. In addition, it is possible to increase the volume of the cylinders themselves, which will also lead to an increase in the volumetric parameters of the fuel combustion chambers.

However, these options are not very acceptable, since fuel consumption, as well as the amount of exhaust gases emitted into the atmosphere, will increase significantly. Therefore, the installation of a turbine is, on this moment, most the best option, allowing to obtain good power performance of the internal combustion engine, while maintaining the same level or even exaggerating environmental and economic results.

Bearing unit - is a housing, cast from steel, providing a location for floating bearings on the surface of the shafts. The rotation speed of this system can reach 170,000 rpm. The unit has a complex geometric arrangement of the cooling system. Requirements for this unit: resistance to wear, deformation and corrosion.

Turbine wheel - it is located in the cavity of the turbine unit housing and has a pin connection with the compressor impeller. The temperature of the environment in which this product is operated reaches a value of 760 degrees Celsius. Therefore, the alloys of the materials from which it is made have high strength and durability. Also, the products pass the stage of surface coating with a nickel alloy.

Bypass valve - it is controlled by a pneumatic actuator. Its purpose is to ensure the safe operation of the turbine and prevent overheating of the elements. When the pressure rises to an unacceptable value, the valve ensures that a certain amount of air mass is removed along a path passing outside the turbine. This element provides protection for the internal combustion engine from overpressure in the combustion chambers. This helps prevent motor overload.

The casing of the turbocharged device - the material for the manufacture of this unit is a spheroided cast iron alloy. Thermal exposure does not threaten products made from this material. The body is processed in full accordance with the shape of the blades located on the impeller. The intake flange is used as the installation base for mounting the turbine. The main qualities that a turbine unit should have:

1. Impact strength.
2. Antioxidant resistance.
3. Strength.
4. Heat resistance.
5. Possibility of easy machining.

Plain bearings of special modification - High temperatures on which they have to work, do not affect the wear and durability of the bearings. Also, during the production phase, great attention paid attention to the accuracy of manufacturing oil ducts and retaining rings. Absorption thrust pressure carried out using a hydrodynamic bearing. At the end of the production of plain bearings, a calibration and centering step is carried out.

The case compressor - it consists of one integral element. Depending on the type, it is produced using aluminum alloys. Casting can be done by vacuum or sand casting. The final stage is processing, with the help of which the necessary dimensions are achieved, which are necessary to ensure the correct functioning of the part.

The compressor wheel - as well as its casing, is smelted from aluminum. However, the impellers that are placed on it, due to the high load and temperature during operation, are made of titanium alloy. In order to ensure the optimal functioning of the compressor unit, it is necessary that the impeller blades be made with high precision and go through increased machining. At the final stage, boring and polishing takes place, which makes it possible to increase the coefficient of fatigue resistance. The impeller is located in the center of the shaft. The main requirements for all elements of the compressor wheel is: the ability to resist stretching and corrosion.

The turbine compressor is tightly fixed to the exhaust manifold of the power plant with bolted connection. Exhaust gases from exhaust system get into the turbine housing with the help of specially designated channels and spin up the turbine, which operates on the principle of a gas turbine engine. The shaft connects the turbine with a compressor unit located at the junction air filter and intake manifold.

Exhaust gases enter the surfaces of the turbine blades, thereby making it rotate. The larger the volume of exhaust gas flow, the higher the rotational speed of the turbine. The compressor unit is similar in type to a centrifugal pump.

Its operation is carried out as follows: the exhaust gases enter the surfaces of the impeller blades, after which they are accelerated towards the center of the compressor wheel and then exit through the air ducts into the intake manifold cavity.

Which in turn ensures that they enter the engine cylinders. The compressor compresses the air and organizes its subsequent entry into the working chambers of the cylinders.

What are the malfunctions and problems in the operation of turbines

Oil leakage from the turbocharger cavity leads to its combustion in the engine cylinders. This defect is manifested by the emission of exhaust gases of a bluish hue into the atmosphere during acceleration motor vehicle. This is not observed at a constant crankshaft speed.

In the working chambers of the cylinders of the power plant, an enriched fuel-air mixture burns out. This phenomenon is observed when a portion of the air mass is leaking in one of the following: air line or intercooler. Also, the lack of oxygen in the mixture with the fuel may not be enough, because the turbine control system is faulty or out of order. A sign of this is the emission of black exhaust gases and exhaust pipes.

Signs that the turbine housing is cracked or deformed due to the blades touching the surfaces of the turbine housing is the appearance of a characteristic rattle during operation of the turbocharger.

The turbine axle housing may coke and the operation of the lubrication systems may therefore be impaired. This is evidenced by oil smudges on the surface of the turbine housing, on the side where the compressor is located.

Video: what are turbine malfunctions

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The principle of operation of the TGM6 turbine

The TGM6 is equipped with a TK-30 turbocharger. Its principle of operation is to pass through the channels of the collectors of exhaust gases, their subsequent entry into a turbocharged compressor. Inside it, movement is carried out along a nozzle apparatus located in front of the disk blades.

Due to this movement of exhaust gases, the rotor picks up the shaft speed in proportion to the volume of air flow. This volume depends on the suction power of the compressor wheel, which in turn works on the signal of the controls. After that, the injected gases enter the air-cooling unit, and then into the intake manifold, which distributes them in the cavity of the engine cylinders.

Turbocharger for VAZ car

A turbocharger installed on a VAZ car indicates that the car was subjected to tuning and additional modernization. They are installed on them different variants turbocharger units, however, the most common turbocharger is marked TD04HL.

It is installed on engines whose volume is from 1.5 liters to 2.0. liters. When an excess pressure of 1 bar is reached, a torque of 300 Nm is possible. Power parameters also increase to 250 hp.

The turbocharger has the following technical parameters. The operating speed is in the range from 30 to 120 thousand rpm. Compression ratio per maximum speed reaches the mark of 2.9. Consumed air - 0.26 kg / s.

The maximum gas temperature before entering the turbine cavity is 700 degrees. The oil at the outlet can have a pressure of 0.3 to 7 MPa. The mass of the turbine does not exceed 9.8 kg. To install the installation of a turbine on a Kamaz vehicle, you must have the following repair kit: 4 studs, metal gaskets, a manifold gasket and a gasket for the pipe through which oil is supplied.

Where to buy a turbocharger and what is the price in Moscow

The sale of turbochargers in Moscow is carried out in many stores and markets. Depending on the buyer's requirements for a turbine plant, their prices can vary greatly. The most famous store selling compressors is Turboost.

It is engaged in the supply of high-quality units, which are guaranteed for 1 year. Prices range from 20,000 to 70,000 rubles. The quality of turbines sold in the markets and non-specialized points of sale is questionable. However, the prices there, on average, are 5-15 thousand less by similar products than the original stores.

Why you can't do it yourself

The turbine requires timely Maintenance and use of high-quality fuels and lubricants and filters. At the manufacturing plant of the product, go through several stages of quality control and compliance with the dimensions of the specified parameters.

The operation of a turbocharged device directly affects the dynamic qualities of a vehicle. If you repair the turbine with your own hands, you can deform its elements or clog them with foreign objects.

This can cause incorrect functioning and subsequent failure of the turboelement. At sharp acceleration vehicle when overtaking or manoeuvring, turbine failure can endanger road users.

The purpose of the condensation device is to create and then maintain the lowest exhaust steam pressure at the outlet of the turbine, as well as to condense and return it to the cavities of the supply systems of steam units. The principle of operation is that the kinetic energy is obtained by converting the potential energy of compressed and heated water vapor in the blades of the steam wheel.

After that, the resulting kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy. As a result, the rotational speed of the turbine shaft of the steam unit increases.

The physics of the movement of exhaust gases can be changed using a variable nozzle. Its operation resembles the principle of operation of tongs. When driving a vehicle at different times, it is necessary to obtain different power parameters. To do this, they created a system that changes the geometry of the movement of air flows in the turbine.

This system is equipped with a vacuum drive, guide vanes, and a control mechanism. The principle of operation is that the change in the position of the guide vanes and the flow of the exhaust gases is carried out by means of changing the angle of the section through which the exhaust gases pass. Thus, at the outlet, a pressure is obtained, which ensures the production of a productive power parameter.