The production of automotive vehicles of all types in Russia in 2012 increased by 12.3% compared to 2011 and reached 2235.87 thousand units. The car market grew by 10.3% to the level of 3,315,400 sales. The market lags behind the pre-crisis 2008 by 8.4%, or by 304,100 vehicles.
Automotive industry
The production of trucks in Russia in 2012 almost did not exceed the last year's level (+0.1% against 2011) and amounted to 204,780 units. Of these, the production of domestic cars decreased by 3.7%, to 173,740 units, while the production of foreign cars increased by 28.9%, to 31,040 units. In December, 19,000 trucks were produced in Russia, or 0.3% more than last year.
If we do not take into account the crisis year of 2009, the production of trucks in Russia has been in positive dynamics since 2000, while European manufacturers have long been operating in the red. At the same time, the share of foreign cars assembled in Russia is significantly increasing due to the high rate of their production, which exceeds the growth in the production of all cars.
The forecast for 2013 assumes an increase in production volumes of trucks up to 5%, while the volume and share of foreign cars will grow by more than 5%, with a corresponding decrease in domestic ones.
The leader of the Russian truck industry, KAMAZ, produced 51,355 vehicle kits (+6%), more than 54,000 engines (+5%), and spare parts worth 14 billion rubles last year. The indicators of domestic automakers could be more effective if counterfeit cars from China (which were supplied illegally at low customs duties through Kazakhstan and did not meet the requirements of the Russian technical regulation "On the safety of wheeled vehicles") did not occupy about 20% of domestic production schemes.
In addition, in 2012 there was a significant narrowing of the export of Russian cars to the CIS countries (Ukraine, Belarus, the countries of Central Asia, except for Kazakhstan) due to a decrease in their economic potential.
At the same time, joint projects with foreign manufacturers are actively developing due to convenient industrial assembly conditions since 2011, of which the joint ventures that successfully operate in the industrial assembly mode are Ford Sollers, an enterprise of Daimler AG and GAZ concern, the production of a commercial vehicle Ford Transit in Tatarstan.
truck market
Sales of trucks in Russia in 2012 reached 357,700 units, the growth rate was 8.8% compared to last year's result. Positive dynamics accompanied all segments of cars, except for domestic ones: a decrease in sales by 0.8% (160,380 units), a narrowing of the market share to 44.8% (by 4.4%). The volume of foreign cars assembled in Russia increased by 34.2% with an increase in the share by 1.5% (up to 8.0%). The total result of trucks produced in Russia showed a decrease in their total share by almost 5%. The segment of new imports grew by 16.3% (up to 150,440 units), catching up domestic cars, and the market share increased by 2.7% (up to 42.1%). The segment of used imported cars increased by 11.9%, and the share was 5.1%.
The structure of sales of trucks has changed somewhat: the sales volumes of foreign models have almost caught up with the sales volumes of domestic ones, and in the future they will grow. Sales of imported new and used trucks also increased.
According to the results of 2012, the market of medium and heavy trucks in Russia grew to 138 thousand units. by 13.4%.
Sales of trucks with gross weight up to 16 tons grew by 3.6% (up to 36 thousand units). GAZ dominates the ranking with 12,400 units. (+5.1%). The second position is occupied by Hyundai with a negative dynamics of 1.2%, followed by KAMAZ, which also lost 15% of the market. Mitsubishi and Foton showed high growth rates - 88 and 122% respectively.
The heavy segment grew by 17.4%. KAMAZ is in the lead with 31,500 vehicles (+1.7%). MAZ is on the second line with an increase of 16.2%. The third and fourth places were shared by MAN and Volvo - 8000 units each. each, the dynamics of + 3.3% and + 25.2%, respectively. Closes the ranking of leaders Shaanxi with a high growth in sales of 2.8 times (7400 units).
The calculations of the AEB Committee of Commercial Vehicle Manufacturers are slightly different from the above. According to their calculations, in 2012 sales of light commercial vehicles increased by 7%, to 188,095 units. The medium truck segment grew to 11,522 units, or 14%. GAZ data is not included in the statistics.
The segment of trucks with gross weight over 16 tons decreased by 12% to 25,937 units. Data from KAMAZ and MAZ are not included in the statistics.
Experts recorded an increase in sales of Chinese trucks last year, predicting a further increase in their share in the Russian market. According to Avtostat, in 2012, 5.1 thousand new Chinese trucks (without LCV) were registered in Russia. This is explained by the fact that Chinese technology (Foton, Howo, Faw, Dongfeng, CAMC) is in the optimal price-quality range, especially in comparison with Russian technology. The equipment of the Celestial Kingdom breaks less often than domestic, so the operating costs for it are lower. Plus, a long warranty service and a more complete set.
The commercial vehicle leasing market saw a decline towards the end of the year after a surge in August. But the ratio of the volume of cars sold on lease to the total volume of equipment sold increased by several percent at the end of the year. The volume of leasing operations is mainly proportional to the volume of sales of commercial vehicles.
Generally domestic market In recent years, the market for new commercial vehicles has been dynamically advancing, exceeding the European one in terms of growth rates and sales volumes, but still lagging behind China, India and Japan. Throughout 2012, the Russian car market also developed steadily, but with some slowdown in growth associated with an increase in the comparative base. The backlog from pre-crisis volumes decreased to 304.1 thousand vehicles, or to 8.4%, compared to 2008.
| Cars | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 forecast |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freight, including: | |||||||||||||
| domestic | |||||||||||||
| foreign cars, including: | |||||||||||||
| collected in Russia | |||||||||||||
| import of new cars | |||||||||||||
| used car import | |||||||||||||
| According to "ASM-holding". | |||||||||||||
| Quantity, thousand units | Dynamics, % | |
|---|---|---|
| Medium (up to 16 tons) | ||
| GAS | ||
| Hyundai | ||
| KAMAZ | ||
| Mitsubishi | ||
| Foton | ||
| Heavy (over 16 tons) | ||
| KAMAZ | ||
| MAZ | ||
| MAN | ||
| Volvo | ||
| Shaanxi |
History of the automotive industry, the development of the automotive industry
Information about the history of the automotive industry, the development of the automotive industry
Section 1. The history of the emergence and development of the automotive industry.
Subsection 1. The history of the emergence of the automotive industry.
Subsection 2. Development of the automotive industry in the 90s.
Subsection 3. Developments and shifts in the location of the automotive industry in the 20th century.
Section 2. Modern geography of the automotive industry.
Subsection 1. Factors that affect the placement of engineering.
Subsection 2. The main areas and centers of specialization of the automotive industry.
Subsection 3. The place of the automotive industry in the economies of industrialized countries.
Section 3. Automotive industry in Russia - present and future.
Section 4. Problems and tasks of the automotive industry.
Section 5. Prospects for the development of the industry.
Automotive industry- This a medium-sized industry engaged in the production of trackless vehicles, mainly with internal combustion engines.
Automotive industry- This engineering industry producing cars and trucks (including special-purpose vehicles), buses, trailers, as well as their parts, assemblies and assemblies.
The history of the emergence and development of the automotive industry.
History of the automotive industry.
The automotive industry of the Russian Federation throughout the post-war years has been increasing both the volume of production and its scientific and technical potential, constantly reducing the gap in the technical level between domestic cars and the best foreign analogues.
However, the general unstable economic and political situation that has developed in the country in recent years, first led to a slowdown in growth rates, and in 1991-1994. - and to a significant reduction in the production of automotive equipment, the volume of research and development work performed. This problem has become especially acute in the scientific research institutes industry: they have almost completely stopped exploratory research and development of promising conceptual vehicles, their components and systems, which in the near future will certainly affect the technical level of our cars.
The main reasons for this situation are a significant reduction in state funding for scientific developments, as well as the disinterest of enterprises to invest in long-term projects. There was also a third reason: a certain confusion of the leadership of research and development organizations, their unwillingness to look for new forms of work and organization of their activities. True, recently many scientific and production organizations, institutes and factory design departments, together with newly created state and commercial structures, have begun to adapt to new conditions. Proof of this is the resumption in 1993 of work on the creation of programs for the development of the automotive industry in the Russian Federation and a number of other CIS countries, the development of bus manufacturing, etc.
Any event that in one way or another gave impetus to the development of a fundamentally new type of activity is sooner or later regarded as historical. To establish its authenticity and the exact time of what happened, they usually rely on documentary evidence. The public of Russia this year celebrated the 100th anniversary of the appearance of the first domestic car with internal combustion engines. But before celebrating the round date of the event that gave rise to the automotive industry in Russia, it was necessary to collect information that would allow us to confidently assert the fact, time and place of this event.
Unfortunately, for a long time, studies of the development of the automotive industry in our country were not conducted. In any case, there were few publications on this topic, and they were random. At the end of the 1940s, the facts of the primacy of domestic scientists and technicians attracted the attention of domestic historians. Then it became obvious that a country that has become a great world power in the age of scientific and technological progress must have a worthy biography in this area that would create the foundation for the image of a great power.
The beginning of work in this direction was the article by A.M. Kreer, published in the journal "Automotive and Tractor Industry" No. 6, 1950, in which, for the first time in the post-revolutionary period, the names of 39 Russian engineers, inventors, entrepreneurs who played an important role in the formation and development of the domestic automotive industry and transport, as well as creators of the first Russian car: Evgeny Alexandrovich Yakovlev (1857-1898) and Petr Alexandrovich Frese (1844-1918).
Later N.A. Yakovlev (1955), A.S. Isaev (1961), V.I. Dubovskoy (1962), L.M. Shugurov (1971), A.I. Onoshko (1975), N.Ya. Lirman (1976), V.N. Belyaev (1981) and Ya.I. Ponomarev (1995) conducted research in this direction. Particularly noteworthy is the find of A.I. Onoshko. Among the glass negatives M.P. Dmitriev, a photo chronicler of the Volga region, he found a fairly clear negative of a photograph of E.A. Yakovlev and P.A. Frese, according to which later, independently of each other, V.I. Dubovskaya, Yu.A. Dolmatovsky, L.M. Shugurov and E.S. Baburin determined the dimensional ratios of the structure and the scale using the graphical-analytical method. This made it possible to determine the dimensions of the parts and in 1996 to build a working copy of the car. At present, another photograph of the first Russian car is known, placed by A. Shustov in the album "Illustrated Bulletin of Culture and Commercial and Industrial Progress of Russia in 1900-1901". Description of kerosene engines E.A. Yakovlev, which have been produced since 1891 at his plant in St. Petersburg (B. Spasskaya st., 28), were published on the pages of the Bulletin of the Imperial Technical Society (Issue XI, 1891).
A detailed description of the car itself was placed in the "Journal of Recent Inventions and Discoveries" (No. 24, 1896), which was published before the opening of the All-Russian Art and Industrial Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, which took place on May 27 (June 9), 1896.
Emperor Nicholas II, as follows from his diary, examined the exhibits for three days and on August 2 (15) examined the crew department, where he was shown a car in action. It would be wrong to consider the appearance of the design of N.A. Yakovlev and P.A. cutter without analyzing the development of Russian industry. At the end of the 19th century, the country experienced an industrial boom. Military shipbuilding, the arms industry, locomotive building, and bridge building advanced at a rapid pace and were not inferior to the same industries in countries more economically developed than Russia. Such technologically sophisticated products as rifles were produced by the Izhevsk Arms Plant in the late 70s of the last century in the amount of 70 thousand pieces. per year with full interchangeability of parts. Moreover, such a mass production record as the production in Izhevsk in 1879 of 300 thousand pieces deserves attention. Berdanok trunks.
We also note the surge in the production of steam locomotives in Russia, which occurred not only due to the rapid development of the railway network, but also due to the decision taken at the end of 1866 by the Russian government to stop placing orders for steam locomotives abroad. If in 1880 domestic factories built 256 steam locomotives, then in 1896 -462. At first glance, these figures seem insignificant, but they should be compared with the scale of the subsequent production of steam locomotives in the USSR. In 1940, when steam locomotives dominated railway transport, their production amounted to 914 units.
It cannot be said that Russian engineers were not looking for information about the achievements of science and technology abroad. The well-known Moscow propagandist of technical progress and invention P.K. Engelmeyer met K. Benz in Germany back in 1883, and E.A. Yakovlev and P.A. Frese visited the World Exhibition in Chicago in 1893, where the Benz-Victoria car was exhibited.
Many Russian engineers spoke German, French or English, and familiarity with periodicals on technical topics was not difficult for them. So, for example, P.A. Frese knew German and French, and visited Paris more than once, where he established friendly relations with specialists from the De Dion-Bouton firm. E.A. Yakovlev traveled to the World Exhibition in Paris in 1890 in order to study the engines presented there. Engineer B. G. Lutskoy received a higher technical education in Germany and worked at such automobile plants as Daimler, Shtever, etc.
Thus, it would be wrong to regard the creation of the car by Yakovlev and Frese as a brilliant insight into technical thought. Moreover, he was born at a time when all over the world there were prerequisites for the birth of the automotive industry. It was in the summer of the same 1896 that G. Ford made the first trip on his "quadricycle", the Paris-Marseille-Paris car race took place in France at a distance of 1720 km, and E. Michelin equipped several hundred cars pneumatic tires. In the same year, Russia introduced the rules of the road, the German company Benz manufactured 181 cars, and in England the Parliament repealed the law on a man with a red flag, who was supposed to go ahead of any horseless carriage.
E.A. Yakovlev at his "Machine-building, iron and copper foundry" produced gas and kerosene stationary internal combustion engines, and since 1895 also gasoline ones. Annual production amounted to several dozen engines (in 1892 - 20 units) of five different models with power from 1 to 25 hp. TO technical features included electric ignition of the working mixture, pressure lubrication, a removable cylinder head. Own kerosene engine E.A. Yakovlev exhibited at the World Exhibition in Chicago. The horse-drawn carriages of the Frese factory were also exhibited there. Then in Russia there were many carriage factories famous for their products: "P.D. Yakovlev", "Iv. Breitigam", "Kyummel", "P. Ilyin", "Krylov Brothers", etc. But the enterprise of P.A. Frese (Ertelev lane, house 10) was special. His owner, like E.A. Yakovlev, had many "privileges" (copyrights) for various design innovations. Frese suggested various schemes body suspension, swivel devices, installation of springs, etc. In other words, both Frese and Yakovlev were not only entrepreneurs, but also inventors. Both knew about the experiments with self-propelled carriages in France and Germany, and the "Victoria" Benz, which they could see in detail at the World's Fair in Chicago, struck their imagination.
K. Benz connected an internal combustion engine with a horse-drawn carriage. At the same time, I decided the mass technical problems. These included steering, providing idle move, changing the speed of movement, the formation of a combustible mixture, starting the engine, cooling it on the go, braking device. Everything was decided with varying degrees of perfection, but in a complex, and represented, so to speak, an engineering ensemble. In the design of each detail, an experienced eye found its own logic, which in the minds of practical engineers, who also thought about a comprehensive solution to the same problems, excluded an alternative solution. The design of the German engineer seemed canonical not only to N.A. Yakovlev and P.A. Frese, but also to the Americans R. Olds and G. Knox, the French E. Delyahe and J. Richard, the German F. Lutzmann, the Swede G. Eriksson, the Swiss L. Popp. Everyone accepted the general concept of K. Benz: layout, transmission scheme, cooling system.
But the German inventor protected many technical solutions with patents. And here each manufacturer was forced to look for his own ways. This happened to N.A. Yakovlev and P.A. Frese.
The crew of the first Russian car in design followed the traditions of light horse carriages. Wheels with wooden rims and solid rubber tires did not spin on ball bearings, but on bronze bushings. Their bearing surface had to be large and hence the massive hubs.
The leaf spring suspension of continuous axles then featured a very large variety of designs, often quite complex. The simplest design for light open crews (for 2-4 people) - on four longitudinal semi-elliptical springs. A large number of sheets with significant friction between the sheets (a kind of friction damper) made it possible to do without shock absorbers.
Light carriages often did not have a frame. The front and rear beams were pivotally connected by two longitudinal rods, forming, as they said then, a "move". The body with a frame made of bent wooden beams was an independent carrier system, which was connected to the "move" through the springs. Wheels equipped with solid rubber tires did not absorb road shocks well, especially when driving on cobblestone pavements. Therefore, the wheels had to be made as large as possible in diameter (1200-1500 mm).
In horse-drawn carriages, turning was carried out by the front wheels. The shafts were connected to the outer parts of the hubs, and the axle itself with wheels turned on a swivel relative to the body. At the same time, the front wheels went under the so-called "goose" (body front), and they had to be made with a diameter smaller than the rear ones, so that the "goose" and the goats located above it were not very high.
But at the end of the 19th century, some carriage masters began to install the front wheels on kingpins. And since the wheels rolled along arcs of different radii when cornering, special mechanisms had to be invented, known as the Ackermann system or the Janto trapezoid (after the names of their creators).
These principles were followed by many crew masters, and P.A. also adhered to them. Frese in the development of the chassis of the first Russian car. He carefully studied the patent of K. Benz, issued to him in 1893, and found his own solution.
Following the St. Petersburg inventors, the production of automobiles (at first small-scale, and later large-scale) was launched by the Frese, Aksai, Duks, Lessner, Puzyrev, Russian-Baltic, AMO, YaAZ, Spar-tak plants. During the years of the first five-year plans, a qualitative technological leap was made, when the ZIS, GAZ, KIM plants switched to mass production of cars.
Our automotive industry reached a new technical level with the creation of an infrastructure for related industries in the 70-80s, when new and radically reconstructed plants VAZ, Izh-mash, KamAZ, ZIL, GAZ began to operate. Despite the economic difficulties of recent years, the Russian automotive industry keeps production at a fairly high level. In 1995, more than one million buses, cars and trucks were produced. If we count from the car E.A. Yakovlev and P.A. Frese, then for 100 years the factories of Russia and Ukraine only cars produced over 23 million
Road transport is an integral part of the unified transport system of any country. This system is formed by rail, sea, river and other modes of transport. And in Russia, life is unthinkable without the use of vehicles, as well as in any other country. However, the state and growth of motor transport is inextricably linked with the development of the automotive industry.
However, after 1985, as a result of the collapse of the USSR, economic ties began to break down, which led to a reduction in the production and supply of necessary products. Each sovereign state has a desire to organize its own production of individual, the most important machines for it. But from desire to its realization is a huge distance. All these factors led to the stagnation and then the crisis of the entire Russian automotive industry.
Until 1917, there was no automobile industry in Russia. Just on
The Russian-Baltic plant in Riga from 1908 to 1915 produced a small amount of assembly of cars.
During the First World War, the construction of several small automobile plants (including AMO in Moscow) began, but before the Great
The October socialist revolution, they were not completed and did not produce a single car.
After the end of the civil war, the development of the domestic automotive industry was initiated: in 1924, the AMO plant produced the first 10 Soviet cars AMO-F-15. In 1925, the production of trucks began at the newly built Yaroslavl Automobile Plant. The production of the first Soviet passenger cars designed by NAMI began in 1927 at the Moscow Spartak plant.
The intensive development of the automotive industry in the Soviet Union dates back to 1931-1932, when the reconstructed AMO plant (since 1934, the Stalin plant, now the Likhachev Moscow Automobile Plant) and the newly built Gorky Automobile Plant (GAZ) came into operation. These factories organized the mass production of such well-known trucks in our country before the Great Patriotic War as GAZ-AA, ZIS-5 and a number of their modifications.
Since 1932, the Gorky Automobile Plant began the production of GAZ-A cars. In 1933, the Krasny Putilovets plant in Leningrad produced a small batch of seven-seater L-1 cars. The Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin in 1926 began the production of comfortable 7-seat passenger cars 3IS-101.
Since 1940, at the Moscow Automobile Assembly Plant KIM (former branch
Gorky Automobile Plant - Moscow Small Car Plant, now the Lenin Komsomol Automobile Plant), the production of KIM-10 small cars was launched.
Thanks to the successful fulfillment of the plans of the first two five-year plans, the automobile industry was created in the USSR in a short time. Already in 1937, about 200 thousand cars were produced (Table 2), as a result of which the USSR in the production of cars came fourth in the world, and in the production of trucks ahead of England, France and Germany, taking first place in Europe and second in the world. The development of the automotive industry continued in the years
Great Patriotic War. The Ulyanovsk and Ural (Miass) automobile plants were launched, initially producing cars mastered by the GAZ plant and
Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin. Then the Ulyanovsk plant became the largest enterprise for the production of passenger cars off-road and light trucks, and Uralsky - three-axle vehicles with a wheel arrangement of 6X6 and 6X4.
In accordance with the five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR for 1946-1950. the production capacities of existing plants were increased and new ones were put into operation. In particular, the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant was significantly expanded and started producing two-stroke diesel engines, as well as heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The construction of the Ural Automobile Plant and the reconstruction of the Moscow Plant of Small Cars continued, which began to produce Moskvich-400 cars. The Minsk Automobile and Odessa Automobile Assembly Plants were built.
The pre-war GAZ and ZIS vehicles were replaced by more advanced GAZ-51 and ZIS-150 trucks, GAZ-20 Pobeda and ZIS-110 cars.
The production of cross-country vehicles, dump trucks, gas-balloon vehicles, buses, as well as several types of specialized vehicles was launched. In total, the automotive industry of the USSR produced in 1948-1949. 24 car models.
In the period 1950-1958. the Kutaisi Automobile,
Lvov and Pavlovsky bus factories. The production of dump trucks and cement trucks was launched at the Kutaisi Automobile Plant. Lvov and Pavlovsky factories started production of buses.
The Minsk Automobile Plant has mastered the production of 25-ton dump trucks. Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, which produced dump trucks, started production in 1957 truck tractors and automobile semi-trailers. At several factories (Irbitsky, Serdobsky,
Chelyabinsk, Saransk, Odessa, etc.), the production of automobile semi-trailers, trailers, etc. was started or significantly expanded.
During the period of the seven-year plan 1959-1965. factories switched to the production of new, more advanced car models. In addition, several new enterprises were put into operation. The output of specialized rolling stock designed for the transportation of various cargoes has increased.
Since 1959, the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant stopped producing cars and switched to the production of diesel engines for heavy-duty vehicles, in connection with which it was renamed the Yaroslavl Motor Plant (YaMZ). Currently, the plant produces six-, eight- and twelve-cylinder V-shaped four-stroke diesel engines for cars of the Minsk, Kremenchug and Belarusian plants. The production of three-axle diesel vehicles was transferred from Yaroslavl to the Kremenchug Automobile Plant (KrAZ). Since 1959, the Belarusian Automobile Plant began to produce heavy-duty dump trucks, previously produced at the Minsk Automobile Plant.
During 1960-1970. Mogilevsky (MoAZ) and
Bryansk (BAZ) automobile plants, which began production of heavy vehicles. Since 1968, the production of Moskvich-412 passenger cars has begun, since 1971 - IZH-2715 vans, and since 1973 - IZH-2125 passenger cars at the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant.
In 1959, the production of buses was transferred from the Likhachev Moscow Automobile Plant to the new Likinsky Bus Plant (LiAZ). The Kurgan Bus Plant (KAvZ) has been producing buses of small capacity since 1958.
Since 1961, the Riga Bus Plant has begun the production of an especially small capacity bus and its modifications. Since 1967, cars with a van body, unified with the bus of the Riga plant, have also been produced
Yerevan Automobile Plant (YerAZ).
In 1970, one of the largest in Europe, the Volga Automobile Plant (Togliatti), began mass production of Zhiguli cars of the VAZ-2101 model, and then models 2102, 2103, 21011, 2106, 2121 Niva and 2105.
In 1976, the Kamsky Automobile Plant (KamAZ) began production of three-axle trucks, and the Krasnoyarsk and Stavropol plants of trailers and semi-trailers for them. Since 1955, single-axle trailers for cars have been produced.
The development of the automotive industry in the 90s.
The general unstable economic and political situation that has developed in the country in recent years led at first to a slowdown in growth rates, and in 1991-1994. - and to a significant reduction in the production of automotive equipment, the volume of research and development work performed. This problem has become especially acute in the research institutes of the industry: they have almost completely stopped exploratory research and development of promising conceptual vehicles, their components and systems, which in the near future will certainly affect the technical level of our cars.
The main reasons for this situation are a significant reduction in state funding for scientific developments, as well as the disinterest of enterprises to invest in long-term projects.
There was also a third reason: a certain confusion of the leadership of research and development organizations, their unwillingness to look for new forms of work and organization of their activities. True, then, many scientific and production organizations, institutes and factory design departments, together with the newly created state and commercial structures, began to adapt to new, market conditions. Proof of this is the resumption in 1993 of work on the creation of programs for the development of the automotive industry in the Russian Federation and a number of other CIS countries, the development of the bus industry and others.
However, in general, the state of affairs in the domestic automotive industry in the period from 1990 to 1999 was characterized by general instability. Initially, the rapid rise in prices due to their liberalization in 1992 caused the insolvency of enterprises, led to a lack of working capital, curbing the production process and destabilizing the financial situation of enterprises. In the automotive industry (as well as in the entire engineering industry), centrifugal tendencies in relations between traditional partners began to intensify, cooperation ties between enterprises that were separated by the borders of newly formed states are crumbling.
Then, at the cost of enormous efforts, the automotive industry began to gradually get out of a protracted crisis. And if we take as a starting point
1996, then already in 1997, the production of all categories of cars begins to grow. Certainly not by much, but quite noticeable. In terms of passenger cars, by 1998, all enterprises, with the exception of IZHMASH and AvtoZAZ, improved their performance: here are the reanimated AZLK, AvtoVAZ, and Red Aksai (Daewoo assembly), which worked at full capacity. Brand new Volga go off the assembly line without stopping. Total for 1997 Gorky Automobile Plant 220,417 cars were produced (in comparison with 1996, an increase of 5.4%). Cargo production is doing the best (96,078 vehicles - an increase of 13.2%).
But the August crisis of 1998 takes place. And again, instability in the country causes a curbing of production processes. There is a sharp decline in investment activity, curtailment of long-term construction programs.
Agreements concluded or almost concluded with foreign auto giants on the joint production of cars and trucks, buses and engines for them are “frozen; many of them have to be abandoned.
And again, at the cost of huge efforts, by lobbying the government for the interests of the domestic automotive industry (customs duties on new and used foreign cars), thanks to the ratio of the ruble to the dollar (domestic cars are noticeably cheaper), the crisis in the industry has practically been overcome.
Developments and shifts in the location of the automotive industry in the 20th century.
As in many other countries, in Russia the automotive industry was developed in developed machine-building centers (Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow), where mainly small-scale production of cars for the "top" was established. After the revolution, the ZIL plant was built in Moscow, which was originally conceived as a plant specializing in the production of trucks, since it was they that the country needed, in particular, to raise Agriculture and motorization of the army. But one ZIL could not provide the whole country with trucks. Therefore, in order to more fully provide the country with trucks, under the able leadership of Stalin and Ford, the GAZ plant was built in record time. The country is more or less coming out of the crisis, the city needs vehicles, the production of passenger cars begins at the KIM plant.
The Great Patriotic War played a major role in the shift in the location of the automotive industry. Because the Germans were bombing, a decision was made to partially transfer automobile manufacturing plants to the eastern part of Russia, in order to ensure uninterrupted production of cars, in particular, ZIL was moved partly to MIASS (Now UralAZ), and partly to Ulyanovsk (UAZ). At that time, spare parts, in particular forged and stamped ones, were also made by the Chelyabinsk plant of forging and pressing equipment. The production of carburetors, radiators and other units of power supply, cooling and lubrication systems was carried out by the Shadrinsk Auto-Aggregate Plant.
The automotive industry of the Russian Federation throughout the post-war years has been increasing both the volume of production and its scientific and technical potential, constantly reducing the gap in the technical level between domestic cars and the best foreign analogues.
However, the general unstable economic and political situation that has developed in the country in recent years, first led to a slowdown in growth rates, and in 1991-1994. - and to a significant reduction in the production of automotive equipment, the volume of research and development work performed. This problem has become especially acute in the research institutes of the industry: they have almost completely stopped exploratory research and development of promising conceptual vehicles, their components and systems, which in the near future will certainly affect the technical level of our cars.
The main reasons for this situation are a significant reduction in state funding for scientific developments, as well as the disinterest of enterprises to invest in long-term projects. There was also a third reason: a certain confusion of the leadership of research and development organizations, their unwillingness to look for new forms of work and organization of their activities. True, recently many scientific and production organizations, institutes and factory design departments, together with newly created state and commercial structures, have begun to adapt to new, market conditions. Proof of this is the resumption in 1993 of work on the creation of programs for the development of the automotive industry in the Russian Federation and a number of other CIS countries, the development of bus manufacturing, etc.
Modern geography of the automotive industry.
Factors that affect the location of the automotive industry.
Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important is the existence of a public need for products, skilled labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying structural materials and electricity.
Science intensity: hard to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Orientation to the scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the placement of machine-building enterprises.
- Metal consumption: engineering industries engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Due to this engineering plants Those involved in the production of such products usually try to be as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.
- Labor intensity: in terms of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high labor qualifications. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of engineering industries gravitate towards regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following branches of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).
As a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering, the military-strategic aspect can be taken out. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are removed from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.
The main areas and centers of specialization of the automotive industry.
In the automotive industry of the Russian Federation, a clear specialization of enterprises for the production of certain types of cars has developed. Only the "old" factories in Moscow (ZIL) and Nizhny Novgorod (GAZ) simultaneously produce trucks and cars. All others specialize in issuing certain types and types of vehicles: trucks of medium tonnage in the Central region (Moscow, Bryansk), in the Volga-Vyatka region (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural region (Miass), trucks of small tonnage - in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk). Buses of different capacity are produced in the Central region (Likino), in the Volga-Vyatka region (Pavlovo), Ural region (Kurgan). High-class cars are produced by Moscow, middle-class cars are produced by the Volga-Vyatsky region (Nizhny Novgorod), small cars - by the Volga region (Tolyatti), Central region (Moscow), Uralsky (Izhevsk), and minicars - by the South-Western (Lutsk) regions.
Having arisen due to the peculiarities of its location in the central regions of the European part of the former USSR (factories in Moscow, Gorky, Yaroslavl), where there were the most favorable conditions for organizing intra- and inter-industry cooperation, the automotive industry during the war and post-war years began to develop in new areas (Uralsky, Volga region). By this time, the necessary conditions had also developed in these areas for the mass production of complex products of the automotive industry. In addition to the Central region, the Volga region has become an important region of the automotive industry, where in 1976 the Kama heavy truck plant in Naberezhnye Chelny was added to the existing factories of Tolyatti and Ulyanovsk.
Each of these districts has its own specialization (Central mainly in the production of trucks, and the Volga region - mainly cars). Automotive industry regions are being formed in the Urals (Izhevsk, Miass, Kurgan). In the eastern trans-Ural regions of the country, the automotive industry is just beginning to take shape (Chita). The role of the Trans-Ural factories in the production of motor vehicles is not yet great. In these areas, those prerequisites are only being formed that led to the creation of areas of the automotive industry in the European part of the country.
The automotive industry includes, in addition to the production of cars, the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.
car motors do not only the car factories themselves, but also a number of specialized factories (Yaroslavsky - for trucks, Zavolzhsky - for the car factory in Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, Tyumen, Ufimsky - for "Moskvich").
Most of these factories are located outside the centers of the automotive industry. They supply their products in cooperation to several automobile plants at once (for example, Yaroslavl - Minsk, Kremenchug, etc., Omsk, Tyumen and Ufa - Moscow and Izhevsk automobile plants).
As you can see, in the former Soviet Union, the production of motor vehicles was distributed unevenly (most of the car factories and factories for the production of components are located in Russia). Nevertheless, almost every former republic of the USSR had (and retained) the monopoly production of some product. Thus, Ukraine is the only manufacturer of medium-sized urban, all types of tourist and intercity buses, heavy timber trucks, pipe carriers and multi-purpose vehicles, forklifts with a carrying capacity of 5 tons and more, as well as small cars of the first group (of the Tavria type). In the Republic of Belarus, the production of heavy and super-heavy mining trucks carrying capacity of 3O - 18O t and above, heavy-duty main road trains of the MAZ type, off-road and heavy dump trucks MoAZ. In Moldova, a unique production of heavy-duty (11.5 and 22 tons) refrigerated semi-trailers was created, in Georgia - special agricultural road trains with diesel engines, in Armenia - forklift trucks with a carrying capacity of 1 - 2 tons and urban vans with a carrying capacity of 1 ton, in Azerbaijan - small delivery refrigerators, in Kyrgyzstan - agricultural dump trucks with a preliminary lifting of the body, in Latvia - extra small buses and ambulances manufactured on their basis, in Lithuania - compressors for KamAZ and YaMZ engines and all drive chains for gasoline engines, motorcycles and bicycles, in Estonia - seat belts. There are similar monopolists in other former republics.
After the collapse of the USSR, economic ties were broken, which led to a reduction in the production and supply of necessary products, each sovereign state had a desire to organize its own production of some of the most important machines for it. However, from desire to its realization is a huge distance. The organization of own production of automobiles or their components requires a long time and high costs, which, as the first studies showed, are beyond the power of a number of sovereign states. In addition, production designed to satisfy their own needs would turn out to be unprofitable or even unprofitable for most of them.
Calculations have proved: from the point of view of both the creation of production and the consumption of its product, the closest cooperation of states is necessary. Foreign experience also confirms them: the automotive industry of the world community is developing along the path of broad integration of the scientific and industrial potential of all countries, and just a few major manufacturing companies act as catalysts for integration.
The place of the automotive industry in the economy of industrialized countries.
Road transport plays an important role in the society of the country's transport system. It accounts for a significant proportion of all freight traffic in the national economy. The car is widely used for transportation of goods to railways, river and sea berths, maintenance of industrial trade enterprises, agricultural workers, provides transportation of passengers. Millions of cars belong to citizens and serve them in everyday life.
Literally a hundred years have passed since the appearance of the first car, and there is practically no field of activity in which it would not be used. Therefore, the automotive industry in the economies of developed countries is now the leading branch of engineering. There are reasons for this:
Firstly, every day people need more and more cars to solve various economic problems;
Secondly, this industry is knowledge-intensive and high-tech. It "pulls" many other industries with it, the enterprises of which carry out its numerous orders. Innovations introduced in the automotive industry inevitably force these industries to improve their production as well. Due to the fact that there are quite a lot of such industries, as a result, there is a rise in the entire industry, and, consequently, the economy as a whole .;
Thirdly, the automotive industry in all developed countries is one of the most profitable sectors of the national economy, as it contributes to an increase in trade and brings considerable income to the state treasury through sales in the domestic and world markets.
Fourth, the automotive industry is a strategically important industry. The development of this industry makes the country economically strong and therefore more independent. The widespread use of the best examples of automotive technology in the army, no doubt, increases the country's defense power.
An important factor is the fact that the automotive industry provides a high percentage of employment of the working population in every country where cars are manufactured and (or) sold. Automotive manufacturing countries also provide jobs to countries with which they have signed cooperation agreements. In addition, more a large percentage able-bodied population is employed in related industries that provide the automotive industry. In the United States, for example, 12.5 million people are employed in the production of automobiles, as well as in related industries, in motor transport and in the road sector, i.e. every sixth working in the industry. In Russia, the automotive industry, despite the decline, employs approximately 1.7 million people out of 70 million able-bodied population.
All this together brings the automotive industry to one of the leading positions in the global economy. This is evidenced by the data on the share of the automotive industry in the gross national product (GNP). In the US and France, the share of the automotive industry in GNP is 5%, in Japan and Germany -9%. Russia still lags far behind even small car-producing countries. For example, our production volumes of cars are less than even in such countries as Spain, Italy, Great Britain. Almost 4 times less than in Germany or France, and 10 times less than in the USA or Japan. The share of the automotive industry in GNP is also reflected in the indirect impact of the automotive industry through related industries, to which it provides orders, thereby increasing the share of these industries in the GNP indicator.
The place occupied by the automotive industry in the Russian economy is as significant as in the economies of other car-producing countries. The aspects of its influence on the Russian economy as a whole are basically the same. But at the present time, the Russian automotive industry is in crisis.
Our automobile industry is under pressure from a huge burden of problems inherited from the socialist mode of production. This is, first of all:
low production culture and labor discipline (cadres recruited mainly by the limit, working at factories, as a rule, for apartments and Moscow registration, removed from the division of the results of their labor, not burdened with the desire to link their lives for a long time with the plant, as is customary, for example , in Japan, they did not really care about the quality of technological operations; they were not very worried about the reputation of the factory brand; they easily went to the violation of labor discipline, theft of spare parts on a grandiose scale);
management's lack of interest in pursuing an optimal marketing and financial policy. His goal was to cash out the funds and then ensure that the plan was carried out at any cost. They were, as it were, representatives of the Politburo;
release automotive products, focused mainly on consumption in the domestic market, did not stimulate the creation of competitive cars;
lack of interest in the introduction of innovations (introduction, as a rule, was associated with great difficulties and lack of motivation).
Apparently, it will not be possible to get rid of this burden of problems in a fairly short period of time, even despite some well-known measures taken by such a powerful figure as Moscow Mayor Yu.M. Luzhkov. In order to bring the automotive industry to a decent level, which ensures the production of cars that are competitive on the world market, it is necessary to develop a state strategy for the development of the automotive industry and unite the efforts of the whole country.
Now in the automotive industry, there are a number of trends that indicate the importance and significance of it, as well as related industries in the economy of industrialized countries. There is a completely new approach in the technical development of the car, the organization and technology of its production.
The scientific and technological trends are to reduce fuel consumption and reduce harmful emissions, develop an ultralight car, improve safety, quality, reliability and durability, as well as the development of intelligent road and road systems.
Trends in the economic sphere:
Reduction of production costs and, accordingly, the price of a car, and at the same time, the cost of new design developments and the introduction of new technologies, which is growing due to tougher legislation and consumer demands;
Increasing competition to create the car of the future to dominate the market, as well as the integration of auto manufacturers and component suppliers. Engineering and computerization of the development process make it possible to create new models in a short time;
specialization of research, development and production on the basis of the international division of labor (only 35-50% of parts, components and assemblies are produced at the parent enterprise today, the rest goes to the assembly plant through cooperation).
The success of joining forces is facilitated by the use of ISO 9000 series standards when concluding contracts between firms, which generates mutual trust and determines the high quality of the final product. The role of suppliers in the early stages of car development, starting with research and development, is also increasing. The supplier becomes a full partner of the car manufacturer, both in ensuring its quality and in the distribution of profits.
A variety of operating conditions has led to a wide specialization of vehicles, which are distinguished by specific properties that ensure their use in specific conditions with the greatest efficiency.
Automotive industry in Russia - the present and the future.
The automotive industry as a branch of mechanical engineering originated in the 80-90s of the XIX century in France and Germany, and at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries in England, Austria-Hungary (Bohemia), Italy, USA, Belgium, Canada, Switzerland and Sweden in connection with the objective social need for the mechanization of overland rail transport (primarily military) and the displacement of the muscular strength of animals (and people) from this area of human activity. Since the middle of the 20th century, the automotive industry has been a mature industry with a high (and increasing) degree of monopolization. In the 1930s, an industrial-type automotive industry was created in the USSR, and in the 1950s and 60s in Japan, Brazil, Argentina, Spain, India, China and a number of other countries. In the 1980s, the intensive development of the automotive industry began in the Republic of Korea, and since the 1990s in other countries of the Asian region, primarily in China. In the first decade of the 21st century, the automotive industry is developing most rapidly in mainland China due to its leading position in terms of attracting foreign capital and active anti-crisis tax and credit support from the state. In 2009, China's production increased by 49.2% compared to 2008 and reached 13.83 million vehicles, including 10.42 million passenger cars, which allowed it to take first place in the world, ahead of Japan, the leader in this indicator for 33 years, where production fell by 31.5% to 7.93 million. In 2010, it is expected that China's auto industry will grow by at least 10% and reach a production volume of 15.2 million vehicles, so in January 2010 sales increased by 84 %, reaching 1.22 million cars.
Thus, by the 2010s, a change of leaders is planned in the global automotive industry, since the previously excelling American auto industry, represented by the Big Three, has been somewhat pressed by the Japanese auto industry, represented by Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Mitsubishi, etc., since the 1980s. , and in the 2000s also by the European auto industry, including concerns VAG, Daimler, BMW, Renault, PSA, FIAT, etc., as a result of the global financial crisis, significantly reduced production and sales volumes. The total volume of car production in the world in 2007 amounted to 73.1 million (+5.4% against 2006). Due to the global financial crisis, car sales in 2008 fell to 63 million from 69 million in 2007.
In 2008, with the onset of the global financial crisis, the automotive industry was among the most depressed sectors of the global economy. Concerns GM and Chrysler were forced in the fall of 2008 to apply to the US government for multibillion-dollar loans, without which their survival became almost impossible. Automakers in Europe and Russia have submitted similar loan requests to their national governments. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, in 2009 the decline in global auto production could be 14% (55 million)
The automotive industry is one of the leading industries in Russia. This is confirmed by statistical data. Thus, the number of employees in it is 4.6% of all employed in the industry as a whole and 13% - of workers in mechanical engineering. The automotive industry accounts for 3.8% of the total volume of industrial production and 23% of the volume of mechanical engineering. These figures are in line with a similar ratio in the European Union. Fixed capital investment in the automotive industry has also grown steadily since 2000. It is predicted that this year their share will be over 35% of all investments in engineering.
In 1998–2006, the production volumes of automotive equipment also increased incrementally: the production of cars - from 838.8 thousand to 1 million 150 thousand, trucks - from 145.8 thousand to 210 thousand, buses - from 45.7 thousand to 82 thousand units.
The change in production volumes for the period 1998-2006 reflects the trends that have taken place in the Russian economy. Over the past 3 years, the production of automotive vehicles has been steadily increasing, which also corresponds to positive changes in the industry. This is a consequence of the measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation aimed at the development of the automotive industry, which were developed jointly with the automotive business.
The capacity of the Russian automotive market has increased significantly in recent years. Further expansion of the market is predicted. Satisfying the needs of the automotive market mainly through production in Russia - both at existing plants and at newly created assembly plants - can only be carried out with a targeted industrial policy of the state, which is expressed in the Concept for the Development of the Russian Automotive Industry until 2010. The main task of NP "OAR" for this period is to turn the Concept into an effective mechanism for increasing the competitiveness of the industry.
Government decisions have already been taken in a number of areas. The range of automotive components used for the industrial assembly of automotive equipment, their components and assemblies, which are imported duty-free, has been expanded. The age of imported trucks has been reduced to 5 years, for which increased customs duties apply. Since 2007, the preferential regime for the import of trucks has been terminated for individuals. For certain types technological equipment zero rates of import customs duties are set for the automotive industry.
Another problem to be solved in the very near future. The first special technical regulation adopted in the country “On the requirements for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances put into circulation in the territory of the Russian Federation by automotive equipment”, which was developed with the direct participation of the RRA, unfortunately, is currently being implemented only by Russian automobile plants. Cars with environmental performance below the Euro-2 level continue to be imported into Russia. Together with the federal executive authorities, a normative act was prepared for adoption to prevent such equipment from entering the Russian market.
Prepared and submitted to the Government of the Russian Federation a draft technical regulation on quality automotive fuel. A package of bills has also been prepared aimed at protecting the Russian automotive market, improving the safety of vehicle operation, and economic stimulation of industrial development.
It should be noted that all accepted technical regulations harmonized with the UNECE Regulations, they are also in line with the trends in the development of technical legislation in the European Union.
The strategic objective of our Partnership is to ensure that the "Association of Russian Automobile Manufacturers" in terms of the significance of the decisions taken by the authorities is as effective as the VDA in Germany, JAMA in Japan and SMMT in England.
For NP "OAR" one of the main events of the current year can be considered the holding in September of the Moscow International Automobile Salon, included in the official calendar of exhibition events of OICA, of which our Association is a member. About 350 Russian and foreign companies took part in the Autosalon and more than 600 thousand people visited it. Exhibitors, visitors and the media noted the high level of this exhibition event.
This is the first experience of NP "OAR" in holding such an exhibition. Based on its results, certain conclusions have already been drawn. One of them is that the joint holding of an exhibition of passenger cars and commercial vehicles does not allow creating a single target orientation of the Autosalon. Demonstration of automotive equipment, which is positioned in different segments market, involves visitors and participants with different interests. In this regard, NP "OAR" comes up with the initiative to hold separate automobile exhibitions in Russia under the auspices of OICA. In even years, it is proposed to hold exhibitions of cars, and in odd years, exhibitions of trucks and buses. This will make it possible to make the most efficient schedule of commercial vehicle exhibitions, taking into account their holding in Hannover.
At present, NP "OAR" works closely with Russian associations of automotive engineers, manufacturers of automotive components, transport workers, and car dealers. Relations with international organizations of the automotive profile are expanding. We would like to achieve closer cooperation with the Automobile Manufacturers Committee of the Association of European Businesses in Russia.
We can confidently say that the automotive industry in Russia is the most important factor in the development of the country's economy, and in the future our activities will also be aimed at its integration into the global economic space.
The auto industry is one of the most depressed industries. Russian industry. The reduction in production here began earlier, the slowdown in the rate of decline came later, and the decline in the industry was noticeably deeper than the average for the industry. Out of dozens of positions, only two types of industry products were found, the production of which in 1999 was higher than in 1994 - cars and personal computers. For the vast majority of other types of products, production fell by two or more times. For grain harvesters, for example, 25 times, for household tape recorders - 100 times.
Throughout the entire period under review, production decreased annually by approximately 80% of the types of engineering and metalworking products. The exceptions were 1996, a year in which a drop in production was observed for almost all types of products, and 1999, when production decreased "only" for 63% of the types of products (see table 2).
It is almost impossible to single out any groups in engineering products for which production declined above or below the average: the production of both means of production and consumer goods fell rapidly. Still, the situation turned out to be relatively worse for enterprises producing equipment for depressive industries: coal and light industry, equipment for the countryside, the needs of machine building itself (primarily manufacturers of metalworking equipment).
The situation is somewhat better with the production of products oriented either to meet social needs, the demand for which is declining last (thus, a landslide reduction in production in power engineering was avoided, the level of bus production is stable), or to the solvent demand of the population. Thus, in 1999 there was a tendency to increase the production of refrigerators and freezers, color televisions. However, a deeper acquaintance with the statistics, in particular the production of household appliances, shows that there is a sharp differentiation of manufacturers of the same types of products in terms of their ability to adapt to new conditions. For example, in 1999, the production of color TV sets in the Novosibirsk region decreased by 7.7 times, while in the Russian Federation as a whole it increased by 2.4 times.
In 2000, the growth of the industry's production took place in all regions with a machine-building specialization. Machine-building enterprises located in the regions of the European part of the country are developing more dynamically, while the eastern regions are noticeably lagging behind in increasing production.
In 2001, the growth in production in the Central District was 41% higher than in 1998, this is due to the production of complete electric trains in the Moscow Region and the implementation of the project in Moscow for the production of Renault Megane cars.
The growth of machine-building production in Western Siberia is based on measures to implement a major federal program for the production of equipment for the oil and gas industry, as well as the possible inclusion of defense enterprises in this region in programs and projects for the development of high-tech industries.
There were no noticeable dynamic shifts in the mechanical engineering of Eastern Siberia, however, some growth was provided by enterprises of heavy, agricultural and transport engineering.
The diagram "Territorial Structure of Machine-Building Production in 2001" shows the volumes of growth in the machine-building industry by region (see Appendix).
As a result of the implementation of measures to reform and restructure enterprises, the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering has somewhat changed.
In the total volume of industrial production, the share of products of the automotive industry, heavy, energy, transport, tractor, agricultural and road construction engineering increased, and the share of instrument making, electrical, machine tool and tool industries decreased.
I would like to dwell on the aviation industry in more detail, since this sub-sector is closer to me (I work at the Kumertau Aviation Industrial Enterprise).
Russia's achievements as one of the world's leading aviation powers are well known. Created at the dawn of aircraft construction, the types of the first Russian aircraft were distinguished by the originality of technical solutions, the fruitfulness of the design search for answers to the challenges of the early twentieth century. In the middle of the century, Soviet aviation certainly met the requirements of the time of severe military trials, a powerful industrial base was created, based on the unity of fundamental aviation science, a network of design bureaus, serial factories - manufacturers of first-class combat aircraft. Modern domestic aviation scientific and design schools have a high rating in international business circles and organizations, which creates favorable conditions for the integration of the aviation industry into the global aerospace community. At the same time, the aviation industry will need significant efforts to maintain its status as one of the main aircraft manufacturers and overcome the difficulties associated with the unprecedented size of order cuts by traditional customers of the main serial products and the deep crisis in solvent demand for civil aircraft and next-generation helicopters.
The aviation industrial complex is experiencing common problems for the entire industrial complex:
An acute shortage of financial resources, non-reimbursement of costs for work in progress, adjustments of the state defense order that have acquired a chronological nature,
Excess of the accumulated debt of the ordering ministries of the annual amounts of financing of enterprises,
weakening of human resources, etc.
At the same time, an objective analysis and forecasts of the development of the global military aviation market, made by reputable international analytical centers, testify to the intensification of competition between the leading manufacturing countries of military aviation equipment - the USA, Russia, Great Britain and France, moreover, in terms of production and sales on the world market. fighters, attack and jet training aircraft until 2007, the Russian firms of Sukhoi, Mikoyan and Yakovlev effectively compete with Boeing and Dasso.
According to data from the US defense departments and Western European countries, Russia has maintained a high level of critical technologies in the military aircraft industry, which is a basic prerequisite for maintaining the competitiveness of the domestic industry in the aircraft industry in general.
The domestic aviation industry, despite the difficult financial situation in the economy of the entire national economic complex, managed to maintain its leading position and high scientific and technological potential with a minimum level of state support. It is the largest among the defense industries in terms of such indicators as the number of highly qualified personnel, the cost of fixed assets of enterprises, the volume of production and sales of products (about 40% of the total output of the military-industrial complex).
In 2000, with a decline in production of 5.2% in the industry as a whole, the volume of goods and services of the aviation industry increased by 8.1% compared to 1999. Positive trends in the aviation industry continued in the first half of 2001: the highest growth in the output of goods and services among the defense industries was achieved in the aviation industry by 40%, while the average growth for all industries was about 10%.
These data testify to the viability of the aircraft industry, the possibility of economic recovery and, ultimately, the preservation of Russia's status as the world's leading aviation power.
In the aviation industry, which traditionally included the sub-sectors of the production of light aircraft, heavy aircraft and helicopters, special equipment (aircraft weapons systems), aggregate, engine and instrument making, the most real organizational, financial and economic gaps arose with the liquidation of the sectoral ministries and still not completely overcome between the three main sectors - research, design and production. At the same time, the world practice of creating technically complex and highly capital-intensive aviation complexes has led to the need to use the so-called commercial approach not only in relation to the tasks of creating civil aircraft, but also in creating combat aviation systems. The main requirement of this approach is the existence of a unified legal entity with full responsibility for design, development, certification, production and after-sales service.
In order to overcome the disunity between design organizations and serial plants, the Ministry of Economy developed, and the Government of the Russian Federation in 1998 approved by its special resolution "The concept of restructuring the domestic aircraft industry complex", the main idea of which was to, on the basis of coordinated actions of federal and regional bodies government controlled, the aircraft manufacturing enterprises themselves to create the necessary conditions for merging existing enterprises into large corporate structures. Currently, the programs for the creation of four main independent corporations - Ilyushin, Tupolev, Sukhoi and Mikoyan - are under implementation.
Among the holding companies and corporations of the second level, it should be noted JSC Aviapriborholding, the Aerospace Equipment Corporation, the Technocomplex Corporation, and the financial and industrial group Dvigateli NK.
In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the further development of integrated complexes", the formation of the Ilyushin Interstate Aircraft Corporation, which includes OAO AK im. S.V. Ilyushin, VASO, Tashkent Aviation Software.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 1999 N720 was issued on the integration, under the patronage of the state, into the Tupolev company of two main enterprises that create the intellectual and material property of this brand of aircraft ANTK im. A. N. Tupolev and JSC Aviastar. When implementing the resolution, not only contradictions and disunity between the developer and manufacturer are overcome, but control is restored on the part of the state over the activities of the largest in Russia Ulyanovsk aviation industrial complex (currently, the state's share in JSC Aviastar is only 6.69%), as well as state control is being strengthened over the development of strategic aviation systems carried out by the ASTC team. A.N. Tupolev.
In the aircraft industry, the most advanced work is on the implementation of integrated structures in the defense industry, provided for by the Federal Target Program (“Restructuring and Conversion of the Defense Industry for 2001-2005” (for example, in the aircraft and helicopter industry, the integration of six companies created at the first stage into two or three) transformation of the established structures into intersectoral structures, transformation of sectoral management bodies into forms adequate to the new structure of the industry.
Problems and tasks of the automotive industry.
The main problem, without the solution of which there can be neither stabilization of the economy, nor everything else, is an increase in the production of goods needed by society. Another one is now intertwined with it in the automotive industry: to save (more precisely, save from destruction) the production of both the industry itself and that available from suppliers of components and materials, including bearings. In other words, the problem of preserving not yet broken up, but already weakened teams, scientific and engineering infrastructure, without which the restoration (and subsequently development) of the industry, no matter how it is called in the future, will stretch for many years.
This is necessary to solve the main tasks of the industry, such as:
Recovery and increase in production volumes.
Creation of prerequisites for the development of products required by customers.
To solve these problems, efforts should be concentrated in the following areas:
First, a partial modernization of products. It, in principle, requires a relatively small depth of changes and costs. However, the nature of the changes must be sufficient to ensure a sustainable sale of the product, and generally economically feasible. In this case, the manufacturer and suppliers retain most of their fixed assets unchanged, the terms and volumes of production preparation are reduced, the clientele, accustomed to the product, remains, etc. Modernization requires high qualifications, first of all, of designers, because if we limit ourselves only to improving technical characteristics with subtle changes in design and decor, then in the end you can get a new high price with old external forms. A signal to switch to a modernized product can be revealed defects, as well as market statistics.
Secondly, a radical modernization of products and the design of new models on the basis of existing ones in order to minimize the cost of scientific research work (essentially, their renewal). Here, the technological capabilities of the manufacturer and cooperating suppliers are used, but, as a rule, significant retrofitting of production is required. At the same time, it is advisable to organize the manufacture of new units (most often in a smaller series) using the existing aggregate or special equipment, machining centers, etc.
But, of course, with the use of new equipment. A serious reserve for the restoration and increase in the volume of output at a number of plants, thirdly, are the so-called special productions, which are quite powerful in terms of equipment, space and number of employees. But when using such a unique intellectual and production potential, it is necessary that the new product has a certain ideological and technological continuity with the previously produced one. This means that measures are also needed to improve the latter in accordance with the new tactical and technical requirements, as well as a specially organized system for "pushing" a new production object to foreign markets. The creation of this kind of "special products", which, with a certain amount of alterations, can become machines for civilian purposes, both for external and domestic markets, for individual enterprises will be the most correct way out.
Why - it is clear: the competitiveness of Russian wheeled special equipment and individual developments (some may require completion) is beyond doubt. Of course, the freedom to choose an object in special production should also be complete, since the former principle
(assigning types of equipment to industries) is contraindicated in market conditions. At the same time, it is impossible to exclude the re-profiling of many special productions of the industry simultaneously with the workshops for engineering training and support. It can eliminate or at least minimize the import of many types of road construction equipment, small-scale skilled oil equipment, special machines and landing gear, airfield services complex, etc., i.e. will be beneficial for the entire national economy of the country.
Fourth, for truck manufacturers, the way out can be the release of specialized chassis, as well as the implementation of special. orders, including individual orders. The fulfillment of individual orders will increase the rating of products among private carriers, which will affect the demand for the products of this enterprise. The same is true with the bus industry. For car manufacturers, to support demand, you can expand the list of installed standard equipment.
Fifthly, cooperative ties with related foreign firms or their cooperators, carried out on a commercial basis, can be a serious opportunity to revive production and commercial activities for manufacturers of motor vehicles. At the same time, it should be primarily about increasing its export potential, i.e. the main task of mechanical engineering in Russia. And here, not only is it not excluded, but on the contrary, interaction is even needed in the form of joint ventures. Although, as experience has shown, relying on foreign investment, which will "gush" to us, providing an abundance of quality goods, turned out to be clearly untenable.
Not without interest, sixth, is the practice of drawing up development programs by foreign firms, including large ones, for a year, three, five, less often up to ten years. Moreover, they involve the entire staff in planning (without specifying the technical characteristics of promising objects, of course). This is considered as an active form of fostering a sense of ownership in the affairs of the company.
Consulting firms also play a significant role abroad. After all, the specific developments-recommendations necessary for plants can only be given by professionals with experience and knowledge. Therefore, in the 1950s in the United States, about 4,000 engineers and scientists worked in such industrial firms alone. Moreover, 65% of the cost of their maintenance was financed by the federal government. In our country, this form of service is practically non-existent. Its organization is the seventh of the listed directions.
The measures discussed above, of course, do not exhaust all possible ones.
But they are certainly among those that will increase production volumes, load staff, and create certain prerequisites for further growth. However, they will not provide the required pace of motorization of the country. This requires innovative, and large-scale measures. They are inevitable if we want to take a worthy place among the developed countries. At this stage of development, it will be necessary to master the technology of new generations in capital-intensive mass and serial production, which is typical for the automotive industry. Moreover, when it is deprived or has limited innovative capabilities. And here it will be really difficult to solve this problem without large-scale outside help. But the main thing is without an active state policy. In order for those at the helm to be convinced of this, it is enough to at least read the report of the KMT
(Integrated multidisciplinary technologies) on the state of the scientific and technical potential of the United States. It emphasizes the need for an active state policy, the need for state intervention in economic problems that require a prompt response.
The brief overview of the state of affairs in the automotive industry presented in this paper allows us to draw the main conclusion that work should be intensified to overcome the trend of declining business activity and falling production volumes. Moreover, the traditional ties between the enterprises of the automotive complex and their subcontractors from other industries are becoming weaker.
Together with the implementation of a reasonable pricing policy, a policy of income generation, financing and lending, as well as a preferential tax policy in relation to funds allocated for the development of production, this is the key to stabilizing the production of vehicles and ensuring employment.
The challenges facing the automotive industry of the Russian
Federations are complex, requiring effort to match the military. And here it is appropriate to recall Roosevelt, who advised his entourage: "If you are lucky, continue; if you are not lucky, also continue." Russia has no other way but to work first on the preservation, and then on the development of the industry.
Prospects for the development of the industry.
Now it is obvious to everyone that Russia is in a severe crisis. It is impossible to get out of it without giving, first of all, a realistic assessment and without revealing the reasons for the country's stay in a permanent reproductive collapse.
As many economists rightly point out, the Russian government all these years, despite the facts, carefully avoided the concept of “crisis”, constantly talking about “stabilization” and “signs of growth”. Preferring to talk about “stabilization,” the Government of the Russian Federation recognized the crisis only in certain areas: “crisis of non-payments,” “budget crisis,” “financial crisis,” and so on.
Without considering the crisis comprehensively, the government underestimated the situation, did not conduct a deep analysis that would allow to fully understand the causes of the crisis and further develop a system of interrelated comprehensive measures to overcome the economic impasse.
For quite a long time, the analysis of the state of affairs in the Russian economy was usually associated with an assessment of finance, money circulation, and securities markets. And this is determined by the growing role of the financial environment in the functioning of economic relations, both domestically and globally. A series of financial crises that have erupted recently in various regions of the world have sharply contributed to the increase in general interest in the financial environment. In this regard, there is a significant shift in the initial data of the analysis of economic life. Somewhere the real sector of the economy no longer seems to be ahead of the curve, and a deceptive impression is formed that only the power and development of the financial sector make states and their peoples rich and prosperous.
However, the backbone of any economy is industry.
The medium-term development strategy for this industry provides for the introduction of the latest foreign technologies with the possibility of importing equipment, the gradual accumulation of experience in its production at its own facilities, and then the development of domestic priority technologies. At the same time, Russian mechanical engineering, under favorable market conditions, will develop in the following directions:
Release of modernized machines and equipment for enterprises with morally obsolete, but still functioning production lines;
Production (including assembly) of science-intensive products on imported equipment with the involvement of various forms of foreign capital;
Participation in projects involving the production of technologically complex components for equipment manufactured by foreign companies abroad (including Russian technologies into the international system of technological cooperation);
The targeted development of individual production facilities for the production of equipment for high technologies, both on imported and on our own technological base.
However, only a part of the capacities of the existing machine-building complex, which is mainly concentrated in the regions of the European part of the country, including the Urals (92% of the total industry production in 2002), can ensure the solution of the above programs. Thus, in the medium term, the priority in the development of mechanical engineering will remain with the old industrial regions of the west and the center of the European part of Russia.
The positive dynamics of domestic market demand for machinery and equipment that emerged in 1999 will continue in the coming years. At the same time, such an increase in exports of certain types of engineering products should be expected. Imports of a certain part of machinery and equipment, due to the limited potential for import substitution of domestic engineering, will remain at the achieved level. A significant structural shift in the volume of product sales on the domestic market as a result of the import substitution factor is expected for passenger cars. On the world market of machinery and equipment, Russia acts as a supplier of a narrow range of specialized products, primarily military equipment and certain types of power equipment. Development of Russian exports of machinery and equipment in the forecast period up to 2005. can occur with the strengthening of integration trends and the recovery of the economy of the CIS countries. At the same time, we should expect an increase in the export of Russian heavy and general engineering products to expand the export of engineering products to developing countries. special meaning has the restoration of cooperation within the framework of technical assistance. The potential for Russian arms exports and military equipment. The successful promotion of this commodity group on the world market will be achieved by effective political and economic support from the state. The implementation of domestic scientific and technical projects for organizing the production of science-intensive engineering products can contribute to a significant increase in exports, the income from which can serve as a fairly significant source of investment in the industry.
One of the most important and real sources of attracting investments in industrial sectors in modern conditions is international cooperation, and the aviation industry provides up to 2/3 of the volume of exports of defense industries, both in the line of civilian products and in the line of aviation weapons and military equipment.
The tendencies of globalization and internationalization, which have noticeably intensified after the collapse of the former geopolitical system, have touched, first of all, the expensive market of high-tech aviation products.
In the short term, the competitive environment of this market will be driven by such trends as the sale of old-generation aircraft and helicopters and their modifications to third world countries, the development of new projects as a result of the joint efforts of several firms from several countries to reduce risks.
There is also a trend when, supporting the desire of Western aircraft manufacturers to hinder Russia's access to world technologies and undermine the competitiveness of Russian exports, the governments of these countries allow the export of military aviation equipment to previously closed regions for export (deliveries to Taiwan, to Latin America). In this regard, as well as other circumstances (significant monopolization in the civil aviation markets, economic difficulties and the consequent limited opportunities for export crediting, the requirements of most countries - potential importers for the certification of domestic civil aviation equipment for compliance with American or Western European requirements), it is necessary to intensify the state regulation in the field of export-import operations with aviation equipment, the elimination of unproductive competition between domestic aircraft manufacturers and intermediary trading companies, the provision of greater political state support for the promotion of domestic equipment to world markets and balanced measures to protect interests domestic manufacturer in the domestic market.
The aviation industry of Russia is capable and should become one of the main "locomotives" for the revival of our economy, become a point of growth. However, this requires the implementation of a balanced and consistent industrial policy that is flexibly adapted to changing external conditions, but does not lose sight of the main goal - the preservation and development of the high-tech industry to ensure defense sufficiency, safe operation of aviation equipment, and effective competition in the open aviation community. Stabilization and development of the enterprises of the Russian aviation industry is possible with the implementation of a set of necessary, deeply thought-out and specific measures affecting both the issues of state support for the aircraft industry and issues under the jurisdiction of the Federal Air Transport Service of Russia, the IAC and the Ministry of Trade of Russia.
In order to provide state support to the Russian aviation industry and stimulate sales of domestic aviation equipment, the Ministry of Economy of Russia, at the suggestion of the leading institutes of the aviation industry, leading design bureaus specializing in the creation of civil and military aviation equipment, developed and submitted to the Government a package of legislative and other regulatory and legal documents providing:
Introduction of a number of tax incentives for Russian leasing companies and banks that finance the purchase of domestic aircraft (exemption from tax on road users, partial exemption from income tax, etc.);
Reducing the amount of state duty for registration of aircraft pledge agreements;
VAT exemption for imported components of foreign production for domestic aircraft, provided that the imported components do not have Russian analogues;
Exemption from payment of customs duties on previously exported domestic aircraft and those imported back by Russian airlines under the terms of temporary import;
Raise to 85% the limit of state guarantees for domestic aircraft leasing projects.
The adoption of these documents will ensure effective state support for the aviation industry, as well as for specialized leasing companies, as it contains deeply thought-out and professionally prepared economic measures to support the system of development, production and supply of aviation equipment.
Sources
Novoteka.ru - News in the palm of your hand
Ukrbiznes.com -Ukrbiznes
Ebrd.com - website of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
adamsmithconferences.com - Leading conference organizer in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and CIS countries
openbiz.com.ua - Source of business information
en.wikipedia.org - Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
Wikiznanie.ru - Wikiznanie - a large universal hypertext electronic encyclopedia
autodelo.narod.ru - Auto Delo
mirslovarei.com - Collection of dictionaries and encyclopedias
prombud.info – Industry
The Russian automotive industry has shown steady growth since the early 2000s. According to statistics, the Russian Federation ranks 11th in the world in terms of the number of vehicles produced.
Over the past 15 years, the number of automotive enterprises in the Russian Federation has increased significantly. This is not only the well-known VAZ, GAZ or KamAZ, many other models are successfully assembled and sold in our country: BMW, AUDI, Hyundai, Toyota, Nissan, etc.
AvtoVAZ
The automotive company from Togliatti is the leader in the production of cars in the Russian Federation. We list only those cars that are currently being assembled:
- Granta - Sedan, Hatchback, Sport version;
- Kalina - Hatchback, Cross, Wagon;
- Priora Sedan;
- Vesta Sedan;
- XRAY Crossover;
- Largus - Universal, Cross version;
- 4x4 (Niva) - three- and five-door SUV, Urban (urban version for 5 doors with an enlarged platform).
It is worth noting that AvtoVAZ is a large enterprise that consists of several car factories. In addition to the models listed above, AvtoVAZ assembles:
- Renault Logan;
- Chevrolet Niva;
- Nissan Almera.
The company also has production facilities in Egypt and Kazakhstan, where it mainly assembles the LADA model. In 2017, the company plans to produce at least 470,000 brand new cars.
Sollers-Auto
Another Russian auto giant. The company combines several well-known automobile factories:
- ZMZ - production of engines;
- Automobile factories in Vsevolozhsk (Lenskaya Oblast), Yelabuga (Tatarstan), Naberezhnye Chelny, Vladivostok and other cities;
- Sollers-Isuzu;
- Mazda-Sollers;
- Sollers-BUSSAN is a joint venture with Toyota Motors.
Thus, a huge number of models are produced at the enterprises controlled by the company. First of all, these are UAZ cars: which we have already talked about on the site, UAZ Pickup,. Add commercial vehicles here: UAZ Cargo, flatbed and cargo classic UAZ, classic passenger vans, special vehicles.
Ford Focus and Ford Mondeo are assembled at the plant in Vsevolozhsk. In Elabuga - Ford Kuga, Explorer and Ford Transit. In Naberezhnye Chelny - Ford EcoSport, Ford Fiesta. There is also a division that produces branded Ford DuraTec engines.
Toyota is assembled in the Far East Land cruiser Prado, Mazda CX-5, Mazda-6. In Vladivostok, the assembly of SsangYong crossovers has also been established: Rexton, Kyton, Actyon. Sollers-Isuzu in Ulyanovsk produce chassis and engines for Isuzu trucks.
Among other things, it is at UAZ that a limousine for the president is being developed. True, in connection with the crisis in the economy of recent years, the company's indicators are declining, demonstrating negative growth.
Avtotor (Kaliningrad)
This company was founded in 1996. Over the years, cars of the following brands were assembled here:
- Chery;
- General Motors;
- Chinese NAC - cargo Yuejin.
Cooperation with GM is currently suspended, but until 2012 they actively produced: Hammer H2, Chevrolet Lacetti, Tahoe and TrailBlazer. As of today, assembly is in progress. Chevrolet Aveo, Opel Astra, Zafira and Meriva, Cadillac Escalade and Cadillac SRX.
Kaliningrad continues to cooperate with the Korean Kia:
- Cee'd;
- sportage;
- soul;
- Optima;
- Venga;
- Mohave;
- Quoris.
The most successful Kaliningrad plant cooperates with BMW. Today, 8 models are assembled on the lines of the enterprise: 3, 5, 7 series (sedans, hatchbacks, station wagons), crossovers and SUVs of the X-series (X3, X5, X6). Business and Luxuary class cars are also produced.
Chery was also produced here at one time - Amulet, Tiggo, QQ, Fora. However, production has ceased, although this Chinese brand was in seventh place in popularity in the Russian Federation.
The plant is also experiencing certain difficulties. In 2015, he even stopped for a whole month. Fortunately, production has resumed, and in November 2015, the one and a half millionth car rolled off the assembly line.
Kamenka (St. Petersburg)
Hyundai Motors Rus is a fairly successful company. Most of Hyundai for Russia is produced here.
The plant has launched the production of such models:
- Crossover Hyundai Creta - produced since 2016;
- solaris;
- Elantra;
- Genesis;
- Santa Fe;
- i30, i40.
According to some estimates, it is the Hyundai plant in St. Petersburg that ranks second in terms of production in the Russian Federation - over 200 thousand units per year.
The automotive portal site draws your attention to the fact that Hyundai production at one time it was actively carried out at the TagAZ plant. However, in 2014 he was declared bankrupt. However, there are plans to resume the work of the Taganrog Automobile Plant, which is designed to produce up to 180 thousand cars a year.
Derways
The company, founded in 2002, first produced cars of its own design, but they did not gain much popularity, so they had to reorient themselves to the assembly of Chinese cars that were just appearing on the domestic market.
Today, the plant assembles about 100-130 thousand cars a year.
Produced here:
- Lifan (Solano, Smiley, Breez);
- Haima 3 - sedan or hatchback with CVT;
- Geely MK, MK Cross, Emgrand;
- Great Wall H3, H5, H6, M4.
The company also produces small volumes of JAC S5, Luxgen 7 SUV, Chery Tiggo, Brilliance V5 and other less popular Chinese car models.
Renault Russia
Founded on the basis of the former Moskvich, the company produces Renault and Nissan cars:
- Renault Logan;
- Renault Duster;
- Renault Sandero;
- Renault Kaptur;
- Nissan Terrano.
The company assembles 80-150 thousand cars per year, with an estimated capacity of 188 thousand units per year.
Volkswagen Russia
In Russia, cars German concern assembled in two factories:
- Kaluga;
- Nizhny Novgorod.
Audi, Volkswagen, Skoda, Lamborghini, Bentley are assembled here. That is, those brands that belong to the VW-group. Most in demand: VW Polo, Skoda Rapid, Skoda Octavia, VW Tiguan, VW Jetta. Assembly, in particular, is carried out at the Novgorod facilities of the GAZ automobile plant.
The economic crisis has left its mark on the automotive industry, most factories have reduced production volumes. We hope it's not for long.
mechanical engineering- the main branch of industrial production, influencing the development of other areas of economic activity and reflecting the level of the scientific and technical state and the country's defense capability. In developed countries, mechanical engineering accounts for 25-35% and about the same amount of the total number of people employed in the economy. Similar indicators for NIS, for other developing countries the share of industry is 15-20%, in LDCs it is less than 10%. The leading trends are the growth of production volume with the deepening of specialization and cooperation of various engineering industries, the expansion of areas of use, and the improvement of consumer properties of the final product. A feature of mechanical engineering in developed countries is the growing variety of engineering products, their high quality and competitiveness. The share of engineering products in the export of Japan is 65%, the USA, Germany, Sweden - 45-48%.
Mechanical engineering is usually divided into the following divisions: general engineering (production of means of production and machine tool building), electrical engineering and electronics, transport and agricultural engineering.
The full range of heavy engineering (mining, metallurgical, scientific press equipment, etc.) is represented in the leading developed countries. The leaders in machine tool building are Japan, Germany, USA, England, Sweden and Switzerland. The share of developing countries accounts for less than 10% of the production of machine tools (South Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, India).
From the bowels of the electrical industry, the electronics industry quickly emerged, which is currently the most dynamic industry, the products of which are used in all areas (more than 1 trillion dollars worth of products are sold annually). In the volume of manufactured products, electronic machines and PCs account for about 50%, electronic components (microcircuits, disks, processors, etc.) - 30%, consumer electronics - 20%. Electronics is developing in the direction of miniaturization of products, increasing their reliability, durability and quality. In the development of new processors, microcircuits and computer systems, as well as software leaders are the US and Japan. In the production of components and consumer electronics, the Republic of Korea and the countries of Southeast Asia play a significant role.
Transport engineering is developing in the direction of improving designs, increasing the efficiency of engines and reducing the toxicity of emissions, using new materials, computerizing service and control, and increasing reliability and safety. In the production of cars, the leading companies are: General Motors (about 9 million cars a year), Ford (7 million), Toyota
(5 million), Volkswagen (4.5 million), Nissan (3 million), Fiat (2.8 million). Of the developing countries, their own automotive industry has been established in South Korea, Brazil, Turkey and India. The automotive industry in China is growing rapidly.
In world shipbuilding and the production of railway rolling stock, along with developed countries, an increasingly prominent role is played by developing countries. In shipbuilding, Japan and South Korea account for more than 50% of the world assembly of sea vessels.
the largest aerospace industry (in terms of production and technological developments) is owned by the United States (about 75% of aircraft production in developed countries) and Russia. France and England stand out from other countries in aerospace production.
Placement factors of mechanical engineering
Machine building complex(MK) is a set of interconnected and interacting branches of engineering, specializing in the production of vehicles, military equipment and weapons, means of production and various consumer goods. MK is extremely complex in its structure and consists of more than 70 industries, which are distinguished depending on the purpose of the products produced, but are similar in technology and the raw materials used.
mechanical engineering- the leading complex of industry, providing equipment for all other complexes. In 2007, apparently economic activity“Production of machinery and equipment” accounted for 6% of the volume of shipped goods of the country's own production, 1.1 million people were employed here. or 1/10 of all employed in industry, there were more than 22 thousand enterprises or more than 5% of manufacturing enterprises.
Mechanical engineering is one of the sectors of the domestic industry that has been significantly affected by the economic crisis. The main reasons for the crisis of the domestic machine-building complex:
- demilitarization of the economy;
- increased in the 1990s. competition of foreign means of production and consumer goods;
- a sharp narrowing of the market for the industry's products in Russia itself and in other countries - its main consumers;
- progressive moral and physical deterioration of the equipment of machine-building enterprises.
Since 1999, the situation in the domestic MK began to improve. There are two main directions in the development of mechanical engineering. The first is connected with the solution of social problems: the production of machinery and equipment for light industry, medical equipment and equipment. The second is the development of the electric power and electrical engineering industries, the production of computer technology, instrument making and machine tool building.
Mechanical engineering is one of the most geographically widespread industries. But in some areas it has a profiling value, while in others it satisfies internal needs, complements the industrial complex. Almost 90% of MK products are produced in the European part of Russia. In Siberia and the Far East, the industry is represented mainly by enterprises of the electrical industry, tractor and agricultural engineering, for the production of forging and casting equipment. The rationality of the further location of MK enterprises in these areas is determined by the growing need for products, as well as the availability of energy, fuel, metal, water resources, and industrial sites suitable for construction. Here you can create energy and metal-intensive industries.
It is directly dependent on the nature of the products: the breadth of the range, the mass of products, the scale of production. At the same time, a number of factors influence the placement efficiency: scientific and technological progress, specialization, cooperation, concentration, combination of production, availability of labor resources, proximity to sources of raw materials and materials, to consumers, the volume of transport work, transportation costs.
Among these factors, an important role belongs to specialization and cooperation. Specialization - focusing on the production of certain types of products or services. It can be subject (production of certain final types of products - machines, equipment), itemized (production of parts, assemblies, sections), technological (production of castings, blanks) and functional (repair). The location of specialized factories is closely related to the location of enterprises located at a close distance with which they work in cooperation. Cooperation is carried out both within the industry and with factories of other industries that supply metals, plastic products, glass, etc., integrating the location of interacting enterprises.
Location of engineering enterprises depends largely on the complexity of products, the level of qualification of workers and employees. Particularly important is the role of qualified personnel in the placement of such industries as electrical engineering, radio engineering, electronics, instrument-making, etc.
The engineering industries, as large consumers of metal (raw materials), have extensive ties, primarily with. The territorial convergence of these industries makes it possible for metallurgical plants to use machine-building waste and specialize in accordance with its needs.
Branches of mechanical engineering that produce low-transportable products are located in areas of consumption. These include agricultural engineering, the production of machines and mechanisms for the forestry industry, mining equipment, etc.
Features of the location of engineering enterprises determine the large role of the transport factor in the implementation of cooperative deliveries and providing consumers with finished products.
Branches of mechanical engineering
The branches of engineering, depending on the characteristics of the products manufactured and the factors of location of enterprises, are divided into five groups.
Heavy and power engineering is characterized by high metal consumption, electrical consumption and low labor intensity. Products are produced in small quantities, sometimes by the piece. It includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining and power equipment, heavy machine tools and press-forging machines, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and wagons.
The enterprises of this group are focused on metallurgical bases. At the same time, some types of metal-intensive machine-building industries that produce large-sized machines with low transportability or narrow-industry consumption are located in areas of their consumption.
The production of metallurgical equipment has developed near the centers of development of metallurgy and consumption of these products: in the Urals (Ekaterinburg, Orsk), in the Center (Electrostal), the Volga region (Syzran), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk), in the Far East (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) .
Mining equipment is produced at enterprises located in the main coal regions of the country: Western Siberia (Prokopievsk, Kemerovo), Eastern Siberia (Cheremkhovo, Krasnoyarsk), in the Urals (Yekaterinburg, Kopeysk).
The production of equipment for the oil and gas industry is located in the oil and gas producing regions: the Urals-Volga region, the North Caucasus, Western Siberia.
Power engineering develops in centers with a high culture of production. Steam and hydraulic turbines and generators are manufactured in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk. St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg specialize in issuing gas turbines, and Yekaterinburg - also heating turbines. Reactors for nuclear power plants are manufactured in the North Caucasus (Volgodonsk) and the North-West (Kolpino). The production of steam boilers is organized in Podolsk, Belgorod, Taganrog and Barnaul.
Heavy machine tools and forging and pressing equipment are produced in small batches and placed outside the metallurgical bases. Large producers are the Central (Kolomna, Ivanovo), Central Chernozemny (Voronezh), Volga (Ulyanovsk), West Siberian (Novosibirsk) regions.
Transport engineering is engaged in the production of various types of vehicles - cars, railway rolling stock, ships.
Automotive is distinguished by a clear specialization of enterprises in the production of a certain type of car. Trucks of medium tonnage are produced by factories in the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions; small tonnage and heavy vehicles - Povolzhsky region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny). Passenger cars of the highest and middle class are produced in the Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Ural (Izhevsk) regions; small cars - in the Volga region (Tolyatti), minicars - in Serpukhov, Naberezhnye Chelny. A network of bus factories has been created in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volga-Vyatka (Pavlovo), Ural (Kurgan), North Caucasian (Krasnodar) regions. A trolleybus plant operates in Engels.
In the eastern regions of Russia, the automotive industry is represented only by a car assembly plant in Chita.
In recent years, new enterprises for assembling cars from foreign components have appeared. In the North Caucasus, in Rostov, production was carried out Korean Daewoo, in Kaliningrad, at the Baltika and Yantar shipyards, another South Korean brand of Kia cars is assembled, in Yelabuga - General Motors. In Vsevolozhsk (Leningrad Region) the construction of a Ford plant has been completed.
The automotive industry also includes the production of motors, bearings, trailers, electrical equipment, etc. Specialized enterprises for the production of motors are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen and the Volga region.
Railway engineering consists of locomotive and car building, which historically arose where the Russian railway network began to take shape (Centre, St. Petersburg), and then moved to metallurgical bases.
Locomotive building includes the production of diesel locomotives and electric locomotives. In the Central region, the production of diesel locomotives (Kolomna) and shunting diesel locomotives (Bryansk, Lyudinovo, Murom) is organized, in the North Caucasus (Novocherkassk) - electric locomotives.
Carriage building was formed in the same areas as the locomotive industry, taking into account not only the presence of metal, but also wood raw materials. There is a clear division of labor in the industry: freight wagons produced in Nizhny Tagil, Altaysk, Abakan; double-deck wagons for the transportation of cars - in Tver; self-unloading - in Kaliningrad; isothermal - in Bryansk; trams - in Ust-Katava (Chelyabinsk region) and St. Petersburg; for the metro - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg; electric trains - in Demikhovo (Moscow region).
Shipbuilding divided into sea and river. The location of the marine shipbuilding industry reflects such features of the industry as specialization and related intra-industry and inter-industry cooperation, availability of labor resources. The main area of marine shipbuilding and ship repair has developed on the Baltic coast (St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Kaliningrad). Marine shipbuilding shipyards are also located in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Severodvinsk, Astrakhan, Vladivostok; ship repair - in Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
The location of river shipbuilding reflects the role of individual waterways in the country's cargo turnover. The largest number of large river shipbuilding plants is located on the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd), Ob (Tyumen, Tobolsk), Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk), Lena (Ust-Kut, Irkutsk region), Amur (Blagoveshchensk). In river shipbuilding, a prominent place should be occupied by the production of river-sea vessels and passenger motor ships.
Agricultural engineering engaged in the production of various types of equipment for agriculture. In most cases, it also includes the production of tractors. The products are characterized by relatively low metal consumption and low transportability, so the main placement factor is consumer, and for tractor construction, the proximity of metallurgical bases is also important.
Agricultural engineering gravitates towards the places of consumption of finished products, taking into account the specifics of agriculture in a given territory and is developed in all economic regions. Thus, grain combines are produced by factories in Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog and Krasnoyarsk, that is, within the main area of the Russian grain economy. Flax harvesters (Bezhetsk), potato harvesters (Ryazan, Tula), forage harvesters (Lyubertsy) are produced in the Central District. Various agricultural machinery and equipment are produced by factories in Voronezh, Syzran, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk, and Rubtsovsk.
Tractor building it is oriented to the areas of consumption and partly to the sources of raw materials (metal). The first tractors were produced by the Kirov Plant in St. Petersburg. In the 1930s Tractor factories are being built in Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, and in subsequent years in Vladimir, Lipetsk, and Rubtsovsk. Skidders are produced for the timber industry in Petrozavodsk, and industrial tractors in Cheboksary.
Machine tool industry and precision engineering is engaged in the production of various types of machine tools, instruments, apparatus, electronic equipment. These are the most labor-intensive productions in mechanical engineering, which also require highly skilled workers. The proximity of scientific and design centers is also of great importance. Therefore, enterprises are located, as a rule, in areas with a high technical culture. The machine tool industry in its placement focuses on big cities with qualified personnel, research institutes and design bureaus. The main centers are Moscow, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Yegorievsk (Moscow region), Nizhny Novgorod, Voronezh, Samara, Ufa. Electrical engineering is produced in Saransk, Cheboksary, Novosibirsk. An important center of the electronics industry is Zelenograd.
metalworking- a special branch of mechanical engineering, which is engaged in the repair of machinery and equipment, as well as the production of metal products and structures. The enterprises of this group are small, and the operations performed do not differ in technical complexity and science intensity. Therefore, placement is ubiquitous, since the main factor is consumer.
Mechanical engineering is territorially organized in the form of certain combinations of different enterprises, interconnected in terms of production. In general, MK enterprises are located everywhere, however, their greatest concentration is typical for the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia - Central, Volga, Ural (Table 3.5). Outside them stand out St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk.
Territorial specialization of mechanical engineering of the Russian Federation*
| Federal districts** | Mechanical engineering specialization |
| Central | Transport engineering (aerospace, automotive, railway) Manufacture of equipment for light, chemical and petrochemical industries. Machine tool building. Agricultural engineering. Precise and complex engineering. Electronics |
| Volga | Transport engineering (aerospace industry, automotive industry, river shipbuilding). Manufacture of equipment for the oil and gas industry, oil refining industry, organic synthesis chemistry, pulp and paper industry. Agricultural engineering |
| Ural | Transport engineering (aerospace industry, automotive industry, railway). Equipment for the metallurgical industry, mining equipment, equipment for the oil, oil refining and petrochemical industries. Power engineering. Machine tool industry |
| Northwestern | Transport engineering (marine shipbuilding, ship repair). Energy engineering. Production of equipment for the branches of the timber industry |
| Southern | Transport engineering (marine shipbuilding, ship repair). Manufacture of equipment for the food industry. Agricultural engineering |
| Siberian | Transport engineering (aerospace industry, railway engineering). Production of mining equipment |
| Far Eastern | Transport engineering (marine shipbuilding, ship repair, aviation industry) |
