Most drivers have no idea what a car engine is. And it is necessary to know this, because it is not in vain that when studying in many driving schools, students are told the principle of operation of internal combustion engines. Every driver should have an idea about the operation of the engine, because this knowledge can be useful on the road.
Of course there are different types and brands of car engines, the operation of which differs in details (fuel injection systems, cylinder arrangement, etc.). However, the basic principle for all ICE types remains unchanged.
The device of a car engine in theory
It is always appropriate to consider the internal combustion engine device using the example of the operation of one cylinder. Although most often cars have 4, 6, 8 cylinders. In any case, the main part of the motor is the cylinder. It contains a piston that can move up and down. At the same time, there are 2 boundaries of its movement - upper and lower. Professionals call them TDC and BDC (top and bottom dead center).
The piston itself is connected to the connecting rod, and the connecting rod is connected to crankshaft. When the piston moves up and down, the connecting rod transfers the load to the crankshaft, and it rotates. The loads from the shaft are transferred to the wheels, causing the car to start moving.
But the main task is to make the piston work, because it is he who is the main driving force of this complex mechanism. This is done using gasoline, diesel fuel or gas. A drop of fuel ignited in the combustion chamber pushes the piston back great strength down, thereby setting it in motion. Then, by inertia, the piston returns to the upper limit, where the explosion of gasoline again occurs and this cycle is repeated constantly until the driver turns off the engine.
This is what a car engine looks like. However, this is just a theory. Let's take a closer look at the cycles of the motor.
Four stroke cycle
Almost all engines operate on a 4-stroke cycle:
- Fuel inlet.
- Fuel compression.
- Combustion.
- Output of exhaust gases outside the combustion chamber.
Scheme
The figure below shows typical circuit car engine devices (one cylinder).
This diagram clearly shows the main elements:
A - Camshaft.
B - Valve cover.
C - Exhaust valve through which gases are removed from the combustion chamber.
D - Exhaust port.
E - Cylinder head.
F - Coolant chamber. Most often there is antifreeze, which cools the heating motor housing.
G - Motor block.
H - Oil sump.
I - Pan where all the oil flows.
J - Ignition spark plug fuel mixture.
K - The intake valve through which the fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber.
L - Inlet.
M - A piston that moves up and down.
N - Connecting rod connected to the piston. This is the main element that transmits force to the crankshaft and transforms the linear movement (up and down) into rotational.
O - Connecting rod bearing.
P - Crankshaft. It rotates due to the movement of the piston.
It is also worth highlighting such an element as piston rings (they are also called oil scraper rings). They are not shown in the figure, but they are an important component of the car engine system. These rings wrap around the piston and create a maximum seal between the walls of the cylinder and the piston. They prevent fuel from getting into oil pan and oil into the combustion chamber. Most old VAZ car engines and even engines from European manufacturers have worn rings that do not create an effective seal between the piston and cylinder, which can cause oil to enter the combustion chamber. In such a situation, there will be increased consumption gasoline and "zhor" oil.
These are the basic design elements that take place in all engines. internal combustion. In fact, there are many more elements, but we will not touch on the subtleties.
How does an engine work?
Let's start with the initial position of the piston - it is at the top. IN this moment the inlet port is opened by a valve, the piston begins to move down and sucks the fuel mixture into the cylinder. In this case, only a small drop of gasoline enters the cylinder capacity. This is the first cycle of work.
During the second stroke, the piston reaches its lowest point, while the inlet closes, the piston begins to move upward, as a result of which the fuel mixture is compressed, since it has nowhere to go in a closed chamber. When the piston reaches its maximum upper point, the fuel mixture is compressed to its maximum.
The third stage is the ignition of the compressed fuel mixture using a spark plug that emits a spark. As a result, the combustible composition explodes and pushes the piston down with great force.
At the final stage, the part reaches the lower boundary and returns to the upper point by inertia. At this time, the exhaust valve opens, the exhaust mixture in the form of gas leaves the combustion chamber and enters the street through the exhaust system. After that, the cycle, starting from the first stage, repeats again and continues for the entire time until the driver turns off the engine.
As a result of the explosion of gasoline, the piston moves down and pushes the crankshaft. It spins and transfers the load to the wheels of the car. This is what a car engine looks like.
Differences in gasoline engines
The method described above is universal. By this principle, the work of almost all gasoline engines is built. Diesel engines are distinguished by the fact that there are no candles - an element that ignites the fuel. Detonation of diesel fuel is carried out due to the strong compression of the fuel mixture. That is, in the third cycle, the piston rises, strongly compresses the fuel mixture, and it explodes naturally under pressure.
ICE alternative
It should be noted that recently electric cars have appeared on the market - cars with electric motors. There, the principle of operation of the motor is completely different, since the source of energy is not gasoline, but electricity in batteries. But so far, the automotive market belongs to cars with internal combustion engines, and electric motors cannot boast of high efficiency.
A few words in conclusion
Such an internal combustion engine device is almost perfect. But every year new technologies are being developed that increase work efficiency engine, improving the characteristics of gasoline. With the right maintenance car engine, it can work for decades. Some successful engines of Japanese and German concerns "run" a million kilometers and become unusable solely due to mechanical obsolescence of parts and friction pairs. But many engines, even after a million run, successfully undergo overhaul and continue to fulfill their intended purpose.
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So, we all know that the most important part of the car is the maestro engine. The main purpose of the engine is to convert gasoline into driving force. At present, the most in a simple way to make the car move, is to burn gasoline inside the engine. That is why the car engine is called internal combustion engine.
Two things to remember:
Exist various engines internal combustion. For example, a diesel engine is different from a gasoline engine. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.
There is such a thing as an engine external combustion. best example such an engine is steam engine steamer. Fuel (coal, wood, oil) burns outside the engine, forming steam, which is the driving force. An internal combustion engine is much more efficient (requires less fuel per kilometer). In addition, it is much smaller than the equivalent external combustion engine. This explains the fact why we do not see cars with steam engines on the streets.
The principle behind the operation of any reciprocating internal combustion engine: if you put a small amount of high-energy fuel (such as gasoline) into a small closed space, and ignite it, then when burned in the form of gas, an incredible amount of energy is released. If we create a continuous cycle of small explosions, the speed of which will be, for example, a hundred times a minute, and put the resulting energy in the right direction, then we will get the basis of the engine.
Almost all cars now use what is known as the four-stroke combustion cycle to convert gasoline into the driving power of a four-wheeled friend. The four-stroke approach is also known as the Otto cycle, after Nikolaus Otto, who invented it in 1867. The four strokes are:
- intake stroke.
- Compression stroke.
- Burning stroke.
- Removal of combustion products.
A device called a piston, which performs one of the main functions in the engine, replaces the potato projectile in a potato gun in a peculiar way. The piston is connected to the crankshaft by a connecting rod. As soon as the crankshaft begins to rotate, there is a "gun discharge" effect. Here's what happens when the engine goes through one cycle:
Ø The piston is on top, then the intake valve opens and the piston goes down, while the engine gains full cylinder air and gasoline. This stroke is called the intake stroke. To start work, it is enough to mix air with a small drop of gasoline.
Ø The piston then moves back and compresses the mixture of air and gasoline. Compression makes the explosion more powerful.
Ø When the piston reaches its top point, the spark plug emits sparks to ignite the gasoline. An explosion of gasoline occurs in the cylinder, which causes the piston to move down.
Ø As soon as the piston reaches the bottom, the exhaust valve opens and the combustion products are expelled from the cylinder through the exhaust pipe.
The engine is now ready for the next stroke and the cycle repeats over and over again.
Now let's look at all the parts of the engine, the work of which is interconnected. Let's start with the cylinders.
The main components of the engine thanks to which it works
The base of the engine is the cylinder in which the piston moves up and down. The engine described above has one cylinder. This is true for most lawnmowers, but most vehicles have more than one cylinder (usually four, six, and eight). In multi-cylinder engines, the cylinders are usually arranged in three ways: in-line, V-shaped, and flat (also known as horizontally opposed).
Various configurations have different benefits and disadvantages in terms of smoothness, manufacturing costs and shape characteristics. These advantages and disadvantages make them more or less suitable for different types Vehicle.
Let's take a closer look at some key engine parts.
Spark plug
Spark plugs provide the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture. The spark must come at the right moment for uptime engine.
valves
The intake and exhaust valves open at a certain moment in order to let in air and fuel and release combustion products. It should be noted that both valves are closed at the moment of compression and combustion, ensuring the tightness of the combustion chamber.
Piston 
A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside an engine's cylinder.
Piston rings
Piston rings provide a seal between the sliding outer edge of the piston and the inner surface of the cylinder. Rings serve two purposes:
- During the compression and combustion strokes, they prevent leakage of the air-fuel mixture and exhaust gases from the combustion chamber
- They prevent the oil from entering the combustion zone where it will be destroyed.
If your car starts to "eat up oil" and you have to add it every 1000 kilometers, then the car's engine is quite old and the piston rings in it are very worn out. As a result, they cannot provide tightness at the proper level. And this means that you need to be puzzled by the question, because buying a new engine is a painstaking and responsible business.
connecting rod 
The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate in different directions and from both ends, because. and the piston and crankshaft are in motion.
Crankshaft
In a circular motion, the crankshaft causes the piston to move up and down.
Sump
The oil sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some oil, which collects in the lower part of it (in the oil pan).
The main causes of malfunctions and interruptions in the machine and engine
One beautiful morning you can get into your car and realize that the morning is not so beautiful... The car won't start, the engine won't run. What could be causing this. Now that we have figured out the operation of the engine, you can understand what can cause it to fail. There are three main reasons: poor fuel mixture, no compression, or no spark. In addition, thousands of little things can cause it to malfunction, but these three form " big three". We will look at how these causes affect the operation of the motor using the example of a very simple engine, which we have already discussed earlier.
Bad fuel mixture
This problem may occur in the following cases:
You have run out of gas and only air enters the car engine, which is not enough for combustion.
Air intakes can be clogged, and the engine simply does not get air, which is essential for the combustion stroke.
· The fuel system may be supplying too little or too much fuel to the mixture, meaning that combustion does not occur properly.
· There may be impurities in the fuel (such as water in the gas tank) that prevent the fuel from burning.
No compression
If the fuel mixture cannot be compressed properly, then there will be no proper combustion process to keep the engine running. Lack of compression can occur for the following reasons:
· The engine piston rings are worn, so the air-fuel mixture is leaking between the cylinder wall and the piston surface.
· One of the valves does not close tightly, which, again, allows the mixture to flow out.
There is a hole in the cylinder.
In most cases, "holes" in a cylinder appear where the top of the cylinder joins the cylinder itself. As a rule, there is a thin gasket between the cylinder and the cylinder head, which ensures the tightness of the structure. If the gasket breaks, then holes form between the cylinder head and the cylinder itself, which also cause leakage.
No spark
The spark may be weak or absent for several reasons:
- If the spark plug or the wire leading to it is worn out, the spark will be quite weak.
- If the wire is cut or missing altogether, if the system that sends sparks down the wire is not working properly, then there will be no spark.
- If the spark enters the cycle too early, or too late, the fuel will not be able to ignite at the right time, which accordingly affects stable work motor.
Other engine problems are also possible. For example:
- If it is discharged, then the engine will not be able to make a single revolution, respectively, you will not be able to start the car.
- If the bearings that allow the crankshaft to rotate freely are worn out, the crankshaft will not be able to turn and start the engine.
- If the valves do not close or open at the right time in the cycle, the engine will not work.
- If the car runs out of oil, the pistons will not be able to move freely in the cylinder and the engine will stall.
In a properly running engine, the above problems cannot occur. If they appear, expect trouble.
As you can see, a car's engine has a number of systems that help it perform its main task - converting fuel into driving force.
Engine valve train and ignition system
Most automotive engine subsystems can be implemented through various technologies, and more advanced technologies can improve engine performance. Let's look at these subsystems used in modern cars. Let's start with valve mechanism. It consists of valves and mechanisms that open and close the passage for fuel waste. The system for opening and closing valves is called a shaft. The camshaft has lugs that move the valves up and down.
Most modern engines have so-called overhead cams. This means that the shaft is located above the valves. Shaft cams act on the valves directly or via very short links. This system is set up so that the valves are in sync with the pistons. Many high-efficiency engines have four valves per cylinder - two for air inlet and two for exhaust gases - and such arrangements require two camshafts per cylinder bank.
The ignition system produces a high voltage charge and transfers it to the spark plugs using wires. First, the charge enters the distributor, which you can easily find under the hood of most cars. One wire is connected to the center of the distributor, and four, six or eight other wires come out of it (depending on the number of cylinders in the engine). These wires send a charge to each spark plug. The engine is set up so that only one cylinder at a time receives a charge from the distributor, which guarantees the smoothest possible operation of the motor.
Engine ignition, cooling and intake system 
The cooling system in most vehicles consists of a radiator and a water pump. Water circulates around the cylinders through special passages, then, for cooling, it enters the radiator. In rare cases, car engines are equipped with air system car. This makes the engines lighter, but the cooling is less efficient. As a rule, engines with this type of cooling have a shorter service life and lower performance.
Now you know how and why your car's engine cools. But why is air circulation so important? There are supercharged car engines - this means that the air passes through air filters and enters directly into the cylinders. To increase performance, some engines are turbocharged, which means that the air that enters the engine is already under pressure, so more air/fuel mixture can be squeezed into the cylinder.
Improving the performance of a car is great, but what actually happens when you turn the key in the ignition and start the car? The ignition system consists of an electric motor, or starter, and a solenoid. When you turn the key in the ignition, the starter turns the engine a few revolutions to start the combustion process. It takes a really powerful motor to start a cold engine. Since starting an engine requires a lot of energy, hundreds of amps must flow into the starter to start it. The solenoid is the switch that can handle that much electricity, and when you turn the ignition key, it's the solenoid that activates, which in turn fires the starter.
Engine lubricants, fuel, exhaust and electrical systems
When it comes to daily use of the car, the first thing you care about is the availability of gasoline in the gas tank. How does this gasoline actuate the cylinders? Fuel system The engine pumps gasoline out of the gas tank and mixes it with air so that the correct air-gasoline mixture enters the cylinder. Fuel is supplied in three common ways: mixture formation, fuel port injection, and direct injection.
In carburetion, a device called a carburetor adds gasoline to the air as soon as the air enters the engine.
In an injection engine, fuel is injected individually into each cylinder, either through an intake valve (fuel port injection) or directly into the cylinder (direct injection).
Oil also plays important role in the engine. Lubrication system ensures that oil is supplied to each of the moving parts of the engine for smooth operation. Pistons and bearings (which allow the crankshaft and camshaft to rotate freely) are the main parts that have an increased need for oil. In most vehicles, oil is sucked in through oil pump and oil sump, passes through a filter to remove sand, then, under high pressure, is injected into the bearings and onto the cylinder walls. Then the oil flows into the oil sump, and the cycle repeats again. 
Now you know a little more about the things that go into your car's engine. But let's talk about what comes out of it. Exhaust system. It is extremely simple and consists of an exhaust pipe and a muffler. If there was no muffler, you would hear the sound of all those mini-explosions that happen in the engine. The muffler dampens the sound, and exhaust pipe removes combustion products from the vehicle.
Now let's talk about electrical system car, which also powers it. electrical system consists of a battery and a generator alternating current. The alternator is wired to the engine and generates the electricity needed to recharge the battery. In turn, the battery provides electricity to all vehicle systems that need it.
Now you know everything about the main engine subsystems. Let's look at how you can increase the power of your car's engine.
How to increase engine performance and improve its performance? 
With all the information above, you must have noticed that there is a way to make the engine run better. Car manufacturers are constantly playing with these systems with one goal in mind: to make the engine more powerful and reduce fuel consumption.
Increase in engine volume. The larger the engine size, the greater its power, because. for each revolution, the engine burns more fuel. An increase in engine volume occurs due to an increase in either the cylinders themselves or their number. Currently 12 cylinders is the limit.
Increasing the compression ratio. Up to a point, a higher compression ratio produces more power. However, the more you compress the air/fuel mixture, the more likely it is to ignite before the spark plug can spark. The higher octane number gasoline, the less chance of pre-ignition. This is why high-performance cars need to be fueled with high-octane gasoline, as the engines in these cars use a very high compression ratio to produce more power.
Greater filling of the cylinder. If more air (and therefore fuel) can be squeezed into a certain size cylinder, then you can get more power from each cylinder. Turbos and superchargers pressurize air and force it into the cylinder efficiently.
Cooling of the incoming air. Compressing air raises its temperature. However, I would like to have as much as possible cold air in the cylinder, because The higher the air temperature, the more it expands when burned. Therefore, many turbocharging and supercharging systems have an intercooler. An intercooler is a radiator through which compressed air and cools before entering the cylinder.
Reduce the weight of parts. The lighter the part of the engine, the better it works. Every time the piston changes direction, it expends energy to stop. The lighter the piston, the less energy it consumes.
Fuel injection. The fuel injection system allows very precise dosing of the fuel that enters each cylinder. This improves engine performance and significantly saves fuel.
Now you know almost everything about how the car engine works, as well as the causes of the main problems and interruptions in the car. We remind you that if, after reading this article, you feel that your car requires updating any auto parts, we recommend that you order and buy them through our online service by filling out the request form in the " " menu, or by filling in the name of the spare part in the upper right window of this page. We hope that our article is about how a car engine works? As well as the main causes of malfunctions and interruptions in the car will help you make the right purchase.
On our roads, most often you can find cars that consume gasoline and diesel fuel. The time for electric cars has not yet come. Therefore, consider the principle of operation of an internal combustion engine (ICE). Its distinctive feature is the transformation of explosion energy into mechanical energy.
When working with gasoline power plants, there are several ways to form the fuel mixture. In one case, this happens in the carburetor, and then it's all fed into the engine cylinders. In another case, gasoline is injected through special nozzles (injectors) directly into the manifold or combustion chamber.
To fully understand the operation of an internal combustion engine, it is necessary to know that there are several types modern motors that have proven their effectiveness in the work:
- gasoline engines;
- engines consuming diesel fuel;
- gas installations;
- gas-diesel devices;
- rotary options.
The principle of operation of these types of internal combustion engines is almost the same.
ICE cycles
Each has fuel that explodes in the combustion chamber, expands and pushes a piston mounted on a crankshaft. Further, this rotation is transmitted to the wheels of the car through additional mechanisms and nodes.
As an example, we will consider gasoline four stroke motor, since it is he who is the most common version of the power plant in cars on our roads.
So you:
- the intake opening opens and the combustion chamber is filled with the prepared fuel mixture
- the chamber is sealed and its volume decreases in the compression stroke
- the mixture explodes and pushes the piston, which receives an impulse of mechanical energy
- the combustion chamber is freed from combustion products
Each of these stages of the work of the internal combustion engine has its own, several simultaneous processes take place. In the first case, the piston is in its lowest position, while all valves that inlet fuel are open. The next stage begins with the complete closing of all holes and the movement of the piston to the maximum upper position. At the same time, everything is compressed.
Reaching the extreme top position of the piston again, voltage is applied to the candle, and it creates a spark, igniting the mixture for an explosion. The force of this explosion pushes the piston down, while the outlet openings open and the chamber is cleared of residual gas. Then everything repeats.
Carburetor operation
The formation of the fuel mixture in the cars of the first half of the last century took place with the help of a carburetor. To understand how an internal combustion engine works, you need to know that automotive engineers designed fuel system so that the already prepared mixture was fed into the combustion chamber.
Carburetor device
The carburetor was engaged in its formation. He mixed gasoline and air in the right proportions and sent it all to the cylinders. Such a relative simplicity of the system design allowed it to remain an indispensable part of gasoline units for a long time. But later, its shortcomings began to prevail over the merits and did not meet the increasing requirements for cars in general.
Disadvantages of carburetor systems:
- it is not possible to provide economical modes with sudden changes in driving modes;
- exceeding limits harmful substances in exhaust gases;
- low power of cars due to inconsistency of the prepared mixture with the condition of the car.
They tried to compensate for these shortcomings by direct supply of gasoline through the injectors.
The operation of injection engines
Principle of operation injection engine lies in direct injection gasoline during intake manifold or combustion chamber. Visually, everything is similar to the work diesel plant when the feed is metered and only into the cylinder. The only difference is that the injection units spark plugs installed.
Injector design
The stages of operation of gasoline engines with direct injection do not differ from the carburetor version. The difference is only in the place where the mixture is formed.
Due to this design option, the advantages of such engines are provided:
- power increase up to 10% with similar technical specifications with carburetor;
- noticeable savings in gasoline;
- improvement of environmental performance in terms of emissions.
But with such advantages, there are also disadvantages. The main ones are maintenance, maintainability and customization. Unlike carburetors, which can be disassembled, assembled and adjusted independently, injectors require special expensive equipment and a large number of different sensors installed in the car.
Fuel injection methods
In the course of the evolution of the fuel supply to the engine, this process has been constantly approaching the combustion chamber. In the most modern internal combustion engines there was a merger of the point of supply of gasoline and the place of combustion. Now the mixture is no longer formed in the carburetor or intake manifold, but is injected directly into the chamber. Consider all options for injection devices.
Single point injection option
The simplest design option looks like fuel injection through a single nozzle into the intake manifold. The difference with the carburetor is that the latter delivers the finished mixture. In the injection version, fuel is supplied through the nozzle. The benefit is to save on costs.
Single point fuel supply option
This method also forms the mixture outside the chamber, but here sensors are involved that provide supply directly to each cylinder through the intake manifold. This is a more economical option for using fuel.
Direct injection into the chamber
This option is by far the most efficient use of the possibilities injection design. The fuel is directly sprayed into the chamber. Due to this, the level of harmful emissions is reduced, and the car receives, in addition to greater gasoline savings, increased power.
The increased degree of system reliability reduces the negative factor regarding maintenance. But such devices need high-quality fuel.
The principle of operation of a four-stroke internal combustion engine
This principle and cyclicality is called the "OTTO Cycle" 
look...
Inline internal combustion engine 
V-shaped internal combustion engine 
Boxer internal combustion engine 
Rotary piston internal combustion engine
Scheme of the ignition system of an internal combustion engine 
A. Wire to spark plug
B. Distributor cover
C. Slider
D. high voltage wire ignition coils
E. Distributor housing
F. Distributor cam
G. Ignition pulse sensor
H. Ignition control unit
I. Ignition coil
J. Candles
WANKEL ROTARY PISTON ENGINE 
Advantages and disadvantages of modern RPD compared to traditional internal combustion engines
Advantages:
30 - 40% fewer parts
Significantly less specific gravity. Compact design. Complete
mass balance. Lack of gas distribution
mechanism. The engine is high-torque and very elastic, which allows less frequent
change gears. Easily upgradeable for
work on hydrogen.
Flaws:
In a stretched RPD combustion chamber, it is difficult to create turbulent
high intensity movement for fast and complete combustion
combustible mixture, which worsens the efficiency of the engine and
makes it harder to deal with harmful emissions. Unable to create
diesel RPD. Greater oil consumption (to lubricate the combustion chamber)
1. The rotor rotates on a longitudinal shaft, the shaft has an eccentric,
in fact, the rotor is spinning on it, and the gear is present for
transmission desired phase rotor when rotating on an eccentric.
2. The rotation of the rotor on the shaft is lubricated, there is an oil pump in the RPD
and oil pan. The angular surface of the rotor in the combustion chamber
is not lubricated, it uses a gasket material made of
teflon, which has the function of sealing and sliding, but on
side surfaces of the rotor are supplied with oil, which is inevitable
enters the combustion chamber, therefore, the environmental friendliness of the RPD cannot
to talk... 
ICE with piston "Swing"
The piston of the new motor, cut in half, clearly shows
one of its main advantages. The blue inserts represent
coolant that is supplied to the piston through its
reference axis 
Technical terms
DOHC - Double Over-Head Camshaft (Two Overhead Camshafts)
SOHC - Single Over-Head Camshaft
OHC - Over-Head Camshaft
Twin Cam - Twin Cam - NOT TWO CAMS!
(If the engine uses two valves with a single and
simultaneous function, at the air inlet or outlet
exhaust gases, while both single-function valves,
simultaneously driven by their own cam
camshaft. Two valves - "twin", plus two single-phase
camshaft cams and are the "TWIN CAM" system.
This system is used only in engines with a "DOHC" system)
HETC - High Efficiency Twin Cam - (Double cam with high efficiency,
Twin Cam system with variable valve timing)
Supercharger - Supercharger (Roots compressor, a mechanical supercharger that
is driven by crankshaft through the drive belt.
Power increase system, without engine speed increase)
EFI - Electronic Fuel Injection - ( electronic injection fuel)
GDI - Gasolin Direct Injection - (gasoline direct injection)
MPI - Multi Point Injection - ( distributed injection fuel)
Intercooler - Intermediate air cooling.
4WD - 4 wheel drive- (4 wheel drive)
4WS - 4 Wheels Swivel - (4 swivel wheels) All 4 wheels are steered
when turning, and rear wheels at speeds up to 35 km/h. turn around
in the opposite direction to the front, and more speed in the same
AWD - All Wheel Drive - (All wheel drive)
FWD - Four Wheel Drive - (Four wheel drive)
GT (Gran Turismo)
Literally translated as "big trip"
GT car class are high speed cars like
rule with a 2- or 4-seater coupe body designed for
public roads. The abbreviation GT is also
designation racing class in car competitions.
There is also an incorrect broad interpretation of the term,
according to which all sports cars are included in the GT category
shape.
GTi - Gran Turismo Iniezione (vehicle equipped with fuel injection)
GTR-Gran Turismo Racer
GTO - Gran Turismo Omologato (Vehicle eligible for GT racing)
GTS-Gran Turismo Spider
GTB - Gran Turismo Berlinetta (coupé with long bonnet and gently sloping roof)
GTV - Gran Turismo Veloce (Designation for uprated GT cars)
GTT-Gran Turismo Turbo
GTE - Einspritzung German for fuel injection (this is the German analogue of the GTi index)
GTA - Gran Turismo Alleggerita (Light GT car)
GTAm modified lightened car
GTC - Gran Turismo Compressore/Compact/Cabriolet/Coupe
GTD-Gran Turismo Diesel
HGT-High Gran Turismo
BEAMS (Breakthrough Engine with Advanced Mechanism System)
The latest engine with an improved system of mechanisms
BEAMS is a whole family (or generation) of engines
(absolutely all types) with installed mechanical
gas distribution mechanisms with the possibility of changing
phases of any design: VVT, VTEC, MIVEC, Vanos or any
others. BEAMS is a general automotive term referring to
only to Toyota, but also to Subaru, BMW, Mercedes, Audi, Honda and others.
The next generation of engines was named Dual BEAMS and
applied to internal combustion engines with installed gas distribution
mechanisms VVT-i, iVTEC, Double Vanos, Bi-Vanos and others with
additional electronic control, except for mechanical
drive.
CVVT (Continuous variable valve timing)
Variable valve timing system
Alfa Romeo - Double continuous variable valve timing. CVVT is used on intake and exhaust
BMW - VANOS/Double VANOS. First used in 1993 for the BMW 3 and 5 series
PSA Peugeot Citro?n - Continuous variable valve timing (CVVT)
Chrysler - dual Variable Valve Timing (dual VVT)
Daihatsu - Dynamic variable valve timing (DVVT)
General Motors - Continuous variable valve timing (CVVT)
Honda - i-VTEC = VTEC. It was first used in 1990 on Civic cars and CRX
Hyundai - Continuous variable valve timing (CVVT) - debuted in 2.0 L Beta I4 engine
in 2005 in the Elantra and Kia Spectra", was also applied
in a new engine (Alpha II DOHC) in 2006 for Accent \ Verna, Tiburon and Kia cee'd cars
MG Rover - Variable Valve Control (VVC)
Mitsubishi - Mitsubishi Innovative Valve timing Electronic Control (MIVEC). First used in 1992 in the 4G92 engine
Nissan - Continuous Variable Valve Timing Control System (CVTCS)
Toyota - Variable Valve Timing with intelligence (VVT-i), Variable Valve Timing with Lift and Intelligence (VVTL-i)
Volvo - Continuous variable valve timing (CVVT)
An internal combustion engine with a rotating cylinder
intake and exhaust valve function. 
four-stroke engine, which does not have the usual valves and
their entire drive system. Instead, the British forced to work
the gas distributor itself is the working cylinder of the engine, which in
motors RCV rotates around its own axis. The piston at the same time
makes exactly the same movements as before. And here are the walls
cylinder rotate around the piston (the cylinder is fixed inside
motor on two bearings). A branch pipe is arranged from the edge of the cylinder,
which alternately opens to the inlet or outlet
window. A sliding seal is also provided here, working
similar to piston rings - it allows the cylinder
expand when heated, without losing tightness. lead
cylinder in rotation, only three gears: one on the cylinder, one
on the crankshaft and one - intermediate. Naturally, the speed
rotation of the cylinder - half the revolutions of the crankshaft. 
The key part of the cylinder rotation drive is the intermediate
combination gear.
A two-stroke engine is a piston internal combustion engine in which the working process in each of the cylinders takes place in one revolution of the crankshaft, that is, in two piston strokes. The compression and stroke strokes in a two-stroke engine occur in the same way as in a four-stroke engine, but the processes of cleaning and filling the cylinder are combined and are carried out not within individual strokes, but in a short time, when the piston is near the bottom dead center, with the help of an auxiliary unit - a purge pump.
Due to the fact that in a two-stroke engine, with an equal number of cylinders and the number of revolutions of the crankshaft, the strokes occur twice as often, the liter power of two-stroke engines is higher than that of four-stroke engines - theoretically twice, in practice by 1.5-1.7 times, since part of the useful stroke of the piston is occupied by gas exchange processes, and the gas exchange itself is less perfect than that of four-stroke engines.
Unlike four-stroke engines, where the displacement of exhaust gases and the suction of a fresh mixture is carried out by the piston itself, in two-stroke engines, gas exchange is carried out by supplying to the cylinder working mixture or air (in diesel engines) under pressure created by a purge pump, and the gas exchange process itself is called purge. During the scavenging process, fresh air (mixture) forces combustion products out of the cylinder into the exhaust organs, taking their place.
According to the method of organizing the movement of purge air flows (mixtures), two-stroke engines are distinguished with contour and direct-flow purge. 
In the engine device, the piston is a key element of the working process. The piston is made in the form of a metal hollow glass, located with a spherical bottom (piston head) up. The piston guide part, otherwise known as the skirt, has shallow grooves designed to hold the piston rings in them. The purpose of the piston rings is to ensure, firstly, the tightness of the above-piston space, where, during engine operation, the gasoline-air mixture is instantly burned and the resulting expanding gas could not, having rounded the skirt, rush under the piston. Secondly, the rings prevent the oil under the piston from entering the over-piston space. Thus, the rings in the piston act as seals. The lower (lower) piston ring is called the oil scraper ring, and the upper (upper) ring is called compression, that is, it provides a high degree of compression of the mixture.
When a fuel-air or fuel mixture enters the cylinder from a carburetor or injector, it is compressed by the piston as it moves up and ignited by an electric discharge from the spark plug (in a diesel engine, the mixture self-ignites due to sudden compression). The resulting combustion gases have a much larger volume than the original fuel mixture, and, expanding, sharply push the piston down. Thus, the thermal energy of the fuel is converted into a reciprocating (up and down) movement of the piston in the cylinder.
Next, you need to convert this movement into rotation of the shaft. This happens as follows: inside the piston skirt there is a finger on which the upper part of the connecting rod is fixed, the latter is pivotally fixed on the crankshaft crank. The crankshaft rotates freely thrust bearings located in the crankcase of an internal combustion engine. When the piston moves, the connecting rod begins to rotate the crankshaft, from which the torque is transmitted to the transmission and - further through the gear system - to the drive wheels.
Engine specifications. Engine specifications When moving up and down, the piston has two positions, which are called dead points. Top dead center (TDC) is the moment of maximum lifting of the head and the entire piston up, after which it begins to move down; bottom dead center (BDC) - the lowest position of the piston, after which the direction vector changes and the piston rushes up. The distance between TDC and BDC is called the piston stroke, the volume of the upper part of the cylinder with the piston at TDC forms the combustion chamber, and the maximum cylinder volume with the piston at BDC is called the total volume of the cylinder. The difference between the total volume and the volume of the combustion chamber is called the working volume of the cylinder.
The total working volume of all cylinders of an internal combustion engine is indicated in the technical characteristics of the engine, expressed in liters, therefore, in everyday life it is called the engine displacement. Second the most important characteristic of any internal combustion engine is the compression ratio (CC), defined as the quotient of dividing the total volume by the volume of the combustion chamber. At carburetor engines CC varies in the range from 6 to 14, for diesel engines - from 16 to 30. It is this indicator, along with the engine size, that determines its power, efficiency and combustion efficiency fuel-air mixture, which affects the toxicity of emissions during the operation of the internal combustion engine.
Engine power has a binary designation - in horsepower(hp) and in kilowatts (kW). To convert units to one another, a coefficient of 0.735 is applied, that is, 1 hp. = 0.735 kW.
The duty cycle of a four-stroke internal combustion engine is determined by two revolutions of the crankshaft - half a turn per stroke, corresponding to one stroke of the piston. If the engine is single-cylinder, then unevenness is observed in its operation: a sharp acceleration of the piston stroke during the explosive combustion of the mixture and slowing it down as it approaches BDC and further. In order to stop this unevenness, a massive flywheel disk with a large inertia is installed on the shaft outside the motor housing, due to which the moment of rotation of the shaft in time becomes more stable.
The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine
modern car, most often driven by an internal combustion engine. There are many such engines. They differ in volume, number of cylinders, power, rotation speed, fuel used (diesel, gasoline and gas internal combustion engines). But, in principle, the device of the internal combustion engine, it seems.
How does an engine work and why is it called a four-stroke internal combustion engine? I understand about internal combustion. Fuel burns inside the engine. And why 4 cycles of the engine, what is it? Indeed, there are two-stroke engines. But on cars they are used extremely rarely.
A four-stroke engine is called because its work can be divided into four parts equal in time. The piston will pass through the cylinder four times - twice up and twice down. The stroke begins when the piston is at its lowest or highest point. For motorists-mechanics, this is called top dead center (TDC) and bottom dead center (BDC).
First stroke - intake stroke
The first stroke, also known as intake, starts at TDC ( top dead points). Moving down, the piston sucks the air-fuel mixture into the cylinder. The operation of this stroke occurs with the intake valve open. By the way, there are many engines with multiple intake valves. Their number, size, time spent in the open state can significantly affect engine power. There are engines in which, depending on pressing the gas pedal, there is a forced increase in the time spent intake valves in the open state. This is done to increase the amount of fuel taken in, which, once ignited, increases engine power. The car, in this case, can accelerate much faster.
The second stroke is the compression stroke
The next stroke of the engine is the compression stroke. After the piston reaches its lowest point, it begins to rise, thereby compressing the mixture that entered the cylinder on the intake stroke. The fuel mixture is compressed to the volume of the combustion chamber. What kind of camera is this? Free space between the top of the piston and the top of the cylinder when the piston is at the top dead center called the combustion chamber. The valves are completely closed during this stroke of the engine. The tighter they are closed, the better the compression is. It is of great importance in this case, the condition of the piston, cylinder, piston rings. If there are large gaps, then good compression will not work, and, accordingly, the power of such an engine will be much lower. Compression can be checked with a special device. By the magnitude of the compression, one can draw a conclusion about the degree of engine wear.
Third cycle - working stroke
The third cycle is a working one, it starts from TDC. It is called a worker for a reason. After all, it is in this cycle that an action occurs that makes the car move. At this point, the ignition system comes into play. Why is this system so called? Yes, because it is responsible for igniting the fuel mixture compressed in the cylinder in the combustion chamber. It works very simply - the candle of the system gives a spark. In fairness, it is worth noting that the spark is issued on the spark plug a few degrees before the piston reaches the top point. These degrees, in a modern engine, are automatically regulated by the "brains" of the car.
After the fuel ignites, an explosion occurs - it sharply increases in volume, forcing the piston to move down. The valves in this stroke of the engine, as in the previous one, are in the closed state.
The fourth measure is the release measure
The fourth stroke of the engine, the last one is exhaust. Having reached the bottom point, after the working stroke, the exhaust valve begins to open in the engine. There may be several such valves, as well as intake valves. Moving up, the piston removes exhaust gases from the cylinder through this valve - it ventilates it. The degree of compression in the cylinders, the complete removal of exhaust gases and the required amount of intake air-fuel mixture depend on the precise operation of the valves.
After the fourth measure, it is the turn of the first. The process is repeated cyclically. And due to what does the rotation occur - the operation of the internal combustion engine all 4 strokes, which causes the piston to rise and fall in the compression, exhaust and intake strokes? The fact is that not all the energy received in the working cycle is directed to the movement of the car. Part of the energy is used to spin the flywheel. And he, under the influence of inertia, turns the crankshaft of the engine, moving the piston during the period of "non-working" cycles.
Gas distribution mechanism
The gas distribution mechanism (GRM) is designed for fuel injection and exhaust gases in internal combustion engines. The gas distribution mechanism itself is divided into a lower valve, when the camshaft is in the cylinder block, and an upper valve. The overhead valve mechanism implies that the camshaft is located in the cylinder head (cylinder head). There are also alternative gas distribution mechanisms, such as a sleeve timing system, a desmodromic system, and a variable phase mechanism.
For two-stroke engines, the gas distribution mechanism is carried out using intake and exhaust ports in the cylinder. For four-stroke engines, the most common overhead valve system, which will be discussed below.
Timing device
In the upper part of the cylinder block is the cylinder head (cylinder head) with the camshaft, valves, pushers or rocker arms located on it. The camshaft drive pulley is moved out of the cylinder head. To prevent the leakage of engine oil from under the valve cover, an oil seal is installed on the camshaft neck. The valve cover itself is mounted on an oil-petrol-resistant gasket. The timing belt or chain is worn on the camshaft pulley and is driven by the crankshaft gear. Tension rollers are used to tension the belt, tension “shoes” are used for the chain. Usually timing belt the pump of the water cooling system, the intermediate shaft for the ignition system and the high pressure pump drive are actuated injection pump pressure(For diesel options).
From the opposite side camshaft by direct transmission or by means of a belt, can be driven vacuum booster, power steering or car alternator.
The camshaft is an axle with cams machined on it. The cams are located along the shaft so that during rotation, in contact with the valve lifters, they are pressed exactly in accordance with the engine's operating cycles.
There are engines with two camshafts (DOHC) and a large number of valves. As in the first case, the pulleys are driven by a single timing belt and chain. Each camshaft closes one type of intake or exhaust valve.
The valve is pressed by a rocker (early versions of engines) or a pusher. There are two types of pushers. The first is pushers, where the gap is regulated by shims, the second is hydraulic pushers. The hydraulic pusher softens the blow to the valve due to the oil that is in it. Adjustment of the gap between the cam and the top of the pusher is not required.
The principle of operation of the timing
The entire gas distribution process is reduced to the synchronous rotation of the crankshaft and camshaft. As well as opening the intake and exhaust valves at a certain position of the pistons.
To accurately position the camshaft relative to the crankshaft, alignment marks are used. Before putting on the timing belt, the marks are combined and fixed. Then the belt is put on, the pulleys are “released”, after which the belt is tensioned by the tension rollers.
When the valve is opened with a rocker arm, the following happens: the camshaft "runs" on the rocker arm, which presses the valve, after passing through the cam, the valve closes under the action of the spring. The valves in this case are arranged in a v-shape.
If pushers are used in the engine, then the camshaft is located directly above the pushers, during rotation, pressing its cams on them. The advantage of such timing is low noise, low price, maintainability.
IN chain drive the whole gas distribution process is the same, only when assembling the mechanism, the chain is put on the shaft together with the pulley.
crank mechanism
Crank mechanism (hereinafter abbreviated as KShM) is an engine mechanism. The main purpose of the crankshaft is to convert the reciprocating movements of a cylindrical piston into rotational movements of the crankshaft in an internal combustion engine and vice versa.
KShM device
Piston
The piston has the form of a cylinder made of aluminum alloys. The main function of this part is to turn into mechanical work change in gas pressure, or vice versa - pressure build-up due to reciprocating motion.
The piston is a bottom, head and skirt folded together, which perform completely different functions. The piston head of a flat, concave or convex shape contains a combustion chamber. The head has cut grooves where the piston rings (compression and oil scraper) are placed. Compression rings prevent gas breakthrough into the engine crankcase, and piston oil scraper rings help to remove excess oil on the inner walls of the cylinder. There are two bosses in the skirt, which provide the placement of the piston pin connecting the piston to the connecting rod.
A stamped or forged steel (rarely titanium) connecting rod has swivel joints. The main role of the connecting rod is to transfer the piston force to the crankshaft. The design of the connecting rod assumes the presence of an upper and lower head, as well as a rod with an I-section. The upper head and bosses contain a rotating ("floating") piston pin, while the lower head is collapsible, thus allowing for a close connection with the shaft journal. Modern technology controlled splitting of the lower head allows for high accuracy of connection of its parts.
The flywheel is mounted on the end of the crankshaft. Today, dual-mass flywheels are widely used, having the form of two elastically interconnected disks. The flywheel ring gear is directly involved in starting the engine through the starter.
Block and cylinder head
The cylinder block and cylinder head are cast iron (rarely aluminum alloys). The cylinder block is provided with cooling jackets, beds for crankshaft and camshaft, as well as attachment points for devices and assemblies. The cylinder itself acts as a guide for the pistons. The cylinder head contains a combustion chamber, inlet-outlet channels, special threaded holes for spark plugs, bushings and pressed seats. The tightness of the connection of the cylinder block with the head is provided with a gasket. In addition, the cylinder head is closed with a stamped cover, and between them, as a rule, an oil-resistant rubber gasket is installed.
In general, the piston, cylinder liner and connecting rod form a cylinder or piston-cylinder group crank mechanism. Modern engines may have up to 16 or more cylinders.
