The second name of this system exchange rate stability(SKU) - system dynamic stabilization or third - electronic control stability (ECU), in English sounds like Electronic Stability Control (ESC).
It should be noted that this technology is designed to maintain stability during the movement of the car, as well as the controllability of the car, due to the early detection, as well as the elimination of a critical situation. Starting from 2011 in the USA, Canada and EU countries it is a prerequisite for equipping new cars course stability system.
The essence of exchange rate stability
It ensures that the car is kept within the trajectory set by the driver, in various modes vehicle movement. These modes are free rolling, turns, straight ahead, braking and accelerating.
Exchange rate stability, depending on the manufacturer, has the following names:
- VDC (Vehicle Dynamic Control) - Subaru, Infiniti, Nissan;
- VSC (Vehicle Stability Control) - Toyota;
- VSA (Vehicle Stability Assist) - Honda, Acura;
- DTSC (Dynamic Stability Traction Control) - Volvo;
- DSC (Dynamic Stability Control) Rover cars, BMW, Jaguar;
- ESC (Electronic Stability Control) - Hyundai, Honda, Kia;
- ESP (Electronic Stability Program) for most cars in America, as well as Europe.
We can consider its principle of operation and device of action using the example of one of the most common ESP systems, produced since 1995.
Dynamic stabilization device
She represents the failure of the system active safety, which has high level.
It includes:
- ASR - anti-slip;
- EBD - brake force distribution;
- ABS - anti-lock brakes.
- EDS - electronic differential lock;
- hydraulic block;
- Control block;
- input sensors.
The input sensors fix the specific parameters of the car, converting these parameters into electrical signals. With the help of these sensors, dynamic stabilization technology evaluates the actions of the driver, as well as the parameters of the movement of the vehicle.
ESP sensors include:
- They are used when evaluating the actions of the driver:
- brake light switch;
- brake pressure sensor;
- steering angle sensor.
- They are used when assessing the actual parameters of the movement of the car:
- brake pressure sensor;
- turn rate sensor;
- longitudinal acceleration sensor;
- wheel speed sensors.
- lateral acceleration sensor.
- control lamps for brakes, ABS, ESP;
- switching and valves high pressure ASR;
- graduation and intake valves ABS.
The work of dynamic stabilization is provided by the ABS / ASR hydraulic unit, together with all components.
The principle of operation of the stability control system
Start emergency is determined by comparing the actions of the driver, as well as the parameters of the movement of the car. In the event that the actions of the driver are different from the actual parameters of the movement of the vehicle, ESP system performs recognition of the situation in the form of an uncontrolled one, and immediately joins the workflow.
The implementation of the movement of the car with the help of directional stability is achieved using several methods:
- in the presence of an adaptive suspension, by changing the degree of damping of the shock absorbers;
- in the conditions of the active steering system, by changing the steering angle of the front wheels;
- change in engine torque;
- during braking of certain wheels.
- in the presence of all-wheel drive, by redistributing torque between the axes;
- as a result of the cancellation of gear shifting in automatic transmission;
- as a result of a change in the ignition timing;
- by skipping ignition pulses;
- as a result of skipping fuel injection;
- by changing the throttle position.
Video about the principle of operation of BOSCH ESP:
Additional functions in the dynamic stabilization system
The electronic stability control of the vehicle has the following additional features, or rather the system:
- removing moisture from brake discs;
- increase the efficiency of the brakes during heating;
- road train stabilization;
- collision avoidance;
- tipping prevention;
- hydraulic brake booster and others.
- Roll Over Prevention (ROP), which is a rollover prevention system, stabilizes the movement of the car during the threat of a rollover. Rollover is avoided by reducing lateral acceleration, by braking the front wheels, and by reducing engine torque. At the same time, in brake system additional pressure is generated by the active brake booster.
- Braking Guard, which is a collision avoidance technology, is implemented in a car that is equipped with adaptive cruise control. It provides collision hazards with audible and visual signals. In this case, during a critical situation, the braking system is pressurized. As a result, the return pump is automatically switched off.
- Train stabilization system implemented in a car that is equipped with a towing device. This system prevents the trailer from yawing while the vehicle is moving. This is achieved by braking the wheels, as well as reducing torque.
- Fading Brake Support or Over Boost (FBS) is a system to improve the efficiency of the brakes during heating, implements the prevention of incomplete clutch brake pads with discs, which occurs during the heating process, by means of an additional increase in pressure in the brake actuator.
- Brake Disc Moisture Removal System activated at speeds over 50 km/h and when the windscreen wipers are on. The system works by briefly increasing the pressure in the front wheels. Due to this, the brake pads are pressed against the discs, as well as the evaporation of moisture.
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Ctrl Button Ctrl (short for Control, pronounced /kənˈtrοl/) is a system button (key) on a computer keyboard. On modern x86 keyboards, "PC" is in the lower left and right corners of the alphanumeric block. On computers ... ... Wikipedia
Ctrl Button Ctrl (short for Control, pronounced /kənˈtrοl/) is a system button (key) on a computer keyboard. On modern x86 keyboards, "PC" is in the lower left and right corners of the alphanumeric block. On computers ... ... Wikipedia
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System course stabilization car in motion has a 20-year history of development, during which it has received universal recognition, and is currently used on almost all models of modern cars. It is designed to automatically correct the course position of the car in skidding conditions.
ESP stabilizes the car's position in skidding conditions
Each manufacturer automotive technology he called the system of exchange rate stability on his models differently. Therefore, it has many different abbreviated names that can mislead inexperienced motorists. The first exchange rate stabilization machines of the German Mercedes cars Benz and BMW were named Elektronisches Stabilitatsprogramm.
ESP and its synonyms
The abbreviation of this name ESP received the most widespread and is applied practically to European and American manufacturers auto. On other models, you can find such abbreviations and names of the stability control system:
- on Hyundai models, Kia, Honda it is customary to call it Electronic Stability Control ESC;
- on Rover models, Jaguar, BMW, a dynamic stabilizer control Dynamic Stability Control - DSC is installed;
- on Volvo it is called Dynamic Stability Traction Control - DTSC;
- in Japanese brands Acura and Honda, it was called Vehicle Stability Assist - VSA;
- Toyota uses the name Vehicle Stability Control - VSC;
- the same equipment under the name Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC) is used on cars brands Subaru, Nissan and Infiniti.
Despite a large number of names, all this equipment is used to achieve one goal - to help the driver cope with slippery, wet or gravel roads, where maneuvering the car leads to skids and loss of course.
The system of exchange rate stability through the eyes of experts
The main purpose of this system is to prevent the vehicle from skidding and side sliding by changing transmitted moment rotation on one of the wheels of the leading pair. This prevents further development started skidding and stabilizes the position of the machine on the trajectory of movement during the maneuver performed on slippery road. In some technical sources it is called an anti-skid system because such an ESP in a car eliminates skids and thereby ensures the stability of keeping the course.
This picture is a good illustration of the ESP system, which keeps the car in a sharp turn.
The effectiveness of using automatic exchange rate stabilization equipment is confirmed by scientific research conducted by experts from the American Institute IIHS. According to the results of the studies, it was revealed that the use of ESP in vehicles that have fallen into a road accident reduced road traffic deaths from 43% to 56%. Cases of car overturning fatal decreased by 77-80%. An ESC-equipped vehicle is significantly less likely to roll over than a non-equipped vehicle.
Data from German insurance companies show that 35-40% of all fatal accidents could have been prevented or had a more favorable outcome if a stability control system had been installed on the cars of their participants. According to experts, this equipment definitely helps the car enthusiast in extreme situations. In many cases, it is a lifesaver for inexperienced motorists.
Design and operation of ESP equipment
Modern stability control equipment works in conjunction with the ABS wheel anti-lock system, at the same time using its mechanisms. A single complex of these two systems works in concert, simultaneously performing several procedures to ensure the safe movement of the car. The structure of the exchange rate stability system consists of:
- a control unit, which is a controller that continuously scans the status of various signaling devices and reads their signals;
- ABS sensors that determine the speed of rotation of the wheels;
- steering wheel turn sensors;
- pressure sensors in the brake cylinders;
- G-sensor, a device that is sensitive to the lateral speed and acceleration of the car and fixes the occurrence of sliding in the lateral direction.
Thus, the controller inputs constantly have information about the speed of movement, the steering angle, engine speed, pressure in the brake cylinders, the angular velocity of the cross-slip and its gradient. The information from the sensors is continuously compared with the calculated data programmed into the controller. In the presence of deviations, the controller generates corrective control signals to the actuators of the brake cylinders, which slow down the corresponding wheels to return the vehicle's trajectory to the calculated curve.
The choice of braking wheels and the degree of their braking is determined by the system automatically and individually, depending on the situation that arises. For automatic braking wheels, a hydraulic ABS modulator is used, which creates additional pressure in the brake cylinders. At the same time, a leading signal is supplied to the fuel supply system to the engine, reducing the flow of combustible mixture. As a result, simultaneously with braking, a reduction in the torque applied to the wheel is carried out.
Examples and features of the ESP system
To visualize what ESP is in a car, pay attention to the pictures.
In this illustration, everything is perfectly visible and clear.
This picture shows the lines of the probable movement of the car when the maximum allowable speed entry into a sharp turn on the track. When the steering wheel is turned, the car begins to skid. In the left figure, the red dotted line shows the line of movement of the car without ESC when the driver brakes (the car turns around with the exit to oncoming lane). In the right figure, the red dotted line indicates the trajectory of movement without braking when the car is taken out into the ditch. The green line and torches in both pictures indicate the trajectory of the vehicle equipped with the ESC system and the wheels that are automatically braked by the system when a skid occurs.
The selective braking of the ESP system stabilizes the vehicle's direction of travel.
The control system works and operates in any situation, whether it is acceleration, coasting or braking. The operation algorithm of the control circuit is determined by the emerging situation and the wheel drive system. For example, if the rear axle skid sensor is triggered while turning the car to the left, ESC will reduce the fuel supply to the engine and slow down the speed. If this measure does not eliminate the skid, then there is a partial braking of the front right wheel. This operation is followed further action By installed program until the resulting side slip of the rear wheels is eliminated.
ESP provides the ability to control the transmission in vehicles with electronic. In such vehicles, automatic switching to a lower gear when slip occurs, by analogy with winter way driving. Experienced drivers who are accustomed to ride on limit speeds and opportunities, they note that the course stabilization system makes it difficult to drive a car in this mode.
ESP vehicle stabilization system. Management principles
Such situations can arise at certain moments when it is necessary to increase the engine thrust, and the control system, on the contrary, reduces it, eliminating the slip of the car. For such cases, designers install switches with which you can forcefully turn off control system and exercise full manual control of the vehicle.
Automatic heading stabilization equipment is included in the vehicle's onboard active safety system. The main advantage of the system is that the car equipped with it becomes more obedient and undemanding to the driver's qualifications. He only needs to turn the steering wheel, and the system does everything on its own. necessary actions For correct execution maneuver.
However, one must always remember that this system also has its limits. When too high speed or too small a turning radius, even the most advanced stability control system will not be able to save the car from uncontrolled skidding and overturning
One of the most important inventions in the field of auto safety, after the invention of three-point belts, is called the system of exchange rate stability, or ESC. Its significance is so great, and thanks to it the number of accidents has decreased so much that in many countries - the EU, the USA, Australia, Canada, Israel - it has become mandatory for installation on new cars.
To briefly formulate the purpose of ESC, we can say that the main task is to ensure that the car moves in exactly the direction in which the steering wheel is turned. That is, it allows you to keep the car within the trajectory that the driver sets. Accordingly, if your car is equipped with it, there will be fewer situations in which the car can go into a skid, roll over, or not fit into a sharp turn.
It is also worth saying that each manufacturer uses its own abbreviation. So, ESC is applied to cars Korean production: Kia, Hyundai, and Honda. Almost all European and american cars the abbreviation ESP is used, which we have already discussed. Toyota uses the abbreviation VSC.
It is worth saying that the name is not displayed in any way on the functionality. In addition, the electronic stability control proved to be highly effective, making it an indispensable element of the safety system.
Device
Another name for ESC is Electronic Stability Control (ESC).
In principle, other assistants are included in its composition:
- anti-lock brakes;
- distribution of braking forces;
- anti-slip;
- differential lock.
The most important components are:
- Control block;
- hydroblock;
- sensors.
Numerous sensors register the characteristics of the movement of the vehicle and the operation of its various units: pressure brake fluid, steering angle, position crankshaft; plus to this: angular velocity, wheel speed, acceleration and so on.
All this information is fed to the electronic control unit, where it is compared and analyzed according to complex algorithms and programs. On this basis, the ECU analyzes how much the car deviates from the set course at any given time. If such a deviation is fixed, impulses are sent to the hydraulic unit, and from it to the valves or the traction control system.
If necessary, ESC connects other units: injector, transmission, suspension. Thanks to this approach, the car follows the calculated trajectory. It is clear that the driver feels more relaxed behind the wheel.
Operating principle
When analyzing current situation The ESC control unit compares what actions the driver takes and how the car reacts to it. For example, if a motorist turns the steering wheel at a certain angle to fit into a turn, and the car describes a wider arc, entering the oncoming lane, various actions are taken:
- some of the wheels are slowed down;
- increases or decreases;
- the angle of rotation of the wheels changes.
All this happens through the transmission of signals to various systems car. So, if your car is equipped adaptive suspension, reducing roll or avoiding skidding on a turn can be achieved by changing the stiffness of the shock absorbers.
Braking occurs due to the transmission of impulses to the hydraulic valves associated with the main brake cylinder, respectively, the pressure in the system either rises or falls, depending on traffic situation. Also, the speed decreases due to the fact that the engine management system reduces torque or changes the throttle opening angle.
ECU has other useful features:
- prevents overturning;
- prevents collisions with other cars or fixed objects;
- improves the efficiency of the brakes;
- road train stabilization.
The presence of a stabilization system in your car can be a decisive factor for saving life in an emergency. How does the stabilization system work?
Stabilization system, or, as they are also called, stability control system controlled by a special control unit. Numerous sensors monitor the vehicle's direction of travel based on the position of the steering wheel and accelerator pedal. The computer also receives information from the sensors about lateral accelerations and skid orientation.
As a result, when a threatening situation arises, when the driver loses control of the car, ESP recognizes the danger and enters into work with lightning speed. The course is corrected by braking both wheels on the starboard or port side, or one front or rear. Depending on the degree of risk of skidding, the system itself decides which of the wheels should slow down. In extreme cases, the ESP "suffocates" the engine by restricting the fuel supply to the injector. The process itself takes place quickly and barely noticeable, and the main roles are assigned to electronic unit management and anti-lock system ABS.
As you understand, ESP itself is worth nothing: the main thing is that the car is equipped with an ABS system, in addition to which the ESP program with the necessary sensors is attached. So the cost of ESP cannot be very high, and the fact that buyers are forced to refuse a useful guardian angel because of the inflated cost seems even more blasphemous.
Since February 2009, all-crash tests on the system Euro NCAP become tougher. As a result of the fact that many cars achieve the maximum five stars during various tests, the management of the organization decided to introduce a new evaluation criterion: the presence in the basic equipment of the system ESP stabilization. As a result, under the new rules, cars will receive a single assessment, and not four, as before.
Of course, this is great news for all of us. And although the ESP system has become more affordable over the years, many manufacturers continued to offer it as an option, which is wrong. Those buyers who have tried ESP in action have assured us that they will never buy a car without an electronic guardian angel.
And now let's consider the attitude of drivers of developed European countries to ESP. It seems to be European states- civilized countries and willingly accept the most modern technologies into their daily lives, but many motorists prefer to spend money on improving the comfort level of their car, rather than ordering an extra active or passive safety.
In the course of a study on stabilization systems and directional stability, the British association The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders revealed the following trend: only 10% of Europeans are generally aware of what it is and how ESP works. The rest simply do not represent the value of Electronic Stability Control or Vehicle Stability Assist systems (for different manufacturers This technology is referred to by various names. What then to say about the Russians?
It turns out that when ordering a particular model, Europeans are ready to abandon the installation of ESP in favor of, for example, leather interior, climate control, expensive music audio system, xenon headlights etc. It is noteworthy that this situation is also indicative for the Russian market.
For comparison, during a similar investigation in the United States, it turned out that if all cars were equipped with ESP, then the number of accidents could be reduced by exactly 50%. The number is impressive. According to the company Honda owners its models with ESP are 35% less likely to get into an accident.
Order statistics for stabilization systems for new cars in the UK is also depressing: only 34% of the total number of buyers ask for additional ESP. And only the Germans are more scrupulous people: 60% of people order the ESP option.
Certainly, expensive models from luxury brands such as Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Lexus and Volvo are already equipped with stability control systems as standard. Cheaper brands put this technology on their list of expensive options.
Back in 1995, Bosch developed its first ESP and, according to company representatives, the price at which automotive brands purchase stabilization systems does not exceed 7,000-9,000 rubles on average, while dealers literally “fight” twice or even three times more expensive already from the client.
Mercedes-Benz Corporation today equips every model with ESP technology. “It is extremely important for us that our cars are not only comfortable and high-tech, but also as safe as possible. Therefore, our opinion is this: safety should be included in standard equipment, therefore, ESP, along with other active and passive safety systems, should be part of standard equipment", - said the official source Mercedes-Benz.
Take for evaluation and domestic market. For example, public favorite Ford Focus in popular Comfort trim levels and Gia. How much do you think dealers are asking for optional ESP? As much as 17,900 rubles! It is clear that many will prefer "music" more expensive than ESP. Moreover, many are confident in their abilities, if something happens ...
Opinion of the masses
As already mentioned, many drivers in Europe have little idea of the benefits of ESP. Therefore, the British association The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders invited drivers of different genders and ages to take an introductory test.
Before testing at the test site, all subjects were asked what they know about stabilization systems and how much they are willing to pay for them. A third of the entire group turned out to be completely unaware of the matter, and the rest had only a superficial idea, but would be ready to pay no more than 180 pounds sterling (about 10,000 rubles) for ESP on average.
Participants were also asked to prioritize the following car parameters: class, brand image, body design, trunk volume and economy. On average, the stabilization system in this list ranked only sixth out of seven.
After the survey, the test itself was conducted among the subjects, organized with the support of specialists from Bosch. In principle, nothing super complicated was required from the drivers: everyone had to perform the “elk test” exercise, or in other words, a detour of a suddenly appeared immovable obstacle. First with the included guardian angel in the face of ESP, and then without it at a speed of 80 km / h. With the ESP disabled, everyone lost control of the car, which in a real situation would definitely lead to an accident. But with the stabilization system involved, the drivers managed to keep the car on the right path and subsequently level the car.
What to say about ordinary motorists, if the benefits of ESP have not yet been fully convinced Insurance companies. In theory, with this system, the coefficient should only decrease, but this does not happen, and the owners pay for the policy as much as the owners iron horses without ESP. But in the near future, the picture should change, at least according to the owner of a large insurance company in the UK, James Harrison: “The ESP stabilization system is equivalent to the anti-lock system that appeared in 1970 ABS system, and cars with ABS were taxed at a lower rate compared to vehicles without it. But it didn't happen right away. Same story with ESP. Apparently insurance companies need time to understand that this or that system really significantly reduces the risk of an accident.
In the meantime, exchange rate stability systems, despite all their obvious benefits, remain in little demand around the world. Russia is no exception, although every year our motorists are becoming more civilized and attentive not only to their lives, but also to the lives of those around them.
Summary
People don't fully understand how vital stability control systems are. When ordering new car buyers would rather spend money on comfort improvements than on ESP. This is the current situation and we tried to change the attitude towards ESP in this material.
In our opinion, ESP in without fail should be part of the standard equipment of all cars regardless of class and brand, like ABS, seat belts and airbags, especially since, as it turned out, automakers pay only 200 pounds for this technology to the manufacturer. The companies themselves are confident that over time ESP will be on the list. basic equipment, but why wait, because the system reduces the risk of accidents by 30%, and this is thousands of saved lives every year.
