Conveyors This is a very personal item. Each customer has his own dimensions, parameters, conditions of use, etc. In this regard, it is very difficult to establish any price standards for conveyors. Therefore, DEAR CUSTOMERS, leave your applications for e-mail [email protected] and we will gladly, within one day, calculate the price for you and set the deadlines.
What is a conveyor belt made of? Belt conveyor consists of a supporting metal structure (supports and guides in the direction of which the load moves), a load-carrying tape, a drive and tension drum, support rollers (on which the tape with a load rests), support rollers (which support the tape without load from below), a drive, a tension station , and additional devices at the request of the customer. So, let's take a closer look at each component.
Bearing metal structure. It is made from black or stainless steel. The Phoenix plant mainly uses profile pipes of various sections. The design of this rolled metal is the most durable and reliable, it is also convenient for metal welding. Conveyor supports can be made with height adjustment relative to the horizon.
Assembly line. Assembly line It happens various types and types. According to the material from which the tape is made, there are: PVC (polyvinylchloride), rubber-fabric, polyurethane . PVC Tape general purpose - Green colour, food - white color. If you have more steep angle (above 25 degrees), we recommend that you use a tape with a rough surface fabric-rubber Super Grip (angle up to 32 degrees), rough PVC or chevron ribbon with a small chevron height. If you have bulk cargo , then we recommend you conveyor belts with a high chevron, also if necessary, draining excess fluid , then we can pick up a ribbon with a special chevron pattern for you. If you are moving along the tape high temperature cargo then we will supply you heat resistant tape . In places, where fires are possible , we suggest using flame retardant tape . For transportation small bulk cargo steep climb , can be attached to the tape crossbars (partitions) , which can be from the same material as the tape and fastened by vulcanization, or from an aluminum corner and fastened with rivets. For small bulk cargo, you can use corrugated board , which is installed by vulcanization along the edge of the tape. It is also necessary to take into account that the greater the load on the belt, the thicker it is and the larger the diameter of the drums, the more power drive - this increases the price of the conveyor. You do not need to understand all types and types of conveyor belts, you only need to fill out Questionnaire describe in detail the cargo and operating conditions of the conveyor, or send your description of the conveyor to our e-mail: [email protected], and our experts will select you a tape with the necessary characteristics.
Tension and drive drums. These drums are made of black or stainless steel. The diameter of the drums depends on the load of the conveyor and the selected type of conveyor belt. The drums are attached to the main structure with the help of bearings. We use bearings of UCP and UCT types from manufacturers: SKF, FAG, INA, NTN, Timken, Torrington.
Support and support rollers . Support rollers can be made of steel, stainless steel, PVC. We use a roller diameter from 50mm, depending on the load and on the selected roller pitch.
Conveyor drive. The conveyor drive can be of two types: a gear motor is put on the drum shaft directly, and when the gear motor (or a gearbox connected to the electric motor by a clutch) drives the drum shaft through sprockets and a chain. chain drive mainly used for very heavy loads. In our production, we use motor-reducers made in Italy, by Siti. The quality of these gearmotors leaves no doubt, and the prices are the same as for domestic ones, even cheaper in some cases.
Tension station. The Phoenix factory uses the following tensioning mechanism: a combined tension bearing and screw device. Very convenient to use and maintain. Does not require large repair costs.
Additional accessories. What could it be? Here the range of devices is limited only by your desires. For the convenience of work, various auxiliary devices can be installed on the conveyor, such as: sides along the edges of the conveyor, a cover for the entire conveyor, a receiving or unloading hopper, a cable emergency stop, frequency converter for speed adjustment, belt cleaner, wheels on legs, receiving table (roller table), rotary device, etc...
Many associate the history of the assembly line with the name of Henry Ford (1863-1947), but as in many cases, when it comes to world-wide significant inventions, they do not have one author. The world-famous American industrialist just managed to complete this inventive process, which lasted more than one century. In fact, the first conveyors were known several thousand years ago. Ancient Egypt, China and Mesopotamia used special devices for continuous water supply when irrigating fields.
history precisely belt conveyors begins in the second half of the 17th century. Since then, conveyors have become an inevitable part of material transportation. In the early years, the system of such a conveyor and its operation were quite simple - a wooden board and a belt that moved along it. The first ribbons were made of leather, canvas or rubber.
Heiml Goddard was the first person to receive a patent for a roller conveyor in 1908. A few years later, in 1919, conveyors began to be used in automotive manufacturing. Undoubtedly, the honor of introducing the conveyor to the masses belongs to Henry Ford. He decided to put on stream the production of cheap " people's car". In addition, it was he who connected the workplaces with a moving tape. At the first steps, the assembly line carried only the chassis - the basis of the future car. As the chassis moved, it “overgrown” with more and more new parts that the workers installed: someone - a gearbox, someone - an engine, someone - wheels or headlights. At the end of the journey on the conveyor was already completely finished car. According to this principle, conveyors work at all enterprises of the world today. So the conveyor became the most popular tool for transferring both small and heavy parts and materials in factories.
During the 1920s, conveyor belts became widespread, and also underwent major changes. They began to be used in coal mines to move ore over distances of more than 8 km. Those conveyors were made from layers of cotton and rubber covers. The longest conveyor belt in use today, 60 miles long, is in the phosphate mines of Western Sahara. One of turning points in the history of belt conveyors was the beginning of the use of synthetic conveyor belts. This happened during World War II, mainly due to the scarcity of natural materials such as cotton, rubber and canvas. Since then, synthetic belt conveyors have become popular in various fields.
With increasing demands in production, more and more synthetic plastics and fabrics are used in the manufacture of conveyor belts: polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, butyl, neoprene, nylon, silicone and many other types of polymers.
The CBR company (CBR - Conveyor Belt Russia) follows all the traditions of the production of synthetic conveyor belts, established in the 1950s. The specialists of the company offer you complete services. We will study your needs and make recommendations. We offer 24/7 service and installation services. Experts in the field belt conveyors share their knowledge, help you choose conveyor belt, manufactured and installed on the conveyor.
Conveyor (English conveyer, from convey-to transport) - conveyor, machine continuous action for moving bulk, packaged, complex or piece goods.
Conveyors are mechanical continuous vehicles for moving various goods over short distances. Conveyors different types are used in all industries for loading, unloading and transporting materials in the production process.
It is generally accepted that the conveyor is an invention of the 20th century, brought to life by the requirements mass production. However, almost all the basic principles of conveyor mechanization were already known in the 15th century. Lifting equipment existed in antiquity: lifting devices used in Egypt in the 16th BC. e.
Several millennia BC. e. in ancient China and India, chain pumps were used to continuously supply water from reservoirs to irrigation systems, which can be considered prototypes of scraper conveyors. In Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, multi-bucket and screw water lifts were used - the forerunners of modern bucket elevators and screw conveyors. The first attempts to use scraper and screw conveyors for moving bulk materials (for example, in flour milling) date back to the 16th-17th centuries. At the end of the XVIII century. conveyors began to be systematically used to transport light bulk materials over short distances.
In the 30s of the XIX century. for the same purpose, conveyors with belts made of durable fabric were first used. In the second half of the XIX century. the industrial use of conveyors for the delivery of heavy bulk and piece goods began. The expansion of the areas of application of conveyors led to the emergence and operational development of new types of conveyors: belt conveyors with fabric rubberized belts (1868, Great Britain), stationary and mobile lamellar ones (1870, Russia), screw conveyors with spiral screws for bulky materials (1887, USA), bucket with articulated buckets for the delivery of goods on difficult routes (1896, USA), belt with steel belts (1905, Sweden), inertial (1906, Great Britain, Germany), etc. 1882 the conveyor was used to connect technological units in mass production (USA).
Somewhat later, floor foundry (1890, USA), suspended (1894, Great Britain) and special assembly lines(1912-1914, USA).
From the 80s of the XIX century. the manufacture of conveyors in industrialized countries gradually emerged as a separate area of mechanical engineering. IN modern types conveyors preserved the main structural elements, which were improved in accordance with the achievements of science and technology (replacement of a belt drive with an electric one, the use of vibration technology, etc.).
The idea of the assembly line in mass production was fully embodied by the automobile manufacturer Henry Ford at the beginning of the 20th century. Trying to make cheap mass car, available to a poor buyer, he introduced in-line production at his assembly plants. Ford himself by no means claimed authorship of the idea of the assembly line. In the biographical book My Life, he remarked: “About April 1, 1913, we made our first experience with the assembly line. It was when assembling the magneto. It seems to me that this was the first movable assembly line ever made. In principle, it is similar to the mobile tracks used by Chicago butchers when butchering carcasses.
The conveyor is indeed intimately connected with the history of fresh-frozen meat production.
For the first time this idea was put into practice by the American Gustav Swift, the creator of a powerful meat industry in the United States. Swift, at the age of fourteen, began working for his brother, a butcher on Cape Cod.
Later, he started his own business and began trading in cattle, gradually moving his goods to the West - first in Albany, then in Buffalo, and finally in 1875 in Chicago. Here he thought about how to provide a year-round meat trade. And if you transport meat in refrigerators, then how to slaughter and butcher cattle before transporting meat? Swift found a railroad company that agreed to transport refrigerator cars, invested in their construction and improvement, and began to transport meat butchered in Chicago to the East, to growing industrial cities. Swift's case quickly took off.
Swift carefully thought out the entire technological chain from the purchase of livestock to the delivery of fresh-frozen meat to the consumer. The most important link in this chain was the cutting of the carcass, for which the “dismantling line” was invented. Swift came up with an ingeniously simple idea: the carcass should move towards those who butcher it. In Swift's meat-cutting shop, the slaughter of a pig and butchering of the carcass were divided into numerous single operations.
This is how Upton Sinclair described Swift's butchering line in The Jungle (1906): “Then a crane would pick it up (the carcass of a pig) and put it on a hanging cart, which rolled between two rows of workers sitting on a high platform. Each worker, when the carcass slid past him, did only one operation on it. At the end of the line, the carcass was already completely butchered.
Ford's conveyor was Swift's "dismantling line" on the contrary: the skeleton of the car, as it moved along the conveyor, was overgrown with iron "meat". Otherwise, the resemblance was simply striking. Here is a description of the work of the conveyor at Ford: “When assembling the chassis, forty-five various movements and arranged the appropriate number of stops. The first working group attaches four safety covers to the chassis frame; the engine appears at the tenth stop, and so on. Some workers only do one or two small movements hand, others - much more. Each of the workers sitting along the conveyor carried out one operation, consisting of several (or even one) labor movements, for which practically no qualification was required. According to Ford, 43% of the workers required one-day training, 36% - up to a week, 6% - one to two weeks, 4% - from a month to a year.
Implementation of pipeline assembly, along with some others technical innovations, caused a sharp increase in labor productivity and a decrease in production costs, marked the beginning of mass production. But the consequence of this was an increase in the intensity of labor, automatism. Work on the assembly line requires extreme nervous and physical stress from the workers. The forced rhythm of labor, set by the conveyor, necessitated a change in the form of remuneration for workers. Henry Ford noted: “... the result of following these basic rules is to reduce the requirements for the thinking ability of the worker and reduce his movements to the minimum limit. If possible, he has to do the same thing with the same movement.
The entire 20th century was the time of the triumphant march of the conveyor principle of organization of production, which was transformed, enriched, but retained its solid core. The conveyor is the basis of the mass production of goods.
Ford, a pioneer in the use of the conveyor, designed and created a complete production cycle, including the manufacture of steel and glass.
Efficiency of using the conveyor In the technological process of any production depends on how the type and parameters of the selected conveyor correspond to the properties of the cargo and the conditions in which the technological process takes place. These conditions include: productivity, length of transportation, the shape of the route and the direction of movement (horizontal, inclined, vertical, combined; conditions for loading and unloading the conveyor; cargo dimensions, its shape, specific gravity, lumpiness, humidity, temperature, etc.). The rhythm and intensity of delivery and various local factors also matter.
High productivity, simple design and relatively low cost, the ability to perform various technological operations on the conveyor, low labor intensity of work, ensuring labor safety, improving its conditions - all this contributed to widespread use conveyor. It was used in all areas of the economy: in chernby and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, mining, chemical, food and other industries. In industrial production, conveyors are an essential integral part technological process. Conveyors allow you to set and regulate the pace of production, ensure its rhythm, being the main means of complex mechanization of transport and loading and unloading processes and flow technological operations. The use of a conveyor frees workers from heavy and labor-intensive transport and loading and unloading operations, making their work more productive. Wide conveying is one of the characteristic features developed industrial production.
However, in automotive industry, which at one time was the first to use conveyor assembly, at the end of the 20th century. there was a return to the old methods of production. Some firms began to entrust the full cycle of assembling a car to one team of assemblers. This is due to the fact that at a high rate of movement of the conveyor, marriage is inevitable, which is not always noticed and corrected at the end of the assembly cycle. Such flaws are noticeable only during the operation of the car by the owner. Their discovery entails both monetary losses and damage to the prestige of the manufacturer.
Conveyor (English conveyer, from cofvey - to transport), a conveyor, a continuous machine for moving bulk, lumpy or piece goods. They are classified according to the type of traction and load-carrying body. There are conveyors with belt, chain, rope traction elements and conveyors without a traction element (gravitational, inertial, screw). Conveyors with a traction body can be belt, lamellar, cradle, scraper, bucket, etc. by the type of load-carrying body. Such conveyors are characterized by the common movement of cargo with the working body in the working areas. Traction force is transmitted either by a load-bearing element, or by an element that pushes or pulls a load along a fixed chute, pipe, deck, etc. For conveyors without a traction body, a separate movement of the load and working bodies is characteristic, making a circular rotational (roller, screw conveyors) or reciprocating working movement (for example, inertial conveyors). Conveyors can be driven by a machine (most often electric, rarely pneumatic) or the load can be moved by gravity (gravity conveyors). Special groups of conveyors are elevators (vertical conveyors with hanging buckets, cradles or shelves), escalators (special plate and belt conveyors for moving people), walking conveyors, trimmers, stackers for stacking logs, etc.
Belt conveyors are used to move bulk, lumpy and piece goods over distances sometimes reaching 10-12 km or more. Such conveyors are usually made up of separate sections. Traction and load-bearing body - a tape that moves along stationary roller supports, bending around the drive, tension, and sometimes deflecting drums. The load moves on the belt along with it. Depending on the type of idlers, the belt has a flat or grooved shape. Flat belt conveyors are mainly used for handling piece goods. Short mobile belt conveyors are mounted on wheeled and are used in loading and unloading operations and in construction.
Plate conveyors are designed to move in a horizontal plane or with a slight inclination (up to 35°) of heavy (500 kg or more) piece goods, lumpy, including sharp-edged materials, as well as goods heated to high temperature. Plate conveyors, stationary or mobile, have the same basic components as belt conveyors. The load-bearing body is a metal, less often wooden, plastic flooring-sheet, consisting of separate plates attached to one or two traction chains (sleeve-roller). The flooring can be flat, corrugated or box section, with or without sides. Distinguish between apron conveyors general purpose(basic type) and special (conveyor with a spatial route, pouring machines for metal, passenger escalators, etc.).
Scraper conveyors move the load with scrapers moving along a chute or pipe. Such conveyors are used for the processing of bulk or lumpy goods entering the chute through the hopper. The working branch is usually the lower one, less often the upper one, sometimes both branches. Scrapers are stamped from sheet steel or cast, and gutters are made of metal, less often wooden. Scraper conveyors compared to apron conveyors have less weight, can be loaded and unloaded at any point along the entire length of the chute. The use of scraper conveyors is limited due to the crushing of goods and rapid wear troughs, especially when handling abrasive materials. In addition, scraper conveyors are characterized by high flow energy expended in overcoming harmful resistance. Varieties of scraper conveyors - tubular and submerged scrapers.
Conveyors with carrying and driving chains, unlike other types of conveyors, do not have a load-carrying body and are mainly used in production lines during conveyor assembly. On conveyors with carrying chains, loads are mounted directly on traction chains that slide in fixed guides. On conveyors with driving chains, goods move along fixed support tracks, directly on the floor of the workshop, or have their own wheeled or caterpillar drive. in mass and serial production in assembly work, the so-called trolley conveyors are used. They are carts connected by a traction chain and moving along a closed track. On trolleys, the main processes of foundry production (molding, pouring, cooling) or the assembly of machines and assemblies are carried out.
Screw conveyors are used to move dusty and small-sized cargoes in horizontal or inclined (up to 20°) planes, less often in a vertical plane (conveyors with rapidly rotating screws). The conveyor has a metal closed chute, inside which a shaft with blades rotates, located along a helical line. The blades can be solid (for light bulk cargo), tape (for wet and lumpy cargo) and in the form of blades separately mounted on the shaft (for sticky and caking cargo). When the screw rotates, the blades push the load along the chute. Screw conveyors are simple in design, easy to operate, especially when transporting dusty goods. However, the blades and chute wear out relatively quickly, the load is crushed and abraded, in addition, it is required increased consumption energy.
Roller conveyors are used to move piece goods with a flat, ribbed or cylindrical surface. Rollers rotate in bearings on the fixed axles of the conveyor frame. The length of the roller should be slightly greater than the width or diameter of the load, and the distance between the rollers should be slightly less than half the length of the load. Small loads with a complex configuration are moved on such a conveyor in boxes or on pallets. Roller conveyors are of two types: gravity and driven. In gravity conveyors, installed with a slope of 2-5°, the rollers rotate freely under the action of gravity of the transported load. In driven conveyors, the rollers are group-driven by a motor. Such conveyors are used when it is necessary to provide constant speed movement of goods, move them in a strictly horizontal plane or lift them at a certain angle.
Inertial conveyors are used to transport bulk, less often small piece goods over relatively short distances in horizontal or inclined (up to 20 °) directions. In inertial conveyors, cargo particles slide along a load-carrying body or fly in space under the action of inertia. Inertial conveyors are divided into two groups: oscillating, characterized by significant amplitudes and low oscillation frequency, and vibrating - with small amplitude and high oscillation frequency.
In the simplest oscillating conveyor, the chute is located on elastic racks rigidly fixed to the support frame at an angle to the vertical. crank mechanism driven by an electric motor informs the chute of variables in the direction of travel. The chute rises slightly when moving forward, and when moving backward it drops (swings). This changes the pressure of the load on the chute. When the chute moves backward, the load slides forward along it, advancing a certain distance.
Conveyors have been used by people since ancient times, their prototypes existed in India, China, Mesopotamia and Egypt for several millennia BC. The systematic use of conveyors began at the end of the 18th century, and gradually, thanks to their simplicity and productivity, conveyors began to be used in almost all areas of industry. Since the 1880s, the manufacture of conveyors in industrialized countries has gradually become a separate branch of engineering. In modern types of conveyors, the main structural elements have been preserved, which have been improved in accordance with the achievements of science and technology (replacement of a belt drive with an electric one, the use of vibration technology, the use of energy compressed air etc.).
UDC 621.867
prof. cafe Mining transport and logistics
Donetsk National Technical University
Donetsk, Ukraine
TO THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CREATION OF THE BELT CONVEYOR
TO THE 150 ANNIVERSARY OF CREATION OF THE TAPE CONVEYOR
The belt conveyor begins its history with the work of the provincial secretary Alexander Lopatin, who in the years invented a transport machine - the "sand carrier", which is the prototype of the modern belt conveyor. In winter, the conveyor was built by him and put into production. On March 9, 1861, Alexander Lopatin received a privilege (patent) for his invention.
“Mining Journal” wrote in 1861 “Among the latest inventions is the endless belt of Mr. Lopatin, which has the goal of transporting sand from the faces to washing machines and pebbles from the machines to the dump. G. Lopatin took a privilege on his invention, calling it a sand carrier. Further in the text, the terms are given in the edition of the originals.
In the description of the conveyor, the author of the invention says: “The machine, called the “sand carrier”, is intended to replace the transportation of gold-bearing sand and the transportation of washed sands to dumps and thereby reduce the cost of maintaining horses and hiring workers. The main base of the machine is an endlessly moving band or tape, revolving on two drums mounted on two opposite points. The weight placed on one end of the braid, when moving, passes to the other end and falls to the designated place. At breaks in the direction and when climbing to a height, several ribbons are arranged so that one ribbon transfers the weight to another. The braids are set in motion by the power of water, steam or horses.
The device of the tape is described in the privilege: “On the drums, 4 thin or 2 thick ropes or an iron chain are pulled at an equal distance from each other.” On them is laid, along the length, undressed skin with a width of 1 or 1½ arshins, and boards are laid across, 1 or 1½ arshins long, from 6 to 8 peaks. width and ½ top. thickness; these boards should lie one from the other at a distance of 3 or 4 vertices; they are attached to the skin through holes turned in the boards, with a whip, and the ropes are tied to the skin. Thus, a continuous band for the movement of gravity is formed.
About the materials from which the tape was made, it was indicated: “ribbons were first made from canvas, which breaks through very soon; they tried to stitch it with transverse leather straps, but from uneven compression and stretching of the canvas and leather, especially from dampness or heat, there was no evenness in their course. Therefore, the canvas was soon replaced with leather a arshin wide and 5-10 soot. length. So that the sands, when lifting, could not roll off the tape, then transverse crossbars from 1 to 2 inches were made on it with the same gap. The tape rotates on two drums and so that it does not fit from the weight of the sands, then on each side they put a hemp or leather rope or a chain of such thickness that 4 fathoms of it weigh one pood. It is supposed to replace the skin with sheet iron laid scaly. Of course, there will be more strength and evenness in the course, it can be hoped that the iron endless belt will be lighter than the leather one and require less force.
The invention was widely discussed by A. Lopatin's contemporaries: “During this summer, the tape has already gone through many modifications. The business began with a canvas, which in Yeniseisk, because of the occasion, did not fail to rise in price. I consider it necessary to add that the idea of the device of a strip of light iron, superimposed sheet on sheet in such a scaly way, as, for example, was made up of ties for military helmets, has already been officially announced, and behind this idea there was also a dream of founding a plant in Irkutsk to prepare materials for this. ".
Despite the fact that the priority of the invention of the conveyor belt belongs to A. Lopatin, already at that time there were attempts by American and French businessmen to appropriate this invention. Here is what the Irkutsk weekly newspaper Amur wrote about this, which describes the conveyor in detail: “The other day we received several letters from the Yenichei taiga from persons who deserve not only complete trust, but, as they say, authorities in the field of mechanics and the gold industry, and all of them they unanimously write: “that the sand carrier invented by Mr. Lopatin leaves nothing to be desired. “This machine operates so easily, conveniently, without any hustle and noise, and most importantly, so economically that one can hardly think of anything better at the present time.”
Priority issues are also raised there: “Some people reproach Mr. Lopatin that the invention of the endless tape does not belong to him, but to Lesseps ... Not being authorized by Mr. Lopatin to refute this reproach, we are nevertheless obliged to explain this circumstance in the name of truth. Last year, a drawing of a French illustration depicting a Lesseps projectile arrived here with the mail in November and the same drawing of a Russian illustration in December, while the model of the sand carrier Mr. was made by the inventor much earlier than this time and it would be completely unfair to dispute this invention with Mr. Lopatin ... - Others argue that similar tapes or something similar to it were already 20 years ago in the mines ... tone and, moreover, in print - it is inconvenient. - If there really was something similar, then why did none of these years. the sorcerers did not apply this, something similar, to the case.
These are the information that has come down to us about the first work in the field of belt conveyors.
Literature
1. Ostrometsky on the history of Russian mining mechanics. – M.: Ugletekhizdat, 1953.
2. Mining magazine, 1861. - part IV - book 12 - p. 368-369.
3. Industry. Journal of manufacture and trade. - St. Petersburg, 1861. - Vol. II. - book 1. - p. 18.
4. Krivoshipkin M. The latest ways gold mining. - St. Petersburg, "Industry", 1861. - vol. II - book 1 - pp. 45-46.
5. A few words about the newly invented sand carrier. // Newspaper "Amur" - No. 38, 12/20/1860 - S. 570-572.
annotation
The history of the creation of the transport machine, which was the prototype of the modern belt conveyor, is described. The design of the main elements of the installation, manufactured and put into operation in years, is described.
The history of creation of the transport car which was a prototype of the modern tape conveyor is stated. The design of basic elements of the installation which made and has been started up in operation in is described.
Keywords
history, A. Lopatin, conveyor belt, canvas, tape, priority, patent
history, A. Lopatin, tape conveyor, canvas, tape, priority, patent
