Conditioning teeth. The main types of chargers

There are many in the world chargers(ZU), but it’s not always possible to find what you need in our country.

For rare models there are none at all, even the simplest ones, and for common ones there are only memory devices similar to those included in the delivery mobile phones, and automotive. This is primarily due to the low demand for accessories of this kind. In most cases, consumers believe that they can get by with the charger that comes with the phone, and I must say, they are almost 100% right. Of course, "if the stars are lit, then someone needs it." And if the chargers are produced (it must be said - for every taste and wealth), then this is also needed by someone. Our task is to tell you about what memory devices are and what functions they perform, as well as what you should pay attention to when buying a memory. Chargers differ from each other in the way the battery is charged, the presence of a discharge function and all kinds of indications. In the memory that comes with a mobile phone, as a rule, the charge indicator is the phone itself, more precisely, its screen, which displays the battery level. Such memory devices do not have a discharge function (unlike, say, desktop chargers). What other types of memory exist in nature?
1. There are different chargers for different types of batteries. So, there are chargers for nickel-based batteries (nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)), for lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries and combined ones.
2. Depending on the design, the charger can be built into the phone or into an external power supply (designed to charge batteries directly in the phone); they can be desktop (provide both charge and discharge) or manual (Motorola released a charger called Motorola FreeCharge, which works on manual recharging).
3.ZU, as mentioned above, may differ in the method of charging: there are devices that charge with direct current, and devices with a pulsed charge method.
4. According to the charge time, “fast” and “slow” memory devices are distinguished.
5. According to the type of input supply voltage, the memory devices connected to the voltage network are distinguished alternating current, and memory connected to onboard network car (provide power to the phone from the network with a voltage of 12 or 24 V from car cigarette lighter and charge the spare battery).
6.Depending on the functions performed, household and professional memory devices also differ.

The most widely used chargers included in the delivery of a mobile phone. These devices give users the minimum of disturbance and are designed to work with NiCd, NiMH and Li-Ion batteries. Such chargers will equally effectively charge all of these types of batteries, but, as we mentioned above, they have one drawback: the fact is that nickel-based batteries must be periodically discharged in order to reduce the “memory effect” (arises due to the fact that that the voltage at which the phone turns off exceeds the voltage to which it is necessary to discharge the battery in order to prevent the decrease in capacity that occurs during operation). For such batteries, it is recommended to use a desktop charger with a discharge function. (Attention: after the end of the charge, nickel batteries should not be left in the charger for a long time, as the charger continues to charge them, but only with a much lower current. Long-term presence of such batteries in the charger leads to overcharge and deterioration of their parameters.)

Car chargers are designed for those who spend most of their lives behind the wheel. The simplest of them is made in the form of a cord connecting a cell phone to a car cigarette lighter socket. It is very simple and very convenient, but you should not abuse this method of charging, especially when traveling around the city, as frequent stops and, accordingly, repeated starting of the engine can significantly shorten the life of the battery.

When operating the charger, it is important to correctly determine the end of charge time. “Slow” chargers (used for NiCd and NiMH batteries; the charge current is 10% of the nominal capacity of the battery (nominal electric capacity is the amount of energy that the battery theoretically (ideally) should have in a charged state), charge time - 10 - 12 hours) are usually not particularly sensitive to small violations of the charge time: if the battery stays in the charger at a low charging current, for example, 1 - 2 hours longer than the set time, this will not lead to critical consequences.

Another thing - "accelerated" memory. The fact is that it is dangerous for the battery to receive an excessive charge on high current and therefore overheat. "Accelerated" chargers charge the battery with a current equal to 33 - 100% of its nominal capacity. Charging time is 1 - 3 hours.

You can find out about the completion of the charging process in some cheap chargers, focusing on reaching a specific voltage value on the battery. Difficulties in correctly assessing the state of charge of the battery are due to the fact that the voltage can vary depending on temperature. environment and charge speed.

There are chargers in which the charge time is counted using a special timer: after a certain time, the current to the battery stops being supplied. The problem is that if, after charging, the battery is again installed in such a memory (for example, by mistake), it will again “in good faith”, at the time strictly counted by the timer, give the battery one more portion charging current, as a result of which the "life" of the battery will be reduced.

Complex memory devices are equipped with a microcontroller that allows you to more accurately track the end of the battery charge and a few more parameters: battery voltage, current, temperature and other variables. Even more complex chargers have an external temperature sensor (it greatly affects the charging process).

Pulse charge, which is used in conditioning chargers and analyzers batteries, most suitable for NiCd and NiMH batteries. The essence of this method lies in the fact that the battery for certain periods of time receives a charge and discharge in short pulses. Discharge current pulses are designed to minimize the formation of unwanted crystals on the plate of NiCd and NiMH batteries, which in turn minimizes the “memory effect” and increases battery life. However, batteries with a large "memory effect" only a pulsed charge will not save - in order to destroy more resistant crystalline formations, they need deep discharge(recovery) according to a special algorithm. Conventional memory, even with the discharge function, is not capable of this.

Research carried out in the laboratory service center"Kvazar-Micro-Radio", showed that periodic (at least once a quarter) battery recovery in an analyzer using a pulsed charge, on average, increases the life of NiCd batteries by 20%, and by 8% - NiMH, which were in no more than a year of operation.

So, if you want your battery to last for years, get desktop chargers. But keep in mind that not all devices of this type are capable of efficiently charging Li-Ion batteries. For example, Motorola clearly states in its instructions that only chargers with the EP (Expert Performance) logo should be used to charge Li-Ion batteries. In addition, each charger is designed to charge batteries of a certain capacity. For example, a "slow" charger designed to charge small batteries may not fully charge the battery. large capacity even if the charging time is increased. And vice versa: "fast" memory (with high current charge) may overcharge a battery with a small capacity.

And one more thing: when buying a charger, be sure to pay attention to the rules of its operation (purpose, functions, features and limitations of use), and then your mobile phone will not demand to recharge the battery at the most inopportune moment.

Well, as a postscript - information for reflection (is the game worth the candle?):

1. Any phone "morally" becomes obsolete in 1 - 3 years.
2. Even with the worst treatment, the battery is able to work for a year and a half.
3. The cost of a new battery in most cases is comparable to or even lower than the cost of fancy charging.
4. A new cell phone may not be compatible with a previously purchased charger.

During operation, the battery fails, the cause of which is the discharge of the battery. To restore the capacity of the battery, chargers are used, which should be in the arsenal of every motorist, as well as wires for lighting. A wide range of such devices is offered by the Carvilleshop auto parts store, on whose website you can get acquainted with both the characteristics of specific devices and actual prices. To select the most suitable model charging, you need to know the features and characteristics of all types on the market today.

Types of batteries.

Lead (acid) batteries are considered common for passenger cars. Such current sources need systematic and regular recharging. Much less common are alkaline batteries, which are based on nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), lithium-ion (Li-On) or nickel-metal (Ni-Mh) plates.

Basically, chargers operate on the same principle. Their main purpose is to reduce the mains voltage of 220 V to 12 V.

Types of battery chargers.

It is customary to separate two main types of the described devices:

1. Charging-starting, charging units that restore the capacity of batteries. By means of long wires they are connected to the battery, they can be used directly in the car.
2. Charging, functioning in stages. Initially, capacity is restored, as in the example described above. Next, the engine is started, while the battery is completely discharged.

Today, the market offers all kinds of modifications of devices that are designed to charge batteries. When choosing the optimal model, experts recommend taking into account the qualifications and experience of the driver.

For beginners in the automotive business, it is better to select automatic chargers, the cycle of which is automatically regulated. Such units turn off on their own when the battery is fully restored.

If we talk about a five-stage charger, it performs the following manipulations. Charging up to 80% takes place, after which a full charge up to 100% is carried out using a step-down current. Subsequently, the charge level is maintained within 95-100%, diagnostics are performed, and pulse mode prevents battery sulfation.

Eight-stage devices have even more functionality. The battery is charged up to 80%, until the full recharge, a reducing current is used. The battery is checked for the ability to hold a given charge, its performance is diagnosed, and sulfation is eliminated. Preventive charging at rates of 95-100%, preventing electrolyte separation when the battery is fully charged.

There are stationary converters of multifunctional type. They are designed to charge all types of batteries.

Many modern appliances do not operate from the mains, but from a battery that stores energy. Cars, mobile phones, players, etc. are arranged according to this principle. different types chargers. They can be used for industrial purposes, as well as for servicing home portable appliances.

Main types

Exist different classifications battery chargers. All of them are based on various parameters and properties of devices. Depending on how they work, there are 2 types:

In addition, chargers are usually divided according to the speed of operation. . Based on this criterion, the following types are distinguished:

Impulse devices

These devices are designed to charge household appliances small dimensions. They are equipped with an electronic timer that can operate for 4 hours in mode quick charge. During such a period, almost any discharged battery is gaining its capacity.

After this time, the device switches to the mode pulse charging. Energy is supplied to the output elements of the device to maintain the charge level.

The advantages of such models are as follows:

1. Low cost.
2. Technical simplicity.
3. Ease of use.

Typically, manufacturers set the timer based on the fact that the battery is completely discharged. If it was partially discharged, then there is a risk of damage to the battery by excess current. This feature does not apply to branded batteries of mobile phones, tablets and other digital equipment, unless they are charged using universal devices.

The most advanced in their series are types of chargers with microprocessors. They do not allow recharging the battery, so they can be used to work with any devices, even if they are not completely discharged, but partially. The disadvantages of such models include a very high price.

It is highly undesirable to replace a proprietary device from a telephone or PDA with a universal one, since they may have differences in the structure of electrical connectors. When connecting any household appliance to the charger, the charger itself is first connected to the network, and then a phone or other device is connected to it.

Car accessories

All devices for charging car batteries usually divided into several groups. Based on the existing classification, there are:

When choosing a charger for cars, you should consider some features of its operation. If possible, then it is better to give preference to the charging-starting option. Having at hand such a device and an electrical outlet, you can always start the car without waiting for the battery to be fully charged.

When buying a charger, it is better to choose a model that exceeds the battery requirements by about 10%. For those who are not strong in electrical engineering, an automatic model is more suitable - although it costs a little more, it will help to avoid unnecessary difficulties.

It is better to buy a device in trusted stores, giving preference to reliable manufacturers. Before using the device, be sure to read the instructions.

- the only simple means to restore its performance. Of course, in the event of its discharge, and not the final breakdown. To solve the second case, special recovery methods are provided, which we will discuss below, after features of chargers(ZU).

It would seem that chargers do not have a lot of features, but this is not so. Before listing them, we divide chargers into two categories: the first is amateur, the second is professional. Amateurs include inexpensive portable memory devices that are intended for personal use. Accordingly, professional chargers are used for comprehensive maintenance of all types of batteries, which allow you to simultaneously charge and restore several batteries.

So, the features of amateur chargers are as follows:

• 1) Automation
• 2) Reverse polarity protection
• 3) Ability to start the car engine
• 4) Possibility of desulfation
• 5) Multiple charge modes
• 6) Small dimensions and weight

Automation allows you to charge the battery without exercising control over the process. This greatly simplifies the task for people who are not very versed in physics, since initially there were only such charge methods where knowledge in this area was needed. Reverse polarity protection- also very useful feature charger. It helps prevent damage to both memory chips and the battery. By the way, polarity reversal is an incorrect connection of the charger wires to the battery terminals.

Starter chargers(or start-charging) are designed not only to charge the battery, but also to start car engine V emergency. Such ROMs are very useful for frequent trips outside the city.

If the charger has a function desulfation, then it is able to restore the battery, on the plates of which lead sulfate has formed, blocking electrons. During desulfation, the plates are cleaned of this sulfate and the battery can function again.

Several battery charging modes make it possible to charge the battery exactly the way you want - with constant voltage, direct current or combined. Small overall dimensions and weight provide the device with mobility. It can be easily transported in a car or carried by hand.

Professional chargers have the above features, except for small overall dimensions and masses. Also, such memory devices are often stationary.

So you are considering buying a plug-in car - great choice. However, you must analyze not only the usual purchase criteria such as price, body features, power, efficiency, equipment and color, but also a question electric car charging. When purchasing, or the first thing a potential owner thinks about is how and with what help it will happen battery charging. After all, even a person who is little aware of the possibilities of eco-cars understands perfectly well that an ordinary plug and socket is not enough for this.

Let's try to figure out which ones exist today, main types of chargers and connectors.

Chargers for electric vehicles are a priori different, unfortunately, following the example of mini-USB in the production of electric cars, there are not yet (on this moment implementation is underway). There are 4 types charging stations about which every driver should be aware or future owner electric car and several types of connectors that are equipped with stations and models of electric cars.

Charging station types:

Mode 1

The least powerful type of charging, carried out mainly from the household network. The interval for recharging an electric vehicle using this method is approximately 12 hours. The process takes place without special equipment, using a standard wall outlet and a dedicated AC adapter. For today given type practically not used for charging stock cars due to low security connections.

Mode 2

A standard type of AC charging station that can be used at home or used at gas stations. It is used to charge all types of electric vehicles with traditional plug-in connectors with a protection system inside the cable. The duration of the process is about 6-8 hours with a battery capacity of 20-24 kWh.

Mode 3

The most powerful mode used in stations with alternating current. Type 1 connectors are applicable to it - for a single-phase and Type 2 - for a three-phase network.

Mode 4

The type of charging stations in which not alternating, but direct current is used. The power of such complexes for some electric vehicles is too high. For those that support a similar standard, the batteries are charged up to 80% within 30 minutes. Such charging complexes can be found in city parking lots and highways, although they are quite rare in Ukraine, since the arrangement of such a complex requires a separate power supply line high power. In addition, the price of this charging station is quite high.

Tesla Supercharger

Separately, it is worth noting the type, which differ from those indicated above by the isolation of use. These are not even charging stations, but energy superchargers that charge the batteries up to 50% of the volume within 20 minutes, up to 80% in 40 minutes and up to 100% in 75 minutes. Tesla Supercharger provide high charging power 135 kW direct current(DC). Station connectors, depending on the region of use, differ in the shape of the connector, in the USA they have three connectors, in Europe five, which greatly complicates the operation of imported from America in European countries company's electric vehicles.

Since the characteristics of Mode 1-4 are constantly being amended, we offer a simpler classification of types of charging stations by charging power:

1. For domestic AC 230 V up to 16 A (3.7 kW). They are often referred to as cables because they have a small body.
2. For fast charging from AC mains 230 V/400 V from 16 A to 40 A (from 3.7 kW to 30 kW).
3. Fast charger or "Supercharger" - fast charging with direct current supplies power to the battery bypassing the inverter. This is a large stationary equipment with a capacity of 10 kW to 400 kW.

Charging stations can also be classified according to the principle of use:

• Stations intended for stationary installation.
• For portable use in one or more locations.
• Stations for portable and stationary use.

Classification of types of electromobile connectors

In addition to the operating modes of charging stations, it is also necessary to know the types of connectors for connecting the connector, which are adapted to the operation of each of them.

Connector type Type 1 J1772 connector

5-pin standard EV connector, common to most American and Asian EVs. The Type 1 connector is applicable for recharging an electric vehicle from charging complexes operating according to Mode 2, Mode 3 standards. Charging takes place using a single-phase AC network with a maximum voltage of 230 V, a current of 32 A and a power limit of 7.4 kW.

Type 2 (Mennekes)

7-pin connector, typical mainly for European electric vehicles, as well as for a number of Chinese cars undergone adaptation. The peculiarity of the connector is the ability to use a single-phase and three-phase network, with a maximum voltage of 400 V, a current of 63 A, and a power of 43 kW. Typically 400V 32A ~ 22kW for three-phase connection and 230V 32A ~ 7.4kW for single-phase connection. The connector allows the use of charging stations with modes of operation Mode 2, Mode 3.

CHAdeMO

2-pin DC connector developed in cooperation with TEPCO, major Japanese car manufacturers. Can be used to charge most Japanese, American and some European electric vehicles. Designed for use in high-power DC charging stations Mode 4, allowing you to charge the battery of an electric vehicle up to 80% within 30 minutes (at a power of 50 kW). Designed for a maximum voltage of 500 V and a current of 125 A with a power of up to 62.5 kW, but already.

CCS Combo (Type 1/Type 2)

Combined connector type that allows you to use both slow and fast fast charging points. The operation of the connector is possible thanks to inverter technology that converts direct current to alternating current. Vehicles with this type of connection can accept charging speed up to the most "fast" charging. CCS Combo connectors are not the same for Europe and USA and Japan: for Europe they offer Combo 2 compatible with Mennekes, and for USA and Japan Combo 1 which is connected to J1772. Charging with the CSS Combo is rated for 200-500V at 200A and 100kW. CSS Combo 2 is currently the most common connector type in fast chargers in Europe along with CHAdeMO.

GB/T

This standard is specific to cars only Chinese made and is often referred to simply as GBT. Visually, it almost completely resembles the European Mennekes, but is not technically comparable to it. There are two types of connectors for this standard, one for slow and one for fast charging.

Next, we provide an information table in which you can find data on the types of connectors for European and American electric vehicles popular in Ukraine. This information will help those who want to buy an electric car, but do not fully know the data regarding the charging of electric vehicles.

electric car	Region	AC ports			DC Ports				Note
		Type 1 J1772	Type 2 Mennekes	Tesla Supercharger	CCS Combo 1	CCS Combo 2	CHAdeMO	Tesla Supercharger
bmw i3	US	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No
Chevrolet Bolt EV	US	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Fast charging only via CCS Combo
Opel Ampera-e	EU	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No
Chevrolet Spark EV	US	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Fast charge only via CCS Combo (Speed ​​AC charging is not supported)
	EU	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Fiat 500e	US	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Ford Focus Electric	US	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Fast charging not supported
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No
Hyundai Ionic Electric	US	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Fast charging only via CCS Combo
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No
Jaguar I-Pace	US	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Fast charging only via CCS Combo
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No
Kia Soul EV	US	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
	EU	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	No
Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric	US	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Fast charging not supported
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Mitsubishi i-MiEV	US	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Fast charging not supported
	EU	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Nissan e-NV200	US	Yes	No	No	No	No	option	No	Fast charging only via CHAdeMO
	EU	until 2018	since 2018	No	No	No	option	No
nissan leaf	US	Yes	No	No	No	No	option	No	Fast charging only via CHAdeMO
	EU	until 2018	since 2018	No	No	Yes	option	No
Renault Kangoo Z.E.	US	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Fast charging not supported
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Renault ZOE	US	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Fast charging AC only
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Smart ForTwo Electric Drive	US	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Fast charging not supported
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Tesla Model S	US	No	No	Yes	No	No	adapter	Yes	high-speed charging CHAdeMO via adapter, Tesla Supercharger
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	No	adapter	Yes
Tesla Model X	US	No	No	Yes	No	No	adapter	Yes	High-speed charging of CHAdeMO and CCS Combo2 via adapter, Tesla Supercharger
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	adapter	option	Yes
Toyota RAV4EV	US	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	Fast charging not supported
	EU	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Volkswagen e-Golf	US	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Fast charging only via CCS Combo
	EU	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No

We would like to remind you that for the convenience of using electric vehicles